Integration – MTH0002 – Main Stream – Spring 2023

Lecture Notes (5) – Dr. Fayad Galal

Chapter (2) : Techniques of Integration
2.3 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Integrals :
* In Section 2.2 we obtained a reduction formulas for
 sin x dx ,  sin x cos x dx ,  tan x sec x dx ... ,
n m n m n

where n ,m are positive integers . Integrals of this type may

be found without using integration by parts .

Guidelines for Evaluating  sin m x cos n x dx (2.3) :

(i) If m is an odd positive integer :

Write the integral as
 sin m x cos n x dx   sin m  1 x cos n x . sin x dx
and express sin m  1 x in terms of cos x by using the
trigonometric identity sin 2 x  1  cos 2 x . Make the
substitution u  cos x , d u   sin x dx and evaluate the
resulting integral .
(ii) If n is an odd positive integer :
Write the integral as
 sin m x cos n x dx   sin m x cos n  1 x . cos x dx
and express cos n  1 x in terms of sin x by using the
trigonometric identity cos 2 x  1  sin 2 x . Make the
1
 substitution u  sin x , d u  cos x dx and evaluate the
resulting integral .
(iii) If m and n are even positive integers :
Use the double-angle formulas for sin 2 x and cos 2 x
1 1
sin 2 x 1  cos 2 x  , cos 2 x  1  cos 2 x 
2 2
to reduce the exponents by one–half .

Remark :
* In the same manner we can obtain  sinh m x cosh n x dx .
Example (1) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
e x
cosh 4 e  dx .
x

(i)  sin 5 x dx . (ii)  x

Solution
(i) I   sin 5 x dx
Power of sin x is 5  Positive integer odd number

 
2
  sin x . sin x dx   sin x
4 2
. sin x dx
Remember that :
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1 * cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1

 
2
  1  cos x 2
. sin x dx
Remember that :
*  a  b 2  a 2  2 ab  b 2

2
   
1  2 cos 2 x  cos 4 x .   sin x  dx

 Direct Method
Using Integral :
n 1
 g  x  
 g  x   . g'  x  dx  
n
*  n 1
C , n   1

 2 1 
   cos x  cos x  cos 5 x   C .
3
 3 5 

Another Method :

I   1  2 cos 2 x  cos 4 x . sin x dx 
 Substitution Method
Let u  cos x  d u   sin x dx
   1  2u  u 4 du 
2

 u3 u5 
  u  2  C
 3 5 
 2 1 
   cos x  cos 3 x  cos 5 x   C .
 3 5 

Remark :
* We can first deduce a reduction formula for
1 n 1
I n   sin n x dx   sin n  1 x cos x  In 2 , n  ,
n n
then use it . (See Example (4)(i) – Section 2.2) .

3
(ii) I  
e x
cosh 4 e   dx
x

 Substitution Method
x
1
Let z e x
 dz  e x
dx
2 x
 2  cosh 4 z d z
Power of cosh z is 4  Postive integer even number
Remember that :
1 1
* cos 2 x   1  cos 2 x  * cosh 2 x   1  cosh 2 x 
2 2
1 1
* sin 2 x   1  cos 2 x  * sinh 2 x    1  cosh 2 x 
2 2
2
1 
I  2    1  cosh 2 z   dz
2 
Remember that :
*  a  b 2  a 2  2 ab  b 2

  1  2 cosh 2 z  cosh 
1
 2
2 z dz
2
1  1 
   1  2 cosh 2 z   1  cosh 4 z   dz
2  2 
1 3 1 

2  
2
 2 cosh 2 z 
2
cosh 4 z  dz

Using Integral :
1
*  cosh  ax  b  dx  a sinh  ax  b   C

1 3 sinh 2 z 1 sinh 4 z 
  z  2  C
22 2 2 4 

4
 
1
4

3 e

x

 2 sinh 2e x
 
1
4 
sinh 4 e x
 
C .


Remark :
* We can first deduce a reduction formula for
1 n 1
I n   cosh n x dx  cosh n  1 x sinh x  I n 2 , n  
n n
then use it . (See Example (4)(i) – Section 2.2) .

Example (2) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
sin 4  ln x  cos 3  ln x 
(i)  x
dx .
ex
(ii)  dx .
 
csch 5 e x  
cosh e x
Solution
sin 4  ln x  cos 3  ln x 
(i) I   dx  Substitution Method
x
1
Let z  ln x  dz  dx
x
  sin 4 z cos 3 z d z
Power of cos z is 3  Positive integer odd number
  sin 4 z cos 2 z . cos z dz
Remember that :
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1 * cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1
5
 
  sin 4 z 1  sin 2 z . cos z d z 

  sin 4 z  sin 6 z . cos z dz   Direct Method
Using Integral :
n 1
 g  x  
 g  x   . g'  x  dx 
n
*  n 1
C , n   1

