Integration – MTH0002 – Main Stream – Spring 2023

Lecture Notes (2) – Dr. Fayad Galal

Chapter (1) : Antiderivative or the Indefinite Integral

Table (3) : Integrals Produce Inverse Trigonometric or

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions "Standard Forms":

f x   f  x  dx
 1  x 
 sin  C , x a
1   a 

a2  x2   cos  1  x 
  C , x a
  a 
1 x 
sinh  1    C
a2  x2 a 
 1  x 
 cosh  C , x a
1  a 

x2  a2   cosh  1   x 
  C , x   a
  a 

 1 x 
 tan  1    C
1  a a 

a2  x 2  1 1  x 
cot    C

 a a 

1
 1 1  x 
 tanh  C , x a
1 a  a 

a2  x 2  1 coth  1  x 
  C , x a
 a  a 

 1 1  x 
 a sec   C , x a
1   a 

x x2  a2   1 csc  1  x 
C , x a
  
 a  a 

1 1 1  x 
 sech  C , x a , x 0
x a2  x2 a  a 

1 1  x 
 csch  1   C , x 0
x a2  x2 a  a 

Notes :  Direct Method

g'  x   g x  
*  dx  sin  1    C , g x  a
a 2   g  x   
2 a

g'  x  1  g x  
*  dx  tan  1  C
a 2   g  x 
2 a  a 

g'  x  1  g x  
*  dx  sec  1 
 a   C , g  x   a
g x   g  x  2  a 2 a  


*
Similarly for remaining integrals in Table  3 
2
Example (1) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
cos x ex
(i) 
4  sin x
2
dx . (ii)  dx .
25  9 e 2x

x
(iii)  dx .
16  x 4

Solution
cos x cos x
(i) I   dx   dx
4  sin 2 x 4   sin x 
2

 Substitution Method
Let u  sin x  d u  cos x dx
1
 2 du
2 u 2

Using Integral :
1 1 x 
*  dx  tan  1    C
a2  x 2 a a 

1 u  1  1  sin x 
 tan  1    C  tan   C .
2 2  2  2 

ex 1 ex
(ii) I   dx   dx
25  9 e
 
2x 3 25 x 2
 e
9
 Substitution Method
Let u  ex  du  e x dx
1 1
  du
3 5 / 3 u
2 2

3
 Using Integral :
1 x
*  dx  sinh  1    C
a2  x 2 a 

1  u  1   3 e x 
 sinh  1   C  sinh 1
 C .
3 5/ 3  3  5 

x x
(iii) I   dx   dx
16  x  
4 2
16  x 2
 Substitution Method
Let u  x2  du  2 x dx
1 1

2  4 u
2 2
du
Using Integral :
1 1x 
a tanh  C , x a
1  a
*  dx  
a2  x 2  1 coth  1  x   C , x  a
 a  
a 
1 1 u 
 2 tanh  1    C , u  4
4 4 

1 1 u 
cot h  1    C , u  4
 2 4 4 
1 1  x2 
 tanh   C , x  2
8  4 
  .
1 
2 
1 x
8 coth   C , x  2
  4 
4
Example (2) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
sinh x 1
(i)  dx . (ii)  dx .
4 e 2 cosh x 2 sinh x  3 cosh x
Solution
sinh x sinh x
(i) I   dx   dx
4 e  
2 cosh x 2
4  e cosh x
 Substitution Method
Let u  e cosh x  d u  e cosh x . sinh x d x
1
 du
u 4 u 2

Using Integral :
1 1  x 
*  dx   csch  1    C , x  0
x a2  x 2 a  a 

1  u 
 csch  1    C , u  0 , si nce u  e cosh x
e
2  2 

1  e
cosh x 
1
  csch   C .
2  2 

Another Method :
 Substitution Method
Then
Let u  cosh x  Let z  eu (Try to solve) .

5
 1
(ii) I   dx  Substitution Method
2 sinh x  3 cosh x
Remember that :
1

* sinh x  e x  e  x
2
 * cosh x  
1 x
2
e  e x 
1
 dx

2
1
 


2
1

2  ex  e x   3  ex  e x 


 
1 ex ex
2 x
. x dx  2  dx
5e e
x
e 5 e 1
2x

2 ex
  dx  Substitution Method
  1
5 2
ex 
5
Let u  ex  du  e x dx
2 1 2 1 1  u 
  1
du  tan  C
5 u2  5 1/ 5 1/ 5 
5


2
5
tan  1  
5 ex  C .

