Chapter 9

Jose Rizal and the Revolution (week 13)

Overview

Every age is an age of revolution. Some revolution are bloody such as the French
revolution and Some revolution are peaceful such as reforms in effecting change
in the government, there were Silent but powerful revolutions which permanently
changed and shaped the minds of human race.

Rizal and the Katipunan

On June 21, 1896. Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Bonifacio’s emissary, visited Rizal in Dapitan
and informed him of the plan of the Katipunan to launch a revolution. Rizal objected to
Bonifacio’s bold project stating that such would be a veritable suicide. Rizal stressed
that the Katipunan leaders should do everything possible to prevent premature flow of
native blood. Valenzuela, however, warned Rizal that the Revolution will inevitably break
out if the Katipunan would be discovered.

Sensing that the revolutionary leaders were dead set on launching their audacious
project, Rizal instructed Valenzuela that it would be for the best interests of the
Katipunan to get first the support of the rich and influential people of Manila to
strengthen their cause. He further suggested that Antonio Luna with his knowledge of
military science and tactics, be made to direct the military operations of the Revolution.

Rizal and the Propaganda Movement

To prove his point and refute the accusations of prejudiced Spanish writers against
his race, Rizal annotated the book, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, written by the
Spaniard Antonio Morga. The book was an unbiased presentation of 16th century
Filipino culture. Rizal through his annotation showed that Filipinos had developed
culture even before the coming of the Spaniards.

While annotating Morga’s book, he began writing the sequel to the Noli, the El
Filibusterismo. He completed the Fili in July 1891 while he was in Brussels, Belgium.
As in the printing of the Noli, Rizal could not published the sequel for the lack of
finances. Fortunately, Valentin Ventura gave him financial assistance and the Fili came
out of the printing press on September 1891.

The El Filibusterismo indicated Spanish colonial policies and attacked the Filipino
collaborators of such system. The novel pictured a society on the brink of a revolution.

To buttress his defense of the native’s pride and dignity as people, Rizal wrote three
significant essays while abroad: The Philippines a Century hence, the Indolence of
the Filipinos and the Letter to the Women of Malolos. These writings were his
brilliant responses to the vicious attacks against the Indio and his culture.

While in Hong Kong, Rizal planned the founding of the Liga Filipina, a civil
organization and the establishment of a Filipino colony in Borneo. The colony was to be
under the protectorate of the North Borneo Company, he was granted permission by the
British Governor to establish a settlement on a 190,000 acre property in North Borneo.
The colony was to be under the protectorate of the North Borneo Company, with the
"same privileges and conditions at those given in the treaty with local Bornean rulers".

Governor Eulogio Despujol disapproved the project for obvious and self-serving
reasons. He considered the plan impractical and improper that Filipinos would settle
and develop foreign territories while the colony itself badly needed such developments.
Review question
1. What is a revolution?
2. What are the reasons why revolution exist?
3. How do revolution break out?
4. Is revolution justified? Why or why not?
Lesson 12;
Chapter 10
Jose Rizal in Dapitan
Overview
The name dapitan originated from the Visayan term
“dapit” which means to invite. A small town Situated in
western Mindanao of Sulu Sea. Dapitan is also known as
the shrine city famous for its Rustic beauty and serenity.
Likewise known as haven by the sea.
You cannot stop a determined man from success, put
stumbling block along his way and on them he will climb
to greatness, from his failures he learns valuable
lessons, from his frustrations, he makes a strong
resolve to rise up again, from his deprivation he
becomes resourceful & from humiliations, he shall have
a meaningful climb to greatness.

Peaceful Life in Dapitan

During the early part of his exile in Dapitan, Rizal lived at the
commandant’s residence. With his prize from the Manila
Lottery and his earnings as a farmer and a merchant, he
bought a piece of land near the shore of Talisay near
Dapitan. On this land, he built three houses- all made of
bamboo, wood, and nipa. The first house which was square
in shape was his home. The second house was the living
quarters of his pupils. And the third house was the barn
where he kept his chickens. The second house had eight
sides, while the third had six sides.

In a letter to his friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, on

December 19, 1893, Rizal described his peaceful life in
Dapitan.

"I shall tell you how we lived here. I have three houses-one
square, another hexagonal, and the third octagonal. All these
houses are made of bamboo, wood, and nipa. I live in the
square house, together with my mother, my sister, Trinidad,
and my nephew. In the octagonal house live some young
boys who are my pupils. The hexagonal house is my barn
where I keep my chickens.
"From my house, I hear the murmur of a clear brook which
comes from the high rocks. I see the seashore where I keep
two boats, which are called barotos here.
"I have many fruit trees, such as mangoes, lanzones,
guayabanos, baluno, nangka, etc. I have rabbits, dogs, cats,
and other animals.
"I rise early in the morning-at five-visit my plants, feed the
chickens, awaken my people, and prepare our breakfast. At
half-past seven, we eat our breakfast, which consists of tea,
bread, cheese, sweets, and other things.
"After breakfast, I treat the poor patients who come to my
house. Then I dress and go to Dapitan in my baroto.
I am busy the whole morning, attending to my patients in
town.

