Logarithms 8.1] INTRODUCTION Logarithms are used to make the long and complicated calculations easy. Consider 34 = 81, this is the exponential form of representing relation between three numbers 3, 4 and 81. Now the same relation between 3, 4 and 81 can be written as log, 81 = 4 (read as : logarithm of 81 at base 3 is 4). Thus : 81 = log, 81 Definition : If a, b and c’are three real numbers such that a # 1 and a” = c then b is called logarithm of ¢ at the base a and is written as log, c = b; read as log of c at the base a is b. a =c logic=b 82] INTERCHANGING (Logarithmic form vis-d-vis exponential form) a? = c ig called the exponential form and, log, c = b is called the logarithmic form. ie, @ 2 = 0-125 [Exponential form] => log of 0-125 to the base 2 = -3 ie, log, 0125 = -3 (Logarithmic form] Gi) logy 8 = $ [Logarithmic form] =} log of 8 to the base 64 = 4 ie. (64) =8 [Exponential form] and so on. Similarly : If x is positive; Gii) x° = 1 = log,1 =0 ie, log of I to the base x = 0 In general; the logarithm of 1 to any base is zero. ie. logg1=0; logy1 =0; log,1=0 and so on. (iv) x1 =x => log.x=1 ie. log x to the base x= 1 In general, the logarithm of any number to the same base is always one. ie. log, 5 5 logy) 10= 1; log, a = 1 and so on, 102Solution = @ Let log,,1000 = x = 10% = 1000 => 10 = 10° x=3 ++ 1og,,1000 = 3 Ans. Gi) Let log, § = = ee 4 > Fe ore 2 es logy = 2 ‘Ans. Solution : @ logy =-20 > Wed + Ans. Gi) logy + 3) = 2 Ans. ais 3 Gi) tog 64 = 3 Ans. 1, Express each of the following in logarithmic form : @ 8 =125 Gi) 3? = $ (vi) 7 to the base 4 (vii) 27 to the base 9 _ (ili) gj to the base 27 Gii) 103 = 0.001 (iv) (81)4 = 27 2. Express each of the following in exponential | > State, true or false : form: (@ If logyg x = a, then 10° = a. @ 10g, 0-125 = -1 Gi) tog 0-01 = -2 (i) If = 2, then y = log, x. Gi) log,A=x Civ) log,gl = 0 3. Solve for x : logyy x = -2. Gi) log, 8 = 3 and log, 2 = 4, Find the logarithm of : 6. Find x, if : @ 100 to the base 10 @ log, x= 0 Gi) log, 2 =-1 (i) 01 to the base 10 Gi) log, 243 (iv) log, (x- 7) = 1 i) 0.001 to the base 10 (v) log, 32 = x - 4 (vi) log, 2 - 1) =2 iv) 32 to the base 4 7. Evaluate : (¥) 0-125 to the base 2 @ log,, 0-01 Gi) tog, (1 = 8) um nm fe] .——_————Gii) logs 1 (iv) log, 125 9. Given log,x = m and log, y= n. (¥) logy, 8 (vi) logy 16 () Express 2”~? in terms of x, 8. If log, m = n, express a” ~' in terms of a (G) Express 5°" *? in terms of y. and m. 10. If log,x = a and log,y = a, write 72° in terms of x and y. 11, Solve for x : log(x ~ 1) + log(x + 1) = log,1. 12. If log(? - 21) = 2, show that x = + 11. [153] Laws oF LoGARITHM WITH USE First Law (Product Law) : The logarithm of a product at any non-zero base is equal to the sum of the logarithms of its factors at the same base. ie. log, (m xn) = log, m + log, log, (m xn x p) = log, m+log, n+ log, p and so on. Remember : log, (m +n) # log, m + log, n Second Law (Quotient Law) : The logarithm of a fraction at any non-zero base is equal to the difference between the logarithm of the numerator minus the logarithm of the denominator, both at the same base. ie. log, % = log, m - log, n Remember : Pea log, n. Also, 1 I I ember : Tog n * log, m— log, n. Also, log,(m ~ n) # log,m ~ log, n Third Law (Power Law) : The logarithm of a power of a number at any non-zero base is equal to the logarithm of the number (at the same base) multiplied by the power. ie, log,(m)" = 1 log m Corollary: Since Ym = mn £ Bh log, im = log, m* = Xtog, m EXPANSION OF EXPRESSIONS WITH THE HELP OF LAWS OF LOGARITHM 4 atx Bb? a’xb? Let y = “> = log y = log ¢ oe ie. log y = log(a* x b?) — log c? = log m ~ log »] 2 2 oe ——______Jog a! + log b? — log c? [+e log m x n= log m + log n] = 4 log a +2 log b-3 loge ['+ log m* = n log m] ” log y = 4 log a + 2 log b — 3 log c is the logarithmic expansion of the 4p given expression y = Similarly, =o 7 log m = log 3* — log (5” x 8") . = x log 3 — [log 5” + log 8"] = xlog3—y log 5~z log 8 = log m= x log 3-y log 5 -z log 8 Conversely : log V= log m+ 2 log r + log h - log 3 => — log V= log w+ log 7 + log h - log 3 arh arh Sg NT 3 Solution : 4 1 og, 108 = log,,(108) > (Ym =m") = 5 108,108 Mog, gf” = m Jog," = 5 log,(2" x 3°) [108 =2x2%x3x3x3=2x3} Tlog,,2? + 1og,,3°] —_logyym x n = log,gm + log, gr} [2log,,2 + 3log,,3] Ans. mp ale ue ol | Solution : = log,,100 + 108,497 ~ log, .5° [log,,100 = 2; log 9 = log 3? and 2log 5 = logs") = 1og,9100 + logig3 — log 425 = 10892922 = 10g,612 (og a + tog blog c= tog * Ans. a ee 2) 2Solution : @®) = log, (x +5) = log,,10 => x45= 10 > x=5 Ans. Gi) > log, + 1 - 1) = log, 11 + log, ,3? => log ( — 1) = log (11 x 9) > ¥-1=99 A = 100 and, x= 10 Ans. Solution : (i) log 6 = log 2 x 3 = log 2 + log 3 = 03010 + 0-471 = 0-7781 Ans. (ii tog 5 = log 4P = tog 10 — log 2 = 1 - 03010 = 06990 Ans. [slog 10 = 1) ii) log /24. = log (24)? = Flog @ x 3) [4=2x2x2x3=2 x3] = + 1B x log 2 + log 3] i ie [3 x 03010 + 0.4771] = 0-69005 Ans. =} __—_ 1, Express in terms of log 2 and log 3: @ log 36 Gi) log 144 a ii) log 4-5 = 108 5 Gv) og 28 ©) tog 73 ~2 tog 3 + 10g 3 2. Express each of the following in a form free from logarithm : (@) 2 Jog x — log y=1 Gi) 2 log x +3 log y= log a (iii) a log x — b log y = 2 log 3 3. Evaluate each of the following without using tables : @ log 5 + log 8 — 2 log 2 Gi) log,98 + 1og,, 25 + 2 log,)3 logy, 18 Gi) log 4 + 4 tog 125-4 tog 32 4, Prove that : 2 og 43 - og (25 + log = tog 2. 5. Find x, if ~ log 48 + 3 log 2= 4 log 125 — log 3. 6, Express log,,2 + 1 in the form of logo. 7. Solve for x : @ logyg(x - 10) = 1 (ii) log (? - 21 Gi) log (x — 2) + log (x + 2) = log 5 (iv) log (x + 5) + log (x - 5) =4 log 2 +2 log 3 8. Solve for x : _ log8L _. log128 @ a” ) ce (i) ae =logx Gv) Tas” ae 2 = log x SS ee(iv) log 5-4 (¥) log 60 (vi) log 3} 12. If log 2 = 0-3010 and log 3 = 0-471; find ‘the value of : @ log 12 (i) log 1.2 9. Given log x = m+n and log y= m~-n, | Gi) log 36 Gv) log 15 eapress the value of log 20% in terms of m (¥) log 25 wi) 2 tog 8 ate ” 13, Given 2 logge + 1 = log, 250, find : 10. State, true or false : @x (i) log yg2x (@ log 1 x log 1000 = 0 1 * 14, Given 3 log x + Slog y = 2, express y in i) EE = pg be y 2 term of x. iy yp 08-25 (ii) If og 5 = 198 % then x = 2 15, If x = (100)*, y = (10000)" and z = (10), find i = i (iv) log x x log y = log x + log y ie Oy ig aE 11. If logig2 = a and log,,3 = b; express each of act : the following in terms of ‘a’ and ‘b’ : 16. If 3(log 5 — log 3) — (log 5 - 2 log 6) @ log 12 Gi) log 225 Git tog 24 = 2 ~ log x, find x. Solution : If log, 4 = 0-6020 => 2 log 2 = 0:6020 [er log 4 = log 2? = 2 log 2) => log2 = 2620 = 03010 ® og ,98 = 108492” = 3 log 2= 3 x 03010 = 0-9030 ‘Ans. Gi) 1og,,25 = log 25 = tog 5 = log 3495 log 10 ~ 2 log 2 = 2 x 03010 = 0-3980 Ans.Gi) log,,’ = > => lay a 10% =(10)F =? ‘Ans, ii) log,,P = 20-6 > logy) P = 2log,, x - log,,y a = log P = log x? - log y => log P = log 7 Ans. 