Another Methods :
1 2 sinh x  3 cosh x
(1) I   2 sinh x  3 cosh x 2 sinh x  3 cosh x dx
.

(Try to solve) .
(2) After studying Techniques of Integration (Chapter (2)) , we
can solve the integral using :
Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (B)(ii)
Let u  tanh  x / 2  .
6
Example (3) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
sin 2 x  cos x 1  2 ex
(i)  dx . (ii)  dx .
sin 2 x  4 e 4
2 x

Solution
sin 2 x  cos x
(i) I   dx
sin x  4
2

2 sin x . cos x cos x

 dx   dx  I 1  I 2
sin x  4
2
sin x  4
2

2 sin x . cos x
 I1   dx  Direct Method
sin x  4
2

Using Integral :
g'  x 
*  dx  2 g x   C , g x   0
g x 

 2 sin 2 x  4  C 1 .
cos x
 I2   dx  Substitution Method
 sin x  2
4
Let u  sin x  d u  cos x d x
1
 du
u 4
2

Using Integral :
1 x
*  dx  sinh  1    C
a2  x 2 a 

7
 u   1  sin x 
 sinh  1    C 2  sinh  2  C 2 .
2   

 sin x 
* I  I 1  I 2  2 sin 2 x  4  sinh  1   C .
 2 

1  2 ex
(ii) I   dx
e2x  4
1  2 ex ex
 . x dx  Substitution Method
e 
2 e
x
4
Let u  ex  du  e x d x
1  2u
 du
u u 4
2

1 1
 d u 2  du  I 1  2 I 2
u u 4
2
u 4
2

1
 I1   du
u u 42

1  u 
 sec  1    C 1 , u  2 , since u  e x
0
2  2 
Using Integral :
1 1  x 
*  dx  sec  1    C , x  a
x x 2  a2 a  a 

1  e 
x
1
I1   C1 , e  2 .
x
sec 
2  2 
8
 1
 I2   du
u 4
2

Using Integral :
 1x 
 cosh  C , x a
1  a
*  dx  
x a
2 2
  cosh  1   x   C , x   a
  
 a 
 1 u 
 cosh  C2 ,u  2
 2 
 , since u  e x  0
  cosh  1   u   C , u   2
   2
  2 

1  ex 
I 2  cosh C2 , e  2 .
x

 2 

1  e  1  e 
x x
1
* I  I1  2I 2  sec    2 cosh    C , x  ln 2
2  2   2 

Example (4) :
Evaluate  sech x dx .
Solution
1
I   sech x dx   dx
cosh x
1 cosh x cosh x cosh x
 . dx   dx   dx
1   sinh x 
2 2
cosh x cosh x cosh x
Remember that :
* cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1

9
  Substitution Method
Let u  sinh x  du  cosh x dx
1
 d u  tan 1
 u   C  tan 1
 sinh x   C .
1 u 2

Using Integral :
1 1 x 
*  dx  tan  1    C
a2  x 2 a a 
Another Methods :
1
(1) I   sech x dx   dx
cosh x
Remember that :

* cosh x 
2

1 x
e  e x 
1 ex ex
 . x dx  2  dx
   
1 2
ex  e x e 1
x
e
2
 Substitution Method
Let u  ex  du  e x dx

2
1
u 1
2
du  2 tan 1
 u   C  2 tan 1
e x
C .  
1
(2) I   sech x dx   dx
cosh x
1 e x e x
 .  x dx  2  dx
   
1 2
ex  e x e 1  e x
2
 Substitution Method

10
 Let u  e x  d u   e  x dx

2
1
1 u 2
du   2 tan 1
u   C   2 tan 1
e x
C  
Remember that :

 tan 1
 sinh x   C
* 

sech x dx  

 
2 tan  1 e x  C

 
  2 tan  1 e  x  C


Example (5) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
sec 2 x tanh x
(i)  dx . (ii)  dx .
10  sec x
2
16  9 sinh x 2

Solution
sec 2 x
(i)  dx
10  sec x
2

Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x

sec 2 x sec 2 x
 dx   dx

10  1  tan x 2
 9   t an x 
2

 Substitution Method
Let u  tan x  du  sec 2 x dx
1 u 
 d u  sin  1    C , u  3
32  u2 3 
11
 Using Integral :
1 x 
*  dx  sin  1    C , x  a
a2  x 2 a 

