POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 1

REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:
 Electrical power system overview.
 Types of loads in power system.
 Analysis of voltage and current waveforms.
 Types of power in power system.
 Power factor correction.
 Numerical example on power factor correction.

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ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
OVERVIEW
Electrical power system:
An electrical power system is a collection of equipment
and devices. It consists of four major stages:

1. Generation

2. Transmission

3. Distribution

4. Consumption

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 127 V
13.8 kV 33 kV 220 V
21 kV 66 kV 380 V
generation sub-transmission consumption

transmission distribution
115 kV 13.8 kV
132 kV 24 kV
230 kV
380 kV
500 kV
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From generation to consumption:

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Three phase system:

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Single line diagram (SLD): (one line diagram)
SLD is a simplified notation for representing a three phase
power system using a symbol for each component. It is a
graphical representation of the power system.

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TYPES OF LOADS IN POWER SYSTEM
Types of loads in power system:

• Resistive loads

• Inductive loads

• Capacitive loads

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1. Resistive loads: heating loads

unity power factor Power factor =cos(Ф)= 1

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2. Inductive loads: any load having coils

lagging power factor Power factor=cos(Ф)< 1

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3. Capacitive loads:
Leading power factor Power factor=cos(Ф)< 1

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4. Electronic loads: TV, charger

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How do we evaluate the impedance of R, L and C ?

ZR  R

Inductive reactance

Z L  jX L Where, X L  2 fL

Z C   jX C Where, 1
XC 
2 fC
Capacitive reactance
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This is the final equivalent circuit of the circuits with R, L
and C combinations:

Ohm’s Law: V=I×Z

Impedance

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The equivalent impedance is formed in complex form as:

Impedance

Z = R + jX
Resistance Reactance

Its magnitude is:

Z  R X
2 2

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 Y= ___
1
Z
Admittance

Y = G + jB

Conductance Susceptance
At steady state, it is
usually very small so
it is neglected.

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ANALYSIS OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
WAVEFORMS
• Pure resistive: only P, pf=cos(0)=1

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• Pure inductive: only Q, pf=cos(90)=0

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• Pure capacitive: only Q, pf=cos(-90)=0

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• Opposite action of power for pure inductive and pure
capacitive cases:

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• Not Pure inductive (R & L): angle=60, P and Q.

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TYPES OF POWER IN POWER SYSTEM
The power, S can be found as:

S V  I*
 (I  Z )  I *
 I  ( R  jX )
2

 I R j I X
2 2

 P  jQ

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Another way of expressing S: S V  I*
V *
V ( )
Z
*
V
V  *
Complex power:
Z
2
S  P  jQ V
Apparent power:  *
Z
S  P2  Q2
Apparent power is the magnitude
of the complex power

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From the power triangle, we can also write:

P
cos( ) 
|S|
P
 cos( ) 
|V |  | I |
 P | V |  | I |  cos( )
 P | V |  | I |  pf

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• dd

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Motor will not work without Q. Magnetization is
important. It is theory of operation.
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Example:

V  12000 Z1  60  j 0 
Z 2  6  j12 
Z 3  30  j 30 

Find: (a) current at each branch (b) total current

(c) power absorbed by each load (d) total power
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 V 12000
(a) I1    20  j 0 A
Z1 60  j 0
V 12000
I2    40  j80 A
Z2 6  j12
V 12000
I3    20  j 20 A
Z 3 30  j 30

(b) I  I1  I 2  I 3  80  j 60 A

(c)
S1  V  I1*  (12000 )  (20  j 0)  24000 W  j 0 VAR
S2  V  I 2*  (12000 )  (40  j80)  48000 W  j 96000 VAR
S3  V  I 3*  (12000 )  (20  j 20)  24000 W  j 24000 VAR

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(d) S  S1  S2  S3  96000 W  j 72000 VAR

Or, S  V  I *  (12000 )  (10036.87 )

 12000036.87  96000 W  j 72000 VAR

2
Or, V (1200) 2
S1  *   24000 W  j 0 VAR
Z1 60  0 j
2
V (1200) 2
S2  *   48000 W  j 96000 VAR
Z 2 6  j12
2
V (1200) 2
S3  *   24000 W  j 24000 VAR
Z 3 30  j 30

 S  S1  S2  S3  96000 W  j 72000 VAR

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POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
What is power factor?
- The ratio of the real power absorbed by the load to the
apparent power flowing in the circuit.
- The power factor is mathematically defined as the cosine of
the angle  which is the resultant phase difference between
the voltage phase V and the current phase  I associated to a
circuit component.
- Power factor is a measure of how effectively we are using
electricity.

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- Most of the loads in power system are inductive (not pure
inductive).
- In addition to the inductor, there is also a resistor.

- In this case, the angle is not 90 as the case of pure inductive

case. It is less than 90.