1. If logyg 8 = 0-90; find the value of : 7. If log (a + b) = log a + log b, find a in terms @ logy) 4 (ii) log 32. ob. Gii) log 0.125 8. Prove that : a 2. If log 27 = 1-431, find the value of : (@ og a)? - (log 6)? = log (2)-10e (ab) © los. ) Jog 300 (i) If a log b +b loga—1=0, 3. If logyy a = 6, find 10°”? in terms of a. then 5°. a? = 10 4, If log, x = y, find 5” * 3 in terms of x. 9. Ot Jes (a + 1) = log Ga — 3) — log 3; a. 5. Given: log, m = x and log, n = y. (ii) If 2 log y— log x- 3 = 0, @ Express 3°~? in terms of m. express x in terms of y. (ii) Write down 3! ~ 2” + 3* in terms of (ii) Prove that : log 9125 = 3(1 - logy 2). __. mand n. 7 10. Given log x = 2m - n, log y = n - 2m and Gii) If 2 log, A = Sx - 3y; find A in terms log z = 3m — 2n, find in terms of m and n, of m and n. By tie the value of log ~—{~. 6. Simplify : log Ta @ log (a)? - log a ii) log (a)? + log a 1 11. Given log,25 — log, 5 = 2 ~ log, 75g ; find x. MORE ABOUT LOGARITHMS 1. Since, = 8 = log8=3 1 Also, B=8 = 8 =2 = log? > 1 Thus, log,8 = 3 and log,2 = 5 In the same way, 54 625 => 108,625 = 4 ; 1 4 3 ue and, 54 = 625 > 6254 =5 = logy.5= 5 1og,625 = 4 and log,..5 = 7 =>1 so ey > => @ 10g,3 x log,5 = 1 Gi) log, 12 x log,,8 = 1 (iii) 10g, 35 x log,,18 = 1 and so on, 3. Since, log of a number at the same base is 1 (one) Joga =1 => xloga=x [On multiplying both the sides by x] | => (i log =5 Gi) log s* =8 Gii) 1og,8* = 4 and so on. 4. log, = ig Where a, and x all are postive. For example : 10891000 _ 108991000 = To 00 TogiglO? —Sogl0 3x1 _ 3 ~ JoginlO® ~ 2iogi!0 ~ 2x1 ~ 2 Solution : 7 Jog ;625 10g i964 log,m I 625 - SS © Tons625 ~ lob = 65,0125 — Iogigl6 Toa log5* log 2° = logs? ~ log2* logigx = log x] «o Aees , SS es ot A * 3logs 4log2~ 3° 2° 6 = ii) log, 32 — log, 125 + log,27 Jog32 log 125 log 27 = Jog16 ~ log25 * logd —_——_ eelog25 log 5? og 3° Jog 2° ~ log 5? * log? Slog2 3log5 3log3 a Solution : ; 1 Since, loge = = ogy = 8,0, 1 1 2 Tog,x * log,x ~ log,x log,x = log,b and = = log,a + log,b = 2 log,c => log.ab = log,c* = ab = c? Hence Proved. |] 3 z 1. If Flog a + Flog b — 1 = 0, find the value of a.b*, 2. If x = 1 + log 2 ~ log 5, y = 2 log 3 and z = log a — log 5; find the value of a, if xty=2z 3. If x = log 0-6; y = log 1:25 and z= log 3 - 2 log 2, find the values of : @xty-2 Gy KtI-E 4. If a? = log x, B® = log y and 3a? - 20° = 6 log z, express y in terms of x and z. =b 5. If log = a+ B= bab, 6. If a? +b = 23ab, show that : a+b 5 7. If m= log 20 and n = log 25, find the value of x, so that : 2 log (x - 4) 8, Solve for x and y; if x > 0 and y > 0: log xy = log = +2 log 2 = 2. y 1 7 (log a + log 5), show that: 1 log = F log a + log b). m-n. 9. Find x, if : (i) log, 625 =-4 (ii) log, (Sx - 6) = 2. 10. If p = log 20 and q = log 25, find the value of x, if 2 log (x + 1) = 2p—g. 25 11. If logy x +3) = logs @—9) = OE Gy find the values of x and y. 7 loge 3, 12, Given + joey = 3 and log (ay) = 5; find the values of x and y. 13. Given log,ox = 2a and loggy (i) Write 10° in terms of x. Gi) Write 10% + | in terms of y. ii) If log,gP = 3a - 2b, express P in terms of x and y. 14, Solve : logs(x + 1) 1 + logs - 1). 15. Solve for x, if : log 49 — log,7 + log, zi +2= 0.16.1 at = tog 5 P= og y and SE = log ¢, find c in terms of x and y. 17. Seeger: y = log,2 x log, 9 and = 1og,,0-4. @x-y-z 18. Solve for x, log ,15V5_ = 2—log,3v5. 19. Evaluate : @ logya x tog,b x log,e Gi) log,8 + loggl6 i) 19*-7-# Fee Fe Gi Jo g3516 x 1og;q910 a Te