1  tan x 
 sin    C , tan x  3 .
 3 

tanh x sinh x
(ii) I   dx   dx
16  9 sinh x 2
cosh x 16  9 sinh x 2

Remember that :
* cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1
sinh x
 dx
cosh x 
16  9 cosh x  1 2

sinh x
 dx
cosh x 25  9 cosh x 2

1 sinh x

3  25
dx  Substitution Method
 cosh x 
2
cosh x
9
Let u  cosh x  d u  sinh x d x
1 1

3  2
du
5 
  u
2
u
3 
Using Integral :
1 1  x 
*  dx   sech  1    C , x  a , x  0
x a2  x 2 a  a 

12
 1 1  u 
 sech  1   C , u  5 / 3 , u 0 ,
3 5/ 3 5 / 3 
since u  cosh x  1

1  1  3 cosh x 
  sech    C , 1  cosh x  5 / 3 .
5  5 

13
1.3 Integrals Involving Quadratic Expressions :
(Integration by Completing The Square)
(A) Integral of The Form (1.5) :
q q
(i )  dx , ( ii )  dx
ax  bx  c
2
ax  bx  c
2

 where q is a constant 
 By completing the square for the quadratic expression
 
ax 2  bx  c the integral is reduced to modified standard
forms .

Example (1) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
5 3
(i)  dx . (ii)  dx .
2x 2x 3
2
x 11  10 ln x   ln x 
2

1
(iii)  sin x  2 sin x cos x  cos x
2 2
dx .

Solution
5
(i) I   dx
2x 2x 3
2

 Quadratic Expression Form (A)(i)

 By completing the square for the quadratic expression
5 1 5 1
I   dx   dx
 
3 2
2 x2 x  2  1 3 1
2 x    
 2 2 4

14
 5 1
  2
dx
2  1 5
 x   
 2  4
Using Integrals :
Standard Form
* 1 1 x 
 dx  tan  1    C
x 2  a2 a a 
Modified Standard Form
1 1  x b 
tan  1 
*
 dx  C
x  b  2  a2 a  a 

 1 
x
5 1 1  2 
 t an   C
2 5 / 2  5 / 2 
 
 2x 1 
 5 tan  1  C .
 5 
3
(ii) I   dx  Substitution Method
11  10 ln x   ln x 
2
x
1
Let u  ln x  du  dx
x
3
 du
11  10 u  u 2

 Quadratic Expression Form (A)(ii)

 By completing the square for the quadratic expression
1
I 3 du

  u 2  10 u  11 
  
15
 1 1
3 du  3  du
 u  5   36  36  u  5 
2 2
 
Using Integrals :
Standard For m
1 x 
*
 dx  sin  1    C , x  a
a2  x 2 a 
Modified Standard For m
1  x b 
*
 dx  sin  1   C , x b  a
a2  x  b 
2  a 

 u 5 
 3 sin  1  C , u 5 6
 6 
 5  ln x 
 3 sin  1    C , 5  ln x  6 .
 6 

1
(iii) I   dx
sin x  2 sin x cos x  cos x
2 2

1  cos 2 x
 . dx
sin x  2 sin x cos x  cos x  cos x
2 2 2

sec 2 x
 dx  Substitution Method
tan x  2 tan x  1
2

Let u  tan x  d u  sec 2 x d x

1
 du
u  2u  1
2

 Quadratic Expressions Form (A)(i)

16
 1
 du
u  1  2
2
Using Integral :
Mod ified Standard Form
1  1  x b 
a tanh   C , x b  a
* 1   a 
 dx  
a2  x  b   1 coth  1  x  b   C , x  b  a
2

 a  
 a 

 1 1  u 1 
  tanh   C , u 1  2
2  2 

  1 coth  1  u  1 
  C , u 1  2
2  2 

 1  tan x  1 
 tanh  1    C , tan x  1  2
 2  2 
  .
  1 coth  1  tan x  1 
    C , tan x  1  2
2  2 

Another Methods :
1
(1) I   dx
sin x  2 sin x cos x  cos x
2 2

Remember that :
* sin 2 x  2 sin x cos x * cos 2 x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x
1 1

2
 1 1
dx
sin 2 x  cos 2 x
2 2

17
 1 1
 
2 cos  sin 2 x  sin  cos 2 x
dx

1 1
 
2 sin  2 x   
dx

1
  csc  2 x    d x
2
1
 ln csc  2 x     cot  2 x     C
2 2
1 
 ln csc  2 x     cot  2 x     C ,   tan  1 1  .
2 2 4
Remember that :
1 1  x  1  x 1 
* tanh  1 x  ln   , x 1 * coth  1 x  ln   , x 1
2 1 x  2  x 1 

(2) After studying Techniques of Integration (Chapter (2)) , we

can solve the integral using :
Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (B)(i)
1
I  dx
sin x  2 sin x cos x  cos x
2 2

1
 dx
sin 2 x  cos 2 x
Then
Let z  2x  Let u  tan  z / 2  .

