Page 1 of 12 CARL E. BALITA ‘Bad or Can {816 Tolan Sco Espana Mana Review Material in General Education - Science for the Licensure Examination for Teachers Focus: Physical Science Competencies 1. Use scientific knowledge to explain natural phenomena and protect man’s environment 2. Use scientific inquiry to investigate materials, events and phenomena in the natural world (designing experiments, collecting, organizing, analyzing and interpreting data, making conclusions and communicating results) 3. Identify scientific traits and attitudes exhibited in various situations 4.Analyze the impact of technology on non living and living things 5. Analyze advantages and disadvantages of different solutions to particular problems 6.Convert units in metric system, 7.Demonstrate understanding of the nature, principles and processes underlying materials, mixtures and solutions and physical and chemical changes 8 Relate ecology with relevant issues, concerns and problems Mathematics, ——= [science] +—— Technology ance sopictone ot in the community/society/environment. Ly Physical Biological Nature of Science and Technology = = Chemist L [a The word science comes from the Latin word “scientia", ‘Geclony CET which means knowledge. Science then is a body of a Ecology knowledge that uses observations, research and as experimentation to describe and explain the natural _— Science! phenomena. a "The goal of science is to understand the world around Us and use that understanding to our benefit. Science presumes that the world is understandable but it cannot provide all the answers to all our questions. = Products of science are = Scientific facts - general truth about nature = Scientific concepts ~ combined facts or observations of regularity in events or objects "Scientific theories ~ proven hypotheses that explain observed regularities = Scientific laws— always proven to be true and universal Technology is the application of scientific theories, laws, concepts and principles. It is the means by which humans control and modify their environment. It isthe use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. "Technology can be both helpful and harmful. In addition to its intended benefits, every "The purpose of technology is to make life simpler and easier. Wise application of technology can technologies can fal = technological design is likely to have some. unintended side effects in its applications and IN INTE production. sete EES) "Advances of technology are measured in terms ofPage 3 of 12 1 Physics is the study of the interaction of matter and energy 1 Energy, though an abstract idea, is generally defined as the capacity of an abject to do work. Work is done when an object applies a force on another object and this force displaces the other object. Energy is always transformed from one form to another = Sources of energy = Renewable sources ~ energy source that is not permanently depleted when used. Includes biomass, geothermal, hydropower, solar and wind energy = Non-renewable sources ~ energy source that is permanently depleted when used. Includes coal, petroleum, natural gas, propane and nuclear energy. = Forms of energy = Kinetic energy — energy related to the motion of particles ‘Thermal energy — movement of molecules Electrical energy ~ movement of charges 1 Mechanical energy ~ movement of systems of objects Radiant energy — accelerated charged particles producing electramagnetic waves, All objects at any temperature emit radiant energy. = Potential energy ~stored energy Chemical energy Gravitational potential energy Elastic potential energy Nuclear energy = Evidences of Energy = Motion =a change in the position of an object relative to-a reference point = Heat — energy thatis transferred due to a difference in temperature between two systems = Sound - vibrations that can travel through the air orthrough another medium and can be heard when they reach a person’s or an.animal’s ears = Light -an electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength falls within the range to which the human retina responds = Lawof conservation of energy — eniergy cannot be created nor destroyed but can only be transformed from one form to another. The total energy of a system is constant. = The ratio of the input and output energy in a system is the efficiency of the system in converting the input energy into useful work. = Inn ideal situation (absence of frictional force): input energy is always equal to output energy. Efficiency is 100%. = Inareal life situation (presence of frictional force): input energy is always greater than output energy. Some of the energy is transformed to other forms such as thermal energy. Efficiency is always less than 100% = Work ~Energy Theorem: "The work done on an object is equal to the energy gained by the object. The unit of work is joules (1) or calories (cal). = Power is the rate of doing work or the rate at which an object or machine expends energy. The unit of power is watts (W) or horsepower (hp). £2 Description of motion = Displacement — the change in the position of an object relative to a reference point = Speed —a measure of how fast something is moving = Instantaneous speed — speed