COURSE FILE

FOR

B. Tech. III YEAR I SEMESTER

ECE
2021 – 2022

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution)
Vastunagar, Mangalpalli(V), Ibrahimpatan (M), R.R. District. Pin : 501510
Email : [email protected] Web: http://cvr.ac.in
 CONTENTS

S.No. Subject Name Page No.

1. Vision and Mission 1

2. Programme Educational Objectives 2

3. Programme Outcomes 2

4. Programme Specific Outcomes 3

5. Analog Communications 4

6. Antennas and Wave Propagation 26

7. Linear IC Applications 58

8. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers 89

9. Professional Elective - I

i) Digital Modeling Using HDL 122

 1

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An UGC Autonomous Institution with NAAC ‘A’ Grade, Affiliated to JNTUH)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VISION OF THE INSTITUTE

To be a state-of-the-art institution of engineering in pursuit of excellence, in the service of

society.
MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE

1. To excel in providing quality education at undergraduate and graduate levels.

2. To encourage research and innovation.
3. To provide infrastructure and facilities to meet the latest technological needs.
4. To establish Centers of Excellence through active interaction with industry.
5. To nurture students towards holistic development with human values and ethics.

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To be a Center of Excellence in Education and Research in Electronics and Communication

Engineering in the service of society

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

1. To provide the conducive environment to students to become technically competent,

socially responsible, and ethical professionals
2. To continuously improve and impart quality education with an emphasis on contemporary
technologies
3. To inspire students and teachers towards innovative and collaborative research, satisfying
technological needs of society
4. To encourage faculty members to improve their competence

VISION OF B. TECH (ECE) PROGRAM

To nurture students to meet the challenges in Electronics and Communication Engineering

domain

MISSION OF B. TECH (ECE) PROGRAM

1. To adopt pedagogical processes to impart the fundamentals in Electronics and

Communication Engineering
2. To develop state of the art laboratories to meet contemporary research programs
3. To train students to take up projects in core and interdisciplinary areas in tune with industry,
leading to innovation
 2

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMME IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

1. The graduates of the programme should be successful in professional career and/or higher
education by acquiring the knowledge in the fundamentals of Electronics and
Communication Engineering encompassing contemporary technologies and professional
skills
2. The graduates of the programme should be able to provide solutions to real life problems
which are economical and socially acceptable
3. The graduates of the programme should exhibit good communication skills and lead a team
with human values and professional ethics by engaging in lifelong learning.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
Engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 3

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

1. Professional Skills: Apply the concepts off electronics and communication Engineering to
solve problems in various areas like electronics, communication, signal processing, RF &
microwave, VLSI, Embedded etc.

2. Problem Solving Skills: Solve complex electronics and communication engineering

problems using hardware and software tools.

3. Skill Development: Apply verbal, reasoning, data interpretation, quantitative and

communication skills to solve engineering problems.
 4

ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
 5

SYLLABUS
Code: 64301 (Analog Communications)
Instruction : 3 Periods / week Continuous Internal Evaluation : 30 Marks
Tutorial : 0 Semester End Examination : 70 Marks
Credits : 3 Semester End Exam Duration : 3 Hours

Prerequisites: Signals and Systems

Course Objectives: -
1. To understand the generation and detection of various analog modulations
2. To analysis the noise performance of different analog modulations
3. To familiarize the fundamental principles of radio receivers

Unit I – Amplitude Modulation

Introduction of Communication Systems, Need of Modulation, Amplitude Modulation, Power

Relations in AM waves, Generation and Detection of AM waves, Virtues, Limitations and
Modification of Amplitude Modulation, Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)
Modulation, Generation and Detection of DSB-SC waves, Costas Receiver, Quadrature Carrier
Multiplexing

Unit II – Single Sideband Modulation

Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC) Modulation, Generation and Detection of SSB-
SC waves, Vestigial Side Band (VSB) Modulation, Detection of VSB waves, Baseband
Representation of Modulated Waves and Bandpass Filters, Applications: Television Signals,
Frequency Division Multiplexing

Unit III – Angle Modulation

Basic Definitions, Properties of Angle Modulated Waves, Relationship between FM and PM

Waves, Narrowband Frequency Modulation, Wideband Frequency Modulation, Transmission
Bandwidth of FM Waves, Generation of FM Waves, Demodulation of FM Signals, Phase Locked
Loop, FM Stereo Multiplexing.

Unit IV – Noise in Analog Communications

Noise in Communication Systems, Signal-to-Noise Ratios, Band-pass Receiver Structure, Noise

in Linear Receiver using Coherent Detection, Noise in AM Receivers using Coherent Detection,
Noise in SSB Receiver, Detection of Frequency Modulation (FM), FM Pre-Emphasis and De-
Emphasis

Unit V – Radio Receivers and Pulse Modulation

Receiver Types: Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) and Superheterodyne Receiver; RF Section and
Characteristics, Frequency Changing and Tracking, Intermediate Frequencies, Detection and
Automatic Gain Control (AGC) and Delayed AGC.

Introduction to Pulse Modulation, Sampling Process, Generation and Detection of PAM, PWM
and PPM, TDM-PAM, TDM-PCM.
 6

Text Books:

1. Simon Haykin and Michael Moher, Introduction to Analog and Digital Communications,
2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.
2. George Kennedy and Bernard Davis, Electronic Communication Systems, 4th Edition,
Tata McGraw Hill (India), 2009.

REFERENCES

1. B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 4th Edition,
Oxford University Press, 2009.
2. Hwei P Hsu, Analog and Digital Communications, 2nd Edition, Schaum’s Series, 2003.
3. H. Taub, D. Schilling and Gautam Sahe, Principles of Communication Systems, 3rd
Edition, Tata McGraw Hill (India), 2007.
 7

LECTURE SCHEDULE

S. No. Topic No of
Lectures
UNIT I - AMPLITUDE MODULATION
1. Introduction to Communication System, Need for 2
modulation
2. Amplitude Modulation, Definition, Time domain and 2
frequency domain description
3. Power relations in AM waves, Virtues and Drawbacks of AM 2
4. Generation of AM Waves: Square law modulator, Switching 2
modulator
5. Detection of AM waves, Square law detector, Envelop 2
detector
6. Double side band suppressed carrier modulators 1
7. Time domain and frequency domain description 1
8. Generation of DSB-SC- Balanced modulators, Ring 1
modulator
9. Coherent detection of DSBSC Modulated wave 1
10. Costas Receiver 1
11. Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing 1
Sub-total 16
UNIT II - SSB MODULATION
1. SSBSC- Frequency domain description, Hilbert Transform 1
2. Frequency discrimination and Phase discrimination method 2
for generating AMSSB Modulated waves
3. Demodulation of SSB waves 1
4. Vestigial side band modulation 1
5. Generation methods of VSB 1
6. Envelop detection of VSB 1
7. Applications: Television Signals 1
8. Frequency Division Multiplexing 1
Sub-total 9
UNIT –III ANGLE MODULATION
1. Basic concepts : Single tone frequency modulation 1
2. Spectrum analysis of sinusoidal FM Wave 1
3. NBFM and WBFM 1
4. Constant average power and transmission band width of FM 1
5. Comparison of FM and AM 1
6. Generation of FM Waves 1
7. Direct Method, Parametric Variation method, Varactor 2
diode, Reactance Modulator
8. Indirect Method: Armstrong Method 1
9. Detection of FM waves: Balanced frequency discriminator, 2
Zero crossing detector,
10. Foster Seeley Discriminator, Ratio detector 1
11. Phase locked loop, FM Stereo Multiplexing 1
Sub-total 13
 8

UNIT IV—NOISE
1. Noise in Communication Systems, Band pass Receiver 1
Structure, Noise in Linear Receiver using Coherent
Detection
2. Noise figure, Signal to noise Ratio & Figure of merit. 1
3. Receiver Structure & Noise in Linear Receiver using 2
Coherent Detection
4. Noise in DSB&SSB System, 2
5. Noise in AM system 1
6. Nose in Angle modulation system, 2
7. Threshold effect in Analog modulation system, 2
8. Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis 1
Sub-total 12
UNIT-V- RECEIVERS
1. Radio receiver- Comparison with AM receiver. 1
2. Receiver Types-Tuned radio frequency receiver, super 2
heterodyne Receiver
3. RF section and characteristics 1
4. Frequency changing and tracking Intermediate frequency 1
5 AGC and Delayed AGC 2
6 Types of Pulse Modulation- Generation and demodulation of 1
PAM
7 Generation and demodulation of PWM 1
8 Generation and demodulation of PPM 1
Sub-total 10
TOTAL 60
 9

UNIT I - AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Model Questions:
S. Questions Marks CO Bloom’s
Taxonomy
No.
Level
1 What is modulation? 2 1 2
2 Define depth of modulation. 2 1 2
3 What are different types of analog modulation? 2 1 2
4 Define Amplitude Modulation (AM). 2 1 2
5 Define modulation index for AM. 2 1 2
6 What is the relation between total power and carrier 2 1 2
power?
7 What is single tone and multi tone modulation? 2 1 2
8 What do you mean by envelope of a signal? 2 1 2
9 What is the relationship between carrier frequencies, 2 1 4
charging time and discharging time constant (RC) of an
envelope detector?
10 What is the efficiency of DSB-SC wave when m=1? 2 1 4
11 Draw the power spectral density of a DSB-SC signal if 2 1 4
c(t)= 5cos2000пt and m(t)=2sin3000пt
12 What do you mean by quadrature null effect? 2 1 2
13 Explain the need and types of modulation. 5 1 2
14 Derive and explain the expression for conventional AM 5 1 5
and draw the spectrum of it?

15 Explain the operation of square law modulator. 5 1 2

Suppose the signal x(t)=m(t)+cos2пfct is applied to a 5 1 2
16 nonlinear system whose output is
y(t)=x(t)+0.5x2(t),determine and sketch the spectrum
when amplitude of M(f) is 1 between -fm to +fm

𝑚2
17 Prove that P𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐(1 + ) in Amplitude Modulation. 5 1 2
2

18 What are the drawbacks of conventional AM system? 5 1 4

How can we overcome? Explain.
19 Explain the operation of balanced modulator. 5 1 2

20 Explain the operation of ring modulator. 5 1 2

 10

22 Explain demodulation techniques in DSBSC. 5 1 2

23 Explain the working of COSTAS LOOP. 5 1 2

24 Prove that in DSBSC. 5 1 4

25 Explain Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing. 5 1 2

26 An AM signal has the form 10 1 4

where

Hz then

A. Sketch the spectrum of s(t)

B. Determine the power in each of the frequency
components?
C.Determine the modulation index?
27 Determine the power in side bands, total power and the 10 1 2
ratio of the side bands power to total power?
28 Give the description of DSBSC in time domain and 10 1 2
frequency domain.
A. Explain the operation of synchronous or coherent
detection?
B. Explain the effect of frequency and phase error in
coherent detection?
29 Explain the different methods to generate Amplitude 10 1 2
Modulated Wave.
30 Explain the different methods to Demodulate Amplitude 10 1 2
Modulated Wave.
31 A transmitter radiates 9 KW with the carrier unmodulated 10 1 4
and 10.125KW when the carrier is sinusoidal
modulated then calculate modulation index.
32 i) How much Power is saved in DSB-SC compared to AM 10 1 5
When m=1 and m=0.707?
ii) If Carrier power is 10KW and m=0.5 then calculate the
total power in DSB-SC.
33 The message signal m (t) = 2cos400t+4sin(500t+π/3) 10 1 4
modulates the carrier signal c(t)= A cos (800 t) using
 11

AM. Find the time domain and frequency domain

representation of the modulated signal. And plot the
spectrum.
34 A message signal m (t)=cos 200πt+ 2cos 4000π t 10 1 4
modulates the carrier c(t)= 100 cos 2πfct where fc=1
MHz to produce DSB signal.
A. Determine the expression for USB signal.
B. Determine and sketch the spectrum of USB signal.
35 A standard AM transmission modulated to a depth of 10 1 4
40% produces sidebands frequencies of 6.824 and
6.854 MHz where amplitude of each sideband is 50V.
Determine amplitude and frequency of carrier.

Unit –II: Single Sideband Modulation

Model Questions:
1 What is the Band width required to transmit SSB (USB) 2 2 2
signal?
2 Write the Canonical representation of SSB(USB) signal. 2 2 2

3 Draw the spectrum of SSB-SC? 2 2 4

4 Mention the names of modulators in SSB-SC wave. 2 2 1

5 Define Hilbert transform of signal. 2 2 1

6 Find the Hilbert transform of following signals? 2 2 4

a. Sin(2πfct)
b. Cos(2πfct)
c. rect(t)
7 What are the detectors for SSB signal? 2 2 1

8 How much Power is required to transmit SSB signal? 2 2 4

9 Explain Donald Duck voice effect? 2 2 2

10 Write the Canonical representation of VSB signal. 2 2 2

11 Draw the VSB filter characteristics. 2 2 2

 12

12 Mention any two applications of VSB. 2 2 1

13 What are the VSB signal detectors? 2 2 1

14 If the carrier of a 100 percent modulated AM wave is 2 2 5

suppressed, what is the percentage of power saving?
15 The message signals contain three frequencies 5 KHz, 10 5 2 4
KHz and 20 KHz respectively. Find the BW of AM,
DSBSC and SSB?
16 An AM broadcast station has a modulation index, which is 5 2 4
0.75. What would be the average power saving if it
could go over to SSB-SC transmission, while having to
maintain the same signal strength in the reception
area?
17 An SSB modulation system contains 1KW of power. How 5 2 4
much power is contained in Sidebands and at carrier?
18 An SSB transmission contains 10 KW. This transmission is 5 2 4
to be replaced by a standard AM Transmission with
same power. Determine carrier power and power in
sidebands when modulation depth is 80%.
19 Explain with the help of sketches and mathematical 10 2 4
expressions how VSB Modulation can be obtained and
mention its applications.
20 Describe the advantages of a SSB system for high 10 2 4
frequency point to point communication and explain
why it is unsuitable for broadcasting.
21 An SSB signal is demodulated by using a synchronous 10 2 4
demodulator. However, the locally arranged carrier has
a phase error. Determine the effect of the error on
demodulation. What will be the effect of this error if
the input is DSB-SC in place of SSB?
22 Describe the advantages of a SSB system for high 10 2 4
frequency point to point communication and explain
why it is unsuitable for broadcasting.
23 Derive the expression for SSB (USB) Signal? 10 2 3
 13

24 Explain the generation of SSB Signal with Filter Method. 10 2 2

25 Explain the generation of SSB Signal with Phase shift 10 2 2

method.
26 Explain the coherent detection of SSB signal. 10 2 2

27 Discuss the effect of frequency and phase errors in 10 2 2

synchronous detection.
28 Derive the expression for VSB signal. 10 2 4

29 Explain the demodulation technique for VSB system. 10 2 2

30 An SSB signal is generated by modulating an 800kHz 10 2 4

carrier by the signal m(t)=Cos(2000πt)+2Sin(2000πt)
n Ac=100d. Determine
a)The signal .
b)The time domain expression for the lower side band of
SSB AM signal?
c) Determine the magnitude spectrum of the LSB signal?
31 Consider a two stage product modulator with a BPF after 10 2 4
each product modulator where input signal consists of
voice signal with frequency band 0.3 to 3.4 MHz and
the two oscillator frequencies are 100 KHz and 200
KHz respectively. Then specify sidebands of SSB wave
after BPF output and also draw the spectrum of
SSBSC.
32 In phase shift SSB modulator, the input signals to one of 10 2 4
the balanced modulators are phase shifted by-----------
-------? Explain.
33 Explain the generation and detection of VSB signal using 10 2 4
Filter method.
UNIT-III: Angle Modulation
Model Questions:
1 Define frequency and phase modulation. 2 3 2

2 How Frequency deviation is calculated in FM? 2 3 2

 14

3 Write the expression for FM in the case of single tone 2 3 2

modulation?
4 What are the nonlinear modulation techniques? 2 3 2

5 Write the expression for Transmission bandwidth of 2 3 2

narrowband FM signal and Draw the phasor diagram
for narrowband FM signal?
6 Describe the relationship between NBFM and AM. 2 3 2

7 Define Carson’s rule. 2 3 2

8 An angle modulated signal is given by s(t)=cos 2 3 4

(2π.150t), calculate the maximum frequency and
phase deviations.
9 What is the Ideal Bandwidth of FM? 2 3 4

10 An FM signal having a modulation index Mf is passed 2 3 4

through a frequency Tripler, what is resultant
Modulation index?
11 Define Modulation index in an FM signal. 2 3 2

12 What is the FM frequency Range? 2 3 2

13 List out FM Demodulation techniques 2 3 2

14 Define Capture range of PLL. 2 3 2

15 Define Lock range of PLL. 2 3 2

16 Explain the advantages of FM over AM. 5 3 2

17 What type of modulation would be performed by a 5 3 2

voltage to frequency converter?
18 How FM wave can be converted to PM wave? 5 3 3

19 How PM wave can be converted to FM wave? 5 3 3

20 What is the basic difference between an AM signal and a 5 3 3

narrowband FM signal? Explain.
21 What are the two methods of producing an FM wave? 5 3 2
Explain.
 15

22 List the properties of the Bessel function and Explain. 5 3 2

23 What the applications of FM Modulation? Explain in detail. 5 3 4

24 Explain the Narrow band FM with block diagram and 5 3 2

phasor diagram.
25 Derive the expression for wide band FM and explain 5 3 2
spectral characteristics?
26 What is the effect of increasing modulation index in FM? 5 3 3

27 Differentiate between narrow band and wide band FM 5 3 3

signal
28 What are the disadvantages of FM system? 5 3 4

29 Why is FM superior to AM in performance? 5 3 4

30 What is the use of crystal controlled oscillator? 5 3 2

31 What are the disadvantages of FM system? 5 3 4

32 How will you generate message from frequency- 5 3 4

modulated signals?
33 a) Show that the combined message signal 5 3 4
m1(t)+m2(t), DSB modulates the carrier . Ac
cos(2πfc(t)), the resultant is the sum of two DSB
amplitude modulated signal.S1 (t)+S2 (t).
(b) Show that if m1 (t)+m2 (t)frequency modulates a
carrier, the modulated signal is not equal to S1 (t)+S2
(t)
34 What is the average power of an FM signal? 5 3 2

35 Derive and explain expression for FM for single tone 5 3 2

modulation?
36 Explain the Carson’s rule to find bandwidth of an angle 5 3 2
modulated signal.
37 Explain Demodulation techniques of FM signal. 5 3 2

38 How FM can be demodulated using PLL? 5 3 4

 16

UNIT-IV: Noise
Model Questions:
1 Define Noise. 2 4 2
2 What is the role of pre-emphasis and de- emphasis in FM 2 4 2
receivers?
3 What is Threshold effect in FM? 2 4 2

4 Define short Noise. 2 4 2

5 Define thermal Noise. 2 4 2

6 Define Noise figure and Noise factor. 2 4 2

7 What is equivalent Noise temperature? 2 4 2

8 What is the relation between Noise figure and equivalent 2 4 2

Noise temperature?
9 Define noise equivalent bandwidth. 2 4 2

10 Define Flicker Noise. 2 4 2

11 Define the figure of merit of a receiver. 2 4 2

12 What do you mean by narrow band noise? 2 4 2

13 What is pre-emphasis and de- emphasis in FM receivers? 5 4 2

14 Derive the expression for the S/N ratio of FM System. 5 4 4

15 Explain how threshold reduction is achieved in FM 5 4 3

receivers.
16 Show that the figure of merit for an AM system using 5 4 3
synchronous detection is identical to the envelope
detector.
17 Derive the expression for output SNR of an AM receiver 5 4 4
using an envelope detector.
18 Explain capture effect and threshold effect. 5 4 2

19 Derive the expression for noise equivalent bandwidth. 5 4 4

20 Derive figure of merit of amplitude modulation. 5 4 4

 17

21 Derive figure of merit of frequency modulation. 5 4 4

22 Derive figure of merit of SSB modulation. 5 4 4

23 Derive the expression for figure of merit of DSB-SC 5 4 4

receiver using coherent detector.
24 Compare analog modulation techniques with its Figure of 5 4 4
Merit and justify which is better and Why?
UNIT-V: RECEIVERS
Model Questions:
1 Define sensitivity, selectivity and stability. 2 5 2

2 What is called image frequency and intermediate 2 5 2

frequency?
3 Define super heterodyne receiver principle. 2 5 2

4 A super heterodyne receiver with an if of 450 KHz is tuned 2 5 4

to a signal at 1200 KHz. Calculate the image frequency?
5 What is the cause of diagonal clipping in a diode detector? 2 5 4

6 Why is local oscillator frequency always higher than the 2 5 4

signal frequency?
7 What is double spotting? 2 5 2

8 What are the limitations of TRF Receivers? 2 5 4

9 Write down the role of limiter circuit? 2 5 4

10 Why IF is a fixed frequency amplifier? 2 5 4

11 Define multiplexing. 2 5 2

12 What is Nyquist Sampling rate? 2 5 2

13 What are the advantages of FDM over TDM? 5 5 2

14 What is the purpose of sample and hold circuit? 5 5 2

15 What is the difference between natural sampling and flat 5 5 2

top sampling?
16 Define PAM, PWM and PPM and their application. 5 5 2
 18

17 What is the difference between single polarity and dual 5 5 2

polarity PAM signal?
18 How single polarity PAM signal is generated from dual 5 5 4
polarity PAM?
19 List the applications of PAM, PWM and PPM. 5 5 4

20 How PPM is obtained from PWM? 5 5 4

21 What are the applications of TDM? Explain in detail. 5 5 4

22 Explain with the help of block diagram: 10 5 2

a) TRF
b) Super heterodyne receivers
23 Write a short note on RF mixers of IF stages. What do you 10 5 2
understand by fading? Explain diversity reception?
24 Write a short note on Foster-seeley discriminator. 5 5 2

25 Write a short note on Receiver Characteristics & their 5 2

measurements.

26 The local oscillator frequency is chosen to be higher than 5 5 2

the received carrier frequency by an amount equal to the
IF so as to produce a difference frequency equal to the IF.
Why is it chosen to be higher and not lower than the
received carrier frequency?

27 Differentiate between simple, delayed and amplified AGC 10 5 4

and explain their action with the help of simple circuits.
28 Discuss similarities and deference between FM and AM 5 5 4
receivers.

29 Write in detail about the limiter used in FM receiver. 5 5 2

30 What are different types of pulse analog modulation 5 5 2

schemes? Explain pulse amplitude modulation in detail.