18
(B) Integral of The Form (1.6) :
px  q px  q
(i )  dx , ( ii )  dx
ax  bx  c
2
ax  bx  c
2

 where p and q are constants 


d
Write p x  q  k 1 
dx
 
ax 2  b x  c   k 2 , then


px  q
d
dx
ax 2  b x  c  
(i)  dx  k 1 dx
ax  b x  c
2
ax  bx  c
2

1
 k2  ax  b x  c
2
dx

 k 1 ln ax 2  b x  c  k 2  Form  A  i   .

px  q
d
dx

ax 2  b x  c 
(ii)  dx  k 1  dx
ax  b x  c
2
ax  bx  c
2

1
 k2  dx
ax  b x  c
2

 2 k1 ax 2  b x  c  k 2  Form  A  ii   .

Using Integrals :
g'  x 
*  dx  ln g  x   C , g  x   0
g x 
g'  x 
*  dx  2 g x   C , g x   0
g x 

19
Example (2) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
x 1 cosh x  1  sinh x
(i)  2 dx . (ii)  dx .
x x 2 cosh x  cosh x  2
2

x2 3
(iii)  x x 2
2
dx .

Solution
x 1
(i) I   dx  Quadratic Expressions Form (B)(i)
x x 2
2

1 2 x  1 

2  x 2  x  2 dx
1  2x 1 1 
  2 dx   2 dx 
2  x x 2 x x 2 
 Quadratic Expressions Form (A)(i)
Using Integral :
g'  x 
*  dx  ln g  x   C , g  x   0
g x 

 
 
1  1
 ln x 2  x  2   dx 
2   1
2
9 
 x    
  2  4 
Using Integral :
Mod ified Standard Form
1  1  x b 
a tanh   C , x b  a
* 1   a 
 dx  
a2  x  b   1 coth  1  x  b   C , x  b  a
2

 a  
 a 
20
    1 
1  x 
1 1  2 1 3
 ln x  x  2    
2
 tanh   C , x
2  3/ 2  3/ 2  2 2
   

   1 
 x  
1 1 1  2 1 3
2  ln x 2
 x  2  coth     C , x  
 3 / 2  3 / 2  2 2

   

 1  2  1  2 x  1 
  ln x 2
 x  2  tanh    C ,  1  x  2
 2  3  3 
 
 1  2  1  2 x  1 
     C , x     1 , 2 
2
  ln x x 2 coth 
2  3  3 

Another Method :  General Method

 We can find the values of k 1 and k 2 by the following method

Numer ator    
Denominator

 x  1  k1
d
dx  
x2  x  2   k2

 
 k1  2 x  1   k 2 1 
 By comparing coefficients in both sides of equation  1  as
follows :
1
coefficients of x : 1  2 k 1  k1  .
2
1
constant terms :  1   k1  k 2  k 2   .
2

21
 d
Denominator
dx

Numerator
1 1
* Then x 1  2 x  1  
2 2
1 2x 1 1 1
I 
2  x2 x 2
d x 
2  x x 2
2
dx (Complete) .

cosh x  1  sinh x
(ii) I   dx  Substitution Method
cosh x  2  cosh x  2
Let u  cosh x  d u  sinh x d x

u 1 1 2 u  1   1  1
 du   du
u u 2
2 2 u u 2 2

 Quadratic Expressions Form (B)(ii)

 
 