"At noon, I return home to Talisay for lunch. Then, from 2:00
to 4:00 p.m., I am busy as a teacher. I teach the
young boys.
"I spend the rest of the afternoon in farming. My pupils help
me in watering the plants, pruning the fruits, and
planting many kinds of trees. We stop at 6:00 p.m. for the
Angelus
"I spend the night reading and writing."

Rizal's First Christmas in Dapitan

After a short time, Jose Rizal began to enjoy the simple life
of Dapitan.
Rizal became prosperous. Aside from his lottery prize, Rizal
earned more money by practicing medicine. Some rich
patients paid him well for curing their eye ailments. He began
to buy agricultural lands in Talisay, a barrio near Dapitan. He
planned to build his house in this scenic barrio by the
seashore.

As Christmas came nearer, Rizal became more cheerful. His

savings increased, for the cost of living in Dapitan was
cheaper than in Calamba. His health improved. Many
Dapitan folks, who were formerly indifferent to him, became
his friends.

No wonder, Rizal enjoyed his first Christmas in Dapitan. He

was one of the guests of Captain Carnicero at a Christmas
Eve dinner in the comandancia (house of the commandant).
The other guests were three Spaniards from the neighboring
town of Dipolog and a Frenchman named Jean Lardet. It
was a merry feast. The guests enjoyed the delicious dishes
prepared by the commandant’s native cook. With the
exception of Rizal, they drank beer, for he disliked hard
liquor. At midnight, Captain Carnicero, Rizal, and other
guests went to church to hear the Mass of the Noche Buena.

In a letter to his mother, dated January 5, 1893, Rizal

described how he enjoyed his first Christmas in Dapitan.
He said:
"I spent a merry Christmas here. It could not have been
merrier. I had a happy dinner on Christmas Eve, together
with my host (the commandant), three Spaniards from a
neighboring town, and a Frenchman. We heard Mass at
12:00 midnight, for you know I go to Mass here every
Sunday."

Rizal as a Farmer in Dapitan

To prove to his people that farming is a good profession as
medicine, Rizal became a farmer in Dapitan. In a letter to his
sister, Lucia, on February 12, 1896, he said: "We cannot all
be doctors; it is necessary that there would be some to
cultivate the soil."

During the first year of his exile (1893), Rizal bought an

abandoned farm in Talisay, a barrio near Dapitan. This farm
had an area of sixteen hectares and was rather rocky. It lay
beside a river that resembled the Calamba River-clear fresh
water, wide and swift current. In his letter to his sister
Trinidad on January 15, 1896, Rizal said: "My land is half an
hour’s walk from the sea. The whole place is poetic and very
picturesque, better than Ilaya River, without comparison. At
some points, it is wide like the Pasig River and clear like the
Pansol, and has some crocodiles in some parts. There are
dalag (fish) and pako (edible fern). If you and our parents
come, I am going to build a large house where we can all live
together."

On this land in Talisay, Rizal actually built a permanent

home. With the help of his pupils and some laborers, he
cleared it and planted cacao, coffee, coconuts, and fruit
trees. Later, he bought more lands in other barrios of
Dapitan. In due time, his total land holdings reached 70
hectares. They contained 6,000 abaca plants, 1,000 coconut
palms, many coffee and cacao plants and numerous kinds of
fruit trees.

On his lands, Rizal introduced modern methods of

agriculture which he had observed during his travels in
Europe and America. He encouraged the Dapitan farmers to
replace their primitive system of cultivation with these
modern methods. These modern methods of farming
consisted of the use of fertilizers, the rotation of crops, and
the use of farm machines. Rizal actually imported some farm
machines from the United States.

Rizal dreamed of establishing an agricultural colony in the

sitio of Ponot near Sindangan Bay. This region contained
plenty of water and good port facilities. He believed that it
could accommodate about 5,000 heads of cattle and 40,000
coconut palms. It was also ideal for the cultivation of coffee,
cacao, and sugar cane because of its fertile soil and
favorable climate.

He invited his relatives and friends in Luzon, especially those

in Calamba, to colonize the Sindangan Bay area.
Unfortunately, his plan of founding an agricultural colony in
Sindangan Bay did not materialize, like that of his former
project to colonize North Borneo. He did not get the support
of the Spanish government.

Before Rizal was exiled in Dapitan, he already knew

many languages. These languages were: Tagalog,
Ilokano, Spanish, Latin, Greek, English, French, German,
Arabic, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Catalan, Dutch, Italian,
Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish, and
Russian-19 in all.

His knowledge of many languages was one aspect of Rizal’s

amazing genius. Few men in history were gifted by God with
such ability to learn any language easily. And one of these
rare men was Rizal. To learn a new language, Rizal
memorized five root words every night before going to bed.
At the end of the year, he learned 1,825 new words. He
never forget these foreign words because of his retentive
memory.
Rizal made a good use of his knowledge of many languages
in his travels in Europe and America, in communicating with
foreign scholars and scientists, and in his writings. Many
times during his travels abroad, he acted as interpreter for
his fellow travelers who belonged to various
nationalities-Americans, British, French, German, Italians,
Spaniards, Japanese and others.