31 Describe the process of generating PDM and PPM signals. 5 5 4

What is the basic principle of TDM in PAM and PPM?
 19

Course Outcome and program outcomes mapping/Correlation Matrix:

Enter correlation levels 1, 2 or 3 as defined below:

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High)

If there is no correlation, put “-”

P P P P P P P P
PO PO PO PO PS PS
CO CO Statement O O O O O O O O PSO3
7 10 11 12 O1 O2
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9
Understand the basic 3 2 - - 2 - - - - - - - 2 3 -
communication system
CO fundamentals, various
1 modulation and
demodulation
techniques.
Describe various carrier 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - -
CO suppression modulation
2 and demodulation
techniques.
Classify the angle 3 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - 2 3 -
modulation techniques,
explain their principles
CO
of generation and
3
detection, properties
and analyses of angle
modulated waves.
Analyze the effect of 3 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - - 3 2 -
noise on different types
of analog
CO communication systems.
4 Also, able to calculate
the signal to noise ratios
for various analog
modulation techniques
Understand the concept 2 3 - 3 3 - - - - - - - 2 2 -
of radio receivers. Also,
CO explain the concept of
5 the sampling process
and various pulse
modulation techniques.
 20

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

An UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH

B.Tech. II Year II Sem. I Mid Examinations, February -2019

Subject: Analog Communications
Branch: ECE
Date: 05-02-2019(AN) Time: 2 hours Max. Marks: 40 M

PART – A Answer ALL questions 5x2 = 10 M

1. Prove that the transmission power efficiency of AM is 33.33%.
2. What is quadrature null effect and how it can be eliminated?
3. What is Donald duck voice effect?
4. Write the applications of Vestigial sideband modulation.
5. Define frequency modulation.

PART – B Answer ALL questions 3x10 = 30 M

6. a) Derive the equation for time constant to avoid diagonal clipping in envelop detector.
b) The RC load for a diode detector consists of 1000 pF capacitor in parallel with a
10 kΩ resistor. Calculate the maximum modulation depth that can be handled for
a sinusoidal modulation for a frequency of 10 kHz, if diagonal peak clipping is to
be avoided. [5+5] (CO1)
(OR)
7. a) Explain the working principle of COSTAS receiver [5+5] (CO-1)
b) Calculate the percentage power saving when carrier is suppressed in an AM
wave modulated up to a depth of (i) 100 %, and (ii) 50 %.

8. a) Give the time and frequency domain representations for SSB single tone
modulation.
b) SSB transmission contains 10 kW of power. This transmission is to be replaced
by a standard AM with same power content. Determine the power content of
carrier and each of the sidebands when percentage modulation is 80 %.
[6+4]

(OR)
9. a) Explain the generation of SSB signal using filter (frequency discrimination)
method. [7+3] (CO-2)
b) For an AM modulator with a carrier frequency of 100 kHz and the message signal
bandwidth of 5 kHz, determine, (i) Frequencies of upper and lower sidebands,
(ii) Transmission bandwidth, (iii) upper and lower sideband frequencies when fm
= 3 kHz,
(iv) Draw the output spectrum.
10. Explain the time domain description of VSB and its generation. (CO-2)

(OR)
11. a) Explain in detail the need for modulation in communication system. [5+5] (CO-
2)
 21

b) An AM transmitter radiates 9 kW of power when the carrier is modulated and

10.125 kW of power when the carrier is sinusoidally modulated. Find the
modulation index and percentage of modulation. Now, if another sine wave
corresponding to 40 % modulation is transmitted simultaneously, then calculate
the total radiated power.

*****
 22

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

An UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH

B.Tech. II Year II Sem. II Mid Examinations, April - 2019

Subject: Analog Communications
Branch: ECE
Date: 09-04-2019(AN) Time: 2 hours Max. Marks: 40 M

PART – A
Answer ALL questions 5x2 = 10 M

1. How FM wave can be converted in to PM. (CO-3)

2. Define partition noise and shot noise.(CO-4)
3. What is threshold effect in AM system?(CO-4)
4. A super heterodyne receiver with an IF of 450 kHz is tuned to a signal at 1200 kHz.
Calculate image frequency and image rejection ratio when Q = 80.
5. What is multiplexing? List the differences between FDM and TDM.(CO-5)

PART – B

Answer ALL questions 3x10 = 30 M

6. a) Explain frequency spectrum of WBFM and derive the expression of bandwidth
calculation. (CO-3)
b) An angle modulated signal has the form v(t)=100cos(2πfc t+4sin2000πt) when fc=10
MHz calculate a) Average transmitted power b) Determine peak phase deviation
c)Determine peak frequency deviation d) Is this FM or PM wave, comment on it. (CO-
3)
(OR)
7. a) Explain the demodulation of FM using foster seeley discriminator method.(CO-3)
b) Compare PM from FM.

8.What is figure of merit? Derive the expression for figure of merit of AM.(CO-4)
(OR)
9. a) A 600 Ω resistor is connected across the 600 Ω antenna input of a radio receiver. The
Bandwidth of the radio receiver is 20kHz and the resistor is at room temperature of
27˚c calculate the noise power and noise voltage applied at the input of the receiver.

b) Derive the expression for figure of merit of DSBSC.(CO-4)

10. Draw the block diagram of Time division multiplexing? Explain each block in detail.(CO-5)
(OR)
11. Explain about generation and detection of PWM and PPM with neat sketches.(CO-5)

.*****
 23

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

An UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B.Tech. II Year II Sem. Substitute Examinations, April 2019
Subject: Analog Communications
Branch: ECE
Date: 26-04-2019(AN) Time: 2 hours Max. Marks: 40 M

PART – A Answer ALL questions 5x2 = 10 M

1. What is the need for modulation? (CO1)

2. What are the advantages of SSB-SC over AM & DSBSC? (CO2)
3. A carrier wave of frequency 100MHz is frequency modulated by sinusoidal wave of
amplitude 20 V and frequency 100 kHz. The frequency sensitivity of the modulator is 25
kHz/V. Determine the bandwidth of FM signal. (CO3)
4. Define White noise and thermal noise. (CO4)
5. Explain about any 3 characteristics of a communications receiver. (CO5)

PART – B Answer ALL questions 3x10= 30 M

6. a) Describe the principle of square law modulator and prove that fc > 3W to avoid spectral
overlapping. Here fc is the carrier signal frequency and W is the bandwidth of the message
signal. (5+5) (CO1)
b) An AM transmitter radiates 9 kW power when the carrier is unmodulated and
10.125 kW when the carrier is sinusoidally modulated. Find the modulation index and %
of modulation. Now if another sine wave corresponding to 40% modulation is transmitted
simultaneously, then calculate the total power radiated.(CO1)

(OR)
7. a) Explain the operation of phase discrimination method of generating SSB-SC waves.
(CO2)
b) For an AM-USB modulator with a carrier frequency of 100 kHz and the message bandwidth
of 5 kHz. Determine: (5+5)
i) Upper and lower side band frequencies ii) Transmission bandwidth
iii) Upper and lower side band frequencies when fm= 3 kHz iv) Draw the spectrum

8. How do you generate FM signal using an Indirect method? Describe in detail. (CO3)

(OR)
9. Derive the expression for figure of merit of SSBSC? (CO4)

10. a) Draw the block diagram of frequency division multiplexing and explain each block. (CO5)
b) Draw the block diagram of AM super heterodyne receiver and explain each block. (CO5)

(OR)
11. Explain about generation and detection of PAM with neat sketches. (CO5)

*****
 24

Code No.: B31042315 Date: 28.01.2021

R18
CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH

B Tech III Year I Sem. Main Examinations January - 2021

(2018 Batch) Subject: Analog Communications

Branch: ECE
Time: 3 hours Max.
Marks: 70

PART – A (10x2= 20 Marks)

(Answer ALL Questions)
1. Describe the power relations of AM using necessary expressions. (CO1)
2. Draw the frequency spectrum of DSBSC-AM, and mention its significance. (CO1)
3. List out the applications of SSBSC-AM. (CO2)
4. Compare SSBSC-AM with VSBSC-AM. (CO2)
5. How to calculate the practical bandwidth of FM wave. (CO3)
6. Compare NBFM with WBFM. (CO3)
7. Define Signal to Noise Ratio. (CO4)
8. Explain the properties of Narrow band noise. (CO4)
9. Distinguish between simple AGC and delayed AGC. (CO5)
10. What are image frequencies? Explain. (CO5)
PART – B (5x10 = 50 Marks)
(Answer ALL questions)

11. a) Derive the relation between the output power of an AM transmission and the
depth of modulation.
b) When the modulation percentage is 75, an AM transmitter produces 10KW. How
much of this is carrier power. What would be the percentage power saving if the
carrier and one of the side bands were suppressed? (CO1)
[5+5]
[OR]
12. a) Explain about COSTAS loop with a neat block diagram for demodulating DSB-SC
wave.
b) When a broadcast AM transmitter is 50 percent modulated, its antenna current is
12 A. What will be current when the modulation depth is increased to 0.9?
(CO1) [5+5]

13. Describe the SSB in frequency domain and then explain how to generate SSB
modulated wave using frequency discrimination method. Also, list the advantages of
SSB. [4+4+2] (CO2)
[OR]
14. a) Describe the VSB in time domain and then explain any one method of
generating VSB modulated wave.
b) Give the applications of AM-FC and VSB modulation schemes. (CO2) [7+3]
 25

15. a) With a neat block diagram explain the generation of narrow band FM.
b) Draw the spectral representation of FM wave and derive the expression the
Transmission band width. (CO3) [4+6]
[OR]
16. Compare the direct and indirect methods of generating FM signals. Explain
Armstrong method of generating FM signals with a neat block schematic diagram.
(CO3) [10]

17. a) Derive the equation for Figure of Merit of FM receiver.

b) Define noise figure and explain its significance. (CO4) [8+2]
[OR]

18. Derive an expression for Figure of Merit of SSB-SC and compare with FM. (CO4) [10]

19. a) Draw the super hetrodyne receiver and explain. (CO5)

[7+3]
b) Compare TRF receiver and super heterodyne receiver.

[OR]
20. Write Short notes on the following. (CO5)
[5+5]
a) Detection of PWM
b) TDM-PAM

*****
 26

ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

 27

64302 ANTENNAS & WAVE PROPAGATION

Instruction : 3 Periods / week Continuous Internal Evaluation : 30 Marks

Tutorial : 0 Semester End Examination : 70 Marks
Credits : 3 Semester End Exam Duration : 3 Hours

Pre requisites:
Electromagnetic Theory and Transmission Lines

Course Objectives:

1. To provide the concepts of antenna fundamentals

2. To design different types of antennas
3. To acquire the concepts of modes of wave propagation

Unit I – Antenna Fundamentals and Wire Antennas

Antenna Basics: Basic Antenna Parameters, Patterns, Beam Area, Radiation Intensity,
Beam Efficiency, Directivity and Gain, Directivity and Resolution, Antenna Apertures,
Aperture Efficiency, Effective Height, The Radio Communication Link, Antenna Field
Zones, Antenna Theorems, Radiation, Retarded (Time-Varying) Potentials, Illustrative
Problems.
Linear wire antennas – Short Electric Dipole, The Fields of a short Electric Dipole, Radiation
Resistance of short Electric Dipole, Thin Linear Antenna (Quarter Wave Monopole and Half
Wave Dipole) – Current Distributions, Evaluation of Far-Field Components, Power
Radiated, Radiation Resistance, Directivity. Loop Antennas –The Small Loop, Comparison
of Far Fields of Small Loop and Short Dipole, Radiation Resistances and Directivities of
Small and Large Loops (Qualitative Treatment). Illustrative Problems.

Unit II – Antenna Arrays

Point Sources – Definition, Patterns, Arrays of 2 Isotropic Sources - Different Cases,

Introduction to Phased Array, Principle of Pattern Multiplication, N Element Uniform Linear
Arrays – Broadside, End Fire Arrays, EFA with Increased Directivity, Derivation of their
Null Directions and Beamwidth, Broadside Array with Non-Uniform Amplitude
Distributions– General Considerations and Binomial Arrays. Illustrative Problems.

Unit III – VHF, UHF and Microwave Antennas

Helical Antennas- Geometry, Practical Design Considerations for Monofilar Axial Mode
Helical Antenna, Monofilar Normal-Mode Helical Antenna. Paraboloid Reflectors – Parabola
General Properties, The Paraboloidal Reflector, Patterns of Large Circular Aperture with
Uniform Illumination, Reflector Types, Feed Methods. Horn Antennas, The Rectangular
Horn Antenna. Illustrative Problems.

Unit IV –Microstrip Antennas and Antenna Measurements

Microstrip Antennas – Features, Advantages and Limitations, Rectangular Microstrip

Antennas, Radiation Pattern, Feed Methods.
Antenna Measurements – Basic Concepts - Reciprocity, Near and Far Fields, Coordinate
System. Sources of Errors, Measurement Ranges, Measurement of Different Antenna
 28

Parameters – Directional Pattern, Gain Measurements (Comparison, Absolute and 3 –

Antenna Methods).

Unit V – Wave Propagation

Different modes of wave propagations, Ground Wave Propagation – Plane Earth

Reflections, Space and Surface Waves, Wave Tilt, Curved Earth Reflections. Space Wave
Propagation – Field Strength Relation, Field Strength Variation with Distance and Height,
Effects of Curvature of Earth, Absorption, Super Refraction, M-Curves and Duct
Propagation, Scattering Phenomena, Tropospheric Propagation, Fading and Path Loss
Calculations. Skywave Propagation – Structure of Ionosphere, Refraction and Reflection
of Sky Waves by Ionosphere, Ray Path, Critical Frequency, Maximum Usable Frequency,
Lowest Usable Frequency, Optimum Frequency, Virtual Height, Skip Distance, Multi-hop
Propagation.

Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, the student should be able to

CO 1 : Understand the antenna parameters and design linear wire antenna

CO 2 : Design antenna arrays for desired antenna characteristics
CO 3 : Design helical, reflector, horn and microstrip antennas
CO 4 : Understand antenna measurement techniques
CO 5 : Understand different modes of wave propagation

Text Books:

1. John D. Kraus, Ronald J. Marhefka and Ahmad S. Khan, Antennas and Wave
Propagation, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2010.
2. Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition, Wiley,
2014.

References:

1. E. C. Jordan and K. G. Balmain, Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems,

2nd Edition, Prentice Hall of India, 2000.
2. F. E. Terman, Electronic and Radio Engineering, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1955.
3. K.D. Prasad, Antennas and Wave Propagation, Satya Prakashan, Tech India
Publications, New Delhi, 2001.
 29

LECTURE SCHEDULE

S.No. TOPIC NAME No of

Lectures

UNIT-I ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS AND WIRE ANTENNAS

1 Antenna Basics: Introduction, 1

2 Basic antenna Parameters-Radiation Patterns 1

3 Beam Area, Radiation Intensity, Beam Efficiency 1

4 Directivity, Gain and Resolution, Antenna Apertures, Aperture 1

Efficiency

5 Effective Height. Related Problems. Fields from Oscillating Dipole, 1

Field Zones,

6 Impedance considerations. Antenna Temperature, Front-to-back ratio 1

7 Maxwell’s equations, Retarded Potentials, Helmholtz Theorem 1

8 Antenna Theorems, Radiation 1

9 Retarded potentials-Maxwell’s equation, approach, Lorentz Gauge 1

Condition

10 Short dipole, Quarter wave monopole & Half wave dipole 1

11 Radiated power and radiation resistance 1

12 Beam width, D & Ae 1

13 Antenna theorems-Reciprocity 1

14 Loop antennas small loops field components 1

15 Comparison of Small loop antenna & Short dipole 1

16 Directivity & Rr of small & large loops 1

UNIT-II ANTENNA ARRAYS

1 2-Element arrays-different cases 1

2 Principle of Pattern Multiplication-Examples 1

3 N-element arrays-Broadside, End fire 1

4 EFA with increased directivity Derivation of their characteristics D, 1

HPBW

5 Concept of scanning arrays Directivity relations 1

6 Binomial arrays-Advantages & Disadvantages 1

 30

7 Effects of uniform and non-uniform amplitude distributions 1

8 Design relations 1

UNIT-III VHF, UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS

1 Arrays with parasitic Elements 1

2 Yagi – Uda Arrays 1

3 Folded Dipoles & their Characteristics. 1

4 Helical Antennas- Geometry, Helix modes 1

5 Practical Design considerations for Monofilar Helical Antenna in Axial 1

Mode and Normal Mode.

6 Horn Antennas –Types, 1

7 Fermat’s Principle Optimum Horns, Design Characteristic of Pyramid 1

Horns,

8 Plane sheet & Corner Reflector antennas 1

9 Paraboloidal Reflectors-Characteristics 1

10 Types of feeds, spillover, F/D ratio 1

11 Aperture blocking, offset feed, Cassegrain feeds 1

UNIT- IV MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS AND ANENNA MEASUREMENTS

1 Microstrip transmission line: Zo,εr,Q,factor 1

2 Microstrip antennas: features, advantages, and limitations 1

3 Rectangular patch antennas: geometry and parameters 1

4 Impact of different parameters on characteristics 1

5 Antenna measurements concept of reciprocity 1

6 Near and Far field measurements coordinate system 1

7 Pattern measurement arrangements 1

8 Directivity and gain measurements comparison method, absolute 1

method

9 3-antenna measurement and related problems 1

UNIT-V WAVE PROPAGATION

1 Introduction, Definitions Categorizations and General Characteristics 1

2 Different modes of Wave Propagations. Ray/Mode concepts 1

3 Ground Wave Propagation-Introduction, Plane earth reflections, Space 1

and surface waves
 31

4 Wave Tilt, Curved Earth Reflections. 1

5 Space Wave Propagation – Introduction, Field Strength Variation with 1

distance and height.

6 Effect of Earth’s Curvature, Absorption 1

7 Super Refraction, M-Curves and Duct Propagation, Scattering 1

Phenomena

8 Troposheric Propagaion, Fading and Path Loss Calculations. 1

9 Concepts of propagation Frequency ranges and Types 1

10 Ground wave propagation-characteristics 1

11 Sky wave propagations 1

12 Structure of Ionosphere- Various layers 1

13 Ionospheric abnormalities 1

14 Critical frequency, MUF, Skip distance, Virtual height, Relations among 1

them

15 Space Wave Propagation- Introduction 1

16 Structure of Ionosphere, Mechanism, Reflection Refraction of Sky 1

waves by Ionoshpere

17 Ray path, Critical Frequency, MUF, LUF, OF, LOS Virtual Height, Skip 1
Distance, Relation between MUF & skip Distance

18 Multihop propagation, Energy Loss in Ionosphere, Summary of Wave 1

Characteristics in Different Frequency Ranges.

TOTAL (62)

1. REMEMBER 2. UNDERSTAND 3. APPLY 4. ANALYSE

5.EVALUATE 6. CREATE
 32

UNIT – I ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS AND WIRE ANTENNAS

SHORT QUESTIONS
Question Marks CO Bloom’s
S. Taxonomy
No.
Level
1. Define the term transducer. 2 1 1
2. Define the term antenna? 2 1 1
3. Define radian. 2 1 1
4. Define steradian. 2 1 1
5. Define directivity? 2 1 1
6. Define Beam efficiency. 2 1 1
7. Define power gain? 2 1 1
8. What is the effective length of an antenna? 2 1 2
9. What are major lobes and minor lobes? 2 1 2
10. Define HPBW 2 1 1
11. Define BWFN 2 1 1
12. Define back lobe? 2 1 1
13. What is the radiation resistance of a Short dipole? 2 1 3
14. What is reciprocity theorem as applied to 2 1 3
antennas?
15. Define Fresnel region? 2 1 1
16. Calculate Rrad of an antenna which is drawing 2 1 4
15Amps current and radiating 6kW power.
17. Calculate the electric field |E| due to an isotropic 2 1 4
radiator radiating 3KW power at a distance of
2kms.
18. Calculate the radiation resistance of hertzian 2 1 4
dipole with the length of λ/30.
19. Draw the Beam pattern showing different types of 2 1 2
lobes.
20. Define the following terms: i) Radiation intensity 10 1 1
ii) Beam area iii) Directivity iv) Radiation
efficiency
21. Derive the relation between maximum effective 10 1 4
area and directivity.
22. What do you mean by antenna efficiency and how 10 1 4
it is related to radiation resistance?
 33

23. Calculate the directivity for the unidirectional 10 1 3

sources with the radiation pattern
U(θ,Ф)=Umsinθsin2Ф
24. Define the terms effective aperture, effective 10 1 3
length of a radiator and show that the effective
length of an antenna used in transmitting mode is
same as used in receiving
mode
25. Define and explain retarded potentials 10 1 1
26. Starting from Maxwell’s equations for time- 10 1 5
varying fields, derive wave equations for scalar
and vector potentials. What is Lorentz gauge
condition?
27. Derive the far field components of short dipole 10 1 3
(Uniform current distribution).
28. Calculate the power radiated and radiation 10 1 3
resistance for a short dipole antenna.
29. Prove that the radiation resistance of a half wave 10 1 4
dipole is 73 ohms?
30. Derive the expression for the diretivity of a short 10 1 4
dipole and show that it is 1.5
31. Find current required to radiate a power of 100W 10 1 3
at 100 MHz from a 0.01m Hertzian dipole
32. A maximum current carried by λ/40 antenna is 10 1 3
125A, calculate the power radiated by atenna,
radiation resistance and efficiency , if loss
resistance is 1Ω.
33. Determine the electric field intensity at a distance 10 1 4
of 10km from an antenna having directive gain of
5dB and radiating a total power of 20KW
34. What is the maximum effective aperture area of 10 1 3
beam antenna having half power widths 30 0 and
250 in perpendicular planes intersecting in the
beam axis?
35. A magnetic field strength of 5 µA/m is required at 10 1 4
a point on θ=π/2,2kms away from an antenna in
free space. Neglecting ohmic losses ,how much
power must the antenna transmit if it is
a) Hertizian dipole of length λ/25
b) Halfwave dipole
36. What is the maximum power received at a 10 1 3
distance of 0.5 km over a free space 1 GHz link
consisting of transmitting antenna with a 25 db
gain and receiving antenna with 20 db gain ? The
transmitting antenna input is 150 W. Consider the
both antennas to be lossless and matched to the
receivers for maximum power transfer.
 34

UNIT – II ANTENNA ARRAYS

Question Marks CO Bloom’s

S. Taxonomy
No.
Level
1. What is a uniform linear array? 2 2 2

2. What is broadside array? 2 2 2

3. What is end fire array? 2 2 2

4. What is pattern multiplication? 2 2 2

5. Draw the radiation pattern of an end fire 2 2 1

array.
6. What is collinear array? 2 2 2

7. Draw the radiation pattern of a broadside 2 2 1

array.
8. What are parasitic elements? 2 2 2

9. Draw the structure of yagi uda antenna. 2 2 1

10. What is binomial array? 2 2 1

11. What is directive gain of broad side 2 2 1
array?
12. Define the length of an array? 2 2 1

13. How will be the direction of maximum 2 2 2

radiation in broadside array?

