Structure

Structure is a user-defined datatype in C language which allows us to

combine data of different types together. Structure helps to construct a
complex data type which is more meaningful. It is somewhat similar to
an Array, but an array holds data of similar type only. But structure on the
other hand, can store data of any type, which is practical more useful.

For example: If I have to write a program to store Student information,

which will have Student's name, age, branch, permanent address, father's
name etc, which included string values, integer values etc, how can I use
arrays for this problem, I will require something which can hold data of
different types together.

In structure, data is stored in form of records.

Defining a structure
struct keyword is used to define a structure. struct defines a new data type
which is a collection of primary and derived data types.

Syntax:

struct [structure_tag]
{
//member variable 1
//member variable 2
//member variable 3
...
}[structure_variables];
As you can see in the syntax above, we start with the struct keyword, then
it's optional to provide your structure a name, we suggest you to give it a
name, then inside the curly braces, we have to mention all the member
variables, which are nothing but normal C language variables of different
types like int, float, array etc.
After the closing curly brace, we can specify one or more structure variables,
again this is optional.

Note: The closing curly brace in the structure type declaration must be

followed by a semicolon(;).
Example of Structure

struct Student

char name[25];

int age;

char branch[10];

// F for female and M for male

char gender;

};

Here struct Student declares a structure to hold the details of a student which

consists of 4 data fields, namely name, age, branch and gender. These fields are
called structure elements or members.

Each member can have different datatype, like in this case, name is an array
of char type and age is of int type etc. Student is the name of the structure
and is called as the structure tag.
Declaring Structure Variables

It is possible to declare variables of a structure, either along with structure

definition or after the structure is defined. Structure variable declaration is
similar to the declaration of any normal variable of any other datatype.
Structure variables can be declared in following two ways:

1) Declaring Structure variables separately

struct Student

char name[25];

int age;

char branch[10];

char gender;

};

struct Student S1, S2; //declaring variables of struct Student

2) Declaring Structure variables with structure definition

struct Student

{
 char name[25];

int age;

char branch[10];

//F for female and M for male

char gender;

}S1, S2;

Here S1 and S2 are variables of structure Student. However this approach is

not much recommended.

Accessing Structure Members

Structure members can be accessed and assigned values in a number of

ways. Structure members have no meaning individually without the
structure. In order to assign a value to any structure member, the member
name must be linked with the structure variable using a dot . operator also
called period or member access operator.

For example:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
struct Student
{
char name[25];
int age;
char branch[10];
//F for female and M for male
char gender;
};
int main()
{
struct Student s1;
/*
s1 is a variable of Student type and
age is a member of Student
*/
s1.age = 18;
/*
using string function to add name
*/
strcpy(s1.name, "Viraaj");
/*
displaying the stored values
*/
printf("Name of Student 1: %s\n", s1.name);
printf("Age of Student 1: %d\n", s1.age);
return 0;
}

Name of Student 1: Viraaj

Age of Student 1: 18

We can also use scanf() to give values to structure members through

terminal.

scanf(" %s ", s1.name);

scanf(" %d ", &s1.age);

Structure Initialization

Like a variable of any other datatype, structure variable can also be

initialized at compile time.

struct Patient
{
float height;
int weight;
int age;
};

struct Patient p1 = { 180.75 , 73, 23 }; //initialization

or,
struct Patient p1;
p1.height = 180.75; //initialization of each member separately
p1.weight = 73;
p1.age = 23;

Array of Structure
We can also declare an array of structure variables. in which each element
of the array will represent a structure variable. Example : struct employee
emp[5];

The below program defines an array emp of size 5. Each element of the

array emp is of type Employee.

#include<stdio.h>
struct Employee
{
char ename[10];
int sal;
};
struct Employee emp[5];
int i, j;
void ask()
{
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("\nEnter %dst Employee record:\n", i+1);
printf("\nEmployee name:\t");
scanf("%s", emp[i].ename);
 printf("\nEnter Salary:\t");
scanf("%d", &emp[i].sal);
}
printf("\nDisplaying Employee record:\n");
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("\nEmployee name is %s", emp[i].ename);
printf("\nSlary is %d", emp[i].sal);
}
}
void main()
{
ask();
}

Nested Structures

Nesting of structures, is also permitted in C language. Nested structures

means, that one structure has another stucture as member variable.

Example:

struct Student
{
char[30] name;
int age;
struct Address
{
char[50] locality;
char[50] city;
int pincode;
}addr;
};
Structure as Function Arguments

We can pass a structure as a function argument just like we pass any other
variable or an array as a function argument.

Example:

#include<stdio.h>
struct Student
{
char name[10];
int roll;
};
void show(struct Student st);
void main()
{
struct Student std;
printf("\nEnter Student record:\n");
printf("\nStudent name:\t");
scanf("%s", std.name);
printf("\nEnter Student rollno.:\t");
scanf("%d", &std.roll);
show(std);
}
void show(struct Student st)
{
printf("\nstudent name is %s", st.name);
printf("\nroll is %d", st.roll);
}
typedef in C
typedef is a keyword used in C language to assign alternative names to
existing datatypes. Its mostly used with user defined datatypes, when names
of the datatypes become slightly complicated to use in programs. Following
is the general syntax for using typedef,

typedef <existing_name> <alias_name>

Lets take an example and see how typedef actually works.

typedef unsigned long ulong;

The above statement define a term ulong for an unsigned long datatype. Now

this ulong identifier can be used to define unsigned long type variables.

ulong i, j;

Application of typedef

typedef can be used to give a name to user defined data type as well. Lets
see its use with structures.

typedef struct
{
type member1;
type member2;
type member3;
} type_name;
Here type_name represents the stucture definition associated with it. Now
this type_name can be used to declare a variable of this stucture type.
type_name t1, t2;

Structure definition using typedef

Let's take a simple code example to understand how we can define a

structure in C using typedef keyword.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
typedef struct employee
{
char name[50];
int salary;
}emp;
void main( )
{
emp e1;
printf("\nEnter Employee record:\n");
printf("\nEmployee name:\t");
scanf("%s", e1.name);
printf("\nEnter Employee salary: \t");
scanf("%d", &e1.salary);
printf("\nstudent name is %s", e1.name);
printf("\nroll is %d", e1.salary);
}

typedef and Pointers

typedef can be used to give an alias name to pointers also. Here we have a

case in which use of typedef is beneficial during pointer declaration.

In Pointers * binds to the right and not on the left.

int* x, y;

By this declaration statement, we are actually declaring x as a pointer of

type int, whereas y will be declared as a plain int variable.

typedef int* IntPtr;

IntPtr x, y, z;

But if we use typedef like we have used in the example above, we can declare

any number of pointers in a single statement.