2u  1
  du 
1 1
du  3 
2  u2  u  2  1 
2
9

 
 u    
 2 4
 Quadratic Expressions Form (A)(ii)
Using Integrals :
g'  x 
*  dx  2 g  x   C , g  x   0
g x 
Modified Standard For m
  1  x b 
 cosh   C , x  b   a
* 1   a 
 dx  
 x  b 2  a2   cosh  1    x  b    C ,  x  b    a
  
 a 
22
    1 
 1  u  
1  2  1  3
  2 u 2
 u  2  3 cosh    C , u  
 2  3/ 2   2  2
   

    1  
   u   
1 1  2  1  3
2  2 u  u  2  3 cosh 
2
  C , u    
  3 / 2   2  2
  
   
 1  2 x  cosh x  2  3 cosh  1  2 cosh x  1 
  2 cosh     C , cosh x  2
2   3 
  ,
1 2    2 cosh x  1  
cosh 2 x  cosh x  2  3 cosh  1     C , cosh x   1
2   3 
 
since cosh x  1

1   1  2 cosh x  1 
 2 cosh 2
x  cosh x  2  3 cosh     C , cosh x  2 .
2   3 

x2 3
(iii) I   dx .
x x 2
2

Note :
 If degree of numerator  degree of denominator , first we
perform long division .
 Use Long Division

Quotient
1
x2 x 2 x2 3

x2 x 2
x 1

Remainder

23
  Quotient 
Remainder 
  x 1 
 1  2  dx
 x x 2 
 
 Quadratic Expressions Form (B)(i)
  (Complete – See Example (2)(i) – Section 1.3)
   1 
  x 
1 1 1  2 1 3
 x   ln x 2
 x  2  tanh    C , x  
 2  3 / 2  3/ 2  2 2
   

   1 
 x  
 1 1 1  2 1 3
 x   ln x 2
 x  2  coth     C , x  
2  3 / 2  3 / 2  2 2

   

 1  2 2  1  2x 1 
 x  ln x  x  2  tanh    C ,  1  x  2
 2  3  3 
 
 x  1  ln x 2  x  2  2 coth  1  2 x  1 
   C , x     1 , 2 
 2  3  3 

24
(C) Integral of The Form (1.7) :
px  q
 lxm
dx

 where p , q , l , and m are constants 

 By multiplying both numerator and denominator by px  q ,
px  q
integral is reduced to Form (B) (ii) ,  dx .
ax 2  b x  c

Example (3) :
x 1
Evaluate  x 2
dx .

Solution
x 1
I  dx  Quadratic Expression Form (C)
x 2
 By multiplying both numerator and denominator by x  1
x 1 x 1
I  . dx
x 2 x 1
x 1
 d x  Quadratic Expressions Form (B)(ii)
x x 2
2

  (Complete – See Example (2)(ii) – Section 1.3)

 1   1  2 x  1 
  2 x 2
 x  2  3 cosh    C , x  2
 2   3 
  .

 1 2 x 2  x  2  3 cosh  1    2 x  1  C , x 1
 
 2  
 3 


25
1.4 Miscellaneous Substitutions :
In this section we shall consider substitutions that are useful for
evaluating certain types of integrals .
(A) Theorem (1.8) :
(i) If an integrand contains an expression of the form n f x  ,
then one of the substitutions
u  n f x  or u  f  x 
may simplify the evaluation .

(ii) If an integrand contains expressions of the form m f x 

and k f  x  , then the substitution

u  n f x 
where n is the least common multiple of m and k , may
simplify the evaluation .

Example (1) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
1 x 1 1
(i) 
x  1  x  2
dx . (ii)  x 1 1
dx .

Solution
1
(i) I   dx
x  1  x  2
 Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (A)(i)

26
 Let u x 2  u2  x  2  2udu  dx
1 1
 2u du   2 
 
du
u2 1 u 1 u 2

Using Integral :
1 1x 
 tanh  C , x a
1 a a
*  dx  
a2  x 2  1 coth  1  x   C , x  a
 a  
a 
  2 tanh  1 u  C , u  1
 1
, since u  x  2 0
  2 coth u  C , u  1
  2 tanh  1 x 2 C , 0  x 2 1
  1
.
  2 coth x 2 C , x 2 1

Another Method :
 Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (A)(i)
Then
Let u  x 2  Let z  u (Try to solve) .

x 1 1
(ii) I   dx
x 1 1
 Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (A)(i)
Let u x 1  u 2  x  1  2udu  dx
u 1 u2  u
2 u du  2  du
u 1 u 1
27
Note :
 If degree of numerator  degree of denominator , first we
perform long division .
 Use Long Division