1 1 1 1
 sin 5 z  sin7 z  C  sin 5  ln x   sin7  ln x   C
5 7 5 7
Another Method :

 
  sin 4 z  sin 6 z . cos z d z  Substitution Method
Let u  sin z  d u  cos z d z

  u 4  u 6 du 
u 5 u7 1 1
  C  sin 5
 
ln x  sin7  ln x   C .
5 7 5 7

ex
(ii) I   dx  Substitution Method
csch 5 e x   cosh e x  
Let z  ex  dz  e x d x
1/ 2
  sinh 5 z cosh z  dz
Power of sinh z is 5  Positive integer od d number
1/ 2
  sinh 4 z cosh z  . sinh z dz
Remember that :
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1 * cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1
6
  
2
  cosh z  1 2
cosh z  1 / 2 . sinh z dz
 Substitution Method
Let u  cosh z  d u  sinh z d z

 
2
  u 1 2
u  1 / 2 du
Remember that :
* a  b  2  a 2  2 ab  b 2


  u 4  2u 2  1 u  1 / 2 du 
  u 7/2
 2u 3 / 2  u  1 / 2 du 
2 4
 u 9 / 2  u 5 / 2  2u 1 / 2  C
9 5


2
9
4
   
cosh 9 / 2 e x  cosh 5 / 2 e x  2 cosh 1 / 2 e x  C
5
 

Example (3) :

2 4
Evaluate sin x cos x dx .
Solution
I   sin 2 x cos 4 x dx
Power of sin x is 2 and power of cos x is 4
 Positive integer even num ber s
Remember that :
1 1
* cos 2 x   1  cos 2 x  * cosh 2 x   1  cosh 2 x 
2 2
1 1
* sin 2 x   1  cos 2 x  * sinh 2 x    1  cosh 2 x 
2 2
7
 2
1 1 
    1  cos 2 x     1  cos 2 x   dx
2 2 
Remember that :
*  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2
1

  1  cos 2 2 x
8
 1  cos 2 x  dx
Remember that :
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1 * cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1


1
8   
sin 2 2 x  1  cos 2 x  dx
1

  sin 2 2 x   sin 2 x  cos 2 x dx
8
2

1 1 1 
    1  cos 4 x    sin 2 x  . 2 cos 2 x  dx
2
8 2 2 
Using Integrals :
1
*  cos  ax  b  dx  a
sin  ax  b   C

n 1
 g  x  
     
n
*  g x . g' x dx 
n 1
C , n  1

1  sin 4 x sin 3 2 x 
 x   C .
16  4 3 

Another Method :
I   sin 2 x cos 4 x dx
2
1 1 
    1  cos 2 x     1  cos 2 x   dx
2 2 

8
 1  cos 2 x   1  2 cos 2 x  cos 2 2 x  dx
1
8


 1  cos 2 x   1  2 cos 2 x   1  cos 4 x   dx

1 1
 
8  2 
1 3 1 
   1  cos 2 x   2 cos 2 x  cos 4 x  d x
8 2 2 
1 3 1 1
    cos 2 x  cos 4 x  2 cos 2
2x
8  2 2 2
1 
 cos 2 x cos 4 x  dx
2 
Remember that :
1
* cos A cos B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B  
2 
13 1 1 2
   2 2
 cos 2 x  cos 4 x   1  cos 4 x 
8 2 2
cos 6 x  cos 2 x   dx
1 1

2 2 
1 1 3 1 1 
    cos 2 x  cos 4 x  cos 6 x  dx
8 2 4 2 4 
1  3 1 1 
  x  sin 2 x  sin 4 x  sin 6 x   C
16  4 4 12  .

9
  tan
m
Guidelines for Evaluating x sec n x dx (2.4) :

(i) If m is an odd positive integer :

Write the integral as
 tan
m
x sec n x dx   tan m  1 x sec n  1 x . sec x tan x dx
and express tan m  1 x in terms of sec x by using the
trigonometric identity tan 2 x  sec 2 x  1 . Make the
substitution u  sec x , d u  sec x t an x d x and evaluate
the resulting integral .
(ii) If n is an even positive integer :
Write the integral as
 tan
m
x sec n x dx   tan m x sec n  2 x . sec 2 x dx
and express sec n  2 x in terms of tan x by using the
trigonometric identity sec 2 x  1  t an 2 x . Make the

substitution u  tan x , d u  sec 2 x d x and evaluate the

resulting integral .
(iii) If m is even positive integer and n is odd positive integer :
Write the integral as

 
m /2
 tan x sec x dx   tan x
m n 2
sec n x dx

 
m /2
and express tan 2 x in terms of sec x by using the
trigonometric identity tan 2 x  sec 2 x  1 . Evaluate the
resulting integral using integration by parts (or reduction
formula) .
10
Remark :
* In the same manner we can obtain
  
m n m n m n
cot x csc x dx , tanh x sech x dx , cot h x csch x dx

Example (4) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
tan 3 x sec 5 x sin 2 x
(i)  x
dx . (ii)  6
cos x
dx .