14. What is the driven element in Yagi Uda 2 2 2

antenna?
15. Give the formula for HPBW of a 2 2 2
broadside array.
16. What is the disadvantage of a binomial 2 2 2
array?
17. What is the directivity of 10 elements 2 2 3
separated by a distance  / 4 of a end
fire array?
18. What are the condition for Hansen 2 2 1
woodyard end fire for getting maximum
radiations in  = 0 direction?

19. Derive the condition for the linear array 10 2 4

of N-isotropic elements to radiate in end
fire and broad side modes.
20. Explain the principle of pattern 10 2 2
multiplication.
 35

21. Write a short note on binomial array? 5 2 1

22. Write about uniform arrays? 5 2 1

23. Write about the differences between end 5 2 2

fire and broad side array?

24. Derive the expression for the width of 5 2 4

the principal lobe of a broad side array?

25. Derive the expression for principle 10 2 4

maximum and width of the principle lobe
of a uniform end fire array of ‘n’
elements?

26. Derive the directivity of a broadside 10 2 4

array of two identical isotropic-in-phase
point sources spaced at a distance d.

27. A linear BSA consists of four equal 10 2 4

isotropic in-phase point sources with
spacing equal to λ/3. Calculate the
directivity and beam width if the total
length of the array is λm
28. For two element array consisting of 10 2 4
identical radiators carrying equal
currents in-phase, obtain positions of
maxima and minima of the radiation
pattern if the distance of separation d=
λm.
29. Sketch the radiation pattern of two 10 2 4
element array having identical radiators
spaced λ/4 apart and current in one
radiator lags behind other by 900
30. A BSA of 8 identical isotropic radiators 10 2 4
separated by distance λ/2. Find radiation
field in a plane containing the line of
array showing directions of maxima and
null.
31. Derive the properties of N- element EFA 10 2 4
antenna and draw its radiation pattern
for N=4.
 36

UNIT – III VHF, UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS

Question Marks CO Bloom’s
S.
Taxonomy
No.
Level
1 What is aperture antenna? 2 3 1

2 What are the operation modes of helical 2 3 2

antenna?
3 Draw the neat sketch of helical antenna. 2 3 1
4 What type of polarization is achieved from 2 3 2
helical antenna?
5 What are the applications of helical 2 3 1
antennas?
6 Mention different types of reflectors. 2 3 1
7 What are the frequency ranges of VHF and 2 3 1
UHF bands?
8 What is aperture blocking? 2 3 2

9 What is advantage of Cassegrain feed? 2 3 2

10 Give examples of microwave antennas. 2 3 2

11 Draw the radiation pattern of microwave 2 3 1

dish.
12 What is spill over? 2 3 2

13 Draw the geometry of cassegrain 2 3 1

antenna.
14 Why offset feeding is used in parabolic 5 3 2
reflector?
15 What is the disadvantage in cassegrain 5 3 2
feed?
16 How to convert spherical wave front into 5 3 2
plane wave front?
17 Draw the various types of horn antennas. 5 3 1
18 What is flaring with reference to horn 2 3 1
antennas?
19 Explain the concept of a helical antenna. 5 3 2

20 Draw the geometry of helical antenna and 10 3 2

explain how circular polarization is
achieved.
21 Draw the constructional features of a 10 3 2
helical antenna. Distinguish between
normal and axial mode of operation of a
helical antenna.
22 List out the differences between the active 5 3 2
and passive corner reflectors.
23 Compare corner reflector and parabolic 5 3 2
reflector.
 37

24 Explain about different types of feeds in 10 3 2

parabolic antenna.
25 A Parabolic dish provides a gain of 50db 10 3 3
at 10 GHz with 70% efficiency. find
Diameter, beam width between First
Nulls?
26 What is principle of equality of path 10 3 4
length? How is it applicable to horn
Antennas? Obtain an expression for the
directivity of a pyramidal horn in terms of
its aperture dimensions.
27 Explain the geometry, requirements and 10 3 4
properties of parabolic reflectors. Hence
establish the Fermat’s principle with a
neat sketch.
28 Consider a Pyramidal horn for which E 10 3 4
plane Aperture is 10 λ. The Horn is fed
with Rectangular W/G with TE 10 mode.
Let the path difference δ = 0.2λ in E plane
and 0.375λ in H Plane Calculate length of
Horn, H plane aperture, Flare angles of E
and H Plane, Beam width and Directivity.

29 Parabolic reflector has radiation 10 3 4

characteristics whose HPBW is 50 find out
its FNBW and Gain.
30 Calculate the Directivity of pyramidal horn 10 3 3
antenna with an aperture of 12 cm X 12
cm operating with 3.2 cm wave length.

31 Calculate the Directivity of 20 turns helical 10 3 3

antenna with α=120 and circumference is
one wave length.
32 The length of an E-plane sectoral Horn is 10 3 3
15 cm. Design the Horn dimensions such
that it is optimum at 10 GHz.
 38

UNIT-IV
MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS AND

ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS

Question Marks CO Bloom’s

S. Taxonomy
No.
Level
1 write the basic characteristics of 2 3 1
microstrip antennas.
2 Write about feeding methods of microstrip 2 3 1
antennas.
3 Write the advantages of microstrip 2 3 1
antennas.
4 What are the disadvantages with 2 3 1
microstrip antennas?
5 What are the limitations of microstrip 2 3 1
antennas?
6 What is the minimum distance 2 4 1
requirement antenna measurement?
7 Calculate the Minimum distance required 2 4 3
to measure the field pattern of antenna
of diameter 1.5m at frequency of 3 GHz?
8 Explain the procedure for measuring the 10 4 2
radiation pattern of a half wave dipole.
9 Explain the gain measurement of antenna 10 4 2
by comparison method.
10 Explain the procedure for measuring 10 4 2
impedance of an antenna?
11 Design a rectangular microstrip antenna 10 3 3
using a substrate with dielectric constant
of 2.2, h=0.1588cm so as to resonate at
10GHz.
12 Explain the absolute method for 10 4 3
measuring the gain of antenna.
13 Describe the uniform illumination 10 4 4
requirement and distance requirement
while measuring the radiation pattern of
the antenna.
14 Explain the 3-antenna method of 10 4 4
measurement of gain of a horn antenna
with necessary relations.
15 Define the term directivity and list out the 10 4 2
different formulas for its evaluation.
Explain various methods of measuring
directivity.
16 How the antenna aperture efficiency can 10 4 4
be measured? Calculate the aperture
efficiency and the directivity of an
antenna.
 39

17 A microstrip antenna with overall 10 3 3

dimensions of L=0.906cm and
W=1.186cm, substrate with height
h=0.1588 and dielectric constant of 2.2 is
operating at 10GHz. Find the input
impedance.
18 A microstrip antenna with overall 10 3 3
dimensions of L=0.906cm and
W=1.186cm, substrate with height
h=0.1588 and dielectric constant of 2.2 is
operating at 10GHz. Find the position of
the inset feed point where the input
impedance is 50 ohms.

19 The fractional bandwidth at a center 10 3 3

frequency of 10GHz of a rectangular
patch antenna whose substrate is
RT/duroid 5880 (dielectri=2.2) with
height h=0.1588cm is about 5% for a
VSWR of 2:1. within that bandwidth, find
the resonant frequencies associated with
the two lengths of rectangular patch
antenna, and the relative ratio of two
lengths.
20 A microstrip transmission line is of 10 3 3
beryllium oxide (dielectric=6.8) has a
width to height ratio of w/h=1.5.
assuming that the thickness to height
ratio is t/h=0, determine effective
dielectric constant.
21 A microstrip transmission line is of 10 3 3
beryllium oxide (dielectric=6.8) has a
width to height ratio of w/h=1.5.
assuming that the thickness to height
ratio is t/h=0, determine characteristic
impedance of the line.
22 With the help of a neat sketch explain the 10 4 3
measurement technique of gain of an
antenna. In the measurement of the
antenna gain using three antenna
method, three horn antenna A, B and C
are measured in pairs at 12 GHz. The
separation of antennas is 8 m. The
transmitted power is +3 dBm. The
received powers are –31 dBm, –36 dBm
and –28 dBm for antenna pairs AB, AC
and BC, respectively. Find the gains of
the antennas.
 40

UNIT –V WAVE PROPAGATION

Question Marks CO Bloom’s

S. Taxonomy
No.
Level
1 Define skip distance? 2 5 1
2 Define MUF? 2 5 1
3 Define critical frequency? 2 5 1
4 What are ionosphere abnormalities? 2 5 2

5 Define LOS propagation? 2 5 1

6 What is virtual height? 2 5 2
7 What is super refraction? 2 5 2

8 What is multihop transmission? 2 5 2

9 What are the various methods of propagation? 2 5 2
10 What is duct propagation? 2 5 2
11 What is meant by radio horizon? 2 5 2
12 Relate virtual height and skip distance? 2 5 2
13 What is a ground wave? 2 5 2
14 What is the relation between antenna height and 2 5 2
distance of propagation?
15 What is the significance of ionosphere? 2 5 2
16 What is troposheric scatter propagation? 2 5 2

17 Relate critical frequency and MUF. 2 5 4

18 Explain the terms skip distance and maximum 5 5 4
usable frequency and virtual height?
19 Derive the expression for electric field in LOS 10 5 4
propagation?
20 What is the expression for virtual height? Derive 5 5 4
an expression for it.
21 Explain ground wave propagation. 10 5 2
22 Describe the structure of ionosphere and explain 10 5 4
ionospheric propagation.
23 Write about inospheric abnormalities? 5 5 2
24 Discuss the factors that effect ground wave 5 5 2
propagation.
25 The ionosphere maximum density is 0.9 at 10MHz 5 5 3
for a reflection at 400 Km. what is the range?
 41

26 Define maximum usable frequency and derive an 10 5 4

expression for the same in the case of a thin
ionospheric layer over a plane earth.
27 Explain what is meant by the terms: skip distance, 10 5 2
virtual light and optimum frequency.
28 Describe the structure of the ionosphere and the 10 5 4
part played by each layer in it in the long distance
transmission of radio signals in the HF band.
29 Discuss the theory of formation of ionospheric 10 5 4
regions. Describe the properties of different
ionospheric regions with special reference to
seasonal.
30 What is the wave tilt and how does it effect the 10 5 4
field strength received at a distance from the
transmitter?
31 Define and distinguish between the terms: MUF, 10 5 2
LUHF, Optimum frequency.
32 Give general account of the propagation 10 5 3
phenomena involved in the very long waves and
short waves and discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of the two systems.
33 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of 5 5 2
communication at ultra high frequencies.
34 Explain the formation of an “Inversion layer” in the 10 5 4
troposphere in the phenomenon of “Duct
propagation”. What factors help in the formation
of duct. For what frequency range ‘Duct’ can be
used and why.
35 Discuss the salient features of sky wave 10 5 2
propagation. Bring out the various problems
associated with this mode of propagation. How are
these problems over come?
36 Bring out the important differences between 10 5 3
ground wave propagation, space wave
propagation and ionospheric propagation of radio
waves, high lighting the application areas of each
of them.
37 Calculate critical frequency of E-layer if its average 10 5 3
density is 1011 per cubic meter. Calculate fMUF if
the angle of incidence is 200.
38 Find the critical frequency of the region at a height 10 5 3
of 200km above earth’s surface. Assume that the
radio communication link has to be established
between two points on the earth 2000km away
from each other and the fMUF for this distance is
30.6 MHz.
39 At a particular day time, the critical frequencies 10 5 3
observed for the E and F layers are 2.5MHz and
8.5MHz respectively. Calculate the maximum
electron density of both the layers in per cubic
meter.
 42

40 At what frequency a wave propagates in the D- 10 5 3

region to have index of refraction 0.5 and density
for D-region is 400 electrons/cm3.
41 Calculate fMUF for a high frequency radio link 10 5 3
between two points at a distance of 2500 km on
the surface of the earth. Consider the height of
ionosphere is 200km and the critical frequency is
5MHz.
 43

R18 III-I AWP CO-PO mapping

Outcome and program outcomes mapping/Correlation Matrix:

Enter correlation levels 1, 2 or 3 as defined below:

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial

(High)

If there is no correlation, put “-”

Nam Course outcomes

P P P P P P
e of P P P P P P P P P
O O O S S S
the O O O O O O O O O
1 1 1 O O O
cour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 1 2 3
se
CO1: Understand the 3 1 2 1 3 2 2
Wave

antenna parameters and

design linear wire antenna
CO2: Design antenna 2 2 3 1 2 2 2
arrays for desired antenna
characteristics
&

CO3: Design helical, 3 2 3 1 2 2 2

reflector, horn and
microstrip antennas
Propagation

CO4: Understand antenna 3 2 3 3 3 2 2

Antennas

measurement techniques

CO5: Understand different 3 2 2 2 3 2 2

modes of wave propagation
 44

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B.Tech. III Year 1st Sem. – I Mid Exam, August – 2018
Subject: Antennas and Wave Propagation
Branch: ECE

Date: 17-08-2017 Time: 2 hours Max. Marks: 40

Answer all questions

Part – A 5 X2= 10 marks

1. Define HPBW and FNBW (CO1)

2. Calculate the radiation resistance of short dipole of length of λ/25 (CO1)
3. Define linear array and Uniform linear array. (CO2)
4. What are the condition for Hansen woodyard end fire for getting maximum radiations
in θ = 0o direction? (CO2)
5. What are the modes of operations of helical antenna?. (CO3)
Part – B 3X10 = 30 marks

6. a) Derive the relation between maximum effective area and directivity.(5M) (CO1)
b) what is the maximum power received at a distance of 0.5 km over a free space 1 GHz
link consisting of transmitting antenna with a 25 db gain and receiving antenna with 20
db gain ? The transmitting antenna input is 150 W. Consider the both antennas to be
lossless and matched to the receivers for maximum power transfer.(5M) (CO1)
(OR)
7. a) Define the following terms :Isotropic, Omni directional and directional antenna .(6M)
(CO1)
b) An antenna measure at a distance of 500m is found to have far field pattern of
|E|=Eosinθ. Determine the radiation resistance if Eo=1 V/m and Io= 650 mA. (4M) (CO1)
8. Derive the far field components of short dipole antenna(uniform current distribution).
(10M) (CO1)
(OR)
9. A magnetic field strength of 5 µA/m is required at a point on θ=π/2, 2 Km away from an
antenna in free space. Neglecting ohmic losses, how much power must the antenna
transmit if it is (CO1)
a) Short dipole of length λ/25 (5M)
b) Half wave dipole (5M)
10. (a) Define an antenna Array.(2M) (CO2)
 45

(b) Derive the properties of N- element EFA antenna and draw its radiation pattern for
N=4.(8M) (CO2)
(OR)
11. Draw the geometry of helical antenna and explain how circular polarization is achieved.
(CO3)
 46

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B.Tech. III Year 1st Sem. – II Mid Exam, October – 2018
Subject: Antennas and Wave Propagation
Branch: ECE
Date: 24 -10-2018 Time: 2 hours Max. Marks: 40

Answer all questions

Part – A 5 X2= 10 marks

1. Write short notes on Folded dipole? (CO4)

2. What is the distance requirement criterion in antenna measurement? (CO5)
3. Explain the zoning effect of lens Antennas? (CO4)
4. Write various modes of propagations of EM waves. (CO6)
5. Define MUF and LUF (CO6)
Part – B 3X10 = 30 marks

6. a) A Parabolic dish provides a gain of 50db at 10 GHz with 70% efficiency. find
Diameter, beam width between First Nulls? [5] (CO4)
b) Explain about different types of feeds in parabolic antenna. [5] (CO4)
(OR)
7. a) Explain the concept of zoning of lens antenna. [4] (CO4)
b) Distinguish between dielectric and metal plate lenses. [6] (CO4)
8. a) With the help of neat sketch of measurement set up explain radiation pattern
measurement of an antenna. [7] (CO5)
b) Calculate the Minimum distance required to measure the field pattern of antenna
of diameter 1.5m at frequency of 3 GHz? [3] (CO5)
(OR)
9. Design a rectangular microstrip antenna using a substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2,
thickness of substrate is 0.1588 cm, so as to resonate at 10 GHz. (CO4)
10. a) Draw the structure of Ionosphere and explain the phenomenon of Sky wave
propagation. [8] (CO6)
b) Write about wave tilt in ground wave propagation. [2] (CO6)
(OR)
11. a) Explain the space wave propagation. [8] (CO6)
b) Write short notes on scattering phenomenon. [2] (CO6)
 47

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

R15
UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH

B. Tech. III year, I sem.MODEL PAPER

Subject – Antennas & Wave Propagation

Branch: Electronics & Communications Engineering
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70

PART – A 10x2= 20 Marks

1. At what distance from a 1 MHz circuit is the radiation field approximately equal
to the induction field.
2. A 90% efficient Half wave dipole antenna has a power input of 40 watts. Calculate the
radiated
power.
3. What is array factor? Find the array factor of two element array.
4. Find the size of a square horn required to produce a gain of 17dBi at 9.5 GHz.
5. How is a folded dipole used in an antenna designed for TV receivers?
6. Discuss the draw backs in the measurement of antenna parameters.
7. What is an atmospheric duct?
8. A sky wave is incident on D-layer at an angle of 30. Find the angle of refraction
if the frequency of the transmitted wave is 30 MHz.
9. What is the inter element phase shift required for end fire radiation?
10. What type of polarization is used for ground wave propagation? Justify.

PART – B 5x10 = 50 Marks

11. a) Explain the terms:
(i) Magnetic vector potential (ii) Radiation intensity (iii) Isotropic radiator
(iv) Beam Width between First Nulls (v) EIRP
b) Define and explain the terms, Bandwidth and Effective Aperture Area of an
antenna.
OR
12. a) Find the radiation resistance of a 8 long radiator with uniform current. Derive the
necessary formula from first principles.
b) Prove that the radiation resistance of a monopole elements is equal to 36 5 ohms.
13. a) For a linear array of ‘n’ equally spaced isotropic antennas, derive an expression for
the resultant field.
 48

b) Find the width of the principal lobe in an end-fire array. Number of elements = 4,
inter element spacing = 0.45 . Find the phasing required to place the beam pointing
towards 45 .
OR
14. a) For TV sets which antenna is mostly being used and it comes under which type of
array? Explain it with merits and demerits.
b) Design a Yagi-Uda to receive 1850 MHz signals with five directors.

15. a) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of parabolic reflector. Explain how different
beam shapes can be obtained from this.
b) Distinguish between dielectric and metal plate lens antennas.
OR
16. a) Discuss the precautions to be taken while measuring the radiation pattern of an
antenna. Show that minimum distance required between transmitting and receiving
antennas is 2d2/ .
b) Explain the procedure for measurement of radiation pattern.
17. a) Explain different types of wave propagation with necessary sketches.
b) Assuming earth as flat, derive the expression for field strength of space wave.
OR
18. a) What is meant by critical frequency and deduce the frequency in terms of f MUF and
the virtual height.
b) Explain the variation of ionization density with altitude and time. How the ionosphere
affects the long distance multiple hop transmission?
19. a) Discuss the phenomenon of Ground wave propagation.

b) Write about wave tilt in ground wave propagation.

OR

20. Consider a Pyramidal horn for which E plane Aperture is 10 λ. The Horn is fed with
Rectangular W/G with TE 10 mode. Let the path difference δ = 0.2λ in E plane and
0.375λ in H Plane Calculate length of Horn, H plane aperture, Flare angles of E and H
Plane, Beam width and Directivity.