During his exile in Dapitan, Rizal increased his knowledge of

languages. He studied three more languages- Malay,
Bisayan and Subanun. On April 5, 1896, he wrote to his
Austrian friend, Professor Blumentritt: "I know Bisayan
already, and I speak it quite well. It is necessary, however, to
know other dialects."

By the end of his exile in Dapitan on July 31, 1896, Rizal had
become one of the world’s great linguists. He knew 22
languages, namely, Tagalog, Ilokano, Spanish, Portuguese,
Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, English, French, German, Arabic,
Hebrew, Catalan, Dutch, Italian, Chinese, Japanese,
Swedish, Russian, Malay, Bisayan, and Subanun.

Rizal as a Painter in Dapitan

In Dapitan, Rizal demonstrated his talent for painting. Before

the Holy Week of 1894, Father Vicente Balaguer, a young
Jesuit parish priest, was worried. He needed a good
backdrop (canvas oil painting behind the main altar) for the
annual Lenten celebration. In his native city of Barcelona,
Spain, a church had one that showed a colonnaded court,
viewed from a wide open gate- a scene depicting the court of
Pontius Pilate.
Upon hearing of Rizal’s painting ability, Father Balaguer went
to Talisay to talk with the exiled doctor. He was accompanied
by a convent helper named Leoncio Sagario.

"Doctor," he told Rizal, "I need your help. I would like to have
a beautiful backdrop behind the church altar that shows the
spirit of the Holy Week. I’ve in mind something similar to one
in a church in Barcelona."

Father Balaguer made some rough sketches as he

described the backdrop in the Barcelona church. "Can you
paint in oil such a picture on a huge canvas, Doctor?" he
asked.
"I’ll try, Father. You see, I haven’t done any painting for many
years, but I’ll do my best."

The following day, Rizal went to the Jesuit priest, bringing his
own sketch based on the latter’s ideas. Father Balaguer was
satisfied and urged Rizal to begin the painting job at once.

The actual painting of the backdrop was a difficult task. Rizal

obtained the help of two assistants-Sister Agustina Montoya,
a Filipina nun from Cavite who could paint, and Francisco
Almirol, a native painter of Dapitan.

The trio-Rizal, Sister Montoya, and Almirol- made the

sacristy of the church as their workshop. Rizal sketched in
soft pencil the general outline of the picture, after which his
two assistants applied the oil colors.

Daily, Rizal supervised the work of his assistants. He himself

put the finishing touches. He was glad to note that he still
had the skill in painting. Father Balaguer was very much
satisfied with the finished oil painting of the backdrop.
“Beautiful, very beautiful," he said. He warmly thanked Rizal
and his two assistants for the work well done.
The gorgeous backdrop became a precious possession of
the Dapitan church- Santiago Church. It was truly a
masterpiece.

Senate President Manuel L. Quezon saw Rizal’s painting

masterpiece during his visit to Dapitan. He was deeply
impressed by its majestic beauty. At one time General
Leonard Wood, governor-general of the Philippines, saw it
and said that it was truly "a Rizalian legacy".

After the establishment of the Commonwealth of the

Philippines, the beautiful backdrop was sent to the Museum
of the Ateneo de Manila for safekeeping.

Unfortunately, it was destroyed during the Second World War

when fires and bombs razed the city of Manila.

Rizal's Son Dies

By the beginning of 1896, Rizal was very happy. His beloved

Josephine was heavy with child. Within a few months, she
would give birth to a child. As an expectant father, Rizal had
every reason to be cheerful and gay.

"I wish it would be a boy," he told Josephine.

"I also have the same wish," she replied.

"Let us hope and pray," said Rizal, "that it will be a boy. I will
name him after my father."
"Suppose," asked Josephine in joking manner, "that it will be
a girl?"

"Then, I will name her after my mother."

Unfortunately, Rizal and Josephine were not destined to

have a child. One day in early March 1896, Rizal played a
practical joke on Josephine, which frightened her terribly. As
a result of her great fright, she gave birth prematurely to an
eight-month baby boy.

The baby was very weak and was gasping for breath. Seeing
the baby’s condition, Rizal immediately baptized him
Francisco in honor of his father. He did everything he could
to save the life of his infant son, but in vain. All his
knowledge and skill as a physician could not save little
Francisco. Sorrowfully, Rizal saw his child die three hours
after birth.

With a heavy heart, he drew a sketch of his dead son. Then

he buried him under a shady tree near his home. He
prayed": "Oh, God, I give you another tiny angel. Please
bless his soul.

Rizal's Last Christmas in Dapitan

The Christmas of 1895 was one of the happiest events in

Rizal’s life. It was because of the presence of Josephine,
who proved to be a loving wife and a good housekeeper.

She was now used to living a simple rural life in the

Philippines. She was industrious and learned to cook all
sorts of native dishes. In his letter to his sister, Trinidad, on
September 25, 1895, Rizal praised Josephine, thus: "She
cooks, washes, and takes care of the chickens and the
house. In the absence of miki for making pancit, she made
some long macaroni noodles out of flour and eggs, which
serves the purpose. If you could send me a little angkak, I
should be grateful to you, for she makes bagoong. She
makes also chili miso, but it seems to me that what we
have will last for 10 years."