Quotient

u 2
u 1 u2  u

u2  u
2u
2u  2
2

Remainder
Q uotient Remaind
 er 
  2  u2 
I 2  u 2   du  2   2 u  2 ln u  1   C
u 1  2 
 
 
 x 1 
 2   2 x  1  2 ln x 1 1   C .
 2 

Another Methods :
 Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (A)(i)
Then
(a) Let u  x 1  Let z  u .

x 1 1 x 1 1 Then
(b) I   . dx  Let u x 1 .
x 1 1 x 1 1

28
 x 1 1 1 1 Then
(c) I   dx  Let u x 1 .
x 1 1
(Try to solve) .
Example (2) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
1 1 x
(i)  dx . (ii)  dx .
1e x x
Solution
1
(i) I   dx
1e x

 Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (A)(i)

Let u 1  ex  u 2  1  e x  2 u du  e x d x
1 2u 1
 d u   2  du
u u 1
2
1u 2

  2 tanh  1 u  C , u  1
 1
, since u  1  ex  1
  2 coth u  C , u  1

  2 coth  1 1  e x  C , 1  e x  1 .

Another Methods :
1 1 ex / 2
(1) I   dx   . x / 2 dx
1e
 
x 2 e
1 e x /2

 Substitution Method

29
 1 x/2
Let u  ex / 2  du  e dx
2
1
2 du
u 1u 2

Using Integral :
1 1  x 
*  dx   csch  1    C , x  0
x a2  x 2 a  a 

  2 csch  1 u  C , u  0 , since u  e x / 2  0


  2 csch  1 e x / 2  C . 
(2) Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (A) (i)
Then
(a) Let u  1 e x
 Let z  u .
Then
(b) Let u e x
 Let z  1u .
(3) Substitution Method
(a) Let u  e x .

(b) Let u  e x/ 2 .
(Try to solve) .

1 x
(ii) I   dx
x
 Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (A)(i)

u 
2
Let u 1 x  2
1 x
30
  
 2 u 2  1 2u du  dx


u

4 u u 2  1 du 
u 
2
2
1

4  2
u2
du  4 
u2 1 1
du
 
u 1 u 1
2

 1 
 4  1  2  du
 u 1 

 4 u  tanh  1 u  C , u  1
 
 , since u  1 x 1
 1
 4 u  cot h u  C , u  1 
 4  1 x  coth  1 1 
x C , 1 x 1 .

Another Methods :
 Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (A)(i)
Then
(a) Let u 1  x  Let z  u .
Then
(b) Let u x  Let z  1u .
(Try to solve) .

Example (3) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
x3
(i)  dx . (ii)  1  1  x 2 dx .
x 4
2

Solution
31
 x3 x
(i) I   dx   x 2 . dx
x 4
2
x2  4
 Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (A)(i)

Let u x2  4
u2  x2 4  u2 4  x2
2 u du  2 x dx
u du  x dx


  u 4 21
u

u du   u  4 du 
2
 u3
3

 4u  C

1
 
3/ 2
 x 4
2
 4 x2  4 C .
3
Another Methods :
(1) Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (A)(i)
 Let u  x2  4 (Try to solve) .
(2) After studying Techniques of Integration (Chapter (2)) , we
can solve the integral using :
(a) Integration by Parts
x
 Let u x 2
dv  dx
x 4
2

(b) Trigonometric Substitutions

 Let x  2 tan  ,      / 2 ,  / 2  .
(c) Hyperbolic Substitutions
 Let x  2 sinh  .

32
(ii) I   1  1  x 2 dx

 Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (A)(i)

Let u 1  x2
u2  1  x2  u2 1  x2
2 u du  2 x dx
u
d u  dx
 u 12

u u
  1 u du    u 1
du
u 12

u  1   1  1 
  du     u  1   du
u 1  u 1 
2 
   u  1 
3/ 2
 2 u 1  C
3 

 
3/ 2
2
 1  x 1 2
2 1  x2 1  C , x 0
 3
  2 x C , x 0

  2    
3/ 2
1  x 1
2
2 1  x2 1  C , x 0
 3  

Another Methods :
(1) Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (A)(i)
Then
(a) Let u 1 1x 2
 Let z  u2  2 .

33
 Then
(b) Let u 1  1 x 2
 Let z  u 2 .
(Try to solve) .
(2) After studying Techniques of Integration (Chapter (2)) , we
can solve the integral using :
(a) Trigonometric Substitutions
 Let x  t an  ,      / 2 ,  / 2  .
(b) Hyperbolic Substitutions
 Let x  sinh  .