in an instant i.e. speed indicated in a speedometer = Average speed - the ratio of the total distance covered by an object and the total time of travel = Velocity - speed in a given direction LET Genkd — Science java2013Page 5 of 12 = Change in temperature - when heat is absorbed, temperature of system increases, when heat is released, temperature of system decreases "Expansion when heat is absorbed by system and contraction when heat is released by system = Change in phase ~ an object needs to reach a certain temperature in order to change its phase. When this temperature is reached, the energy absorbed is used to break the bond between molecules or the energy is released so bonds between molecules can form again. During phase change, the temperature of the substance does NOT change. = Ways of transferring heat "Conduction ~ transfer of heat molecule by molecule. Usually happens in solids. 11 Different materials conduct heat at different rates. Conductors, such as metals, ‘transmit heat very easily. Insulators, such as plastics, do not readily transmit heat. = Convection — transfer of heat through convection currents. Usually happens in fluids. Local and global wind patterns are greatly affected by convection currents of heated masses of air. Natural convection ~ Movement is due to the difference in densities. Hot air is less dense than cold air thus hot alr rises and cold air sinks. Forced convection = moverfient of heated substance is due to the use of a fan ora pump. = Radiation — transfer of heat through space via electromagnetic waves. £2 Sound waves are methaical in nature, They are produced from vibrating sources placed in a material media thus they need @ material medium to propagate. = The diagram below shows how sound waves are propagated in air by a vibrating diaphragm of aloud speaker Worelensth —— Frequency —h High oto wove, Indrred raps Ultraviolet ays X-rays Commo roys Red Orange Yel Green Blue Violet LET Genkd — Science java2013Page 7 of 12 = Light bends (refraction) as it travels from one medium to another such as water and air. This is the reason why a swimming pool full of water seems to look shallow. Refraction also causes the dispersion of light into different colors when it pass through a prism. (LI Moving charges constitute an electric current and electric current carries electrical energy as it flows through a circuit. Ina closed circuit, the electric current isthe flow of electrons along the wires. . ‘Types of circuits "Series circuit - there is only one path for current to flow. One switch wil turn the whole circuit on and off. = Parallel circuit -there are several paths for current to flow. Switches can be used to turn the whole or just part of the circuit on and off. . Charges like electrons need energy to flow around a circuit. They receive this energy from a source of electromotive force (emf) such as a battery or a power supply. The amount of energy given to the charges is determined by the emf of the source (measured in volts). An emf source is any device that converts other forms of energy into electrical energy . Energy carried by charges is consumed in components in a circuit such as resistors and lamps. For example, when current flows through a lamp in a circuit, electrical energy is converted to other forms of energy, the evidence of which is light and heat = The ability of a substance to resist the flow of charges through its called electrical resistance. Resistance is measured in ohms. Electrical devices having this characteristic are called resistors. = Ohm's law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it, provided that physical conditions such as temperature, length and cross sectional area of the conductor étc, remains constant. = Current flowing through a resistor with very large resistance converts electrical energy to thermal energy. This is the heating effect is used in all household appliances that generate heat such as electric kettles, eclectic iron, cookers, hair dryers and the like. = Electric motors are based on the magnetic effect of a current. The magnetic field of a current is used to interact with other magnetic fields or magnetic materials in order to produce mechanical movements. £2 chemistry is the study of the composition, properties and changes that matter undergoes. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. =" Properties of matter = Physical properties — can be perceived by physical senses. Physical properties are either extensive (depends on the mass of the substance) or intensive (does not depend on the mass of the substance) = Chemical properties ~ properties that are only observable when the substance reacts with another substance thereby causing a change in the chemical composition of the substance = Changes that matter undergoes = Physical change — changes in the physical properties of matter and takes place without changing the chemical composition Chemical change ~ changes in the chemical properties of matter; chemical composition is altered producing a new substance Nuclear changes ~ changes in the nuclear properties of matter = assification matter = Homogenous matter — matter which is observed to exhibit one phase Pure substance ~ a single, pure type matter which is either a compound or an element; is homogenous ° Elements ~ a substance that cannot be separated into simpler LET Genkd — Science java2013Page 9 of 12 ae Intrinsic Physical Properties Ht ure Substances ‘Mixtures PHASE CHANGES tlements | Compounds Homogenous || Heterogeneous cs . Condensation | 4 ‘oe + 4. Solidification mar] | co oe metal and {Deposition Semimetals Organic | Inorganic ormealloids ‘Acids, Bases or Salts 1 Earth Science is the study of the physical structure of the earth and its atmosphere. 