*****
 49

1. CodeNo.:B31045988
Date:14.12.201
8

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH R15
R12
B Tech III Year I Sem. Supple. Exams December - 2018 (2015 Batch)

Subject: Antennas & Wave Propagation

Branch: ECE
Time:3hours Max. Marks: 70

PART– A (10x2 = 20Marks)

(Answer ALL Questions)

1. List the applications of small loop antennas. CO1

2. Define radiation resistance. CO1
3. What is an antenna array? CO3
4. Define Array Factor. CO3
5. What is the impact of Lens zoning? CO4
6. Explain how F/D is important for parabolic reflectors? CO4
7. What are the advantages of Microstrip Patch? CO4
8. Differentiate near and far fields. CO1
9. Define Virtual Height. CO6
10. Define LUF. CO6

2.PART– B (5x10 =
50Marks)
(Answer ALL questions)

11. a) Derive the expression for maximum effective aperture of a Half-Wave dipole
antenna.[7]
b) The radiation resistance of an antenna is 92 Ω and loss resistance is 12 Ω, what is
the directivity in db if the power gain is 26. CO2 [3]

[OR]
12. a) What is radiation resistance of an antenna? Show that the radiation resistance
of a λ/2 dipole is73 Ω. [7]
b) Define Radiation Pattern.CO2 [3]

13. a) Show the directivity of Broad Side Array is2L/ .CO3 [6]
b) Explain tapering in arrays [4]
 50

[OR]
14. a) Find the radiation pattern of 4 isotropic elements fed in phase, spaced λ/2 apart
by using pattern multiplication. [5]
b) A broadside array of point sources is operating at 6 GHz. Find the FNBW and
directivity of the array if the array length is 15m. CO3 [5]

15. a) Discuss the basic properties of Helical Antennas. CO4 [5]

b) Explain the working principle of parabolic reflector.[5]

[OR]
16. a) With relevant design equations explain the working principle of corner reflector.[5]
b) With a neat sketch explain how a spherical wave front is converted to plane wave
frontin a lens antenna. CO4
17. a) Discuss the effective dielectric constant of a microstrip line. CO4[5]
b) Discuss the Design considerations of rectangular patch.[5]
[OR]
18. a) Explain the measurement of radiation pattern.CO5 [5]
b) What is an antenna test range? What is minimum distance at which test should
be taken for an antenna 5m in diameter and working at 6GHz? Derive the
necessary expression.[5]

19. a) Discuss the effect of curvature of earth over space wave propagation CO6 [5]
b) Show that the field strength due to space wave given by E =(2E0/d)sin(2πhthr/λd)
[5]
[OR]
20. a) What is signal fading? List the various types of fading and explain CO6 [5]
b) Show that for vertical incidence of radio waves on the ionosphere, the critical
frequency fC is related to the maximum electron density N m by the equation.fc2
=Nme2/(4π2ε0 m) where e, ε0 and m have their usual significance. Express Nm in
terms of fC and a constant factor utilizing the usual values of 20, m and e. Hence
find the expression for MUF.[5]

*****
 51

CodeNo.:B31045676 Date:15.11.2018

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH R15
R12
B Tech III Year I Sem. Main Exams November - 2018 (2016 Batch)

Subject: Antennas & Wave

Propagation Branch: ECE
Time:3hours Max. Marks: 70

PART– A (10x2 = 20Marks)

(Answer ALL Questions)

1. Calculate the radiation resistance of a Hertz elementary dipole of 3 metres long at a

frequency of10MHz. CO2
2. Can same antenna be used satisfactorily for transmission as well as reception? Justify with
relevant antenna theorem. CO1
3. Using the multiplication of patterns principle, draw the radiation pattern of a four element
non-directional radiators with λ/2 spacing between each. CO3
4. What are the parameters that determine the overall radiation pattern of an antenna
array?CO3
5. Calculate the diameter of a circular aperture parabolic reflector antenna having directivity
of 20 dB. Operating frequency is100 MHz CO4
6. List important microwave applications of microwave antennas. CO4
7. Write all the precaution to be taken while measuring antenna parameters. CO5
8. Justify the reason to maintain minimum distance between transmitting and receiving
antennas to be 2d2/λ (d is aperture dimension and λ is wave length). CO5
9. What is the maximum frequency (MUF) you choose to have a link between two points 1500
km apart if the critical frequency is 12 MHz and virtual height is250km? CO6
10. Sketch the variation of the received power with respect to the distance between the
transmitting and the receiving antennas. CO1

PART– B (5x10 = 50Marks)

(Answer ALL questions)
11. Explain the terms radiation, retarded potential and Lorentz gauge condition. An antenna
with a directivity of 30 dB radiates a power of 10 watts at a frequency 100 MHz. Calculate
the maximum power delivered by a λ/2 dipole to the load if the dipole is at a distance of
2 km from the radiator. CO1
 52

[OR]
12. Show that half wave dipole has a radiation resistance of73Ω. CO2

13. Derive the expressions for the beam width and side lobe level of a uniformly excited broad
side array antenna. CO3

[OR]
14. A uniform broadside array of twelve point-source isotropic element has an element
spacing of d = 0.65λ. (a) What is the approximate beam width? (b) If the spacing is d =
0.5λ (instead of 0.65λ), what will the beam width be? (c) What is the directivity for d =
0.5λ? Will the directivity for d = 0.65λ be less than or greater than this value? CO3

15. Explain the different methods of feeding a parabolic reflector antenna. A parabolic reflector
antenna is designed for operation at 3 GHz. Its largest aperture dimension is 6 m. At what
minimum distance should a far-field range antenna be placed for use in measuring the
radiation pattern? CO4

[OR]
16. Explain the importance of helical geometry. A 6 turn helical antenna is operated in the
normal mode at 1000 MHz. The length L of the helical antenna is 6 cm and the diameter
of each turn is 0.5 cm. Determine the (i) spacing ‘S’ between the turns (ii) length ‘L 0’ of
each turn (iii) overall length ‘L n’ of the helix (iv) axial ratio of the helix (v) primary
polarization of the helix (vi) radiation resistance of the helical antenna. CO4

17. List the limitations of microstrip antenna. Compare various microstrip patch antennas
describing impact of different parameters on characteristics. CO4
[OR]
18. Explain the method of measurement of antenna radiation pattern. Discuss the error
involved and precautions to be taken for minimizing the errors. CO5

19. Show that the field strength due to space wave is E = (2E 0/d) sin(2πhthr/λd). In a VHF
mobile radio system, the base station transmits 100 W at 150 MHz from a λ/2 antenna
located at 20 m above ground. Find the field strength at the receiving antenna at a height
of 2 m at a distance of 20km away from it. Transmitting antenna gain is 1.64. CO6
[OR]
20. Derive expression for the refractive index of ionospheric layer. In ionospheric propagation
employing 8 MHz critical frequency with 100 km virtual height for a particular layer, 200
km skip distance has been noticed. Calculate the angle of incidence. CO6
 53

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

An UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B.Tech. III Year I Sem. I Mid Examinations, August-
2019 Subject: Antennas and Wave Propagation

Branch: ECE

Date: 27-08-2019(FN) Time: 1 hr 45min Max. Marks: 40 M

PART – A
Answer ALL questions 5x2 = 10 M
1. Define Directional and Omni directional antennas. Give at least one example for each.
(CO1)
2. Define Field Zones of an antenna. (CO1)
3. Calculate Radiation resistance of an antenna which is drawing 5Amps current and
radiating 5kW power.(CO2)
4. Calculate the directivity of Broad Side Array of 10 elements separated by d=λ/4.(CO3)
5. Mention applications of helical antenna.(CO4)
PART – B
Answer ALL questions 3x10 = 30 M
6. a) Draw the Beam pattern showing different types of lobes and explain them.
(5+5)(CO1)
b) The radiation intensity of an antenna is given by U(θ, ϕ) = Ao Sinθ. Calculate the
directivity of the antenna.(CO1)

(OR)
7. Discuss the following antenna parameters (4x2.5M= 10M)(CO1)
(a) Beam area (b) Radiation intensity (c) Gain (d) Antenna aperture

8. a) Derive the far field components of short dipole antenna (uniform current
distribution).(8+2)
b) The diameter of circular loop antenna is 0.04λ m. How many turns of the antenna
will give Rr=36Ω.(CO2)
(OR)

9. An electric field strength 10 µV/m is to be measured at an observation point θ=π/2,

500 km from a half wave dipole operating in air at 50 MHz.(5+5) (CO2)
(a) Calculate current that must be fed to the antenna. (b) Find average power radiated.

10. a) Define an antenna Array.(2+8) (CO3)

b) Derive the properties of N- element BSA antenna and draw its radiation pattern for
N=4.(CO3)
(OR)
11. Draw the constructional features of a helical antenna. Distinguish between normal
and axial mode of operation of a helical antenna.(CO4)
 54

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

An UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B.Tech. III Year I Sem. II Mid Examinations, Oct./ Nov. 2019
Subject: Antennas and Wave Propagation
Branch: ECE
Date: 30-10-2019(FN) Time: 1 hr 45min Max. Marks: 40 M

PART – A
Answer ALL questions 5x2 = 10 M

1. What are the advantages of Cassegrain feed?(CO4)

2. What is the distance requirement criterion in antenna measurement?(CO5)
3. Write the basic characteristics of microstrip antennas.(CO4)
4. Through which mode of propagation satellite communication is taking place .(CO6)
5. What are diurnal (day and night) variations in the ionospheric layers?(CO6)

PART – B
Answer ALL questions 3x10 = 30 M

6. a) A Parabolic dish provides a gain of 50db at 10 GHz with 70% efficiency.Find

Diameter, beam width between First Nulls.[4+6] (CO4)
b) Explain about different types of feeds in parabolic antenna. (CO4)
(OR)
7. a) What is Fermat’s principle and explain the principle of lens antenna.?[5+5] (CO4)
b) Explain the concept of zoning of lens antenna and what are its advantages and
disadvantages.(CO4)
8. a) With the help of neat sketch of measurement set up and explain gain measurement
of an antenna .[7+3] (CO5)
b) Calculate the Minimum distance required to measure the field pattern of antenna
of diameter 1.5m at frequency of 3 GHz.(CO5)
(OR)
9. Design a rectangular microstrip antenna using a substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2,
thickness of substrate is 0.1588 cm, so as to resonate at 8 GHz .(CO4)

10. a) Explain about ground wave propagation and wave tilt.[5+5] (CO6)
b) Derive the expression for field strength at receiving antenna in space wave
propagation.(CO6)
(OR)
11. a) Define Skip distance and derive the relation between the MUF and Skip distance
by consider the earth as flat.[7+3] (CO6)
b) Find the critical frequency of the region at a height of 200km above earth’s surface.
Assume that the radio communication link has to be established between two points
on the earth 2000km away from each other and the f MUF for this distance is 30.6MHz.
(CO6)
*****
 55

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

An UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B.Tech. III Year I Sem. Substitute Examinations, Nov-19
Subject: Antennas and Wave Propagation
Branch: ECE

Date: 13-11-2019(AN) Time: 1 hr 45min Max. Marks: 40 M

PART – A
Answer ALL questions 5x2 = 10 M

1. Define Field Zones of an antenna. (CO1)

2. Calculate the radiation resistance of a short dipole antenna of length of λ/25.
(CO2)
3. Calculate the directivity of Broad Side Array of 10 elements separated by d=λ/4.
(CO3)
4. What is the advantage of offset feed over front feed? (CO4)
5. Define Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF). (CO6)

PART – B
Answer ALL questions 3x10 = 30 M

6. a) Derive the relation between maximum effective area and directivity. (5+5) (CO1)
b) Calculate the maximum effective are of an antenna which is operating at λ=2m and
its directivity D=100. (CO1)
(OR)
7. Derive the far field components of short dipole antenna(uniform current distribution)
and show that its directivity is 3/2.(CO2)

8. a) Define Uniform linear Array. (2+8) (CO3)

b) An End Fire Array consisting of several isotropic radiators is to have a directivity of
30. Find the array length and width of the major lobe. What will be these values for
a Broad Side Array? (CO3)
(OR)
9. Design a microstrip antenna operating at 10 GHz on a substrate with dielectric constant
of 2.2 and thickness 0.16 cm. (CO4)
10. a) Explain the measurement technique of absolute gain using three antenna method.
b) Calculate the Minimum distance required to measure the field pattern of antenna of
diameter 1.5m at frequency of 3 GHz? (7+3) (CO5)
(OR)
11. a) Draw the structure of Ionosphere and explain the mechanism of Sky wave
propagation.
b) At a particular day time, the critical frequencies observed for the E and F layers are
2.5MHz and 8.5MHz respectively. Calculate the maximum electron density of both
the layers in per cubic meter. (7+3) (CO6)

*****
 56

Code No.: B31042364 Date: 10.02.2021

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH R18

B Tech III Year I Sem. Main Examinations Jan/Feb - 2021

(2018 Batch) Subject: Antennas & Wave Propagation
Branch: ECE
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70

PART – A (10x2= 20 Marks)

(Answer ALL Questions)

1. Calculate the radiation resistance of an antenna which is drawing 15 Amps of

current and radiating 6 kW power. (CO1)
2. What is major lobe of an antenna and show it in the radiation pattern. (CO1)
3. Calculate the directivity of 10 elements separated by a distance λ/4 of a
broadside array antenna? (CO2)
4. Under what phase conditions the radiation pattern of an array with spacing λ/2
gives broadside radiation? (CO2)
5. Name the two operation modes of helical antenna? (CO3)
6. Differentiate sectoral and pyramidal horn antenna? (CO3)
7. What type of substrates (low dielectric / high dielectric constant) suitable for
antenna applications and why? (CO3)
8. What is the minimum distance requirement in antenna measurements? (CO4)
9. What are the different modes of wave propagation? (CO5)
10. Why do diurnal (day/night) variations occur in D-layer? (CO5)
PART – B (5x10 = 50 Marks)
(Answer ALL Questions)

11. a) Define the terms Directivity and Gain of an antenna? [4+6]

b) What is the maximum power received at a distance of 0.5 km over a free space
1GHz link consisting of a transmitting antenna with a 25 dB gain and a receiving
antenna with a 20 dB gain? The transmitting antenna input is 150W. Consider both
antennas to be lossless and matched to the receivers for maximum power transfer.
(CO1)
[OR]
12. a) Compare small loop antenna and small dipole with respect to radiation fields?
[4+6]
b) Derive Electric and magnetic fields for small loop antenna in the far field region?
(CO1)
13. a) Sketch the radiation pattern of two element array having identical radiators
spaced λ/4 apart and current in one radiator lags behind other by 90°.[6+4]
b) A broadside array of point sources is operating at 6 GHz. Find the FNBW (First
null beamwidth and directivity of the array if the array length is 15m.
(CO2)
[OR]
 57

14. a) Write about binomial arrays. [3+7]

b) Find the direction of nulls, side lobe maxima for 4 elements with λ/2 spacing excited
with same amplitude and phase. (CO2)

15. a) Draw the geometry of helical antenna and explain how circular polarization is
achieved.
b) Calculate the Directivity of 20 turns helical antenna with α=12° and
circumference is one wave-length. (CO3) [7+3]
[OR]

16. a) Explain about different types of feeds in parabolic antenna. [5+5]

b) Find the Directivity, beam width and effective area of a parabolic reflector antenna
for which the reflector diameter is 6m and the illumination efficiency is 65%. The
frequency of operation is 10GHz. (CO3)

17. a) What are advantages and limitations of Microstrip antennas? [4+6]

b)Explain different type of feeding methods of Microstrip antenna (CO3)
[OR]
18. a) With the help of a neat sketch explain the measurement technique of gain of an
antenna.
b) In the measurement of the antenna gain using three antenna method, three horn
antenna A, B and C are measured in pairs at 12 GHz. The separation of antennas is 8
m. The transmitted power is +3 dBm. The received powers are –31 dBm, –36 dBm
and –28 dBm for antenna pairs AB, AC and BC, respectively. Find the gains of the
antennas. (CO4)[6+4]

19. Write about space wave propagation and assuming earth as flat, derive the
expression for field strength of space wave. (CO5) [10]
[OR]
20. a) Describe ground wave propagation and wave tilt in ground wave propagation.
(CO5)[6+4]
b) Explain about duct wave propagation?

*****
 58

LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS
 59

SYLLABUS

LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS

Subject Code: 64303

Instruction : 3 Periods / week Continuous Internal Evaluation : 30 Marks

Tutorial :0 Semester End Examination : 70 Marks
Credits :3 Semester End Exam Duration : 3 Hours

Prerequisite: Electronic Circuits – I, Electronics Circuits – II

Course Objectives:
1. To understand the circuit aspects of Op-amp and 555 Timer
2. To study the techniques of ADC, DAC and their specifications
3. To acquire the knowledge of Analog ICs, specifications and applications.

Unit I – Introduction to Operational Amplifier and an OP-AMP with Feedback

Introduction, Operational Amplifier, Block Diagram Representation of a Typical Op-Amp,

Schematic Symbol. Integrated Circuits, Types of Integrated Circuits, Manufacturers
Designations for Integrated Circuits, Development of Integrated Circuits, Integrated Circuit
Packages Types, Pin Identification and Temperature Ranges, Ordering Information, Device
Identification, Power Supply for Integrated Circuits, Ideal OP-AMP, Equivalent Circuit of an
OP- AMP, Ideal Voltage Transfer Curve, Open Loop OP-AMP Configurations.

An OP-AMP with Negative Feedback: Voltage Series Feedback Amplifiers: Negative

Feedback, Closed Loop Gain. Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifiers: Closed Loop Voltage Gain,
Differential Amplifier.

Unit II – The Practical OP-AMP Characteristics & Basic Applications

Introduction, Input Offset Voltage, Input Bias Current, Input Offset Current, Total Output
Offset Voltage, Thermal Drift, Effect of Variation in Power Supply Voltages on Offset Voltage,
Change in Input offset Voltage and Input Offset Current with Time, Other Temperature and
Supply Voltage Sensitive Parameters, Noise, Common Mode Configuration and Common
Mode Rejection Ratio, Frequency Response of an OP-AMP, Slew Rate: Slew Rate Equation,
Effect of Slew Rate in Application, Summing, Scaling and Averaging Amplifier: Inverting,
Non-Inverting and Differential Configuration, Instrumentation Amplifier, Voltage to Current
Converter with floating Load, Voltage to Current Converter with Grounded Load, Current to
Voltage Converter.

Unit III –Linear Applications

Integrator, Differentiator. Introduction to Active Filters, First Order Low Pass Butterworth
Filter, Second Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter, First Order High Pass Butterworth Filter,
Second Order High Pass Butterworth Filter, Higher-order Filters, Band Pass Filter and Band
Reject Filter, All-Pass Filter.

Unit IV – Oscillators, Comparators and Converters

Review of Barkhausens Criteria, Phase Shift Oscillator, Wein Bridge Oscillator, Quadrature
Oscillator, Square Wave Generator, Triangular Wave Generator, Saw Tooth Wave Generator,
Voltage Controlled Oscillator. Basic Comparator, Zero Crossing Detector, Schmitt trigger,
Comparator Characteristics, Limitation of OP-AMP as Comparator, Window Detector, Voltage
to Frequency and Frequency to Voltage Converters.
 60

Unit V – Specialized IC Applications

555 as a Monostable Multivibrator, Monostable Multivibrator Applications, 555 as an Astable
Multivibrator, Astable Multivibrator Applications, Phase Locked Loop (PLL), Operating
Principle, PLL Applications, Digital to Analog Converters, Analog to Digital Converters.
Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, the student should be able to

CO 1 : Understand the basics of OP-AMP 741 IC and analyze op-amp circuits

CO 2 : Infer the DC and AC characteristics of operational amplifiers & its effect on the output.
CO 3 : Design linear applications using the Op-Amp
CO 4 : Analyze and design oscillator and comparator circuits
CO 5 : Design multivibrators circuits using 555 Timer, Classify and comprehend the working
principle of data converters

Text Books:
1. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps & Linear ICs, 4th Edition PHI, 2015.
2. D. Roy Chowdhury, Linear Integrated Circuits, 4th Edition, New Age International(p)
Ltd., 2008.
References:

1. James M. Fiore, Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, Concepts and Applications,
2nd Edition, Cengage Jaico, 2009.
2. Salivahana, Linear Integrated Circuits and Applications, TMH, 2007.
3. K. Lal Kishore, Op-Amp and Linear Integrated Circuits, Pearson, 2008.
 61

LECTURE SCHEDULE

S. No. Topic No of
Lectures
Unit I: Introduction to Operational Amplifier and an OP-AMP with Feedback

1 Introduction to Integrated Circuits, Types of Integrated Circuits 1

2 Manufacturers Designations for Integrated Circuits, Development 1
of Integrated Circuits, Types of IC Packages
3 Introduction to Operational Amplifier, Schematic Symbol, Block 1
Diagram Representation of a Typical Op-Amp
4 Pin Identification of Op-Amp IC and Temperature Ranges, 1
Ordering Information, Device Identification
5 Power Supply for Integrated Circuits, Ideal OP-AMP characteristics. 1
6 Equivalent Circuit of an OP- AMP, Ideal Voltage Transfer Curve, 1
Open Loop OP-AMP Configurations
7 Voltage Series Feedback Amplifiers: Negative Feedback, Closed 1
Loop Gain.
8 Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifiers: Closed Loop Voltage Gain & 1
Differential Amplifier
9 Problems & Revision of unit-1 1
Unit II: The Practical OP-AMP Characteristics & Basic Applications
10 Practical OP-AMP Characteristics: Input Offset Voltage, Input 1
Bias Current, Input Offset Current
11 Thermal Drift, Effect of Variation in Power Supply Voltages on 1
Offset Voltage
12 Change in Input offset Voltage and Input Offset Current with 1
Time, Other Temperature and Supply Voltage Sensitive
Parameters
13 Noise, Common Mode Configuration and Common Mode Rejection 1
Ratio
14 Frequency Response of an OP-AMP. 1
15 Slew Rate: Slew Rate Equation, Effect of Slew Rate in Application 1
16 Basic Applications: Summing, Scaling and Averaging, in 1
inverting, Non-Inverting modes, Problems.
17 Differential Configuration and Instrumentation Amplifier. 2
 62

18 Voltage to Current Converter with floating Load, Voltage to 1

Current Converter with Grounded Load. Current to Voltage
Converter, Revision of unit-2
Unit III: Linear Applications
19 Ideal Integrator and Practical integrator 1
20 Ideal Differentiator and Practical Differentiator 1
21 Introduction to Active Filters, First Order Low Pass Butterworth 1
Filter
22 First Order High Pass Butterworth Filter 1
23 Second Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter 1
24 Second Order High Pass Butterworth Filter, 1
25 Higher-order Filters and design of higher order filters 1
26 Band Pass Filter (BPF) -Wide BPF and Narrow BPF 1
27 Band Reject Filter (BRF)- Wide BRF and Narrow BRF 1
28 All-Pass Filter and design problem on filters 1
Unit IV: Oscillators, Comparators and Converters
29 Review of Barkhausens Criteria and positive feedback concept. 1
30 RC Phase Shift Oscillator using Op-Amp 1
31 Wein Bridge Oscillator and Quadrature Oscillator, 1
32 Square Wave Generator 1
33 Triangular Wave Generator and Saw Tooth Wave Generator, 1
34 Voltage Controlled Oscillator and VCO -IC 1
35 Basic Comparator, Comparator Characteristics and Limitations of 1
OP-AMP as Comparator,
36 Zero Crossing Detector and Window Detector as comparator 1
applications
37 Schmitt trigger circuit 1
38 Voltage to Frequency and Frequency to Voltage Converters 1
Unit V – Specialized IC Applications
39 Introduction of 555 Timer, pin diagram and internal diagram of 1
555.
40 555 in Monostable Multivibrator operation 1
41 555 Monostable Multivibrator Applications 1
42 555 as an Astable Multivibrator 1
 63

43 Astable Multivibrator using 555 timer Applications 1

44 Phase Locked Loop (PLL), block diagram and Operating Principle 1
45 PLL Applications 1
46 Introduction and parameters of converters, 1
47 Digital to Analog Converters (DAC): Binary weighted, R-2R ladder 2
type and inverted R-2R Ladder type DAC.
48 Analog to Digital Converters(ADC):Flash type ADC, counter type 2
ADC,SAR ADC and Dual slope ADCs
Total 51
 64

UNIT – I:
Model Questions:

S. No. Question Marks CO Bloom’s

Taxonomy
Level
1 Define an Integrated circuit. Mention the advantages 2 1 1
of integrated circuits
2 What are the popular IC packages available? 2 1 2
3 Classify the Integrated circuits. 2 1 2
4 List out the ideal characteristics of OP-Amp. 2 1 2
5 List the applications of OP-AMP. 2 1 1
6 List different modes of operation of OP-Amp. 2 1 1
7 Define CMRR and PSRR. 2 1 1
8 What is the temperature ranges of ICs. [CO1] 2 1 2
9 What is the meaning of virtual ground in OP-Amp? 2 1 1
10 What are the different manufacturing companies of 2 1 1
ICs?
11 Define slew rate and input bias current. 2 1 1
12 Draw the pin diagram the OP-Amp. 2 1 2
13 What are the advantages of Negative feedback 2 1 2
amplifier?
14 Write the different ways of giving Power Supply for 2 1 2
Integrated Circuits.
15 Draw the equivalent circuit of OP-Amp. 2 1 1
16 Explain the Block Diagram of OP-Amp 741 IC in detail. 10 1 2
17 Explain the Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier (Non- 6 1 3
inverting amplifier), derive the Closed Loop Gain.
18 Explain briefly about the Development of Integrated 8 1 2
Circuits.
19 Explain the Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier, Derive 6 1 3
the Closed Loop Gain.
20 Explain the different ways of giving Power Supply for 5 1 1,2
Integrated Circuits with circuit diagrams.
 65

21 Draw the circuit diagrams of 3 packages of Op-Amp 10 1 2

and explain.
22 Draw and explain the Ideal Voltage Transfer Curve of 5 1 1
OP-Amp.
23 Compare ideal and typical values of Op-Amp 741. 5 1 2
24 Draw and explain Differential Amplifier with neat circuit 5 1 2
diagram.
25 Explain the three Open Loop OP-AMP Configurations 5 1 2
with neat diagrams.
26 What is voltage follower and explain the operation 5 1 2
with neat circuit diagram and write the features.
27 Distinguish between closed loop and open loop 5 1 3
configurations of Op-Amp.
28 Compare closed loop inverting and non- inverting 5 1 2
amplifiers.
29 Draw the pin diagram of 741 Op-amp using DIP 5 1 1
package and define each and every pin.
30 Write short note on i) CMRR ii) input bias current & 8 1 1
input offset current iii) input offset voltage iv) PSRR
v) Slew rate.
31 In the circuit below, the RF value is given as 50 KΩ 5 1 4
then calculate the value of R1 with gain of 4. Assume
ideal Op-Amp.