On December 25, 1895, Rizal and Josephine gave a

Christmas party at their home in Talisay. By a strange twist of
fate, it proved to be Rizal’s last Christmas in Dapitan.

Rizal roasted a small pig to golden brown over a slow fire.

He also made chicken broth out of a fat hen. He invited all
his neighbors. They all danced and made merry until dawn.

Writing to his sister, Trinidad, on January 15, 1896, Rizal

described his last Christmas party in Dapitan. "We
celebrated merrily, as almost always. We roasted a small pig
and hen. We invited our neighbors. There was dancing, and
we laughed a great deal until dawn."

Adios Dapitan

On the morning of July 31, 1896, his last day in Dapitan,

Rizal busily packed his things. He was scheduled to leave
the town on board the España, which was sailing back to
Manila. He had sold his lands and other things he owned to
his friend, mostly natives of Dapitan.

At 5:30 in the afternoon, he and eight other companions

embarked on the steamer. His eight companions were
Josephine; Narcisa (his sister); Angelica (daughter of
Narcisa); his three nephews, Mauricio (son of Maria Rizal),
Estanislao (son of Lucia Rizal), and Teodosio (another son of
Lucia Rizal); and Mr. And Mrs. Sunico.

Almost all Dapitan folks, young and old, were at the shore to
see the departure of their beloved doctor. The pupils of Rizal
cried, for they could not accompany their dear teacher.
Captain Carnicero, in full regalia of a commandant’s uniform,
was on hand to say goodbye to his prisoner, whom he had
come to admire and respect. The town brass band played
the music of the farewell ceremony.

At midnight, Friday, July 31, 1896, the steamer departed for

Manila. The Dapitan folks shouted "Adios, Dr. Rizal!" and
threw their hats and handkerchiefs in the air. Captain
Carnicero saluted his departing friend. As the steamer left
the town, the brass band played the sad music of Chopin’s
Farewell March.

Rizal was in the upper deck, with tears in his eyes. He raised
his hand in farewell to the kind and hospitable people of
Dapitan, saying: "Adios, Dapitan!" He gazed at the crowded
shore for the last time. His heart was fille sorrow.

When he could no longer see the dim shoreline, he turned

sadly into his cabin. He wrote in his diary: "I have been in
that district four years, thirteen days, and a few hours."

Review question
1. Describe how Jose Rizal lived his life in
dapitan?
2. Describe Jose Rizal situation in dapitan that
made him fall in love with the young Josephine?
 3. Who decide the deportation of Jose Rizal in
dapitan?
4. How long did it take for Jose Rizal to court
and propose marriage to Josephine?

Lesson 13: Chapter 11

Katipunan before the Revolution

Overview

Revolution is the culmination of politics which cannot be carried out in diplomatic

ways. Some revolution Are violent while others are peaceful. Revolutions all the
same, grow slowly and imperceptibly.

Establishment of the Katipunan

On July 7, 1892, the same date Rizal was exiled to Dapitan, Andres Bonifacio, Valentin
Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano, and a few others, met secretly at
a house on Azcarraga (Claro M. Recto ave.)

Establishment of the Katipunan

They founded an association called Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng

mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK), or Katipunan for short.

Aims of Katipunan

To unite the Filipinos into a solid nation

To win Philippine independence by means of revolution

Recruitment of the katipunan

They first used the triangle method on recruiting members

Later on, since the triangle method was slow, Bonifacio allowed them to recruit as many
members as possible. The First Edition of Kalayaan (the Katipunan newspaper) also
helped a lot in recruiting more members.

Membership of katipunan
There were 3 grades of members:

Katipon – lowest class password; ANAK NG BAYAN

Recruitment of more members will turn him into a Kawal
Kawal – middle class password; GOMBURZA
If elected as an officer, he becomes a Bayani
Bayani – highest class password; RIZAL

Membership

The 2 factions of the Katipunan are Magdalo and Magdiwang.

When the war broke out they made flags different from each other. They also had an
argument that led to the Tejeros Convention.

Women’s Chapter of the Katipunan

They were limited to only the wives, daughters, or relatives of the members of the
Katipunan. They served as the watch during meetings of the Katipunan.

Prominent women were Josefa Rizal: President, Gregoria de Jesus: Vice President,
Marina Dizon: Secretary, Angelica Rizal Lopez: Fiscal.

Josefa Rizal and Gregoria de Jesus Secrecy In order to remain secret, they made
different codes and countersigns

Codes of katipunan

Countersigns: When two members meet on the road, one member will put his right palm
on his chest and the other member will close his hand such that the index finger and
thumb touch each other.

Review question

1. Explain the roles played by heroes in the breaking out of revolution?

2. Who betrayed the katipunan to the authorities?
3. What roles played by women in the katipunan?
4. What is the recruitment process in the membership of the katipunan?

A short discussion of each poem.