Example (4) :
1
Evaluate  x  x
3
dx .

Solution
1
I  dx
x  x
3

 Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (A)(ii)

Let u 6 x  u6  x  6u5 du  dx
1
6  u 5 du
u6  3 u6
u5 u3
6  u u
3 2
du  6  u 1
du

Note :
 If degree of numerator  degree of denominator , first we
perform long division .
34
  Use Long Division
 
Quotient

u2  u 1
u 1 u3

u3  u2
 u2
 u 2 u
u
u 1
1

Remaind er

  
Quotient  
R emainder
 2 1 
I 6   u  u  1 
u 1  du
 
 
u3 u2 
6    u  ln u  1   C , since u  1   6

x 1  1
 3 2 

 2 x  3 3 x  6 6 x  6 ln  6

x 1  C .

35
 Table of Basic Differentiation Formulas
Dx C  0 , C is a constant. Dx sin u  cos u Dx u
Dx x n  nx n  1 , n  R . Dx cos u   sin u Dx u
Dx tan u  sec 2 u Dx u .
If u  g  x  is a differentiable function of x
n 1
Dx cot u   csc 2 u Dx u .
Dx u  nu
n
Dx u , n  R . Dx sec u  sec u tan u Dx u.
Dx csc u   csc u cotu Dx u.
Dx e u  e u Dx u .
Dx sinh u  cosh u Dx u
Dx au  au lna D x u , a  0. Dx cosh u  sinh u Dx u
1
Dx lnu  D x u , u  0. D x tanh u  sec h 2
u Dx u .
u Dx coth u   csc h2 u Dx u .
1 1
Dx log a u  D u , u  0. Dx sec hu   sec hu tanh u Dx u.
ln a u x
Dx csc hu   csc hu cothu Dx u.
1
D x sin 1 u  Dxu , u  1.
1u 2

1
D x cos 1 u  D xu , u  1.
1 u 2

1 1
Dx tan 1 u  D u . D cot 1
u  Dx u .
1  u2 1  u2
x x

1
D x sec 1 u  D xu , u  1.
u u 1 2

1
D x csc 1 u  D xu , u  1.
u u 12

1
Dx sinh 1 u  Dx u.
1 u 2

1
D x cosh 1 u  Dxu , u  1.
u 1 2

1
D x tanh 1 u  Dxu , u  1.
1u2
1
D x coth 1 u  Dxu , u  1.
1u2
1
D x sec h 1u  D xu , 0  u  1.
u 1 u 2

1
Dx csc h 1u  Dx u , u  0.
u 1  u2

36
 Table of Basic Integration Formulas
 du  u  c.  sec 2 u du  tan u  c.
u n 1
 u du  n  1  c , n  -1.
n  csc 2 u du   cot u  c.

1  secu tanu du  secu  c.

 u du  2 u  c.  cscu cotu du   cscu  c.
1
 u du  ln u  c , u  0.  sinhu du  cosh u  c.

 coshu du  sinh u  c.
 e du  e  c.
u u

au
 tanhu du  ln cosh u  c.
 a du  ln a  c , a  0 , a  1.
u
 cothu du  ln sinh u  c.

 sinu du  -cosu  c.  sechu du  tan1 sinh u  c.

 cosu du  sinu  c.
 cschu du  ln cschu  cothu  c.
 tanu du  ln sec u  c.
 sech2 u du  tanh u  c.
 cotu du  ln sin u  c.
 csch2 u du   coth u  c.
 secu du  ln sec u  tan u  c.
 sechu tanhu du   sechu  c.
 cscu du  ln csc u  cot u  c.
 cschu cothu du   cschu  c.
1
 du  sin -1 u / a   c , u  a.
a u
2 2

1
 du  sinh -1 u / a   c.
a u
2 2

1 
 cosh -1 u / a   c , u a
 u 2  a 2 du    cosh -1   u / a   c u a
.
 ,
1 1
 a 2  u 2 du  a tan u / a   c.
-1

1
 tanh -1 u / a   c , u a
1 a
 a 2  u 2 du   1 .
coth -1 u / a   c , u a

a
sec 1  u / a   c ,
1 1
u u 2  a2 du 
a
u  a.

sec h 1  u / a   c
1 1
u a2 u 2
du  
a
, u a , u  0.

csc h 1  u / a   c
1 1
u a2 u 2
du  
a
, u  0.

37
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