32 If the two input bias currents of the Op-Amp are 18 µA 5 1 4

and 22 µA, determine i) input bias current ii) input
offset current for Op-Amp.
 66

33 In the given circuit, Let R1= 5KΩ, RF =20 KΩ and Vi= 5 1 5

1 V a load resistor of 25KΩ is connected at the output.
Calculate i) Vo ii) ACL iii) iL iv) io.

UNIT – II:
Model Questions:

S. Question Mark C Bloom’s

No s O Taxonom
. y Level
1 Define input bias current and offset current. 2 2 1
2 Write the two forms equations for the total offset voltage. 2 2 2
3 If one Op-amp having R1= 2kΩ and Rf= 6KΩ, then find out 2 2 3, 4
required Rcomp to compensate the input bias current.
4 What is thermal drift? Define and write formula for error 2 2 2
voltage.
5 What is frequency response of op-amp? 2 2 1
6 Define slew rate? And List causes for slew rate. 2 2 1
7 Draw the circuit for 3 input non inverting summing 2 2 1
amplifier.
8 Draw the average circuit with 3 inputs using inverting 2 2 2
mode of operation.
9 In the given circuit, Va=1 V, Vb=2 v and Vc=-3 V and Vd= 2 2 4
4 V , Calculate the output voltage.
 67

10 Find out the output voltage of the given circuit having 2 2 4

inputs are V1= -2 V and V2 = 5 V.

11 Draw the circuit diagram of current to voltage converter. 2 2 2

12 Write the applications of Voltage to current converter. 2 2 3
13 Write the output voltage equation for the given circuit. 2 2 3
 68

14 Draw the differential amplifier using Op-amp and write the 2 2 3

output equation.
15 Define CMRR and write the equation of CMRR in dB. 2 2 2
16 Show the input bias current effect on output voltage of the 5 2 2
741 Op-Amp and derive the Rcomp to compensate the input
bias current.
17 Define the input offset voltage and explain how it can be 5 2 2
compensated in Op-Amp.
18 Compute the maximum possible total output offset 5 2 4
voltages of the Op-Amp with the following specifications:
Vio =7.5 mV, Iios =50 nA and IB = 250 nA.
19 Draw the balancing circuits of Op-Amp to compensate the 5 2 3
offset voltage in inverting amplifier.
20 A non-inverting amplifier with a a gain of 100 is nulled at 5 2 4
25o C, What will happen to the output voltage if the
temperature rises to 50o C for an offset voltage drift of
0.15 mV/o C?
21 Draw the balancing circuits of Op-Amp to compensate the 5 2 3
offset voltage in non-inverting amplifier
22 What are AC characteristics of Op-Amp and explain in 10 2 2
detail.
23 Explain the slew rate and how it effects the frequency 5 2 3
response of the Op-Amp?
24 An Op-Amp has a slew rate of 2V/µs. What is the 5 2 4
maximum frequency of an output sinusoid of peak value
5V at which the distortion sets in due to the slew rate
limitation?
25 Write about the effect of variation in power supply 5 2 3
voltages on offset voltages.
26 Draw the circuit of inverting summing amplifier and show 10 2 4
how it is working as an average circuit.
 69

27 Show that how the differential amplifier is converted in to 10 2 3

instrumentation amplifier and derive the output equation
of instrumentation amplifier.
28 Draw the experimental set up of instrumentation amplifier 10 2 2
with bridge circuit
29 Explain the operation of voltage to current convert with 5 2 2
grounded load.
30 What is common mode configuration? Derive the 8 2 2
expression of CMRR in Op-Amp.

UNIT – III:
Model Questions:

S. No. Question Marks CO Bloom’s

Taxonomy
Level
1 Draw the Practical integrator circuit using Op-Amp. 2 3 2
2 Draw the ideal differentiator circuit and write the 2 3 2
drawbacks.
3 What are the drawbacks of ideal integrator and draw 2 3 1
the frequency response of ideal integrator.
4 Define filter. How the filters are classified? 2 3 1
5 Draw the model frequency responses of the LPF, HPF 2 3 2
BPF and BRF and indicate stop bands and pass bands.
 70

6 Draw the circuit diagram of First order Butter worth 2 3 2

low pass filter.
7 Design a HPF at a cutoff frequency of 1 kHz with a 2 3 4
passband gain of 2.
8 What is the need of higher order filters? 2 3 3
9 Draw the circuit diagram of 2 nd
order High Pass Filter. 2 3 2
10 What are the advantages of active filters than passive 2 3 3
filters?
11 Draw the circuit diagram of Narrow band reject filter. 2 3 2
12 Design a first order LPF with cutoff frequency of 4 kHz 2 3 4
and passband gain of 4.
13 Write the design equations for Narrow band pass filter. 2 3 3
14 What is roll off rate of the 1st and 2nd order filters? 2 3 3
15 What is all pass filter? Where it is used? 2 3 1
16 Draw the Practical integrator circuit using Op-Amp. 8 3 2
17 Draw the ideal differentiator circuit and write the 8 3 2
drawbacks.
18 Draw the practical Differentiator circuit and derive the 7 3 2
necessary equations.
19 Explain the circuit of ideal integrator and write the 5 3 2
drawbacks of ideal integrator.
20 Explain the operation of practical integrator and draw 6 3 2
the frequency response.
21 Draw the 2nd order LPF and derive the transfer function 10 3 3
of the filter.
22 Design a fourth order Butterworth LPF having upper 6 3 3
cutoff frequency of 1 kHz.
23 Explain in detail about the All Pass Filter with circuit 6 3 2
diagram and wave forms.
24 Draw the circuit diagram of Narrow band reject filter 8 3 2
and explain the process of filtering with necessary
equations.
 71

25 Design a second order Butterworth LPF having cutoff 5 3 3

frequency 1 kHz. Then determine its frequency
response.
26 Design a wide band pass filter having fL=400 Hz and 5 3 4
fH=2 kHz and pass band gain of 4. Find the value of Q
for the filter.
27 The cutoff frequency of a first order LPF is 2 kHz. 10 3 4
Convert this LPF to have a cutoff frequency of 3 kHz
by using the frequency scaling technique. Draw the
frequency response curves for the above filters.
28 In the given circuit, C2 = C3 = 0.047µF, R2 = R3 = 3.3 10 3 4
kΩ, R1 = 27k Ω and Rf =15.8 kΩ. a) Determine the Low
cutoff frequency fL of the filter. b) Obtain the frequency
response data and draw the frequency response plot
for the filter.

29 For the given all pass filter circuit, determine the phase 10 3 4
shift ϕ between the input and output at f = 2k Hz. To
obtain a positive phase shift ϕ, what modifications are
necessary in the circuit?
 72

30 (a) Design a 60 Hz active notch filter.(b)Design a wide 8 3 4

band reject filter having fH =200 Hz and fL= 1 k Hz.
31 Construct the wide band pass filter and explain the 10 3 3
filtering process and draw the frequency response.
32 Draw the circuit diagram of wide band reject filter and 10 3 2
explain the operation with help of neat sketches.

UNIT – IV:
Model Questions:

S. No. Question Marks CO Bloom’s

Taxonomy
Level
1 What is Barkhausens criterion for Oscillators? 2 4 2
2 Draw the circuit diagram of Wien Bridge Oscillator. 2 4 2
3 What is the IC number of VCO? And draw the pin 2 4 2
diagram.
4 Draw the circuit diagram of non-inverting comparator 2 4 2
circuit and draw the input and output waveforms.
5 What are applications of Op-Amp comparator? 2 4 1
6 Draw the zero crossing detector circuit and output 2 4 2
wave forms.
7 Draw the hysteresis of Schmitt trigger and write the 2 4 2
equations for UTP and LTP voltages.
8 Design a RC phase shift oscillator for the frequency fo 2 4 3
= 200Hz.
9 Write the characteristics of comparator and limitations 2 4 2
of Op-Amp as comparator.
 73

10 Explain how to measure the phase difference between 2 4 3

two signals.
11 Draw the time marker generator circuit using 2 4 3
comparator.
12 Draw the Square wave generator circuit using Op- 2 4 3
Amp.
13 Write the importance of V/F converter and F/V 2 4 2
converters.
14 What is the difference between Triangular wave and 2 4 2
Saw tooth wave generators?
15 What is frequency stability? Explain its significance. 2 4 2
16 Write about the quadrature oscillator using Op-Amp 8 4 2
with neat circuit diagram.
17 How can we generate the square wave form using OP- 8 4 2
Amp without any input Ac signal? Explain.
18 Draw the circuit diagram of Triangular wave generator 8 4 2
with less components using OP-Amp and derive the
output frequency.
19 Draw the internal block diagram of VCO and explain 10 4 2
the operation.
20 Explain the operation of Window detector using 6 4 3
comparator mode of OP-Amp with example.
21 What is Schmitt trigger? Draw the circuit diagram and 10 4 2
waveforms. Explain how it converts Sine wave to
square waveform.
22 Explain about the RC- Phase shift oscillator with circuit 10 4 2
diagram and write the fo and conditions for oscillation.
23 How can we generate saw tooth wave form using 8 4 2
triangular wave generator. Explain.
24 Draw the circuit diagram of Wien bridge oscillator and 10 4 2
derive the oscillating frequency.
25 Explain the operation of V/F converter with circuit 10 4 2
diagram.
26 Draw the F/V convert and write about the operation. 10 4 2
 74

27 Design a square wave generator for fo= 1 kHz and 5 4 4

study its performance.
28 A certain Wien bridge oscillator uses R= 4.7 kΩ, C= 5 4 4
0.01 µF, and R f =2 R1. What is the frequency of
oscillation?
29 For a particular RC phase shift oscillator the following 5 4 4
specifications are given C= 0.1 µF, R=3.9 kΩ and
|Rf/R1| = 29, determine the fo.
30 In the triangular wave generator of figure R2=1.2 kΩ, 8 4 4
R3= 6.8 kΩ , R1= 120 kΩ an d C1=0.01 µF. determine
(a) the peak to peak output amplitude of the triangular
and (b) the frequency of the Triangular wave.
31 Draw the schematic diagram of a triangular wave 10 4 3
generator using a square wave generator and an
integrator. Also draw the input and output wave forms.

UNIT – V:
Model Questions:

S. No. Question Marks CO Bloom’s

Taxonomy
Level
1 Draw the Pin diagram of 555 timer IC. 2 5 2
2 Mention the advancement ICs of 555 and Write the 2 5 2
applications of 555 timer. [CO5]
3 What are the applications of 555 time in mono-stable 2 5 2
multivibrators operation? [CO5]
4 What is Astable multivibrators? And mention the 555- 2 5 2
Astable multivibrators applications.
5 How do you make frequency divider using 555 timer in 2 5 2
mono-stable mode? [CO5]
6 Design a mono-stable multivibrators for the pulse 2 5 3
width of 2 ms.
7 Write the formula of output frequency of Astable 2 5 2
multivibrator using 555 timer. [CO5]
 75

8 Define capture range and lock in range and Pull in time. 2 5 2

9 Draw the digital phase detector circuit which is used in 2 5 2
PLL.
10 What is the IC number of PLL? Draw the pin diagram 2 5 3
of PLL IC.
11 List out the applications of PLL. 2 5 2
12 What is ADC and DAC? Where we need these 2 5 2
converters.
13 Write the parameters of converters. 2 5 2
14 What are draw backs of binary weighted DAC? 2 5 2
15 Convert the digital code 1011 in to analog equivalent 2 5 3
value with converter full scale voltage is 8 V.
16 Draw the internal circuit diagram of 555 timer and 5 5 2
explain.
17 Draw the 555 timer in mono-stable multi-vibrator 10 5 2
mode and explain the operation and derive the pulse
width.
18 Explain the operation of Astable multivibrators with 10 5 2
wave forms and derive the free running frequency.
19 Explain How 555 mono-stable mode is used for PWM. 5 5 2
20 Write about any two applications of Astable 8 5 2
multivibrator using 555 timer in detail.
21 In the Astable multivibrator, RA= 2.2 KΩ, and RB= 6.8 5 5 4
kΩ and C= 0.01 µF. Calculate (i) THIGH (ii) TLOW (iii)
Free running frequency and (iv) duty cycle D.
22 Design a square wave form generator of frequency 6 5 3
100 Hz and duty cycle of 75%.
23 Design a mono stable multivibrator using 555 timer 5 5 3
to produce the pulse width of 100 ms.
24 Design a symmetrical square waveform generator of 8 5 3
10 kHz using 555 timer in Astable mode of operation.
25 Explain the Ramp wave generator circuit using 555 6 5 3
timer.
 76

26 Draw the block diagram of PLL and explain each and 10 5 2

every block.
27 Draw the circuit of analog phase detector and one 8 5 2
digital phase detector use for the PLL.
28 Explain the operation of binary weighted DAC with 10 5 2
neat circuit diagrams.
29 Describe how the digital signal is converted in to 10 5 2
analog signal using R-2R ladder type DAC.
30 Draw the Successive approximation register type ADC 10 5 2
and explain the conversion process with example.
31 Which is the fastest ADC? Describe the operation with 10 5 2
an example.
32 Show the conversion process of Dual Slope ADC with 10 5 2
neat diagrams.
 77

Course Outcome and program outcomes mapping/Correlation Matrix:

Enter correlation levels 1, 2 or 3 as defined below:

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High)

If there is no correlation, put “-”

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PS PS PS
CO CO Statement
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 O1 O2 O3
Understand the basics
of OP-AMP 741 IC and
CO1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2
analyze op-amp
circuits
Infer the DC and AC
characteristics of
CO2 operational amplifiers 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2
& its effect on the
output.
Design linear
CO3 applications using the 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2
Op-Amp
Analyze and design
CO4 oscillator and 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2
comparator circuits
Design multivibrators
circuits using 555
Timer, Classify and
CO5 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2
comprehend the
working principle of
data converters
 78

Previous Mid and End Exam Papers

Set-1

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B.Tech. III Year I Sem. – II Mid Exam, 2020-21
Subject: Linear IC Applications
Branch: (Common to ECE)
Date: Time: 2 hours Max. Marks: 40

Part – A 2x20 = 40 marks

Answer any two questions

1. a. Design a LPF at a cutoff frequency of 1 kHz with a passband gain of 2. Using frequency

scaling technique convert the 1 kHz cut-off frequency of LPF into a cut-off frequency of 1.6 kHz

b. Draw the circuit diagram of Wien bridge oscillator and derive the oscillating

frequency.(CO3)

2. a Draw and explain the zero crossing detector and Window detector circuits.

b. What is VCO and explain the operation using neat circuit diagram and waveforms.(CO4)

3. a) How would you generate the square waveform using 555 timer in Astable mode of

operation? Explain.

b. Describe the working principle of dual slope ADC in detail.(CO5)

****
 79

Set-2

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B.Tech. III Year I Sem. – II Mid Exam, 2020-21
Subject: Linear IC Applications
Branch: (Common to ECE)
Date: Time: 2 hours Max. Marks: 40

Answer any two questions

2x20 = 40 marks

1. a). Design a basic wide-band stop filter with a lower cut-off frequency of 200Hz and a
higher cut-off frequency of 800Hz. Find the center frequency, 3dB bandwidth and Q of the
circuit.
b). Design a second-order high-pass Filter circuit with the following
characteristics: ƒC = 200Hz, and α = 1.414. (CO3)

2. a) . Draw the square wave generator (Astable Multivibrator) using Op-amp and explain the
operation.
b) With the help of circuit diagrams of inverting and non-inverting comparators and
Schmitt trigger explain the operation with necessary waveforms. (CO4)

3 a) Define capture range, lock in range and pull in time of PLL. Draw the block diagram
of PLL and explain.
b) Draw the circuit diagram for SAR ADC only and describe the operation of 3 bit R-2R
ladder type DAC. (CO5)
****
 80

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

An UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH

B.Tech. III Year I Sem. I Mid Examinations, August- 2020

Subject: IC Applications

Branch: ECE

Date: 26-08-2019(FN) Time: 2 hr Max. Marks: 40 M

PART – A
Answer ALL questions 5x2 = 10 M

1. An Op-Amp is connected in inverting amplifier mode using R1=20 kΩ, Rf = 100 kΩ and Vi
=10 mV. Find out the output voltage. (CO-1)
2. Draw the pin diagrams of 741 IC and AD620 IC. (CO-1)

3. Draw the circuit diagram of window detector. (CO-1)

4. What are AC characteristics of Op-Amp and explain in detail (CO-2)

5. Define slew rate? And List causes for slew rate.(CO-2)

PART – B
Answer ALL questions 3x10 = 30 M

6. a). Distinguish between closed loop and open loop configurations of Op-Amp.
b).Draw the circuit diagrams of 3 packages of Op-Amp and explain. (CO-1)

(OR)
7. Write short note on

i) CMRR ii) input bias current & input offset current

iii) input offset voltage iv) PSRR v) Slew rate (CO-1)

8. Draw the circuit of inverting summing amplifier and show how it is working as an average
circuit. (CO-2)
 81

9. Explain the operation of voltage to current convert with grounded load. (CO-2)

10. In the given circuit, Let R1= 5KΩ, RF =20 KΩ and Vi= 1 V a load resistor of 25KΩ is
connected at the output. Calculate i) Vo ii) ACL iii) iL iv) io. (CO-1)

(OR)

11. In the given circuit, Va=1 V, Vb=2 v and Vc=-3 V and Vd= 4 V , Calculate the output
voltage. (CO-2)

*****
 82

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

An UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH

B.Tech. III Year I Sem. II Mid Examinations, Oct./ Nov.2020

Subject: IC Applications

Branch: ECE

Date: 29-10-2019(FN) Time: 1 hr 45min Max. Marks: 40 M

PART – A
Answer ALL questions 5x2 = 10 M

1. What are the advantages of active filters than passive filters? (CO-3)
2. Write the design equations for Narrow band pass filter. (CO-3)
3. How can we generate saw tooth wave form using triangular wave generator. (CO-4)
4. Design a square wave generator for fo= 1 kHz (CO-4)
5. List out the applications of PLL (CO-5)

PART – B
Answer ALL questions 3x10 = 30 M

6. The cutoff frequency of a first order LPF is 2 kHz. Convert this LPF to have a cutoff
frequency of 3 kHz by using the frequency scaling technique. Draw the frequency
response curves for the above filters (CO-3)

(OR)
7. In the given circuit, C2 = C3 = 0.047µF, R2 = R3 = 3.3 kΩ, R1 = 27k Ω and Rf =15.8 kΩ. a)
Determine the Low cutoff frequency fL of the filter. b) Obtain the frequency response data
and draw the frequency response plot for the filter. (CO-3)
 83

8. Draw the time marker generator circuit using comparator. (CO-4)

(OR)
9. Write about the quadrature oscillator using Op-Amp with neat circuit diagram (CO-4)

10. Explain the operation of binary weighted DAC with neat circuit diagrams. (CO-5)

(OR)
1. Draw the Successive approximation register type ADC and explain the conversion
process with example. (CO-5)
 84

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

An UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B.Tech. III Year I Sem. Substitute Examinations, November - 2019
Subject: IC Applications
Branch: ECE
Date: 13-11-2019(FN) Time: 1 hr 45min Max. Marks: 40 M

PART – A
Answer ALL questions 5x2 = 10 M
1. Draw the circuit diagram of Subtractor using Op-Amp. (CO-1)

2. Design a mono stable multivibrator for 5 ms. (CO-2)

3. Define resolution and monotonicity. (CO-3)
4. Draw the circuit diagram 2- input CMOS NAND gate. (CO-4)
5. Convert the [1010112] code to gray code. (CO-5)

PART – B
Answer ALL questions 3x10 = 30 M

6. a) Derive the gain equation for the inverting and non inverting amplifiers. (CO-1)
b) Draw the zero crossing detector circuit and explain the operation with wave forms.
(OR)
7. a) Explain the operation of Wien bridge oscillator using Op-Amp and derive frequency of
oscillation. (CO-2)
b) Design a first order LPF with cut off frequency of 2 KHz and pass band gain of 4.

8. a) Explain the operation of SAR ADC with example.

b) Draw the circuit diagram of Flash ADC. (CO-3)
(OR)
9. a) Draw the 4-bit ripple carry adder circuit diagram and explain the operation.
b) Design 8-bit magnitude comparator using 4-bit comparator. (CO-4)
 85

10. a) Explain the operation of 2-bit asynchronous counter using circuit diagram.
b) Draw the logic symbol and truth table of 74LS74 D flipflop. (CO-5)
(OR)
11. a) Draw the logic symbol of decade counter (74LS90). (CO-5)
b) Draw the diagram of 4-bit synchronous counter using JK Flip Flops and explain.

