SECR 2213

NETWORK
COMMUNICATIONS
CHAPTER 1
COMPUTER NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET

- DR. IZNI HUSNA IDRIS -

 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
What is the Internet? : A “nuts and bolts” view
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core
▪ Billions of connected computing devices:
• Performance
• Protocol Layers • Hosts = end systems
• Security
• History • running network apps at Internet’s “edge”
Application Layer

Transport Layer
▪ Packet switches: forward packets
Data Plane & (chunks of data)
Control Plane: The
Network Layer • routers, switches
The Link Layer and
LANs ▪ Communication links
Wireless and Mobile
Networks • fiber, copper, radio, satellite
• transmission rate: bandwidth
▪ Networks
• collection of devices, routers, links: managed by
an organization
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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
What is the Internet? : A “nuts and bolts” view
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core
▪ Internet: “network of networks”
• Performance
• Protocol Layers • Interconnected ISPs
• Security
• History
▪ Protocols are everywhere
Application Layer

Transport Layer
• control sending, receiving of message
Data Plane & • e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming video, Skype, TCP,
Control Plane: The
Network Layer IP, WiFi, 4G, Ethernet
The Link Layer and
LANs ▪ Internet standards
Wireless and Mobile
Networks • RFC: Request for Comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force

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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
What is the Internet? : A “services” view
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core
▪ Infrastructure that provides services to
• Performance
• Protocol Layers applications:
• Security
• History • Web, streaming video, multimedia
Application Layer teleconferencing, email, games, e-commerce,
Transport Layer
social media, inter-connected appliances, …
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
Network Layer ▪ Provides programming interface to
The Link Layer and
LANs
distributed applications:
Wireless and Mobile • “hooks” allowing sending/receiving apps to
Networks
“connect” to, use Internet transport service
• provides service options, analogous to postal
service

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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
What’s a protocol?
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core
▪ Human protocols: ▪ Network protocols:
• Performance
• Protocol Layers • “what’s the time?” • computers (devices) rather than
• Security
• History • “I have a question” humans
Application Layer
• introductions • all communication activity in Internet
Transport Layer
governed by protocols
Data Plane & ▪ Rules for:
Control Plane: The
Network Layer • … specific messages sent
The Link Layer and
LANs • … specific actions taken when Protocols define the format, order
Wireless and Mobile
Networks
message received, or other events of messages sent and received
among network entities, and
actions taken on message
transmission, receipt

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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
What’s a protocol?
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core
▪ A human protocol and a computer network protocol:
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History

Application Layer

Transport Layer

Data Plane &

Control Plane: The
Network Layer

The Link Layer and

LANs

Wireless and Mobile

Networks

time

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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
A closer look at Internet structure
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core
▪ Network edge:
• Performance
• Protocol Layers • Hosts: clients and servers
• Security
• History • Servers often in data centers
Application Layer

Transport Layer

Data Plane &

Control Plane: The
Network Layer

The Link Layer and

LANs

Wireless and Mobile

Networks

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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
A closer look at Internet structure
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core
▪ Network edge:
• Performance
• Protocol Layers • Hosts: clients and servers
• Security
• History • Servers often in data centers
Application Layer

Transport Layer
▪ Access networks, physical media:
Data Plane & • Wired, wireless communication links
Control Plane: The
Network Layer

The Link Layer and

LANs

Wireless and Mobile

Networks

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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
A closer look at Internet structure
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core
▪ Network edge:
• Performance
• Protocol Layers • Hosts: clients and servers
• Security
• History • Servers often in data centers
Application Layer

Transport Layer
▪ Access networks, physical media:
Data Plane & • Wired, wireless communication links
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
▪ Network core:
The Link Layer and
LANs • Interconnected routers
Wireless and Mobile
Networks • Network of networks

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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
Access networks and physical media
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core
Question:
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
How to connect end systems to edge router?
• History

Application Layer
▪ Residential access network
Transport Layer ▪ Institutional access networks (school,
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The company)
Network Layer

The Link Layer and ▪ Mobile access networks (Wi-Fi, 4G/5G)

LANs

Wireless and Mobile

Networks

What to look for?

▪ Transmission rate of access network
▪ Shared or dedicated access among user

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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
Access networks: Cable-based access
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core
Frequency Division
Multiplexing (FDM)
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security

• Different channels
• History

Application Layer

Transport Layer transmitted in different

Data Plane &
Control Plane: The frequency bands
Network Layer

The Link Layer and

LANs

Wireless and Mobile

Networks C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
Access networks: Cable-based access
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
HFC: hybrid fiber coax
• Network Core
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Asymmetric: up to 40
Mbps – 1.2 Gbps
• Security
• History

Application Layer
downstream
Transport Layer

Data Plane &

transmission rate, 30-
100 Mbps upstream
Control Plane: The
Network Layer

The Link Layer and

LANs transmission rate
Wireless and Mobile
Networks Network of cable, fiber
attaches homes to ISP
router
• Homes share access
network to cable
headend 31
 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
Access networks: Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
▪ Use existing telephone line
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core
• Performance
• Protocol Layers to central office DSLAM
• Security
• History
▪ Data over DSL phone line
Application Layer
goes to Internet
Transport Layer