Solution
tan 3 x sec 5 x
(i) I   dx  Substitution Method
x
1
Let z  x  dz  dx
2 x
I  2  tan 3 z sec 5 z d z
Power of tan z is 3  Positive integer odd number
 2  tan 2 z sec 4 z . sec z tan z dz
Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x

 
 2  sec 2 z  1 sec 4 z . sec z t an z d z
 Substitution Method
Let u  sec z  du  sec z tan z d z

 
 2  u 2  1 u 4 d u  2  u 6  u 4 du  
 u7 u 5   sec7 x sec 5 x 
2  C  2   C .
7 5   7 5 
11
 sin 2 x
(ii) I   6
dx
cos x
sin 2 x 1
 2
. 4
dx
cos x cos x
  tan 2 x sec 4 x d x
Power of sec x is 4  Postive integer even number
  tan 2 x sec 2 x . sec 2 x dx
Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x

 
  t an 2 x 1  t an 2 x . sec 2 x dx  Substitution Method
Let u  tan x  d u  sec 2 x d x

  
  u 2 1  u 2 du   u 2  u 4 d u 
u3 u5 tan 3 x tan 5 x
  C   C .
3 5 3 5

Another Method :
sin 2 x 1  cos 2 x
I  6
dx   6
dx
cos x cos x
Remember that :
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1

 
  sec 6 x  sec 4 x d x
Power of sec x is 4 and 6  Postive integer even number
 
  sec 4 x  sec 2 x sec 2 x dx

12
 Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x


 1  tan 2 x
  1  tan x   sec
2
 
2 2
x dx

 Substitution Method
Let u  tan x  d u  sec 2 x d x

  1u

 2 2
 
 1  u 2  d u



   

   1  2 u 2  u 4  1  u 2  d u   u 2  u 4 d u  
u3 u5 tan 3 x tan 5 x
  C   C .
3 5 3 5

Example (5) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
sech 6  sin x 
(i)  sec x tanh  sin x 
dx .

 sinh
3/2
(ii) x sech 11 / 2 x dx .
Solution
sech 6  sin x 
(i) I   dx  Substitution Method
sec x tanh  sin x 
Let z  sin x  d z  cos x d x
  sech 6 z  tanh z  1 / 2 dz
Power of sech z is 6  Positive integer even number
1/ 2
  sech 4 z  tanh z  . sech 2 z dz
13
 Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x * 1  tanh 2 x  sech 2 x

 
2
  1  tanh z 2
 tanh z  1 / 2 . sech 2 z dz
 Substitution Method
Let u  tanh z  d u  sech 2 z d z

 
2
  1 u 2
u  1 / 2 du
Remember that :
* a  b  2  a 2  2 ab  b 2


  1  2u 2  u 4 u  1 / 2 du 
  u 1/ 2
 2 u 3 / 2  u7 / 2 du 
4 5/2 2 9/2
 2 u1 / 2  u  u C
5 9
4 2
 2 tanh 1 / 2  sin x   tanh 5 / 2  sin x   tanh 9 / 2  sin x   C
5 9

sinh 3 / 2 x
(ii) I   sinh 3/2
x sech x dx  
11 / 2
3/2
. sech 8/2
x dx
cosh x
  tanh 3 / 2 x sech 4 x d x
Power of sech x is 4  Positive integer even number
  tanh 3 / 2 x sech 2 x . sech 2 x dx
Remember that :
* 1  tanh 2 x  sech 2 x


  tanh 3 / 2 x 1  tanh 2 x . sech 2 z d z 
 Substitution Method
14
 Let u  tanh x  d u  sech 2 x d x

  
  u 3 / 2 1  u 2 d u   u 3 / 2  u7 / 2 d u 
2 5/2 2 9/2 2 2
 u  u C  tanh 5 / 2 x  tanh 9 / 2 x  C
5 9 5 9

Example (6) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
(i)  tanh 4  sin x  cos x dx .

(ii)  coth 3 x sinh7 x  tanh7 x dx . 
Solution
(i) I   tanh 4  sin x  . cos x dx  Substitution Method
Let u  sin x  d u  cos x dx
  tanh 4 u d u   tanh 2 u . tanh 2 u du
Remember that :
* 1  tanh 2 x  sech 2 x


  tanh 2 u . 1  sech 2 u du 
  tanh 2 u d u    tanh u  . sech 2 u du
2

Using Integral :
n 1
 g  x  
 g  x   . g'  x  dx 
n
*  n 1
C , n  1


  1  sech u d u 
2
tanh 3 u
3
tanh 3 u
 u  tanh u  C
3
15
 tanh 3  sin x 
 sin x  tanh  sin x   C .
3
Remarks :
(1) We can first deduce a reduction formula for
tanh n  1 x
I n   tanh x dx  
n
 I n  2 , n    1  ,
n 1
then use it . (See Example (4)(ii) – Section 2.2) .
tanh 3 u
* I 4   t anh u d u  
4
 I2
3
I 2   tanh u  I 0
I 0   tanh u  d u   1 d u  u  C
0

tanh 3 u
I4    tanh u  u  C
3
tanh 3  sin x 
I  sin x  tanh  sin x   C .
3
(2) If power of tanh x is positive integer odd number , we
evaluate integral using the same procedure explained in
Example (6)(i) – Section 2.3 .