*****
 86

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

R18
UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B Tech III Year I Sem. Main. Exams – Model paper
Subject: IC Applications
Branch: ECE
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PART – A (10x2= 20 Marks)
(Answer ALL Questions)
1. Define Virtual Ground [CO1]
2. Draw the equivalent circuit of OP-Amp. [CO1]
3. Draw the average circuit with 3 inputs using inverting mode of operation [CO2]
4. Write the output voltage equation for the given circuit. [CO2]

5. Define filter. How the filters are classified? [CO3]

6. Design a first order LPF with cutoff frequency of 4 kHz and passband gain of 4.
7. What is the IC number of VCO? And draw the pin diagram [CO4]
8. Write the characteristics of comparator and limitations of Op-Amp as comparator.
9. Mention the advancement ICs of 555 and Write the applications of 555 timer. [CO5]
10. List out the applications of PLL. [CO5]
 87

PART – B (5x10 = 50 )Marks)

(Answer ALL questions)

11. Draw the circuit diagrams of 3 packages of Op-Amp and explain [CO1]

(OR)

12. a).In the circuit below, the RF value is given as 50 KΩ then calculate the value of R1 with
gain of 4. Assume ideal Op-Amp. [CO1]

b).If the two input bias currents of the Op-Amp are 18 µA and 22 µA, determine i) input
bias current ii) input offset current for Op-Amp.

13.What are AC characteristics of Op-Amp and explain in detail. [CO2]

(OR)

14.Draw the circuit of inverting summing amplifier and show how it is working as an average
circuit. [CO2]

15.Draw the circuit diagram of Triangular wave generator with less components using OP-
Amp and derive the output frequency. [CO3]
 88

(OR)

16.In the given circuit, C2 = C3 = 0.047µF, R2 = R3 = 3.3 kΩ, R1 = 27k Ω and Rf =15.8 kΩ. a)
Determine the Low cutoff frequency fL of the filter. b) Obtain the frequency response data
and draw the frequency response plot for the filter. [CO3]

17. a).Draw the F/V convert and write about the operation. [CO4]

b). Design a square wave generator for fo= 1 kHz and study its performance.

(OR)

18. Draw the internal block diagram of VCO and explain the operation [CO4]

19. Explain the operation of Astable multivibrators with wave forms and derive the free
running frequency. [CO5]

(OR)

20. Which is the fastest ADC? Describe the operation with an example. [CO5]

*********************
 89

MICROPROCESSORS AND
MICROCONTROLLERS
 90

SYLLABUS
Code: 64304 MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS

Prerequisite: Digital Logic Design, Computer Organization and Architecture

Course Objectives:
1. To learn and understand the architecture of 8086.
2. To learn and understand the architecture and programming of 8051.
3. To learn the development of the microcontroller-based system.

Unit I – 8086 Microprocessor

8086 Architecture–Functional Diagram, Register Organization, Memory Segmentation, Flag
register, Signal description of 8086, Physical Memory Organization, Interrupts of 8086.

Unit II – 8051 Microcontroller

Microcontrollers and Embedded Processors, Overview of 8051 Microcontroller, Architecture,
Inside the 8051, Program counter and ROM space in 8051, 8051 Flag Bits and PSW Register,
8051 Register Banks and Stack, I/O Port Programming, Addressing Modes, Bit Addresses for
I/O and RAM, Arithmetic, Logic, JUMP, LOOP, CALL Instructions and Programs.

Unit III – 8051 Programming in Embedded C

Introduction to Embedded C, Data Types and Time Delay, I/O Programming, Logic Operations,
Data Conversion Programs, Accessing Port ROM Space, Data Serialization using 8051 C. 8051
timers/counters – 8051 Timers/Counters, Programming 8051 Timers, Counter Programming,
Programming Timer 0 and Timer 1 in 8051 C.

Unit IV – Serial port and Interrupt Programming

Basics of Serial Communication, RS 232, Serial Port Programming in C. 8051 Interrupts:
Introduction to 8051 Interrupts, Interrupt Priority, and Interrupt Programming in C.

Unit V – 8051 Interfacing

LCD Interfacing Program, Keyboard Interfacing, ADC 0808/0809 Chip, DAC 0808/0809 Chip
Interfacing, Sensor LM34 & LM35 Interfacing.

Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, the student should be able to
CO 1 : Understand the architecture and organization of 8086.
CO 2 : Explore the internal architecture of 8051 and to create ready to run programs using
8051 assemblers.
CO 3 : Understand basic embedded C programming and working of timers/counters to develop
microcontroller-based systems.
CO 4 : Describe the serial communication feature of 8051 and how to write interrupt handler
programs. CO 5 : Interface real-world devices such as LCDs, Keyboards, ADC and DAC
with 8051

Text Books:
1. A. K. Ray and K. M. Bhurchandani, Advanced Microprocessors and Peripherals, 2nd Edition,
TMH, 2006.
2. Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi, The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded
Systems, 2 nd Edition, Pearson, 2008.
 91

References:
1. D.V. Hall, Microprocessors and Interfacing, 2nd Edition, TMH, 2006.
2. Kenneth J. Ayala, The 8051 Microcontroller, 3rd Edition, Cengage Learning, 2010.
3. Liu and G. A. Gibson, Micro Computer system 8086/8088 Family Architecture, Programming
and Design, PHI, 2nd Edition, 1986.
 92

LECTURE SCHEDULE
S.No. Topic No. of
Classes
Unit I – 8086 Microprocessor
1 8086 Architecture–Functional Diagram 3
2 Register Organization, Flag register 1
3 Memory Segmentation 1
4 Signal description of 8086 2
5 Physical Memory Organization 1
6 Interrupts of 8086 2
Sub Total 10
Unit II – 8051 Microcontroller
7 Microcontrollers and Embedded Processors 1
8 Overview of 8051 Microcontroller, Architecture 2
8 ROM space in 8051, 8051 Register Banks and Stack 2
9 Program counter, flag Bits and PSW Register 1
10 I/O Port Programming, Bit Addresses for I/O 1
11 Addressing Modes 1
12 Arithmetic instructions & programming 1
13 Logic instructions& programming 1
14 JUMP, LOOP, CALL instructions and programming 2
Sub Total 12
Unit III – 8051 Programming in 8051 C
15 Introduction to 8051 C 1
16 Data Types and Time Delay 1
17 I/O Programming, Logic Operations 1
18 Data Conversion Programs, 1
19 Accessing Port ROM Space 1
20 Data Serialization 1
21 Programming 8051 Timers 2
22 Counter Programming 1
23 Programming Timer 0 and Timer 1 in C 2
Sub Total 11
Unit IV – Serial port and Interrupt Programming
24 1
Basics of Serial Communication
25 1
RS 232
26 Serial Port Programming in C 2
27 Introduction to 8051 Interrupts 1
28 2
8051 Interrupts, Interrupt Priority
29 1
Interrupt Programming in C
 93

Sub Total 8
Unit V – 8051 Interfacing
20 LCD Interfacing 2
31 Keyboard Interfacing 2
32 ADC 0808/0809 Chip 1
33 DAC 0808/0809 Chip Interfacing 1
34 Sensor LM34 & LM35 Interfacing 2
Sub Total 8
TOTAL 49
 94

UNIT – I:
Model Questions:
S. No. Question Marks CO Bloom’s
Taxonomy
Level
1 What is the advantage of dividing 8086 2 CO1 L2
architecture in to two parts as Bus Interface Unit
(BIU) & Execution Unit (EU)
2 If the size of the instruction queue is increased, 2 CO1 L3
then list out advantages and disadvantages.
3 What is the need for segmentation? 2 CO1 L2
4 What is the maximum size of each segment? 2 CO1 L1
5 Without segment over riding, maximum how 2 CO1 L2
many segments are possible in 8086.
6 For the following data, calculate the physical 2 CO1 L2
address of the next instruction to be fetched
from the memory.
CS: 5600H SP: 2345H DS: 2A78H BP:
8911H SS: E231H IP: 0012H
ES: 8BE0H BX: A111H
7 For the following data, calculate the physical 2 CO1 L2
address of the top of the stock (TOS).
CS: 5600H SP: 2345H DS: 2A78H BP:
8911H SS: E231H IP: 0012H
ES: 8BE0H BX: A111H
8 What is the difference between conditional and 2 CO1 L2
control flags?
9 Which flag is used to automatically increment or 2 CO1 L1
decrement the index position?
10 Which flag is used to change the type of 2 CO1 L2
execution?
11 AX= 8911 BX= E231H CX= 2 CO1 L1
8BE0H DX=0012H
XOR AL, BH, then find the status of zero flag?
 95

12 AX= 8911 BX= E231H CX= 2 CO1 L1

8BE0H DX=0012H
OR AL, BH, then find the status of parity flag?
13 AX= 8911 BX= E231H CX= 2 CO1 L2
8BE0H DX=0012H
TEST AL, BH, then find the status of carry flag?
14 AX= 8911 BX= E231H CX= 2 CO1 L3
8BE0H DX=0012H
AND AL, BH, then find the status of auxiliary
carry flag?
15 AX= 8911 BX= E231H CX= 2 CO1 L3
8BE0H DX=0012H
ADD AL, BH, then find the status of overflow
flag?
16 AX= 8911 BX= E231H CX= 2 CO1 L1
8BE0H DX=0012H
SUB AL, BH, then find the status of sign flag?
17 How many instructions can be executed per 2 CO1 L3
second in 8086/8088?
18 What is the purpose of ALE and DEN signals of 2 CO1 L2
8086?
19 When RESET pin is activated, from which 2 CO1 L2
physical address execution will restart?
20 What is the use of TEST (active low) pin? 2 CO1 L3
21 What is the use of READY pin? 2 CO1 L2
22 Why memory is divided into even block and odd 2 CO1 L3
block?
23 What is the difference between INTR and NMI 2 CO1 L2
pins?
24 List out the 8086 interrupts in the decreasing 2 CO1 L3
order.
25 Is 8086 microprocessor is based on pipelining or 2 CO1 L4
not? Justify the answer.
26 Draw and explain the architecture of 8086 5 CO1 L1
microprocessor.
 96

27 Explain about the memory segmentation. 5 CO1 L1

28 Draw the register organization of 8086 5 CO1 L1
Microprocessor and explain it.
29 a) Explain the concept of physical address 5 CO1 L2
calculation of 8086 microprocessor.
30 What is an interrupt? Explain various types of 5 CO1 L2
interrupts in 8086 microprocessor.
31 Explain the procedure of converting linear 5 CO1 L2
address into physical address.
32 Discuss briefly about pre-fetch queue in 8086. 5 CO1 L2
33 Draw and discuss the interrupt vector table of 5 CO1 L4
8086 microprocessor.
34 Define interrupts and their types. Write in detail 5 CO1 L4
about interrupt service routine.
35 For the following data, calculate the physical 5 CO1 L2
address of the next instruction to be fetched
from the memory.
CS: 5600H SP: 2345H DS: 2A78H BP:
8911H SS: E231H IP: 0012H
ES: 8BE0H BX: A111H
Find the physical address of top of stack, address
of the next instruction to be fetched, physical
address of DS: BX, SS: BP
36 AX= 8911 BX= E231H CX= 5 CO1 L2
8BE0H DX=0012H
MOV AX, CX
ADD AX, DX
XOR CX, CX
OR AX, CX
After executing each of the instruction, write the
status of each conditional flag.
37 AX= 8911 BX= E231H CX= 5 CO1 L2
8BE0H DX=0012H
MUL AL, CH
INC AL
 97

ADD AL, DH
After executing each of the instruction, write the
status of each conditional flag.
38 Explain the function of the following pins 5 CO1 L2
Clock b) Ready c) Lock d) MN/MX’ e) ALE
39 Explain any six assembler directives used in 5 CO1 L1
8086 microprocessor
40 Draw the flag register of 8086 microprocessor 5 CO1 L2
and explain the function of
each flag.
41 Discuss briefly about pre-fetch queue in 8086. 5 CO1 L3

UNIT – II:
Model Questions:
S. No. Question Marks CO Bloom’s
Taxonomy
Level
1 What is the difference between Microcontroller 2 CO2 L2
and general-purpose microprocessor?
2 What is Embedded system? List few embedded 2 CO2 L2
products using Microcontrollers?
3 List three criteria’s for choosing for 2 CO2 L4
Microcontroller?
4 Write the features of 8051 Microcontroller. 2 CO2 L1
5 Draw and explain PSW in 8051Microcontroller? 2 CO2 L1
6 Which of the following is (are) illegal? 2 CO2 L2
a) MOV R3,#500 b) MOV R1,#50 c) MOV
A,#255 d)MOV A,#50H e) MOV A,#F5H f) ADD
R3,A
7 MOV R0, #20H 2 CO2 L3
MOV R1, #07H
MOV A, R0
ADD A, R1
After executing the last instruction, find the
status of carry flag?
 98

8 What are the sizes of on chip RAM and ROM of 2 CO2 L3

8051?
9 After power-up which register bank is selected? 2 CO2 L3
and write single line to select register bank2?
10 Find the value of PSW register after execution of 2 CO2 L4
following instructions?
(a) MOV A,#96 b) MOV A,#96
ADD A,#121 ADD A,#121

11 Find ROM memory address of each of the 2 CO2 L3

following 8051 chips.
a)AT89CT51 with 4KB b) DS89C420 with
16KB c) DS5000-32 with 32 KB
12 Write a program to make port 2 as output port. 2 CO2 L2
13 Write an instruction make port1, second bit as 1. 2 CO2 L2
14 What is the function of instruction “JBC bit, 2 CO2 L3
target”
15 What is the function of the following code? 2 CO2 L4
L1: SETB P0.3
ACALL DELAY
CLR P0.3
ACALL DELAY
SJMP L1
16 Write a program to toggle the bit P1.2 2 CO2 L3
continuously.
17 In 8051, upon RESET, what are the values of 2 CO2 L3
Program Counter (PC), Stack Pointer (SP), Port
0 and Data Pointer (DPTR).
18 Identify the type of addressing mode in the 2 CO2 L4
following instruction: MOV DPTR, #0FE00H
19 Identify the type of addressing mode in the 2 CO2 L3
following instruction: MOV R2, #45H
20 Identify the type of addressing mode in the 2 CO2 L3
following instruction: MOV R0, A
 99

21 Identify the type of addressing mode in the 2 CO2 L3

following instruction: MOV 80H, R6
22 Identify the type of addressing mode in the 2 CO2 L4
following instruction: MOV R2, 45H
23 Identify the type of addressing mode in the 2 CO2 L3
following instruction: MOV 0E5H, @R0
24 How does 8051 differentiate between the 2 CO2 L3
internal and external program memory?
25 What Do the mnemonics “”LCALL” and “ACALL” 2 CO2 L2
stand for?
26 What is Loop? Explain Looping in 8051. 2 CO2 L3
27 Write an Assembly language program to add the 2 CO2 L3
first 10 natural numbers using 8051 loop
instruction?
28 Write an Assembly program to generate a 2 CO2 L3
square wave of a) 25% duty cycle b) 50 % duty
cycle on pin P2.3
29 Write C program to bring in a byte of data 2 CO2 L3
serially one bit at a time via P1.0. The LSB
should go out first.
30 Which ports of the 8051 are bit addressable? 2 CO2 L1
31 What is the dual role of port2? CO2 L1
32 Write the instructions toggle both bits of P1.4 2 CO2 L2
and P2.4 continuously.
33 Write all pins of P3 alternate functions? 2 CO2 L2
34 List any five conditional and two unconditional 2 CO2 L2
jump instructions of 8051.
35 How does the CPU know where to return to after 2 CO2 L3
executing the RET instruction?
36 Find the number of times the following loop is 2 CO2 L3
performed?
MOV R6, #200
BACK: MOV R5, #100
HERE: DJNZ R5, HERE
DJNZ R6, BACK
 100

37 How is the stack is used in the case of a CALL 2 CO2 L2

instruction?
38 Explain the Architecture of 8051microcontroller 10 CO2 L3
with neat diagram.
39 Write any five features of 8051? 5 CO2 L3
40 Explain addressing modes in 8051? 10 CO2 L2
41 Draw and explain flag (PSW) register of 8051. 5 CO2 L2
42 Write an ALP for 8051 to find average of first 5 5 CO2 L4
natural no’s?
43 Explain about built in ROM and RAM memory 10 CO2 L3
organization of 8051.
44 Differentiate between Microprocessor and 5 CO2 L2
Microcontroller
45 Explain Ram organization in 8051? 5 CO2 L3
46 Write a Program to 10 CO2 L4
a) add two 8-bit no’s are 45H and ECH
b) add two 16-bit no’s 0245H and 5689H
47 Compare 8051 family members? 2 CO2 L2
48 Write a Program to toggle all the bits of P1 and 5 CO2 L4
P2 continuously a) using AAH and 55H b) using
the CPL instruction.
49 Write all Conditional and Unconditional JUMP 10 CO2 L2
instructions.
50 Explain the Register organization of 8051? 10 CO2 L3
51 Explain Register banks in 8051? 5 CO2 L3

52 Write an assembly program to get the x value 5 CO2 L3

from P1 and send x^2 to P2, continuously.
53 Write the Instruction set of 8051 CO2 L3
 101

54 Show the stack and stack pointer for the 5 CO2 L2

following. Assume the default stack area and
register 0 is selected.
MOV R6, #25H
MOV R1, #12H
MOV R4, #0F3H
PUSH 6
PUSH 1
PUSH 4
55 Write instructions to use the registers 5 CO2 L2
56 Write a program to a) load the accumulator with 5 CO2 L2
the value 55h, and b) complement the
accumulator 700 times

UNIT – III:
Model Questions:

S. Question Marks CO Bloom’s

No. Taxonomy
Level
1 What is Embedded C Programming 2 CO3 L1
2 What is the difference between C and Embedded C 2 CO3 L1
3 What is the Basic Structure of Embedded C Program 10 CO3 L1
4 Why Program the 8051 in C? 2 CO3 L1
5 Give the magnitude of the unsigned char and signed char 2 CO3 L1
data types
6 Give three factors that can affect the delay code size in 2 CO3 L2
8051 Microcntroller
7 Write an 8051 C program that toggles only bit P1.0 5 CO3 L3
every 100ms.
8 Write an 8051 C program to send values 00-FF to Port 1 5 CO3 L3
9 Write an 8051 C program to toggle all bits of Port P1 5 CO3 L3
50,000 times
10 Indicate what data types you should use for each of the 10 CO3 L4
following variables
 102

(a) the Temperature (b) the number of days in a week

(c) the number of months in a year (d) the voltage (e) a
string for a message to welcome people to a building (f)
the counter to keep the number of people getting on a
bus (g) the counter to keep the number of people going
to a bus (h) the number of days in a year
11 Can the programmer set the number of clock cycles used 2 CO3 L3
to execute the instruction? Explain your answer.
12 Explain why various 8051 C compilers produce different 4 CO3 L2
hex file sizes
13 What is the difference between the sbit and bit data 2 CO3 L2
types?
14 Write an 8051 C program to count up P1 from 0-99 5 CO3 L3
continuously.
15 Use your 8051 C compiler to see the shortest time delay 5 CO3 L3
that you can produce.
16 Indicate the data on the ports for each of the following 10 CO3 L3
(a) P1=0xF0&0x45; (b) P1=0xF0&0x56;
(c) P1=0xF0^0x76; (d) P2=0xF0&0x90;
(e) P2=0xF0^0x90; (f) P2=0xF0|0x90;
(g) P2=0xF0&0xFF; (h) P2=0xF0|0x99;
(i) P2=0xF0^0xEE; (j) P1=0xF0^0xAA;
17 Find the port value after each of the following executed 10 CO3 L3
P1=0x65>>2; P2=0x39<<2;
P1=0xD4>>3; P1=0xA7<<2;
18 Write C program that finds number of zeros in an 8-bit 10 CO3 L4
data item.
19 Write a program to convert the following series of 10 CO3 L3
packed BCD numbers to ASCII. Assume that the packed
BCD is in data RAM
76H, 87H, 98H, 43H
20 Write a program to convert the following series ASCII 10 CO3 L3
numbers to packed BCD. Assume that the ASCII data is
in data RAM
“8767”
 103

21 Write a program to get an 8-bit binary number from P1, 10 CO3 L3

convert it to ASCII, and save the result if the input is
packed BCD of 00-0x99. Assume P1 has 1000 1001
binary as input
22 Indicate what memory(embedded, data RAM or code 10 CO3 L4
ROM space) you would use for the following variables
(a) the Temperature (b) the number of days in a week
(c) the number of months in a year (d) the voltage (e) a
string for a message to welcome people to a building (f)
the counter to keep the number of people getting on a
bus (g) the counter to keep the number of people going
to a bus (h)the number of days in a year
23 Discuss why the total size of 8051 C variables should not 10 CO3 L3
exceed 100 bytes.
24 Write an 8051 C program to send your first and last 10 CO3 L3
names to P2. Use ROM code space
25 a) What is drawback of using RAM data space for 8051 C 10 CO3 L3
variables?
b) What is drawback of using ROM code space for 8051
C data?
26 Write C program to send out the value 44H serially one 10 CO3 L3
bit at a time via P1.0. The LSB should go out first.
27 Write C program to send out the value 44H serially one 10 CO3 L3
bit at a time via P1.0. The MSB should go out first.
28 Write C program to bring in a byte of data serially one 10 CO3 L3
bit at a time via P1.0. The MSB should go out first.
29 Write C program to bring in a byte of data serially one 10 CO3 L3
bit at a time via P1.0. The LSB should go out first.
30 What is the difference between the operation of a timer 2 CO3 L1
and counter?
31 What is the function of TMOD register? CO3 L1
 104