Data Plane &

▪ Voice over DSL phone line
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
goes to telephone network
The Link Layer and
LANs
▪ 24-52 Mbps dedicated
Wireless and Mobile
Networks
downstream transmission
rate
▪ 3.5-16 Mbps dedicated
upstream transmission
rate
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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
Access networks: Home networks
▪ Use existing telephone line
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core
• Performance
• Protocol Layers to central office DSLAM
• Security
• History
▪ Data over DSL phone line
Application Layer
goes to Internet
Transport Layer

Data Plane &

▪ Voice over DSL phone line
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
goes to telephone network
The Link Layer and
LANs
▪ 24-52 Mbps dedicated
Wireless and Mobile
Networks
downstream transmission
to/from headend rate
or central office
▪ 3.5-16 Mbps dedicated
cable or
DSL modem upstream transmission
router, firewall,
NAT rate
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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
Wireless access network
Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core

▪ via base station aka “access point”

• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History

Wireless local area networks (WLANs)

Application Layer

Transport Layer

Data Plane &

Control Plane: The
▪ typically within or around building
Network Layer

The Link Layer and

(~100 ft)
LANs

Wireless and Mobile

▪ 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450
Networks
Mbps transmission rate

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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
Wireless access network
Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core

▪ via base station aka “access point”

• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History

Wide-area cellular access networks

Application Layer

Transport Layer

Data Plane &

Control Plane: The
▪ provided by mobile, cellular
Network Layer

The Link Layer and

network operator (10’s km)
LANs

Wireless and Mobile

▪ 10’s Mbps
Networks
▪ 3G/4G/5G cellular networks
(6G coming)

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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
Access networks: Enterprise networks
▪ Companies, universities, etc.
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core

▪ Mix of wired, wireless link

• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History

Application Layer
technologies, connecting a
Transport Layer mix of switches and routers
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
Enterprise link to
ISP (Internet)
(we’ll cover differences
Network Layer institutional router shortly)
The Link Layer and
LANs Ethernet institutional mail, ▪ Ethernet: wired access at
switch web servers
Wireless and Mobile
Networks 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
▪ WiFi: wireless access points at
11, 54, 450 Mbps

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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
Access networks: Data center networks
▪ High-bandwidth links (10s
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core
• Performance
• Protocol Layers to 100s Gbps) connect
• Security
• History
hundreds to thousands of
servers together, and to
Application Layer

Transport Layer

Data Plane & Internet

Control Plane: The
Network Layer

The Link Layer and

LANs

Wireless and Mobile

Networks

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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
Host: Sends packets of data
Host sending function:
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core two packets,
▪ Takes application message
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security L bits each
• History

Application Layer
▪ Breaks into smaller chunks,
Transport Layer known as packets, of length L bits
2 1
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
▪ Transmits packet into access
The Link Layer and network at transmission rate R
LANs host
Wireless and Mobile ▪ Link transmission rate, aka link R: link transmission rate
Networks
capacity, aka link bandwidth

L (bits)
Packet transmission delay = time needed to transmit L-bit packet into link =
R (bits/sec)
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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
Links: Physical Media
▪ Bit: propagates between transmitter/receiver pairs
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core

▪ Physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver

• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History

Application Layer
▪ Guided media:
Transport Layer ▪ Signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
▪ Unguided media:
The Link Layer and
LANs
▪ Signals propagate freely, e.g., radio
Wireless and Mobile
Networks

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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
Links: Physical Media
Twisted pair (TP) Coaxial Cable Fiber Optic Cable
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core

▪ Two insulated ▪ Two concentric ▪ Glass fiber carrying

• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History

Application Layer
copper wires copper conductors light pulses, each pulse
Transport Layer ▪ Category 5: ▪ Bidirectional a bit
100 Mbps, 1 Gbps ▪ High-speed operation
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
Network Layer Ethernet
▪ Broadband:
▪ Multiple frequency ▪ High-speed point-to-
The Link Layer and
▪ Category 6:
LANs
channels on cable point transmission
10 Gbps Ethernet
Wireless and Mobile
Networks
▪ 100’s Mbps per (10’s-100’s Gbps)
channel ▪ Low error rate
▪ Repeaters spaced far
apart
▪ Immune to
electromagnetic noise
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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
Links: Physical Media
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge Wireless radio Radio link types:
• Network Core
• Performance
• Protocol Layers ▪ Signal carried in various “bands” ▪ Wireless LAN (WiFi)
• Security
• History
in electromagnetic spectrum • 10-100’s Mbps; 10’s of meters
Application Layer

Transport Layer ▪ No physical “wire” ▪ Wide-area (e.g., 4G cellular)

Data Plane &
• 10’s Mbps over ~10 Km
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
▪ Broadcast, “half-duplex” (sender ▪ Bluetooth: cable replacement
The Link Layer and to receiver) • Short distances, limited rates
LANs

Wireless and Mobile ▪ Propagation environment ▪ Terrestrial microwave

Networks
effects: • Point-to-point; 45 Mbps channels
• Reflection ▪ Satellite
• Obstruction by objects • up to 45 Mbps per channel
• Interference/noise • 270 msec end-end delay

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 Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
Tutorials (1)
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core
1. What is the difference between a “host” and an “end
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
system”? List the different types of end systems. Is a Web
• History

Application Layer
server an end system?
Transport Layer
2. List two examples of guided and unguided media that can
be used for physical communication in Ethernet
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
Network Layer

The Link Layer and

LANs
technology?
Wireless and Mobile
Networks 3. List three different access technologies. Classify each one
as residential access, company/institutional access, or
mobile access.

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 Thank you.
See you in
next class!
Slide and Tutorial will be
upload in the e-learning.

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