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- Who should care about low power factor?

- Why do we care about low power factor?

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What do we mean by power factor correction?

For inductive loads:

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- To improve the power factor, we need to add something
that has the same effect of the inductance but in opposite
direction.

- What is the component that has an opposing effect of

inductor?

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Let’s draw the power triangle:

S
QL

Where is the impact of adding a capacitor in parallel?

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S1
QL

P1 Qnew=0
P2 =S2
QC
Qnew=QL-QC=0

Unity Power Factor

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How if the capacitor is smaller?

S1
QL S2
Qnew
P1 P2
QC Qnew=QL-QC=+ve

Power Factor is improved

(still lagging)

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How if the capacitor is much larger?

S1
QL
P2
P1 Qnew
S2

QC Qnew=QL-QC=-ve

Power Factor is now leading

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What does that mean?

An appropriate capacitor value has to be chosen based on

the system conditions and the desired power factor.

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Shunt Capacitors

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What is the procedure to improve the power factor ?

The objective is to improve

the power factor by adding
a capacitor in parallel with
the load.

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 original case After capacitor adding

S1
QL S2
Qnew
1 2
P1 P2
QC

QL  P1  tan(1 ) Qnew  P2  tan(2 )

QC  QL  Qnew
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- Therefore, we will have:

QC  QL  Qnew

QC  P  (tan(1 )  tan(2 ))
- The reactive power compensated by the capacitor can be
also evaluated from:
V2
QC 
XC
- And from Xc, we can find the value of C in µFarad:
1 1
XC  C 
2 fC 2 fX C

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After improving the power factor:
• S and Q are reduced more transformer capacity.
• I is reduced less cross section area for wires.
• P is not changed.
• Industrial vs. residential customers.

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Capacitor Placement:
• Shunt compensation of reactive power can be employed
either at load level, substation level or at transmission
level.
• Each place has its reasons depending on the system.

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Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE ON POWER
FACTOR CORRECTION
Example:
A load is connected to a 200 V, 60 Hz source. The current
drawn by the load has a magnitude of 10 A and the power
factor is 0.6 lagging. Evaluate the required value of the
capacitor in µF in order to improve the power factor to 0.8
lagging.

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 original case After capacitor adding

S1
QL S2
Qnew
1 2
P1 P2

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- The following equation is used to evaluate the reactive
power from the capacitor:

QC  P  (tan(1 )  tan(2 ))

But, what are the values of P, 1 and 2 ?

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- These will be evaluated as follows:

QC  P  (tan(1 )  tan(2 ))

P  V  I  pf1
 200  10  0.6
 1200 W pf1  cos(1 )
pf 2  cos(2 )
 0.6  cos(1 )
 0.8  cos(2 )
 1  53.1301
 2  36.8699
 QC  1200  0.5833  700 VAR
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QC  P  (tan(1 )  tan(2 ))
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- Therefore:

QC  P  factor from the table

QC  P  0.583  1200  0.583  700 VAR

- The required reactive power by the load (1600 VAR) will

be supplied now 900 VAR from the source and the
remaining 700 VAR is compensated by the capacitor.

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- To evaluate the capacitor value in µF, the capacitive
reactance, Xc, has to be evaluated first:

V2 2002
QC   XC   57.1429 
XC 700

- Finally,

1 1
XC  C   46.42  F
2 fC 2 fX C

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- What is the required Qc in order to improve the power
factor to unity?
- What is the required Qc in order to have a power factor
of 0.8 leading?

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- What did we gain from power factor correction?

2000 VA
1600 VAR 1500 VA
900 VAR
1 2
1200 W 1200 W

700 VAR

original case After capacitor adding

- Current is also reduced from 10 A to 7.5 A.

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- What did we gain from power factor correction?

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 700 VAR

2000 VA
1600 VAR

1500 VA
900 VAR
53.13
36.87

1200 W

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• Is a capacitor source of reactive power?

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• This is what happens:

C L

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- Note that this example ignores the impedance of the line.
- This means that the source voltage is same as the load
voltage, with no voltage drop.
- If the line impedance is considered, power factor
correction will reduce the voltage drop and hence increase
the voltage at the load side.
- This will be discussed when analyzing power factor
correction using PowerWorld simulator software.

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 - Other parameters are also important to compare
between the two cases:
• Voltage drop through the line.
• Reduction in electricity bill for industrial customers.
• Payback period.

- Compensation is usually based on kVAR or MVAR not

µFarad.

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Power factor correction: the whole picture:

S=25 kVA
Srated = 25 kVA P=21.25 kW

Vin Vs

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Power factor correction: the whole picture:

Opportunity to supply 2.63 kVA to other loads S=22.37 kVA

Srated = 25 kVA P=21.25 kW

Vin Vs

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Sequentially based on
load variation and
actual and set pf.

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