(ii) I   coth 3 x sinh7 x  tanh7 x d x . 
  cosh 3 x sinh 4 x d x   t anh 4 x dx  I 1  I 2
 I 1   cosh 3 x sinh 4 x d x
  (Complete – See Example (2)(i) – Section 2.3)
sinh 5 x sinh7 x
   C1 .
5 7
16
 I 2   tanh 4 x dx
  (Complete – See Example (6)(i) – Section 2.3)
tanh 3 x
 sin x  tanh x  C2 .
3
* I  I1  I 2
sinh 5 x sinh7 x tanh 3 x
   sin x  tanh x  C .
5 7 3
Example (7) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
(i)  sec 8 x dx . (ii)  tan 2 x sec x dx .
Solution
(i) I   sec 8 x dx   sec 6 x . sec 2 x dx
Power of sec x is 8  Positive integer even number
Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x

 
3
  1  t an x 2
. sec 2 x dx  Substitution Method
Let u  tan x  d u  sec 2 x d x

 
3
 1  u 2
du
Remember that :
* a  b  3  a 3  3 a 2 b  3 ab 2  b 3

 
5 7
u u
  1  3u 2  3u 4  u 6 du  u  u  3  C 3
5 7
tan 5 x tan7 x
 tan x  tan x  3
3
 C .
5 7
17
Remarks :
(1) We can first deduce a reduction formula for
1 n2
I n   sec n x dx  sec n  2 x t an x  I n  2 , n    1 
n 1 n 1
then use it . (See Example (4)(iii) – Section 2.2) .
1 6
* I8   sec x dx  sec x tan x  I 6
8 6
7 7
1 4
I6  sec 4 x tan x  I 4
5 5
1 2
I4  sec 2 x tan x  I 2
3 3
I2  tan x  C
1 6  1 4 1
sec 6 x tan x   sec 4 x tan x   sec 2 x tan x
7 7  5 5 3
I8 
2 
 t an x    C
3 
(2) If power of sec x is positive integer odd number , we evaluate
integral using integration by parts or reduction formula .

(ii) I   tan 2 x sec x dx

Power of tan x is 2  Positive integer even number
Power of sec x is 1  Positive integer odd number
Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x

 
  sec 2 x  1 sec x dx   sec 3 x dx   sec x dx
18
  I 1  ln sec x  t an x

 I 1   sec 3 x dx  Integration by Parts

  (Complete – See Example (14) – Section 2.1)
1
  sec x tan x  ln sec x  tan x   C 1
2
1
* I 
2
 sec x tan x  ln sec x  tan x   C .

Remark :
* We can first deduce a reduction formula for
1 n2
I n   sec n x dx  sec n  2 x t an x  I , n    1 
n 1 n 1 n 2
then use it . (See Example (4)(iii) – Section 2.2) .

19
2.4 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Substitutions :
* Trigonometric or hyperbolic substitutions are useful for
eliminating radicals from certain types of integrands .
Table of Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Substitutions (2.5) :

Expression in Hyperbolic
Trigonometric Substitution
Integrand Substitution
x  a sin  , x  a tanh  ,
(i) a x
2 2
    / 2 , / 2   
x  a tan  , x  a sinh  ,
(ii) a x
2 2
     / 2 , / 2   
x  a sec  , x  a cosh  ,
(iii) x a 2 2
  0 ,  / 2  or    , 3  / 2    0 ,  
x a x a

Remarks :
(1) For a2  x 2 Let x  a sin  ,      / 2 ,  / 2 

a2  x 2  a 2  a 2 sin 2   a cos 2   a cos 

Remember that :
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1
 a cos  , cos   0 for      / 2 ,  / 2  .
Remember that :
* cos 2 x  cos x  cos x , cos x  0 for x     / 2 , / 2 
20
 y  cos x

x  a sin  ,      / 2 ,  / 2 
1
 For Let
a2  x 2
1 1 1 1
  
a2  x 2 a 2  a 2 sin 2  a cos 2  a cos 
1
 , cos   0 for      / 2 ,  / 2  .
a cos 

* For a2  x 2 Let x  a tanh  ,   

a2  x 2  a 2  a 2 t anh 2   a sech 2   a sech 

Remember that :
* 1  tanh 2 x  sech 2 x
 a sech  , 0  sech   1 for    .
y  sech x

21
 1
 Also for Let x  a tanh  ,    .
a x
2 2

(2) For a2  x 2 Let x  a tan  ,      / 2 ,  / 2 

a2  x 2  a 2  a 2 t an 2   a sec 2   a sec
Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x
 a sec , sec   1 for      / 2 ,  / 2  .
y  sec x

x  a tan  ,      / 2 ,  / 2 
1
 Also for Let
a2  x 2

* For a2  x 2 Let x  a sinh  ,   

a2  x 2  a 2  a 2 sinh 2   a cosh 2   a cosh 

Remember that :
* cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1

 a cosh  , cosh   1 for    .