Last Poem of Rizal (Mi Ultimo Adios)

To The Philippines

Our Mother Tongue

Memories of My town

Hymn to Labor

Kundiman

A Poem That Has No Title

Song of Maria Clara

To the Philippines Youth

To Josephine

Education Gives Luster to the Motherland

To the Virgin Mary

Sa Aking mga Kabata

LESSON 14; Chapter

12

The katipunan, the Revolution and Jose Rizal

Overview

Jose Rizal believe in revolution as the last recourse of the oppressed

but he disapproved waging the revolution Due to the unreadiness of
the katipunan. Unfortunately the secret of katipunan was prematurely
divulged. Revolution spread, those implicated were either tortured or
executed, some opted for executive clemency, Betraying valuable
information about the secret organization known as katipunan.
The Katipunan was founded on the day Dr. Rizal was exiled Bonifacio sent
Dr. Pio Valenzuela to Dapitan to ask for Dr. Rizal’s opinion about the
Revolution Dr. Pio Valenzuela

Rizal’s answer and the Revolution

Rizal said that a revolution without sufficient arms should not be started
against an armed nation. He suggested that they should find a way so that
the elite of those times will join the Katipunan.

But Dr. Pio Valenzuela reasoned out that it would be difficult to make the
elites join the poor. This was one problem Rizal was not able to find a
solution.

Katipunan led the Revolution

RESCUE ATTEMPTS BY THE KATIPUNAN:

The Katipunan- a secret revolutionary society founded by Bonifacio.

Dr. Pio Valenzuela- secret emissary of the Katipunan to Dapitan.

Persons who plotted to rescue Rizal from the cruiser, Castilla, which was
then anchored at Manila Bay:

Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Other brave Katipuneros

LAST TRIP TO SPAIN:

Cry of Balintawak- the cry that started the Philippine Revolution. (On 23 of
August 1896, Bonifacio and his fellow katipuneros tore their cedulas
(residence certificate) during their revolution: & quote; long live the
Philippines. This was marked as the historic; Cry of Balintawak; which
actually occurred in Pugadlawin. Thus it is also called Sigaw ng
Pugadlawin.
Fr. Mariano Gil- Augustinian parish priest of Tondo.

After the “the Cry of Balintawak”, Rizal receive letters from:

Governor Blanco- wishing him happiness.

Two additional letters from the Minister of War (General Marcelo de

Azcarraga – Philippine-born Spaniard and the Minister of Colonies.)

Isla de Panay- the steamer were Rizal board when he left for Spain.

RIZAL IN SINGAPORE:

Rizal’s fellow-passengers:

Don Pedro Roxas, Periquin

ARREST AND IMPRISONMENT:

Captain A. Alemany- a ship skipper who arrested Rizal.

General Despujol- the man who banished him to Dapitan in 1892 and now
military Commander of Cataluṅa which jurisdiction over Montjuich
Castle.Colon- the steamer were Rizal board when he left Barcelona.

UNSUCCESSFUL RESCUE IN SINGAPORE:

Persons who dispatched frantic telegrams:

Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez

Mr. Fort- an English lawyer in Singapore.

The dispatched frantic telegrams contains that Mr. Fort should rescue Rizal
from the Spanish steamer when it

reached Singapore by a writ of Habeas Corpus.

Habeas Corpus- is a writ , or legal action, through which a prisoner can be
released from unlawful detention ,

that is, detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence.-

BACK TO MANILA:

Filipino Patriots, Deodato Arellano, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Moises Salvador,

Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco

Timoteo Paez, Paciano was arrested and cruelly tortured.

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION:

Two kinds of evidence presented against Rizal, namely:

Documentary – consist of documents submitted as evidence or exhibit.

Testimonial – consist of oral statements submitted as evidence.

The Documentary Evidence consisted of fifteen exhibits as follows:

A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce

A letter of Rizal to his family

A letter from Marcelo H. Del Pilar to Deodato Areliano

A poem entitled Kundiman

A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified person

A Masonic document

A letter signed Dimasalang

A letter of Dimasalang to an unidentified committee

An anonymous and undated letter to the Editor of the Hongkong Telegraph

A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal

A letter of Rizal Segundo

A letter of Marcelo H. Del Pilar to Don Juan A. Tenluz

Transcript of a speech of Pingkian

Transcript of speech of Tik-Tik

A poem by Laong Laan

The testimonial evidence consists of the oral testimonies of:

Martin Constantino 8. Ambrosio Salvador

Aguedo Del Rosario 9. Pedro Serrano Laktaw

Jose Reyes 10. Dr. Pio Valenzuela

Moises Salvador 11. Antonio Salazar

Jose Dizon 12. Francisco Quison

Domingo Franco 13. Timoteo Paez

Deodato Arellano

Colonel Olive- transmitted the records of the case.

Governor Ramon Blanco- who, in turn, appointed Captain Rafael

Dominguez as the Judge Advocate to institute

the corresponding action against Rizal.

Don Nicolas de la Pena- Judge Advocate General, whom General Blanco

transmitted the papers for an opinion.

After studying the papers, Pena submitted the following

recommendations:
The accused be immediately brought to trial.

He should be kept in prison.

An order of attachment be issued against his properties to the amount of

one million pesos as indemnity.

He should be defended in court by an army officer, not by a civilian lawyer.

RIZAL CHOOSES HIS DEFENDER

Don Luis Taviel de Andrade - 1 st Lieutenant of the Artillery, brother

of Jose Taviel de Andrade, the bodyguard of Rizal.