32 Find the values of TMOD to operate as timers in the 5 CO3 L2

following modes
a) Mode 1 Timer 1
b) Mode 2 Timer 0, Mode 2 Timer 1
c) Mode 0 Timer 1
33 How are timers 0 and 1 started and stopped by 5 CO3 L2
instruction
34 What is the difference in the timer lengths in mode 0, 2 CO3 L2
1,2?
35 Assume that XTAL =11.0592MHz. Find the TH1, TL1 10 CO3 L3
value to generate a time delay of 2 ms. Timer 1 is
programmed in mode 1
36 Write a program to create a delay of 1 ms, with 10 CO3 L3
XTAL=22 MHz
37 How is TMOD register modified to make each of the 5 CO3 L2
timers operate as counters
38 Which pins are used as external count inputs? 2 CO3 L2
39 Which of the timers can be used as event counters? 2 CO3 L2
40 How can an external frequency be counted using the 5 CO3 L3
8051?
41 Which bits of the TCON register function as start bits of 2 CO3 L2
the timer?
42 Which bits of the TCON register are the timer rollover 2 CO3 L2
flags?
43 Program Timer 0 in C to generate a square wave of 3 10 CO3 L3
KHz. Assume that XTAL=11.0592 MHz
44 Program Timer 1 in C to generate a square wave of 0.5 10 CO3 L3
KHz. Assume that XTAL=11.0592 MHz
45 Program Timer 1 in C to be an event counter. Use mode 10 CO3 L3
1 and display the binary count on P1 and P2
continuously. Set the initial count to 20,000.
46 Program Timer 0 in C to be an event counter. Use mode 10 CO3 L3
2 and display the binary count on P2 continuously. Set
the initial count to 20.
 105

47 Assume that XTAL =11.0592MHz and that we are 10 CO3 L3

generating a square wave on P1.3, find the highest
square wave frequency that we can generate using
mode 2
48 Assume that XTAL =11.0592MHz and that we are 10 CO3 L3
generating a square wave on P1.3, find the lowest
square wave frequency that we can generate using
mode 2
49 Assume that XTAL =16 MHz and that we are generating 10 CO3 L3
a square wave on P1.2, find the lowest square wave
frequency that we can generate using mode 1
50 Assume that XTAL =16 MHz and that we are generating 10 CO3 L3
a square wave on P1.2, find the highest square wave
frequency that we can generate using mode 1
51 Program Timer 0 to generate a square wave of 0.5 KHz. 10 CO3 L3
Assume that XTAL=20 MHz.
52 Program Timer 1 to generate a square wave of 10 KHz. 10 CO3 L3
Assume that XTAL=20 MHz
53 Using Timer 1 in mode 2, generate a delay of 92 µs 5 CO3 L2
54 In what way is mode 2 programming different from 5 CO3 L2
mode 0 and mode 1?
55 What is mode 0? What does it do? 5 CO3 L2

UNIT – IV
Model Questions:
S.No. Question Marks CO Bloom’s
Taxonomy
Level
1. Define bit rate and baud rate? 2 CO4 1
2. In a serial communication, assume transmitter has a CO4 2
very large data, it must send to receiver which is far
2
away. In this situation what type of transmission
mechanism is employed and justify the answer.
 106

3. In asynchronous transmission, each character is CO4 2

represented by 6 bits, 1 bit is used for parity, start bit
2
and 2 bits as stop bits, then find the percentage of
overhead.
4. What is the use of MODEM in serial data transmission? 2 CO4 1
5. In RS 232, what are voltage levels used to represent CO4 2
2
logic 1 and logic 0?
6. To convert Rs 232 voltage levels to TTL logic levels CO4 1
2
and vice versa, which IC is used.
7. Find the hexadecimal value to be loaded in THI to set CO4 3
the baud rate of 2400. Assume crystal frequency is 2
11.0592 MHz.
8. Find the decimal value to be loaded in THI to set the CO4 3
baud rate of 1200. Assume crystal frequency is 2
11.0592 MHz.
9. What is the value to be loaded in SCON register if CO4 3
mode 1 is used for serial communication with 8 bits
2
per character, 1 start bit and 1 stop bit is used and
receiver is enabled?
10. What are the two ways used to increase baud rate? 2 CO4 2
11. Find the baud rate if TH1=-2, SMOD=1, and CO4 3
2
XTAL=11.0592 MHz?
12. Write a C program for 8051 to transfer the letter ‘S’ CO4 2
serially at 2400 baud rate continuously. Use 8-bit data 2
and 1 stop bit.
13. Compare interrupt and polling? 2 CO4 2
14. List out all six interrupts of 8051. 2 CO4 1
15. What is the value to be loaded in Interrupt Enable CO4 3
register to enable serial port and timer1 overflow 2
interrupts?
16. What is the value to be loaded in Interrupt Enable CO4 3
register to enable external interrupt 0, serial port and 2
timer 0 overflow interrupts?
 107

17. Which register of 8051 has program so that interrupts CO4 2

INT 0 and INT1 will switch from level triggered to edge 2
triggered.
18. Why we can not use RET instead of RETI as the last CO4 2
2
instruction of Interrupt Service Routine?
19. Define Interrupt and Interrupt Service Routine? 2 CO4 1
20. List the 8051 interrupts in the decreasing order of CO4 2
2
priority
21. What happens if interrupts INT 0, TF 0 and INT 1 are CO4 2
2
activated at the same time.
22. Which register of 8051 is used to change the default CO4 1
2
priority of interrupts.
23. What is the value to be loaded in Interrupt Priority CO4 2
2
register to assign the highest priority to INT1?
24. Assume that after reset, the interrupt priority is set CO4 2
the instruction MOV IP, #00001100B. List all the
2
interrupts in the decreasing order of priority after
executing the above instructions.
25. Define the terms Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and CO4 1
Data Communication Equipment (DCE) and one 2
example for each
26. Explain SCON register programming in 8051. 10 CO4 2
27. How does 8051 process generate the ISR address on CO4 2
10
an un-marked interrupt?
28. How does timer overflow interrupts differ from real CO4 2
10
time clocked interrupts?
29. Discuss about 8051 serial port programming. 10 CO4 2
30. Explain how interrupts are handled in 8051. 10 CO4 2
31. Explain the following terms: 10 CO4 2
32. Full duplex communication 10 CO4 2
33. Parallel Communication 10 CO4 2
34. Asynchronous communication 10 CO4 2
35. Write a short note on the following 10 CO4 2
36. a) RS 232 b) Max 232 10 CO4 2
 108

37. Write a C program for 8051 to transfer the letter CO4 3

‘MICROCONTROLLERS’ serially at 9600 baud rate 10
continuously. Use 8-bit data and 1 stop bit.
38. Write a C program for 8051 to receive bytes of data CO4 3
serially and put them in P1. Set the baud rate at 9600, 10
use 8-bit data and 1 stop bit.
39. Write a C program using interrupts to do the
following:
Receive date serially and send it to P0.
Read port P1, transmit data serially, and give a copy CO4 3
10
to P2.
Make timer 0 generate a square wave of 5 kHz
frequency on P0.1. Assume that XTAL=11.0592 M Hz.
Set the baud rate at 4800.

UNIT – V:
Model Questions: 8051 Interfacing
Bloom’s
S.No. Question Marks CO Taxono
my Level
1 Why LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs 2 CO5 L1
2 Briefly explain about pin description of LCD 5 CO5 L2
3 Briefly explain about LCD command codes 5 CO5 L2
4 Draw the schematic diagram of LDC interfacing with 5 CO5 L2
8051 microcontroller.
5 Determine the hex code value of the command code for 2 CO5 L5
“display on, cursor on”?

6 Write an 8051 C program to send letters ‘M’, ‘C’, ‘L’, ‘A’ 10 L5

and ‘B’ to the LCD using the busy flag method.
7 Give the state of RS,E, and R/W when sending data 2 CO5 L5
character ‘Z’ to the LCD
8 How does the LCD distinguish between data and 2 CO5 L4
command?
 109

9 Show the value (in hex) for the command code for the 5 CO5 L5
10th location, line 1 on a 20 X2 LCD. Show how you got
your value.

10 Show the value (in hex) for the command code for the 5 CO5 L5
20 th
location, line 2 on a 20 X2 LCD. Show how you got
your value
11 What is meant by keyboard debounce? 2 CO5 L2
12 Briefly explain about LM34 and LM 35 temperature 2 CO5 L2
sensors.
13 5 CO5 L5

For the above figure identify the row and column of the
key presses for each of the following:
a) D3-D0= 1010 for the row, D3-D0=0101 for the
column
b) D3-D0= 1011 for the row, D3-D0=1101 for the
column.
14 Draw and explain the flow chart of keyboard interfacing? 10 CO5 L2
15 Indicate the steps to identify the key pressed in 5 CO5 L2
keyboard interfacing with 8051.
16 Indicate the steps to detect the key press in keyboard 5 CO5 L2
interfacing with 8051.
17 Define conversion time in ADC? 2 CO5 L2

18 What is meant by signal conditioning? 2 CO5 L2

 110

19 Why do we need ADC in microcontroller based systems? 2 CO5 L1

20 Draw the pin out diagram of ADC 0809/0808 5 CO5 L2

21 Define resolution of ADC. 2 CO5 L1

22 Briefly explain about signals for A/D conversion. 5 CO5 L2

23 Draw and explain the interfacing diagram of 8051 to 10 CO5 L4

ADC0808/0809.
24 Draw the schematic diagram of DAC 0808 interfacing 5 CO5 L2
with 8051 microcontroller.
25 Which factor decides the resolution of DAC? 2 CO5 L4

26 How many discrete voltages (or current) levels of output 2 CO5 L3

produced by DAC if input size is 12.
27 Assume that Ro = 5k, Rref1 = 1k , Rref2 = 1.5k  and 10 CO5 L5
using a standard 5V supply connected to Vref(+), calculate
Vout for the following binary inputs.(a) 1001 1001 (99H)
(b) 1100 1000 (C8H)
28 10 CO5 L5

Uses the circuits in above figure write a program to

generate a sine wave of full-scale 10V output. If the
output is connected to a CRO, draw the display on the
CRO screen.
 111

29 Write an 8051 C program to generate ramp waveform 10 CO5 L5

using 0808 DAC.
30 Draw and explain 0808 DAC interface to 8051. 10 CO5 L5
 112

Course Outcome and program outcomes mapping/Correlation Matrix:

Enter correlation levels 1, 2 or 3 as defined below:

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High)

If there is no correlation, put “-”

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
CO CO Statement PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Understand the 1 3
CO1 architecture and 2 2 - - 1 - - - - - 1 2
organization of 8086
Explore the internal 1 2 2
architecture of 8051 and
CO2 to create ready to run 2 2 2 2 1 - - - 1 - 1 2
programs using 8051
assemblers.
Understand basic 1 1 2
embedded C
programming and
CO3 working of 2 2 2 2 3 - - - 2 - 1 2
timers/counters to
develop microcontroller-
based systems.
Describe the serial 1 1 2
communication feature
CO4 of 8051 and how to 2 2 3 - - - - - 1 - 2 2
write interrupt handler
programs.
Interface real-world 1 1 2
devices such as LCDs,
CO5 2 2 3 2 2 - - - 2 - 2 2
Keyboards, ADC and
DAC with 8051
 113

MODEL MID - 1 QUESTION PAPER

(SET – 1)

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B.Tech. III Year I Sem. – I Mid Exam
Subject: Microprocessors and MicroControllers(Professional Elective – 1)

Branch: ECE

Date: Time: 1 hour Max. Marks: 20

Answer ANY TWO questions 2x10 = 20 marks

1. a)Define interrupts and their types. Write in detail about interrupt service routine. [CO1]
For the following data, calculate the physical address of the next instruction to be
fetched from the memory.
a. CS: 5600H SP: 2345H DS: 2A78H BP: 8911H SS: E231H IP: 0012H
b. ES: 8BE0H BX: A111H
Find the physical address of top of stack, address of the next instruction to be fetched,
physical address of DS: BX, SS: BP
2. Write a Program to
a. add two 8-bit no’s are 45H and ECH
b. b) add two 16-bit no’s 0245H and 5689H [CO2]
3. Write an 8051 C program that toggles only bit P1.0 every 100ms. [CO3]
* * *
 114

MODEL MID - 1 QUESTION PAPER

(SET – 2)

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B.Tech. III Year I Sem. – I Mid Exam
Subject: Microprocessors and MicroControllers ( Professional Elective – 1)

Branch: ECE

Date: Time: 1 hour Max. Marks: 20

Answer ANY TWO questions 2x10 = 20 marks

1. a) Explain any six assembler directives used in 8086 microprocessor. [CO1]

b) Draw the flag register of 8086 microprocessor and explain the function of each flag.

2. a) Explain about built in ROM and RAM memort organization of 8051. [CO2]

b) Differentiate between Microprocessor and Microcontroller

3. Write a program to create a delay of 1 ms, with XTAL=22 MHz [CO3]

* * *
 115

MODEL MID - 2 QUESTION PAPER

(SET – 1)

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B.Tech. III Year I Sem. – II Mid Exam
Subject: Microprocessors and MicroControllers (Professional Elective – 1)

Branch: ECE

Date: Time: 1 hour Max. Marks: 20

Answer ANY TWO questions 2x10 = 20 marks

1. Program Timer 1 in C to generate a square wave of 0.5 KHz. Assume that XTAL=11.0592
MHz [ CO3]

2. Explain SCON register programming in 8051. [CO4]

3. Write an 8051 C program to send letters ‘M’, ‘C’, ‘L’, ‘A’ and ‘B’ to the LCD using the busy
flag method. [CO5]

* * *
 116

MODEL MID - 2 QUESTION PAPER

(SET – 2)

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B.Tech. III Year I Sem. – II Mid Exam
Subject: Microprocessors and MicroControllers ( Professional Elective – 1)

Branch: ECE

Date: Time: 1 hour Max. Marks: 20

Answer ANY TWO questions 2x10 = 20 marks

1. Write a program to create a delay of 1 ms, with XTAL=22 MHz. [CO3]

2. Write a C program for 8051 to transfer the letter ‘MICROCONTROLLERS’ serially at

9600 baud rate continuously. Use 8-bit data and 1 stop bit.

[CO4]

3. Assume that Ro = 5k, Rref1 = 1k , Rref2 = 1.5k  and using a standard 5V

supply connected to Vref(+), calculate Vout for the following binary inputs.(a) 1001

1001 (99H) (b) 1100 1000 (C8H). [CO5]

* * *
 117

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

An UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH

B.Tech. III Year I Sem. I Mid Examinations, August- 2020

Subject: MicroProcessors and Microcontrollers

Branch: ECE

Date: 26-08-2019(FN) Time: 2 hr Max. Marks: 40 M

PART – A
Answer ALL questions 5x2 = 10 M

1.What is the purpose of ALE and DEN signals of 8086? (CO-1)

2.What is the use of TEST (active low) pin? (CO-1)

3.List three criteria’s for choosing a Microcontroller (CO-2)

4.Identify the type of addressing mode in the following instruction: MOV R0, A. (CO-2)

5.Give three factors that can affect the delay code size in 8051Microcntroller (CO-3)

PART – B
Answer ALL questions 3x10 = 30 M

6. a). What is an interrupt? Explain various types of interrupts in 8086 microprocessor.

b). Explain the procedure of converting linear address into physical address. (CO-1)

(OR)
7. a)List out the 8086 interrupts in the decreasing order.
a. Is 8086 microprocessor is based on pipelining or not? Justify the answer.(CO-1)

8. Explain about built in ROM and RAM memory organization of 8051. (CO-2)

(OR)
9. Write a program to a) load the accumulator with the value 55h, and b) complement the
accumulator 700 times . (CO-2)

10. Find the port value after each of the following executed
P1=0x65>>2; P2=0x39<<2;P1=0xD4>>3; P1=0xA7<<2; (CO-3)

(OR)
11. Discuss why the total size of 8051 C variables should not exceed 100 bytes. (CO-3)

*****
 118

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

R18
UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B Tech III Year I Sem. Main. Exams – Model paper
) Subject: Micro Processors and Micro Controllers
Branch: ECE
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PART – A (10x2= 20 Marks)
(Answer ALL Questions)

1. What is the difference between conditional and control flags? [CO1]

2. Which flag is used to automatically increment or decrement the index position? [CO1]
3. Write a program to make port 2 as output port [CO2]
4. How does 8051 differentiate between the internal and external program memory? [CO2]
5. Which bits of the TCON register function as start bits of the timer? [CO3]
6. Write C program to bring in a byte of data serially one bit at a time via P1.0. The LSB
should go out first. [CO3]
7. In asynchronous transmission, each character is represented by 6 bits, 1 bit is used for
parity, start bit and 2 bits as stop bits, then find the percentage of overhead. [CO4]
8. To convert Rs 232 voltage levels to TTL logic levels and vice versa, which IC is used.
[CO4]
9. Determine the hex code value of the command code for “display on, cursor on”? [CO5]
10. What is meant by keyboard debounce? [CO5]

PART – B (5x10 = 50 )Marks)

(Answer ALL questions)

11. a) Draw and discuss the interrupt vector table of 8086 microprocessor. [CO1]
12. For the following data, calculate the physical address of the next instruction to be fetched
from the memory.
i. CS: 5600H SP: 2345H DS: 2A78H BP: 8911H SS: E231H IP: 0012H
ES: 8BE0H BX: A111H
 119

ii.
13. Find the physical address of top of stack, address of the next instruction to be fetched,
physical address of DS: BX, SS: BP
(OR)
14. a).Draw the flag Register of each flag and explain the function of each flag. [CO1]
b. b). Discuss briefly about pre-fetch queue in 8086.
15. 13. Explain the Architecture of 8051microcontroller with neat diagram. [CO2]
(OR)
16. 14. Explain addressing modes in 8051? [CO2]
17. 15. What is the Basic Structure of Embedded C Program. [CO3]
(OR)
18. 16. Indicate what data types you should use for each of the following variables
(a) the Temperature (b) the number of days in a week (c) the number of months in a year
(d) the voltage (e) a string for a message to welcome people to a building (f) the counter
to keep the number of people getting on a bus (g) the counter to keep the number of
people going to a bus (h) the number of days in a year. [CO3]

19. 17. Discuss about 8051 serial port programming. [CO4]

(OR)
20. 18. Write a C program using interrupts to do the following:
21. Receive date serially and send it to P0.
22. Read port P1, transmit data serially, and give a copy to P2.
23. Make timer 0 generate a square wave of 5 kHz frequency on P0.1. Assume that
XTAL=11.0592 M Hz. Set the baud rate at 4800. [CO4]
24. 19. Write an 8051 C program to send letters ‘M’, ‘C’, ‘L’, ‘A’ and ‘B’ to the LCD using the busy
flag method. [CO5]
(OR)

20. Draw and explain the interfacing diagram of 8051 to ADC0808/0809. [CO5]
120
121
 122

DIGITAL MODELING USING HDL

(Professional Elective – I)
 123

SYLLABUS
DIGITAL MODELING USING VERILOG
(PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE-I)

Instruction : 3 Periods / week Sessional Marks : 30 Marks

Tutorial : 1 Period / week End Examination : 70 Marks
Credits : 3 End Exam Duration : 3 Hours
Prerequisites: Digital Logic Design
Course Objectives:

1. To learn Hardware Description Language (HDL) constructs and modelling styles

2. To design combinational and sequential circuits using Verilog and simulate using a test
bench.

3. To learn about synthesis aspects and implementation.

Unit I – HDL and Verilog HDL Constructs

Overview of digital design using VHDL and Verilog HDL, Emergence of HDLs, Typical HDL-
based design flow, Importance of HDLs, Design Methodologies, Components of simulation,
Abstraction levels.

Basic Concepts: Lexical conventions and number representation, Data types, Modules and
Ports, Hierarchical names, system tasks and compiler directives.

Unit II – Gate-level and Data Flow Modeling

Gate-level (Structural) modeling: Gate types, gate delays, Examples - All logic Gates, Adders,
Subractors, Decoders, Multiplexers and De-multiplexers. Test Benches and simulation.

Data Flow modeling: Continuous Assignments, Delays, Expressions, Operator types,

Assignment of Vectors, Examples using dataflow modeling.

Unit III – Behavioral Modeling

Structures procedures – Initial and always blocks, Procedural assignments, Timing controls,
Conditional statements, Multiway branching, Loops, Sequential and parallel blocks, Generate
blocks, Tasks and Functions, Examples – Encoders, Comparators, Flip flops, Counters, Shift
Registers, modeling Moore and Mealy FSM.

Unit IV – Switch-level modeling and UDPs

Switch-level modeling: MOS and CMOS switches, Bidirectional switches, Delay specification on
switches, Resistive switches, Examples – CMOS not, nand, nor, D-latch.

User Defined Primitives: UDP basics, Combinational UDPs, Sequential UDPs, Guidelines for UDP
design.

Unit V – Logic synthesis and Delay Models

Definition of logic synthesis, Verilog HDL synthesis – Interpretation of Verilog constructs,

Synthesis design flow. Delay Models: Types of delay models, path delay modeling, Timing
checks, Delay Back-Annotation.
 124

Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, the student should be able to

CO 1 : Understand the capabilities of HDLs and learn Verilog constructs

CO 2 : Differentiate and write circuit descriptions in gate level and data flow
modeling styles

CO 3 : Describe circuits using behavioral modeling and write test benches for
simulation.

CO 4 : Describe circuits at transistor level using switch-level modeling and learn

to use UDPs.

CO 5 : Understand delay models in Verilog and learn about synthesis aspects.

Text Books:

1. Samir Palnitkar, Verilog HDL, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education, 2009.

2. J. Bhasker, A Verilog HDL Primer, 3rd Edition, Star Galaxy Publishing, 2018.

References:

1. Michael D Ciletti, Advanced Digital Design with Verilog HDL, 2nd Edition, Prentice
Hall, 2009.

2. Stephen Brown and Zvonkoc Vranesic, Fundamentals of Digital Logic with Verilog
Design, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2010.