22
 y  cosh x

1
 Also for Let x  a sinh  ,    .
a x
2 2

(3) For x 2  a2
x  a sec  ,   0 ,  / 2  or    , 3  / 2 
 Let
x a x a

x 2  a2  a 2 sec 2   a 2  a tan 2   a t an 
Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x

 a tan  , tan   0 for   0 ,  / 2  or    , 3  / 2  .

y  tan x

23
 1
 For
x 2  a2
x  a sec  ,   0 ,  / 2  or     , 3  / 2 
 Let
x a x a
1 1 1 1
  
x 2  a2 a 2 sec 2   a 2 a tan 2  a tan 
1
 , tan   0 for   0 ,  / 2  or     , 3  / 2  .
a tan 

* For x 2  a2 Let x  a cosh  ,   0 ,  

x 2  a2  a 2 cosh 2   a 2  a sinh 2   a sinh 

Remember that :
* cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1

 a sinh  , sinh   0 for   0 ,   .

y  sinh x

24
 x  a cosh  ,   0 ,  
1
 For Let
x a
2 2

1 1 1 1
  
x a 2 2
a cosh   a
2 2 2
a sinh  a sinh 
2

1
 , sinh   0 for   0 ,   .
a sinh 

(4) * For a 2  x 2 we can use another substitutions

x  a cos  or x  a sech 
.
  0 ,     0 ,  

* For a 2  x 2 we can use another substitutions

x  a cot  or x  a csch 
.
  0 ,     0 ,  

* For x 2  a 2 we can use another substitutions

x  a csc  or x  acoth 
  0 ,  / 2  or     ,3  / 2    0 ,   .
x a x a

(5)  is an angle where as  is a number .

25
Example (1) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
1 x2 9
(i)  dx . (ii)  dx .
x 2
16  x 2 x
Solution
1
(i) I   dx  Trigonometric Substitutions (i)
x 2 16  x 2
Let x  4 sin  ,      / 2 , / 2 
x
dx  4 cos  d   sin  
4
1
 4 cos  d 
16 sin  16  16 sin 
2 2

4 1
  cos  d 
16 4  sin  1  sin 
2 2

Remember that :
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1
1 1
  cos  d 
16 sin  cos 
2 2

1 1
  cos  d  ,
16 sin  cos 
2

cos   0 for      / 2 ,  / 2 
1 1
d
16 

sin 
2

1
  csc 2
 d
16

26
 1 x
 cot   C sin  
16 4

1 16  x 2
  C .
16 x

Another Method :
* Hyperbolic Substitutions (i)
 Let x  4 tanh  ,  
I   (Complete)
1 16  x 2
I   C .
16 x

x2 9
(ii) I   dx  Trigonometric Substitutions (iii)
x
Let x  3 sec  ,   0 ,  / 2  or    , 3  / 2 
x
d x  3 sec  tan  d   sec  
3
9 sec 2   9
 3 sec  tan  d 
3 sec 
3 sec 2   1 t an  d 
Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x

27
 3 tan 2  t an  d   3  tan  tan  d  ,

tan   0 for   0 ,  / 2  or    , 3  / 2 

 3  tan 2  d  x
sec  
3

 3  sec 2   1 d  
 3  tan      C

 x2 9 
1  x 
 3  sec     C .
 3  3  


Another Method :
* Hyperbolic Substitutions (iii)
 Let x  3 cosh  ,   0 ,  
I   (Complete)
 x2 9  x 2  9 
1
I  3  tan    C .
 3  3 
  

Example (2) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
1
(i)  dx . (ii)  25  x 2 dx .
 
3 / 2
x2  4
Solution

28
 1
(i) I   dx  Trigonometric Substitutions (ii)
x 
3 /2
2
4
Let x  2 tan  ,      / 2 , / 2 
x
d x  2 sec 2  d   tan  
2
1
 2 sec 2  d 
4 tan 
3 /2
2
 4
2 1
  sec 2  d 
4  3 / 2  tan 
3 /2
2
 1
Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x
2 1
  sec 2  d 
2   sec  
2 3 /2 2 3 /2

1 1
sec 2  d  ,
4  sec 
 3

sec   1 for      / 2 ,  / 2 
x
1 1 1 tan  
  d    cos  d  2
4 sec  4
1 1 x
 sin   C  C .
4 4 x 4
2

Another Method :
* Hyperbolic Substitutions (ii)
29
  Let x  2 sinh  ,  
I   (Complete)
1 x
I  C .
4 x 4 2

(ii) I   25  x 2 d x  Hyperbolic Substitutions (ii)

Let x  5 sinh  ,   
x
dx  5 cosh  d   sinh  
5

 25  25 sinh 2  5 cosh  d 

 25  1  sinh 2  cosh  d 
Remember that :
* cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1