1) The earth is the 3" planet from the Sun in the solar system. Its shape is oblate-spheroid. About % of its surface is covered with water. ( The earth rotates on its axis in a day (24 hours) and revolves around the Sun in a yéar (365.25 days). The point where the Earth is nearest the Sun during its revolution is called periheliohvand the point where the Earth is farthest from the Sun is called aphelion.. 2 Revolving around the Earth is the moon called as Luna. The moon revolves around the Earth for 27 and 1/3 days. The location of the moon and the Earth relative to the Sun during its revolution gives rise to the different phases of the moon and eclipses. = Full Moon ~the Earths in between the Sun and the Moon = New Moon —the|Moon is in between the Sun and the Earth "Solar eclipse =the Mooncasts a shadow on Earth; occurs during New Moon’ Lunar eclipse =the Moon moves into the shadow of the earth; occurs during Full Moon ED The earth is made up of four different spheres; the atmosphere (the air surrounding the Earth); the hydrosphere (the water on Earth]; the lithosphere (the rocky surface of the Earth and the biosphere (the area on Earth where life exist) 1) The earth’s axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5°. Seasons occur because of this tilting. Each part of the Earth's, surface receives varying amounts of the Sun’s energy throughout the year. When the North Pole is tilted ‘towards the Sun, the northern hemisphere receives more of the Sun’s energy and temperatures there are higher. When the North Pole is tilted away from the Sun, the southern hemisphere receives more of the LET Genkd — Science java2013Page 11 of 12 fluctuations in climate like El Nino or La Nina. = Volcanic eruptions ~ the presence of volcanic ash, dust and other sulfur based aerosols increases the amount of solar radiation that is reflected back to space causing the lower atmosphere to cool = Solar activity = Earth’s motion = Human impact on climate changes = Greenhouse effect — warming of Earth's lower atmosphere and surface due to solar radiation being absorbed and emitted by the atmosphere Primary pollutants in the atmosphere = Global warming — an increase in global temperatures due to Increased levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere . Classification of Tropical Cyclones = Tropical Depression - up to 62 krn/h = Tropical Storm - 63 to 87 km/h = Severe Tropical Storm - 88 to 117 km/h = Typhoon - 118 to 149 km/h = Severe Typhoon - 150 to 184 km/h = Super Typhoon - 185 km/h or above LL) The solid portion of the earth is divided into several layers Lithosphere — composed of the crust and the uppermost mantle. Cool, rigid solid layer. = Asthenosphere — below the lithosphere. Composed of the upper mantles Its a soft and weak layer that is easily deformed = Lower mantle ~ more rigid layer than the asthenosphere but the rocks inthis layer are very hot and is capable of gradual flow. = Outer Core — liquid layer composed of molten rocks. The convective flow of the metallic ions in this layer generates the Earth's magnetic field = Inner core ~ solid sphere made mostly of nickel and iron. 2 Types of rocks = Sedimentary rocks = Metamorphic rocks = Igneous rocks (2) Mechanical weathering occurs when physical forces break a rock into smaller pieces without changing the ‘chemical composition of the rack. Causes of mechanical weathering are = Frost wedging — the break up of a rock due to the expansion of freezing water in the cracks and crevices of the rock = Biological activity — activity of organisms such as plants, burrowing animals and humans = Unloading — expansion of igneous rocks due to reduced pressures causing slabs of outer rocks to break off A Chemical weathering ~ the transformation of a rock into one or more new compounds X soil is part of the layer of rock and mineral fragments that covers the Earth’s land surface that supports the Browth of plants. Soil is composed of weathered rocks, decayed remains of organisms (humus), water and air. 2 The plate tectonic theory states that the Earth’s outer layer (lithosphere) is made up of plates, which moves ‘as a unit over the material of the asthenosphere, The different types of plate boundaries are = Divergent boundaries — also called spreading centers are where two plates move away from each other. Oceanic ridges, rift valleys, continental rifts and seafloor spreading are formed in this boundaries = Convergent boundaries — where two plates converge or move toward each other. Continental voleanic ares, volcanoes on the ocean floor and mountain ranges are results of this boundaries LET Genkd ~ Science java2013,