CHARGES READ TO RIZAL

December 11, the charges were read to Rizal in the presence of his
counsel to questions asked, Rizal replied:

He did not question the jurisdiction of the court.

He had nothing to amend, except that since his deportation to Dapitan in

1892 he had not engaged in politics.

He did not admit the charges preferred against him.

He did not admit the declarations of the witness against him.

RIZAL MANIFESTO TO HIS PEOPLE:

RIZAL SADDEST CHRISTMAS:

He wrote a letter to Lt. Taviel de Andrade

THE TRIAL OF RIZAL:

December 26, 1896- the court martial of Rizal. Cuartel de Espana- military
building.

Seven Members of the Military Court:

Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona (president)

Capt. Ricardo Munoz Arias

Capt. Manuel Reguera

Capt. Santiago Izquierdo Osorio

Capt. Braulio Rodriguez Nunez

Capt. Manuel Diaz Escribano

Capt. Fernando Perez Rodriguez

Also present in the courtroom were:

Dr. Jose Rizal (the accused)

Lt. Taviel de Andrade (his defense council)

Capt. Rafael Dominguez (Judge Advocate)

Lt. Enrique de Alcocer (prosecuting Attorney)

The Spectators

-Josephine Bracken

-a sister of Rizal

-some newspapermen
- Many Spaniards

Prosecuting Attorney Alcocer arose and delivered a long and bitter speech
summarizing the charges against Rizal and urged the court to give the
verdict of death to the accused. The Spanish spectators applauded noisily
Alcocer’s petition for the sentence of death.

Rizal was accused of three crimes:

Rebellion, Sedition and illegal Association

Penalty: Rebellion and Sedition- was from life imprisonment to death.

Illegal Association- was correctional imprisonment and a fine of 325 to

3,250 pesetas.

In his supplementary defense he further proved his innocence by twelve

points:

He could not be guilty of rebellion, for he advised Dr. Pio Valenzuela in

Dapitan not to rise in revolution.

He did not correspond with the radical, revolutionary elements.

The revolutionists used his name without his knowledge. If he were guilty
he could have escaped in Singapore.

If he had a hand in the revolution, he could have escaped in a Moro vinta

and would not have built a home, a hospital, and bought lands in Dapitan.

If he were the chief of the revolution, why was he not consulted by the
revolutionists?

It was true he wrote the by-laws of the Liga-Filipina, but this is only a civic
association – not a revolutionary society.
The Liga Filipina did not live long, for after the first meeting he was
banished to Dapitan and it died out.

If the Liga was reorganized nine months later, he did not know about it.

The Liga did not serve the purpose of the revolutionists, otherwise they
would not have supplanted it with the Katipunan.

If it were true that there were some bitter comments in Rizal’s letters, it was
because they were written in 1890when his family was being persecuted,
being dispossesssed of houses, warehouses, lands, etc… signsand his
brother and brother-in-law were deported.

His life in Dapitan had been exemplary as the politico-military commanders

and missionary priests could attest.

It was not true that the revolution was inspired by his one speech at the
house of Doroteo Ongjunco, as alleged by witnesses whom he would like
to confront. His friends knew his opposition to armed rebellion. Why did the
Katipunan send an emissary to Dapitan who was unknown to him?
Because those who knew him were aware that he would never sanction
any violent movement.

Lt. Col. Togores Arjona – considered the trial over and ordered the hall
cleared.

Governor General POLAVIEJA SIGNS RIZAL’S EXECUTION

December 30 – the execution of Rizal at Bagumbayan Field (Luneta).

Review question

1. What is a court martial? Was there due process in the trial of

Jose Rizal case?
2. What are the criminal charges against Jose Rizal?
3. Explain what was the decision of court martial against Jose
Rizal?
What is the reasons why Jose Rizal was arrested and imprison?

Chapter 13
Jose Rizal’s Quotation, ideas, ideals

Overview

This chapter consist of the sayings, phrases and

quotation that serves as the legacy of our national hero
to the entire Filipino race. This serves also as a
reminders to all Filipinos that we should not forget our
past In order to know the future and direction of our
country.

Rizal's Retraction: Introduction

This section presents contrasting views on the retraction by

biographers of Rizal. The team deemed it proper to present
the views in the exact words of the scholars so as to avoid
misinterpretations.

Read on and judge for yourself whether Rizal retracted or

not.

Analysis Rizal's Retraction

At least four texts of Rizal’s retraction have surfaced. The

fourth text appeared in El Imparcial on the day after Rizal’s
execution; it is the short formula of the retraction.

The first text was published in La Voz Española and Diaro de

Manila on the very day of Rizal’s execution, Dec. 30, 1896.
The second text appeared in Barcelona, Spain, on February
14, 1897, in the fortnightly magazine in La Juventud; it came
from an anonymous writer who revealed himself fourteen
years later as Fr. Balaguer. The "original" text was
discovered in the archdiocesan archives on May 18, 1935,
after it disappeared for thirty-nine years from the afternoon of
the day when Rizal was shot.