 25  cosh 2  cosh  d 
 25  cosh  cosh  d  , cosh   1 for   
 25  cosh 2  d 
Remember that :
1
* cosh 2 x   1  cosh 2 x 
2
1
 25   1  cosh 2   d 
2
Using Integral :
1
*  cosh  ax  b  dx  a sinh  ax  b   C

30
 25  1  25
    sinh 2   C    sinh  cosh    C
2  2  2
Remember that :
* sinh 2 x  2 sinh x cosh x
25  1  x  x 
  sinh  5  1  sinh 2    C
2    5 
 2 
 sinh  1   x x 
25 x
  1    C
2  5  5 5  
 
1  1  x  
  25 sinh   x 25  x 2   C .
2  5  
Another Methods :
(1) Trigonometric Substitutions (ii)
 Let x  5 tan  ,      / 2 ,  / 2 
I   (Complete)
1  x 25  x 2 
I   25 ln x 25  x 2
C .
2  5 
 
(2) Integration by parts I  25  x 2 . 
dx

u dv

I   (Complete – See Example (10)(ii) – Section 2.1)

1  1  x  
I   25 sinh  5  x 25  x 2   C .
2    
Remember that :
1

* sinh x  ln x  1  x
2

31
Example (3) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
x3 x tan  1 x
(i)  dx . (ii)  dx .
1x 2
1  x 
2 2

Solution
x3
(i) I   dx  Trigonometric Substitutions (ii)
1x 2

Let x  tan  ,      / 2 , / 2 
dx  sec 2  d 
tan 3 
 sec 2  d 
1  tan 2 
Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x

tan 3 
 sec 2  d  , sec   1 for      / 2 ,  / 2 
sec 
  tan 3  sec  d    tan 2  . sec  tan  d 

 
  sec 2   1 . sec  tan  d   Substitution Method
Let u  sec   d u  sec  tan  d 
tan   x
 
3
u
 u 2  1 du  u  C
3
1
 
3 /2
 1  x2  1  x2 C .
3

32
Another Methods :
(1) Hyperbolic Substitutions (ii)
 Let x  sinh  ,  
I   (Complete – See Example (2)(ii) – Section 2.4)
1
 
3 /2
I  1  x2  1  x2 C .
3
x
(2) Integration by parts I 
x2 . dx
1x 2
u


dv
I   (Complete)

I  x 1x 
2 2
3
1x
2 2 3 /2
C . 
(3) Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (A) (i)
 Let u 1  x2 or u 1  x2
I   (Complete – See Example (3)(i) – Section 1.4)
1
 
3 /2
I  x2 1  x2 1  C .
3

x tan  1 x
(ii) I   dx  Trigonometric Substitutions (ii)
1  x  2 2

Let x  tan  ,      / 2 , / 2 
dx  sec 2  d 
33
  tan 
 sec 2  d 
 1  tan  
2 2

Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x
tan 
 d     sin  cos  d 
sec 
2

 . sin  cos  d 


u dv
 Integration by Parts
Let u  d v  sin  cos  d 
sin 2 
du  d  v 
2
1 1
I   sin 2    sin 2  d 
2 2
1 1 1
  sin 2     1  cos 2   d 
2 2 2
1 1  sin 2   tan   x
  sin 2      C
2 4  2 
1 1
  sin 2     sin  cos    C
2 4

2
1  x  1  x 1 
1    t an  1 x 
 tan x .  C
2  1  x2  4  1  x2 1  x2 
   

1 x 2 tan  1 x 1  1 x 
   tan x  C .
2 1  x2 4  1  x2 
34
Another Method :
x
* Integration by parts I   tan  1 x . dx


 1x  2 2
u

dv
Then
 Trigonometric Substitutions (ii)
Let x  tan  ,      / 2 , / 2  .
I   (Complete)
1 tan  1 x 1  1 x 
I     tan x  C .
2 1  x2 4  1  x2 

Example (4) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
(i)  1  e 2 x e x dx . (ii)  2 cosh x  cosh 2 x sinh x d x .
Solution
(i) I   1  e 2 x e x dx  Substitution Method
Let u  ex  du  e x d x

 1  u 2 du  Trigonometric Substitutions (i)

Let u  sin  ,      / 2 ,  / 2 
d u  cos  d 
 1  sin 2  cos  d 
Remember that :
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1
35
  cos 2  cos  d    cos  cos  d  ,
cos   0 for      / 2 ,  / 2 
1
  cos 2  d    1  cos 2   d 
2
Remember that : Using Integral :
1 1
* cos 2 x   1  cos 2 x  *  cos  ax  b  dx  a sin  ax  b   C
2

1 1 
    sin 2  C
2 2 
Remember that :
* sin 2 x  2 sin x cos x
1 sin   u
   sin  cos    C
2

1
2 
sin  1 u  u 1  u 2  C 


1
2


 
 sin  1 e x  e x 1  e 2 x   C .


