Biology Note

Unit-5 (Fertilization)
 Asexual reproduction: produced from part of the original organisms.

 Reproduction:
-Parent  Binary fissionoffspring (next generation)

-Binary fission identical daughter cells new cells from parent
 Fragmentation: breaking into pieces or being divided into parts.
It can also refer to the state or result

of being broken up or having been divided.
 Vegetative propagation: an asexual method of plant reproduction that
occurs in its leaves root and stem. (No sex cells for plant)
 Female & Male reproductive system
Testis  male gametes  sperm cells

 Primary sex characteristic (meiosis)
Ovary female gamete  egg cells
Primary sex characteristic develops first. Secondary sex characteristic develop
much slower and later.
Menopause- stop menstruation
 End of the blood coming out of the body.
 Fertilization def:
When a sperm cell and an egg cell, the head of the sperm cell
goes into the egg cell. The nucleus of sperm cell and the nucleus of egg cell
join together. This is called fertilization. The new cell that is produced is
called a zygote.
Sperm cell + Egg cell  23 chromosomes (Haploid)
Combined  46 chromosomes (Diploid)
Form zygote develop to embryo  baby
-Egg cell  food store -provide energy for cell division of zygote to embryo.
Differences of sperm and egg cells:

Sperm cells Egg cells
-smaller than other cells -bigger than other cells
-contains head and tails -food stores in their cytoplasm
-have tiny amount of cytoplasm -round in shape
-motile -non- motile
-carry genetic material -fuse with the ovum
 Egg cell:
-Egg cells are female gametes. They are large and contain food stores in
their cytoplasm.
 Sperm cell:
-Acrosome  contain digest enzymes

- middle piece  contain mitochondria
-head  nucleus which contain 23 chromosomes, and carry genetic information.
Sperm are male gametes. They’re small and have a tail for swimming.
 Male reproductive system
-Prostate gland  production of a fluid that, together with sperm cells from the
testicles and fluids from other glands, makes up semen.
- Seminal vesicle  produce the fluids that will turn into semen.
-Testis  produces spermatozoa, the male hormones (testosterone)
-sperm duct  to move sperm away from its storage place in the testicle.
- urethra  empties urine from the bladder. (Semen, urine)
- penis  urination and sexual intercourse.
-Sperm cells are made in testes. They travel along the sperm duct into the
urethra.
-seminal vesicle and prostate gland- produce sugary fluid which nourish the
sperms.
 Female reproductive system
-Ovary  produced female sex hormones (estrogen)

-Oviduct  the conduit for oocyte and embryo transfer to the uterus and is the
site of fertilization. (The egg cell fertilized)
-Ovulation  In adult woman, one egg cell released one of the ovaries
approximately each month.
-cilia  tiny hair like structures on the oviduct walls, move the egg cell slowly
along the oviduct.
-Uterus lining  preparation for implantation, maintenance of pregnancy if
implantation occurs, and menstruation in the absence of pregnancy.
-Uterus  responsible for your menstrual cycle.
- The zygote that is formed by fertilization carries on travelling down the oviduct
until it gets to the uterus.  develop and grow baby.
-cervix  allows fluids to flow inside and out of your uterus.
-vagina  provides a passageway for blood and mucosal tissue from the uterus
during a woman's monthly period.
 After the egg cell is fertilized:
1. An egg cell leaves the ovary.  ovulation

2. The egg cell is fertilized in the oviduct. The cell is now called zygote 
fertilization
3. The zygote divides to make a little ball of cells. This is called an embryo. 
embryo formation (mitosis)
4. The embryo enters the uterus. It sinks into the lining and starts to develop
into a foetus.  Implantation (pregnant)
Zygote is formed  conception/ fertilization.
It takes several days for the zygote to become an embryo, and to travel into
the uterus. When the embryo has sunk into the wall of the uterus, the woman
is pregnant.
It takes about nine months for the tiny embryo to develop into a foetus and
then a baby.
 If the egg cell is not fertilized:
1. An egg cell develops in an ovary. The lining of uterus starts to grow thinker.
2. The egg cell is released from the ovary. The lining of the uterus becomes
think an d spongy.
3. The egg cell was not fertilized, so it just travels on into the uterus and dies.
4. The think, spongy lining breaks down and is lost through the vagina.
-The loss of the uterus lining through the vagina is called menstruation or period.
-The monthly pattern of the thickening and loss of uterus lining is called the
menstrual cycle.
 From embryo to baby
-umbilical cord  the embryo is attached to the placenta by the umbilical cord.
-placenta  A special organ develops that allows embryo to obtain food and
oxygen from its mother’s blood.
- amnion  a fluid is made by a bag called amnion, which grows around the
embryo.
- amniotic fluid  supports embryo, and protects it form bumps and knocks.
Main tain the temperature of the foetus constant.
 Fetal development
-6weeks  4mm longs (all its major organs have begun to grow)
-8weeks  13mm longs (already beginning to move)
-11weeks  50mm longs (embryo become foetus, moving quite vigorously)
-38/39 weeks  ready to born
 Birth
-before baby born, the baby usually turns so that it is lying head downwards.
-the muscles in the wall of the uterus contract (get shorter). They make the
opening of the uterus wider, so that the baby can pass through.
-Then the muscles contract in a different way, to push the baby out through
the opening of the uterus, and through the vagina.

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Unit-5 (Fertilization)

 Asexual reproduction: produced from part of the original organisms.

-Parent  Binary fissionoffspring (next generation)

It can also refer to the state or result

Testis  male gametes  sperm cells

Differences of sperm and egg cells:

-Acrosome  contain digest enzymes

-Ovary  produced female sex hormones (estrogen)

1. An egg cell leaves the ovary.  ovulation

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