We know not that reproductions of the lost original had been

made by a copyist who could imitate Rizal’s handwriting.
This fact is revealed by Fr. Balaguer himself who, in his letter
to his former superior Fr. Pio Pi in 1910, said that he had
received "an exact copy of the retraction written and signed
by Rizal. The handwriting of this copy I don’t know nor do I
remember whose it is. . ." He proceeded: "I even suspect
that it might have been written by Rizal himself. I am sending
it to you that you may . . . verify whether it might be of Rizal
himself . . . ." Fr. Pi was not able to verify it in his sworn
statement.

This "exact" copy had been received by Fr. Balaguer in the

evening immediately preceding Rizal’s execution, Rizal y su
Obra, and was followed by Sr. W. Retana in his biography of
Rizal, Vida y Escritos Del Jose Rizal with the addition of the
names of the witnesses taken from the texts of the retraction
in the Manila newspapers. Fr. Pi’s copy of Rizal’s retraction
has the same text as that of Fr. Balaguer’s "exact" copy but
follows the paragraphing of the texts of Rizal’s retraction in
the Manila newspapers.

Regarding the "original" text, no one claimed to have seen it,

except the publishers of La Voz Espanola. That newspaper
reported: "Still more; we have seen and read his (Rizal’s)
own hand-written retraction which he sent to our dear and
venerable Archbishop…" On the other hand, Manila
pharmacist F. Stahl wrote in a letter: "besides, nobody has
seen this written declaration, in spite of the fact that quite a
number of people would want

to see it.”For example, not only Rizal’s family but also the
correspondents in Manila of the newspapers in
Madrid, Don Manuel Alhama of El Imparcial and Sr. Santiago
Mataix of El Heraldo, were not able to see the hand-written
retraction.

Neither Fr. Pi nor His Grace the Archbishop ascertained

whether Rizal himself was the one who wrote and signed the
retraction. (Ascertaining the document was necessary
because it was possible for one who could imitate Rizal’s
handwriting aforesaid holograph; and keeping a copy of the
same for our archives, I myself delivered it personally that
the same morning to His Grace Archbishop… His Grace
testified: At once the undersigned entrusted this holograph to
Rev. Thomas Gonzales Feijoo, secretary of the Chancery."
After that, the documents could not be seen by those who
wanted to examine it and was finally considered lost after
efforts to look for it proved futile.

On May 18, 1935, the lost "original" document of Rizal’s

retraction was discovered by the archdiocesan archivist Fr.
Manuel Garcia, C.M. The discovery, instead of ending doubts
about Rizal’s retraction, has in fact encouraged it because
the newly discovered text retraction differs significantly from
the text found in the Jesuits’ and the Archbishop’s copies.
And, the fact that the texts of the retraction which appeared
in the Manila newspapers could be shown to be the exact
copies of the "original" but only imitations of it. This means
that the friars who controlled the press in Manila (for
example, La Voz Española) had the "original" while the
Jesuits had only the imitations.

We now proceed to show the significant differences between

the "original" and the Manila newspapers texts of the
retraction on the one hand and the text s of the copies of Fr.
Balaguer and F5r. Pio Pi on the other hand.
First, instead of the words "mi cualidad" (with "u") which
appear in the original and the newspaper texts, the Jesuits’
copies have "mi calidad" (with "u").

Second, the Jesuits’ copies of the retraction omit the word

"Catolica" after the first "Iglesias" which are found in the
original and the newspaper texts.

Third, the Jesuits’ copies of the retraction add before the

third "Iglesias" the word "misma" which is not found in the
original and the newspaper texts of the retraction.

Fourth, with regards to paragraphing which immediately

strikes the eye of the critical reader, Fr. Balaguer’s text does
not begin the second paragraph until the fifth sentences
while the original and the newspaper copies start the second
paragraph immediately with the second sentences.

Fifth, whereas the texts of the retraction in the original and in

the manila newspapers have only four commas, the text of
Fr. Balaguer’s copy has eleven commas.

Sixth, the most important of all, Fr. Balaguer’s copy did not
have the names of the witnesses from the texts of the
newspapers in Manila.

In his notarized testimony twenty years later, Fr. Balaguer

finally named the witnesses.

He said "This . . . retraction was signed together with Dr.

Rizal by Señor Fresno, Chief of the Picket, and Señor
Moure, Adjutant of the Plaza." However, the proceeding
quotation only proves itself to be an addition to the original.
Moreover, in his letter to Fr. Pi in 1910, Fr. Balaguer said that
he had the "exact" copy of the retraction, which was signed
by Rizal, but he made no mention of the witnesses. In his
accounts too, no witnesses signed the retraction.

How did Fr. Balaguer obtain his copy of Rizal’s retraction? Fr.
Balaguer never alluded to having himself made a copy of the
retraction although he claimed that the Archbishop prepared
a long formula of the retraction and Fr. Pi a short formula. In
Fr. Balaguer’s earliest account, it is not yet clear whether Fr.
Balaguer was using the long formula of nor no formula in
dictating to Rizal what to write. According to Fr. Pi, in his own
account of Rizal’s conversion in 1909, Fr. Balaguer dictated
from Fr. Pi’s short formula previously approved by the
Archbishop. In his letter to Fr. Pi in 1910, Fr. Balaguer
admitted that he dictated to Rizal the short formula prepared
by Fr. Pi; however; he contradicts himself when he revealed
that the "exact" copy came from the Archbishop. The only
copy, which Fr. Balaguer wrote, is the one that appeared ion
his earliest account of Rizal’s retraction.