Another Method :
* Hyperbolic Substitutions (i)
 Let u  tanh  ,  
I   (Complete)

1   ex 
1
I   e 1  e  tan 
x 2x
  C .
2   1  e2x 
  
36
(ii) I   2 cosh x  cosh 2 x sinh x dx
 Substitution Method
Let u  cosh x  d u  sinh x d x

 2 u  u 2 du  Completing Square

  u 2  2 u  d u     u  1   1  d u
2
 
 1   u  1  du  Trigonometric Substitutions (i)
2

Let u  1  sin  ,      / 2 ,  / 2 
d u  cos  d 
 1  sin 2  cos  d 
  (Complete – See Example (4)(i) – Section 2.4)
1
   sin  cos    C sin   u  1
2
1

 sin  1 u  1   u  1 
2 
2u  u 2  C


1
2 
sin 1  cosh x  1   cosh x  1  2 cosh x  cosh 2 x  C 
Another Method :
* Hyperbolic Substitutions (i)
 Let u  1  t anh  ,   .

37
Example (5) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
ln x 1
(i)  dx . (ii)  dx .
 
2
x  ln x   4 ln x  13 x  1x
2 2

Solution
ln x
(i) I   dx
  4 ln x  13 
2
x  ln x  2

 Substitution Method
1
Let u  ln x  du  d x
x
u u
 du   du
u   9
2 2
2
 4 u  13 u  2  2

 Trigonometric Substitutions (ii)

Let u  2  3 tan  ,      / 2 , / 2 
u 2
d x  3 sec 2  d   t an  
3
2  3 tan 
 3 sec 2  d 
 9 tan 
2
2
 9
Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x
3 2  3 tan  1 2  3 tan 
   d
81  sec 2  2
 sec 2
d 
  sec 
2
27

38
   2 cos 
1
 2
  3 sin  cos  d 
27
1 2 
    1  cos 2    3  sin   1
. cos   d
27 2 
u 2
1  sin 2  3  t an  
     sin 2    C 3
27  2 2 
1  3 2 
    sin  cos   sin  C
27  2 

1   u  2  3 u  2  3 u  2  2 
  tan  1   2  C
27   3  u  4 u  13 2 u 2
 4u  13 
 
1   1  ln x  2  3  ln x  2 
  
27 
tan
 3   ln x  2  4 ln x  13
 .
 ln x  2 
2 
 C
 ln x   4 ln x  13 
2

Another Method :
* Hyperbolic Substitutions (ii)
 Let u  2  3 sinh  ,   .

39
 1
(ii) I   d x  Trigonometric Substitutions (ii)
x  1  x2
Let x  tan  ,      / 2 , / 2 
dx  sec 2  d 
1
 sec 2  d 
tan   1  tan 2 
Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x

sec 2 
 d  , sec   1 for      / 2 ,  / 2 
tan   sec 
sec 2  tan   sec 
 . d
tan   sec  tan   sec 
sec 2  tan   sec 3 
 d
t an   sec 
2 2

  sec 2  . tan   d    sec 3  d 

1

 tan 2  
  I1 
 2 
 I 1   sec  d  
3
Integration by Parts

  (Complete – See Example (10)(i) – Section 2.1)

I1 
1
2
 sec x tan x  ln sec x  tan x C 1 .

* I 
1
2  x2  x 1  x 2  ln 1  x2  x C .

40
Another Methods :
(1) Hyperbolic Substitutions (ii)
 Let x  sinh  ,  
I   (Complete)

I  
1
2  x2  x 
1  x 2  sinh  1 x  C .
Remember that :


* sinh  1 x  ln x  1  x2 
1 x  1  x2
(2) I   . dx
x  1x 2
x  1x 2

  (Complete)

I  
1
2  x2  x 1  x 2  ln 1  x2  x C .

41
Miscellaneous Substitutions :
* In this section we shall consider substitutions that are useful
for evaluating certain types of integrals .
(B) Theorem (2.6) :
(i) If an integrand is a rational expression in sin x or cos x , the
following substitution will produce a rational expression in u :
x 
Let u  tan   , x     ,  
2 
2u 1  u2 2
sin x  , cos x  , dx  du .
1u 2
1u 2
1u 2

(ii) If an integrand is a rational expression in sinh x or cosh x ,

the following substitution will produce a rational expression
in u :
x 
Let u  tanh   , x  
2 
2u 1  u2 2
sinh x  , cosh x  , dx  du .
1u 2
1u 2
1u 2

Proof
x  x
(i) Let u  tan     tan  1 u
2  2
1 1 2
dx  du  dx  du .
2 1u 2
1u 2

42
 x 
u  tan  
2 
x  u
 si n  
2  1  u2
x  1
 cos  
2  1  u2

* sin x  sin 2  x   2 sin  x  cos  x   2 u 1

2  2  2  1  u2 1  u2
Remember that :
* sin 2 x  2 sin x cos x

2u
 sin x  .
1u 2

2 2
   
2 x  2 x  1 u
* cos x  cos    sin       
2   2   1  u2 


 1  u2 

Remember that :
* cos 2 x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x

1  u2
 cos x  2 .
1u

x  x
(ii) Let u  tanh     tanh  1 u
2  2
43
 1 1 2
dx  du  dx  du .
2 1 u 2
1 u 2

x  1 1 1
 cosh     
 2  sech  
x x  1  u2
  1  tanh  
2
2  2 
Remember that :
* 1  tanh 2 x  sech 2 x

x  x  x  1 u
 sinh    tanh   cosh   u 
2  2  2  1u 2
1  u2

* sinh x  sinh 2  x   2 sinh  x  cosh  x 

2  2  2 
Remember that :
* sinh 2 x  2 sinh x cosh x
u 1
2
1  u2 1  u2
2u
 sinh x  .
1u 2