3. Sunggu Lee, Digital Logic Design using Verilog, state machine & synthesis for FPGA,
1st Edition, Cengage Learning, 2009.
 125

LECTURE SCHEDULE

S. No. Topic No of
Lectures
UNIT – I: HDL and Verilog HDL Constructs
1. Overview of digital design using Verilog HDL 1
2. Emergence of HDLs 1
3. Typical HDL-based design flow 1
4. Importance of HDLs, Design Methodologies 1
5. Components of simulation 1
6. Abstraction levels 1
7. Basic Concepts: Lexical conventions 1
8. Number representation 1
9. Keywords, Identifiers 1
10. Data types - Nets 1
11. Data types - Registers 1
12. Modules and Ports 1
13. Hierarchical modeling 1
14. system tasks 1
15. Compiler directives 1
Sub Total (in Hours) 15
UNIT – II: Gate-level and Data Flow Modeling
16. Gate-level (Structural) modeling: Gate types 1
17. Gate delays 1
18. Examples - All logic Gates, Adders 1
19. Examples - Subractors, Decoders, Multiplexers and De-
2
multiplexers.
20. Test Benches and simulation 2
21. Data Flow modeling: 1
22. Continuous Assignments with delays 1
23. Expressions in Verilog 1
24. Operator types 1
25. Assignment of Vectors. 2
26. Examples using dataflow modeling 2
Sub Total (in Hours) 15
UNIT – III: Behavioral Modeling
27. Structures procedures – initial and always blocks 2
28. Procedural assignments 1
29. Timing controls 2
30. Conditional statements 1
31. Multiway branching 1
32. Looping statements 2
33. Sequential and parallel blocks, Generate blocks 1
34. Tasks and Functions 2
35. Examples – Encoders, Comparators, Flip flops 1
36. Examples - Counters, Shift Registers 1
37. Modeling Moore FSM 2
38. Modeling Mealy FSM 1
Sub Total (in Hours) 17
 126

UNIT – IV: Switch-level modeling and UDPs

39. Switch-level modeling 1
40. MOS and CMOS switches 1
41. Bidirectional switches 1
42. Delay specification on switches 1
43. Resistive switches, Examples – CMOS not, nand, nor,
2
D-latch.
44. UDP basics, Combinational UDPs 1
45. Sequential UDPs 1
46. Guidelines for UDP design 1
47. Examples of Combinational UDPs 1
48. Examples of Sequential UDPs 1
Sub Total (in Hours) 11
UNIT – V: Logic synthesis and Delay Models
49. Logic synthesis and Delay Models
50. Definition of logic synthesis, Verilog HDL synthesis 1
51. Interpretation of Verilog constructs 2
52. Synthesis design flow. 1
53. Delay Models: Types of delay models 1
54. Path delay modeling 1
55. Timing checks 1
56. Delay Back-Annotation. 1
Sub Total (in Hours) 8
Total (in Hours) 66
 127

UNIT – I:
Model Questions:
S. Question Marks CO Bloom’s
No. Taxonomy
Level
1 List different levels of design description in Verilog CO1 1
2
HDL?
2 List the tools for simulation and synthesis? 2 CO1 1
3 Explain the differences between software CO1 2
2
programming languages and HDLs?
4 Compare VHDL and Verilog HDL? 2 CO1 5
5 Define identifiers and list the restrictions in identifier CO1 1
2
name assignments?
6 Write the basic syntax of number representations in CO1 4
Verilog HDL and give some examples for all 2
number formats?
7 Represent the number y=48 in binary, octal, decimal, CO1 3
2
and hexadecimal formats using Verilog HDL?
8 What logic values are supported in Verilog? 2 CO1 1
9 Represent the following numbers in Verilog. CO1 3
a) 4-bit binary number 1111
2
b) 12-bit Hexadecimal number abc
c) 16-bit decimal number 255
10 What are parameters in Verilog. How to declare them CO1 2
2
in Verilog?
11 Define the following operators and give one example? CO1 1
a) Unary operator b) Binary operator c) Ternary 2
operator
12 Explain the difference between $display and $monitor CO1 2
2
using one example?
13 List the systems tasks for controlling simulation? 2 CO1 1
14 Explain the difference between $stop and $finish? 2 CO1 2
15 What is the difference between $strobe and $write? 2 CO1 2
16 List the escaped sequences and their usage in system CO1 1
2
tasks and functions?
17 List the character format for display of arguments in CO1 1
2
system tasks and functions?
18 Write the difference between $stop and $finish? 2 CO1 2
19 Define the purpose of $random task? 2 CO1 1
20 Write the purpose of $time format and give the CO1 2
2
structure?
21 Write the differences between $time and $realtime? 2 CO1 2
22 List all the file based tasks and functions? 2 CO1 1
23 Write short notes on hierarchical access? 2 CO1 1
24 Declare the following vectors in Verilog. CO1 3
a) 8-bit vector net called a_in 2
b) 32-bit storage register called address
25 Define the following terms? CO1 1
4
a) Simulation b) Synthesis
26 Write short notes on the following? CO1 1
4
a)Functional Verification b) System tasks
27 Write short notes on the following. 4 CO1 1
 128

a)Scalars and vectors b) parameters

28 Define Gate level design description and Dataflow level CO1 1
5
design descriptions using one example?
29 Write the basic module structure in Verilog and give CO1 4
5
one example?
30 Describe about different design methodologies used in CO1 2
5
HDL design.
31 Describe briefly about Simulation and Synthesis. 5 CO1 2
32 Write short notes about Abstraction levels in digital CO1 1
5
design.
33 Explain in detail about Net data types in Verilog using CO1 4
5
examples.
34 Describe with examples the Register data types in CO1 1
5
Verilog.
35 Explain about the components of a Verilog module. 5 CO1 2
36 Briefly explain about system tasks and compiler CO1 2
5
directives.
37 Explain in detail about HDL Design Flow? 10 CO1 2
 129

UNIT – II:
Model Questions:
S. No. Question Marks CO Bloom’s
Taxonomy
Level
1. Write short notes on array of instances? 2 CO2 1
2. List the capacitive storage strengths on nets? 2 CO2 1
3. Write short notes on strength contention resolution CO2 1
2
rules?
4. Write the syntax of continuous assignment and give CO2 4
2
one example?
5. Write the difference between ‘=’ and ‘==’ operators. CO2 2
2
Give one example.
6. Write Verilog code for two input AND-OR-INVERTER CO2 5
2
gate using assign statements?
7. What is concatenation operator and give one CO2 4
2
example design in verilog?
8. Write all shift operators and their symbols. Give one CO2 4
2
example?
9. What is ternary operator? Design 2x1 multiplexer CO2 6
2
using ternary operator?
10. Write the operator precedence details for data flow CO2 3
2
modeling?
11. Write short notes on strength contention with tri-reg CO2 1
2
nets?
12. Design 1x2 Demux using assign statement? 2 CO2 6
13. Design 4 to 2 encoder using ternary operator? 2 CO2 6
14. List the basic primitives along with their mode of CO2 1
5
instantiation in Verilog HDL?
15. Write the symbol and truth table for any two basic CO2 1
5
primitives for 0, 1, x and z logic value system?
16. Write the tri state gate instantiation and function CO2 1
description with symbols for the following gates?
5

a)Bufif1 b) Bufif0 c) Notif1 d) Notif0

17. Write short notes on the following. CO2 1
a) Net delays b) Gate delays c) Delays with tri state 5
gates.
18. Define the following terms? CO2 1
a)Turnoff delay b) Minimum Delay c) Typical 5
Delay d) Maximum Delay
19. Write the usage of the following net types in Verilog CO2 4
HDL with one example? 5
a)Wire b) Wand c) wor
20. Write the usage of the following net types in Verilog CO2 4
HDL with one example? 5
a) Tri b) Triand c)Trior d) Trireg
21. Write the usage of the following net types in Verilog CO2 4
HDL with one example? 5
a)Tri0 b) Tri1 c) Supply0 d) Supply1
22. Draw the waveforms for the below Verilog code. CO2 3
5
Assume a ,b as square waves with periods 5ns
 130

and 10ns? a. wire a, b, d; b. wire #2 c;

c. assign c=a&b; d. assign d=a&b;
23. Design 4x1 multiplexer using vector notation and CO2 6
5
assign statements?
24. Write all unary operators and their symbols. Give one CO2 4
5
example?
25. Write all arithmetic operators and their symbols. CO2 4
5
Give one example?
26. Write all logical operators and their symbols. Give CO2 4
5
one example?
27. Write all relational operators and their symbols. Give CO2 4
5
one example?
28. Write all Equality operators and their symbols. Give CO2 4
5
one example?
29. Write all Reduction operators and their symbols. Give CO2 4
5
one example?
30. Write all bitwise logical operators and their symbols. CO2 4
5
Give one example?
31. Design 2 to 4 decoder using dataflow modeling? 5 CO2 6
32. Write a Verilog code for 2- input AND gate in gate CO2 5
5
level modeling along with test bench?
33. Explain the concept of strengths and contention CO2 4
5
resolution with examples?
34. Design 2-input AOI gate or OAI gate with test bench? 10 CO2 6
35. Design 2-to-4 decoder using gate level modeling with CO2 6
10
test bench?
36. Design 3-to-8 decoder using structural design CO2 6
10
modeling with test bench?
37. Design 2x1 multiplexer using tri state gates with test CO2 6
10
bench?
38. Design 4-bit comparator using array of instantiation CO2 6
10
with test bench?
39. Design 4x1multilexer using structural design CO2 6
10
modeling with test bench?
40. Design full adder using half adder and other primitive CO2 6
10
gates with test bench?
41. Write Verilog programme and test bench for 2 to 4 CO2 5
10
decoder using data flow modeling?
42. Write Verilog programme and test bench for 4 to 2 CO2 5
10
encoder using data flow modeling?
43. Write Verilog programme and test bench for half CO2 5
10
adder using data flow modeling?
44. Write Verilog programme and test bench for full CO2 5
10
adder using data flow modeling?
45. Write Verilog programme and test bench for 1x4 CO2 5
10
demultiplexer using data flow modeling?
46. Define Gate level design description and Dataflow CO2 1
10
level design descriptions using one example.
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UNIT – III:
Model Questions:
S. Question Marks CO Bloom’s
Taxonomy
No. Level
1. What is the difference between initial and always CO3 2
2
blocks in Verilog HDL.
2. Write the construct of initial block with one example? 2 CO3 4
3. Write the construct of always block with one CO3 4
2
example?
4. Write short notes on multiple initial/always blocks? 2 CO3 1
5. What is the difference between << and >> CO3 2
2
operators?
6. Write the difference between case, casex and casez? 2 CO3 2
7. Write short notes on event in Verilog? 2 CO3 1
8. Write short notes on parallel blocks in Verilog? 2 CO3 1
9. Give the syntax for repeat loop with an example. 2 CO3 4
10. Write the difference between repeat and forever loop. 2 CO3 2
11. What is the difference between Mealy and Moore CO3 2
2
FSMs?
12. Explain the concept of event control using some CO3 2
5
examples?
13. Write short notes on the following? CO3 1
a) Intra assignment delay b) Delay Assignment c) 5
Zero Delay
14. Write the syntax of wait construct with one example? 5 CO3 4
15. Write the difference between blocking and non- CO3 3
5
blocking assignments using one example?
16. Design a module to add 16-bit words and 32-bit CO3 6
5
words?
17. Write Verilog module for a positive edge triggered flip CO3 5
5
flop with test bench.
18. Explain how the ALWAYS statements are used in CO3 2
5
Verilog.
19. Write the syntax for the following using an example? CO3 4
10
a)Case statement b) if construct c) for ever loop
20. Write the syntax of any TWO of the following with the CO3 4
help of one example? 10
a) if-else construct b) for loop c) while loop
21. Write the syntax of any THREE of the following with CO3 2
the help of one example?
10
a)Assign-Deassign b) Repeat c) Disable d) force-
release
22. Design 4-bit counter using D flip- flops. Write test CO3 6
10
bench to test all conditions?
23. Write behavioural modelling for SR-FF. Also write test CO3 5
10
bench to verify the design.
24. Write behavioural modelling for JK-FF. Write a test CO3 5
10
bench to verify the design.
25. Write behavioural modelling for T-FF. Also write the CO3 5
10
test bench to verify the design.
 132

26. Design 4-bit PISO (ParallelIn Serial Out) Shift register CO3 6
10
using always blocks and write test bench?
27. Design decade counter and write test bench? 10 CO3 6
28. Design a 3-bit Synchronous Counter using CO3 6
asynchronous reset input. Write a test bench to 10
verify the design.
29. Design an 8-bit Universal Shift Register. Write a test CO3 6
10
bench to verify the design.
30. What are different looping statements in Verilog. CO3 4
10
Explain using examples.
31. Design 1x8 demultiplexer using if-else and write the CO3 6
10
test bench?
32. Write the Verilog programme and test bench to detect CO3 5
10
101 sequence using Moore machine?
33. Write the Verilog programme and test bench for 2-bit CO3 5
10
counter using Mealy machine?
34. Write the Verilog programme and test bench to detect CO3 5
10
1010 sequence using Mealy machine?
35. Write the design file and test bench for a 4-bit counter CO3 6
with counting sequence as 0101, 1011, 1010,
10
0001, 1100, 0111, 1000, 0000 using Moore
machine?
36. a) Write syntax for while loop and write a Verilog code CO3 4
for n-bit Johnson counter.
10
b) What is the difference between a sequential block
and a parallel block? Explain using an example?

UNIT – IV:
Model Questions:
S. Question Marks CO Bloom’s
No. Taxonomy
Level
1. What are parameters in Verilog? Give examples. 2 CO4 4
2. Write the structure of specify block? 2 CO4 1
3. Describe the difference between *> and => path delays CO4 2
2
using one example path?
4. Write short notes on conditional path delays? 2 CO4 1
5. Describe edge sensitive paths with one example? 2 CO4 2
6. What is the use of Specparam statement in Verilog. 2 CO4 1
7. Define UDP and list the types of UDPs? 2 CO4 1
8. Write the structure of combinational UDP? 2 CO4 3
9. Write the structure of sequential UDP? 2 CO4 3
10. List the UDP table symbols and their significance? 2 CO4 1
11. Define period and width. Write their structures in verilog? 2 CO4 1
12. Define Universal shift register? 2 CO4 1
13. Write short notes on sequential synthesis? 2 CO4 1
14. Design two input NAND gate using UDP? 2 CO4 6
15. Explain CMOS switches 2 CO4 2
16. Write short notes on User Defined primitives 2 CO4 1
17. Explain and specify blocks of Path Delay Modeling. 2 CO4 2
18. Write the Verilog code for cmos NOR in switch level model 5 CO4 5
 133

19. Write the Verilog code for nmos NOR in switch level model 5 CO4 5
20. Write the Verilog code for cmos NAND in switch level CO4 5
5
model
21. Design UDP for f=ab+c? 5 CO4 6
22. Design UDP for D flip-flop with asynchronous reset and CO4 6
5
synchronous set?
23. Design CMOS switch of parallel combination. 5 CO4 6
24. Explain edge sensitive path using an example. 5 CO4 2
25. Write about basic switch primitives. 5 CO4
26. Design 3-bit up counter using UDP? 10 CO4 6
27. Design 3-bit down counter using UDP? 10 CO4 6
28. Design BCD counter using UDP? 10 CO4 6
29. Design 8x1 multiplexer using parameter and assign CO4 6
10
constructs?
30. What are user defined primitives (UDP) and explain the CO4 4
10
types with examples.
31. Design half-adder using CMOS switches. 10 CO4 6
32. a)What do you mean by user defined primitives (UDP) and CO4 4
explain the types with examples? 10
b)explain edge sensitive path using an example.

UNIT – V:
Model Questions:
S. Question Marks CO Bloom’s
Taxonomy
No. Level
1. Define Logic synthesis. 2 CO5 1
2. Explain the Importance of Computer-aided logic synthesis 2 CO5 2
tools.
3. Define gate level netlist. 2 CO5 1
4. Difference between while and forever loop. 2 CO5 3
5. Define logic optimization 2 CO5 1
6. Define technology mapping. 2 CO5 1
7. Define Design partitioning. 2 CO5 1
8. Define specparam constants 2 CO5 1
9. Write the syntax of Min,max and typical delays using 2 CO5 2
specparam.
10. Define setup and hold time with syntax. 2 CO5 1
11. Define $width check. 2 CO5 1
12. Briefly explain about Logic synthesis tools 5 CO5 2
13. Explain about Logic Synthesis Tool and Computer Aided 10 CO5 2
Logic synthesis process using Flowchart.
14. Explain the flow of synthesis design. 10 CO5 2
15. What are different types of delay models and explain with 10 CO5 4
example.
16. Explain about conditional path delays, rise, fall and turnoff 10 CO5 2
delays.
17. Explain Delay back Annotation with flowchart. 10 CO5 2
 134

Course Outcome and program outcomes mapping/Correlation Matrix:

Enter correlation levels 1, 2 or 3 as defined below:

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High)

If there is no correlation, put “-”

PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO PSO
CO CO Statement PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9
0 1 2 1 2 3
Understand the - - 1 - - - 1 1 - - 2 1 1 -
capabilities of HDLs
CO1 and learn Verilog 1
constructs

Differentiate and write 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 - - 1 2 3 3 1

circuit descriptions in
CO2 gate level and data
flow modeling styles

Describe circuits using 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 - 2 3 3 3 3

behavioral modeling
CO3 and write test benches
for simulation.

Describe circuits at 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - - 2 2 3 3 1
transistor level using
CO4 switch-level modeling
and learn to use UDPs.

Understand delay 3 3 2 3 3 3 1 1 - - 2 3 3 2 2
models in Verilog and
CO5 learn about synthesis
aspects.
 135

MODEL MID - 1 QUESTION PAPER

(SET – 1)

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B.Tech. III Year I Sem. – I Mid Exam, Oct – 202X
Subject: Digital Modeling using Verilog ( Professional Elective – 1)
Branch: ECE
Date: Time: Max. Marks: 40

Answer all questions of Part – A

Part – A 2x5 = 10 marks
1. Represent the following numbers in Verilog : [CO1]
a) Decimal number 123 as a sized 8 bit number in binary
b) A 4-bit negative 2 in decimal
2. What is meant by simulation and synthesis? [CO1]
3. Give the truth tables for notif0 and bufif1 gates in Verilog. [CO2]
4. How do you connect ports of one module to another? Explain. [CO2]
5. Give the operators precedence in Verilog. [CO3]
Answer all questions of Part – B
Part – B 10x3 = 30 marks
6. What are the major capabilities of Verilog? Explain [CO1]
(or)
7. What are the different Data types in Verilog? Explain with examples. [CO1]
8. Write a Verilog program for 1-bit RAM cell using CMOS transmission gate. Also write a test
bench to verify the design. [CO2]
(or)
9. Write a Verilog program for 3x8 Decoder using structural modeling. Write a test bench to
test it. [CO2]
10. Write a dataflow model Verilog program for a 4x1 Multiplexer. Write a test bench for
testing all possible inputs. [CO2]
(or)
11) What are the different ways of specifying delays in a continuous assignment
statement? Explain with examples. [CO3]
 136

MODEL MID - 1 QUESTION PAPER

(SET – 2)

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B.Tech. III Year II Sem. – I Mid Exam, Oct - 2020
Subject: Digital Modeling using Verilog ( Professional Elective – 1)
Branch: ECE
Date: Time: Max. Marks: 40

Answer all questions of Part – A

Part – A 2x5 = 10 marks
1. Declare the following variables in Verilog.
a) An array called ‘data’. Array contains 20 elements of type integer.
b) A memory ‘MEM’ containing 256 words of 64 bit each. [CO1]
2. What are system tasks? Give two examples and explain [CO1]
3. What is the difference between standard switch and resistive switch? [CO2]
4. What are the basic components of a module? Which components are mandatory? [CO2]
5. What is the difference between blocking and non-blocking assignments? [CO3]
Answer all questions of Part – B
Part – B 10x3 = 30 marks
6. What are the different strength levels in Verilog? Explain how to resolve conflicts between
drivers of different strengths in digital circuits. [CO1]
(or)
7. Explain about the register data types in Verilog with examples. [CO1]
8. What are the different Bi-directional switches? Write a switch level Verilog program for a 2-
input cmos nand gate. [CO2]
(or)
9. Write a Verilog program for a 1x4 demultiplexer. Also write a test bench to verify the
design. [CO2]
10. Write a Verilog program for 8x3 priority encoder. Write a test bench to test it. [CO3]
(or)
11. What are the different types of operators in Verilog? Explain with examples. [CO3]
*****
 137

MODEL MID - 2 QUESTION PAPER

(SET – 1)

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B.Tech. III Year II Sem. – II Mid Exam, Jan – 2021
Subject: Digital Modeling using Verilog ( Professional Elective – 1)
Branch: ECE
Date: Time: Max. Marks: 40

Answer all questions of Part – A

Part – A 2x5 = 10 marks
1) Give the syntax of ‘wait’ statement with an example [CO1]
2) What are structured procedural statements? Give examples. [CO1]
3) Mention any four UDP rules. [CO2]
4) Describe the feedback model of a sequential circuit. [CO2]
5) What is the use of zero-delay control in behavioral modeling? [CO3]
Answer all questions of Part – B
Part – B 10x3 = 30 marks
6) Write a Verilog code for a positive-edge triggered D-Flip flop with synchronous ‘set’
and ‘reset’ inputs? Design a test bench to verify your code. [CO1]
(or)
7) What are the different looping statements in Verilog? Explain with examples. [CO1]
8) What is path delay modeling? Explain how ‘Specify’ blocks can be used to model
different connections. [CO2]
(or)
9) Write a UDP for a negative edge-triggered JK flip-flop, with asynchronous ‘preset’ and
‘clear’ inputs. [CO2]
10) Write a Verilog code for the Moore FSM given below. Also write a test bench to verify
it. [CO2]
 138

(Or)
11) How do you perform various ‘Timing checks’ in Verilog using system tasks? Explain
using examples. [CO3]
 139

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UGC Autonomous Institution - Affiliated to JNTUH
B.Tech. III Year II Sem. – II Mid Exam, Jan - 2021
Subject: Digital Modeling using Verilog (Professional Elective – 1)
Branch: ECE
Date: Time: Max. Marks: 40

Answer all questions of Part – A

Part – A 2x5 = 10 marks
1) What is the use of Assign - Deassign Procedural continuous assignment? [CO3]
2) What is the difference between sequential and parallel blocks? [CO3]
3) What are the different methods of overriding parameters in Verilog? [CO4]
4) What are compiler directives? Give any two examples. [CO4]
5) What is the difference between set-up and hold time of a memory element? [CO5]

Answer all questions of Part – B

Part – B 10x3 = 30 marks
6) What are the major capabilities of Verilog? Explain [CO3]
(or)
7) What are the different Data types in Verilog? Explain with examples. [CO3]
8) Write a UDP for a level sensitive D-Latch. Also write a test bench to verify the design.
[CO4]
(or)
9) Write Verilog code for a finite-state machine to detect the pattern 0101 in the input
sequence x. Assume that overlapping pattern is allowed. Design a test bench for it. [ CO4]

Input (x) Sequence 1/0

Output (z) 0/0
clock (clk) detector 0/0
A B C D
0/0 1/0 1/1

1/0 0/0
 140

10) What are test benches? Mention few techniques for writing test benches for sequential
circuits. [CO5]
(or)
11) Describe in detail about ‘timing controls’ used in behavioral modeling. [CO5]

* * *
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