Where did Fr. Balaguer’s "exact" copy come from? We do

not need long arguments to answer this question, because
Fr. Balaguer himself has unwittingly answered this question.
He said in his letter to Fr. Pi in 1910:

"…I preserved in my keeping and am sending to you the

original texts of the two formulas of retraction, which they
(You) gave me; that from you and that of the Archbishop, and
the first with the changes which they (that is, you) made; and
the other the exact copy of the retraction written and signed
by Rizal. The handwriting of this copy I don’t know nor do I
remember whose it is, and I even suspect that it might have
been written by Rizal himself."
In his own word quoted above, Fr. Balaguer said that he
received two original texts of the retraction. The first, which
came from Fr. Pi, contained "the changes which you (Fr. Pi)
made"; the other, which is "that of the Archbishop" was "the
exact copy of the retraction written and signed by Rizal"
(underscoring supplied). Fr. Balaguer said that the "exact
copy" was "written and signed by Rizal" but he did not say
"written and signed by Rizal and himself" (the absence of the
reflexive pronoun "himself" could mean that another
person-the copyist-did not). He only "suspected" that "Rizal
himself" much as Fr. Balaguer did "not know nor
...remember" whose handwriting it was.

Thus, according to Fr. Balaguer, the "exact copy" came from

the Archbishop! He called it "exact" because, not having
seen the original himself, he was made to believe that it was
the one that faithfully reproduced the original in comparison
to that of Fr. Pi in which "changes" (that is, where deviated
from the "exact" copy) had been made. Actually, the
difference between that of the Archbishop (the "exact" copy)
and that of Fr. Pi (with "changes") is that the latter was
"shorter" because it omitted certain phrases found in the
former so that, as

Fr. Pi had fervently hoped, Rizal would sign it.

According to Fr. Pi, Rizal rejected the long formula so that Fr.
Balaguer had to dictate from the short formula of Fr. Pi.
Allegedly, Rizal wrote down what was dictated to him but he
insisted on adding the phrases "in which I was born and
educated" and "[Masonary]" as the enemy that is of the
Church" – the first of which Rizal would have regarded as
unnecessary and the second as downright contrary to his
spirit. However, what actually would have happened, if we
are to believe the fictitious account, was that Rizal’s addition
of the phrases was the retoration of the phrases found in the
original which had been omitted in Fr. Pi’s short formula.
The "exact" copy was shown to the military men guarding in
Fort Santiago to convince them that Rizal had retracted.
Someone read it aloud in the hearing of Capt. Dominguez,
who claimed in his "Notes’ that Rizal read aloud his
retraction. However, his copy of the retraction proved him
wrong because its text (with "u") and omits the word
"Catolica" as in Fr. Balaguer’s copy but which are not the
case in the original. Capt. Dominguez never claimed to have
seen the retraction: he only "heard".

The truth is that, almost two years before his execution, Rizal
had written a retraction in Dapitan. Very early in 1895,
Josephine Bracken came to Dapitan with her adopted father
who wanted to be cured of his blindness by Dr. Rizal; their
guide was Manuela Orlac, who was agent and a mistress of
a friar. Rizal fell in love with Josephine and wanted to marry
her canonically but he was required to sign a profession of
faith and to write retraction, which had to be approved by the
Bishop of Cebu. "Spanish law had established civil marriage
in

the Philippines," Prof. Craig wrote, but the local government

had not provided any way for people to avail themselves of
the right..."

In order to marry Josephine, Rizal wrote with the help of a

priest a form of retraction to be approved by the Bishop of
Cebu. This incident was revealed by Fr. Antonio Obach to
his friend Prof. Austin Craig who wrote down in 1912 what
the priest had told him; "The document (the retraction),
enclosed with the priest’s letter, was ready for the mail when
Rizal came hurrying I to reclaim it." Rizal realized (perhaps,
rather late) that he had written and given to a priest what the
friars had been trying by all means to get from him.

Neither the Archbishop nor Fr. Pi saw the original document

of retraction. What they was saw a copy done by one who
could imitate Rizal’s handwriting while the original (almost
eaten by termites) was kept by some friars. Both the
Archbishop and Fr. Pi acted innocently because they did not
distinguish between the genuine and the imitation of Rizal’s
handwriting.

Rizal's Famous Quotations

"Ang hindi magmahal sa sariling wika, daig pa ang hayop at

malansang isda."

"He who does not love his own language is worse than an
animal and smelly fish."

"It is a useless life that is not consecrated to a great ideal. It

is like a stone wasted on the field without becoming a part of
any edifice."

"While a people preserves its language; it preserves the

marks of liberty."

"There can be no tyrants where there are no slaves."

"Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinangalingan ay hindi

makakarating sa paroroonan."

"He who does not know how to look back at where he came
from will never get to his destination."

"The youth is the hope of our future."