2 2
   
2 x  2 x  1 u
* cosh x  cosh    sinh       
2   2   2 
1 u  

2 
1 u 
Remember that :
* cosh 2 x  cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x

1  u2
 cosh x  2 .
1u

44
Example (6) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
1 sec x
(i)  dx . (ii)  dx .
3  sin x  2 cos x 4  3 t an x
Solution
1
(i) I   dx
3  sin x  2 cos x
 Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (B)(i)
x 
Let u  tan  
2 
2u 1  u2 2
 sin x  , cos x  , dx  du
1u 2
1u 2
1u 2

1 2
I  du
 1u 
2
2u  1 u  1 u
2 2
3 2 
 2 2 
 1u  1u  1u 
2

1 1
2 2 du  2  du
u  2u  5 u  1   4
2

 Completing Square Form (A)(i)

Using Integral :
Modified Standard Forms :
* 1 1  x b 
 dx  tan  1  C
a2  x  b   a 
2 a

2  u 1   1  1  tan  x / 2  
 t an  1    C  tan   C .
2  2   2 

45
 1
sec x cos x cos x
(ii) I   dx   . dx
4  3 tan x 4 3
sin x cos x
cos x
1
 dx
4 cos x  3 sin x
 Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (B)(i)
x 
Let u  tan  
2 
2u 1  u2 2
 sin x  , cos x  , dx  du
1u 2
1u 2
1u 2

1 2
I  du
 1  u2   2u  1  u 2
4 2 
 3  
 1  u   1  u2 
1
2 du
 4u  6 u  4
2

 Completing Square Form (A)(i)

1 1 1 1
  du    2
du
2 3 2  3 25
u2  u 1
2 u   
 4 16
Using Integral :
Modified Standard For m s :
1  1  x b 
a tanh   C , x b  a
* 1   a 
 dx  
a2  x  b   1 coth  1  x  b   C , x  b  a
2

 a  
 a 
46
   3 
1 u 
4 1  4  3 5
 tanh  C , u 4  4
2 5 5/4 
  

  3 
u 
1 4 1  4  3 5
2 5
coth  C , u 4  4
 5/4 
  
 2  4 tan  x / 2   3  x  3 5
 tanh  1    C , tan   
 5  5  2  4 4
 
 2  1  4 tan  x / 2   3  x  3 5
coth    C , tan   
 5  5  2  4 4

Another Method :
1 1 1
I 
4 cos x  3 sin x
dx 
5  4 3
dx
cos x  sin x
5 5
1 1

5  cos  cos x  sin  sin x
dx

1 1

5  cos  x   
dx

1

5  sec  x    d x
1
 ln sec  x     tan  x     C ,   tan  1  3 / 4  .
5

47
 Remember that :
1 1  x  1  x 1 
* tanh  1 x  ln   , x 1 * coth  1 x  ln   , x 1
2 1 x  2  x 1 

Example (7) :
1
Evaluate  1  sinh x  cosh x dx .
Solution
1
I  dx
1  sinh x  cosh x
 Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (B)(ii)
x 
Let u  tanh  
2 
2u 1  u2 2
 sinh x  , cosh x  , dx  du
1u 2
1u 2
1u 2

1 2
I  du
 1  u2  2u 1  u2 1 u 2
1 2 
 
 1u  1u 1  u2
2

1 1
2 du   du  Direct Method
2u  2 u 1
Using Integral :
g'  x 
*  dx  ln g  x   C , g  x   0
g x 

 x  
 ln u  1  C  ln  tanh    1  C .
 2  
48
Another Methods :
1
(1) I   dx
1  sinh x  cosh x
Remember that :
1

* sinh x  e x  e  x
2
 * cosh x 
1 x
2

e e x  * sinh x  cosh x  e x

1
 dx
1
1
2
 ex  e x 
1
2
 
ex  e x 
1 e x  e x
 .  x dx     x dx
1e x
e e 1
(See Example (5)(ii) – Section 1.2)
Using Integral :
g'  x 
*  dx  ln g  x   C , g  x   0
g x 

  ln e  x  1  C   ln e  x  1  C .  
1
(2) I   dx
1  sinh x  cosh x
1
 dx
1e x


1  e   e
x x

dx    1 
ex 
x 
dx
1  ex  1e 

 x  ln 1  e x  C  x  ln 1  e x  C .  

49
50