Ecw567 Wastewater

ECW 567 – Water & Wastwater Engineering
Topic:
Coagulation & Flocculation
Week 3
Water Treatment
At the end of this lesson, students should be able
to:
1. Apply engineering principles in the analysis of

treatment systems for water supply .
(CO1-PO3)
2. Discuss issues related on the water treatment

system and its impact to environment, economic
and social (CO2-PO7)
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Engineered Water Systems
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Group discussion
• Do we need ACTIVATED SLUDGE in
WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM?
*** Group discussion for 5 mins.
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Typical surface water treatment process
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Surface water treatment process
Primary objectives are to
1. Remove suspended material (turbidity) and color
2. Eliminate pathogenic organisms
Treatment technologies largely based on coagulation and

flocculation
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Coagulation Process
Surface waters must be treated to remove turbidity, colour,
and bacteria. The object of coagulation (and subsequently
flocculation) is to turn the small particles of colour, turbidity
and bacteria into larger flocs, either as precipitates or
suspended particles.
Coagulation applies to the removal of colloidal particles.

However, the term has been applied more loosely to the
removal of dissolved ions.
Coagulation is the method to alter the colloids so that they will

be able to approach and adhere to each other to form larger
floc particles
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Coagulation Process
Positive ion is added to the water to reduce the surface charge
to the point where the colloids are not repelled from each
other
Colloidal particles
(0.001 - 1 m)
floc
(1 - 100 m)
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Coagulants
▪ Trivalent cation. Colloids are commonly negatively
charged and hence a cation is required to neutralize
▪ Non-toxic and relatively inexpensive
▪ Insoluble in neutral pH range - do not want high
concentrations of metals left in treated water
The 2 most commonly used coagulants are

▪ aluminum (Al3+) Alum [Al2(SO4)3.14H2O]
▪ ferric iron (Fe3+) Ferric sulfate: [FeSO4.xH2O] or Ferric
chloride: [FeCl3xH2O]
Refer to pages 274 – 277 Davis & Cornwell, on how these

coagulants work
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Refer to Example 6-1 Davis and Cornwell, on evaluating
coagulation efficiency using the jar test.
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Mixing and Flocculation
For the coagulant to work, the chemical must be mixed with
water. Rapid mixing is the process where the chemicals are
quickly and uniformly dispersed in the water.
During coagulation the chemical reactions that take place in

rapid mixing form precipitates. The precipitates formed must
be brought into contact with one another so that they can
agglomerate and form larger particles called flocs. This is
called flocculation. It is accomplished by slow, gentle mixing.
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Velocity Gradient
The degree of mixing is measured by the velocity gradient, G.
It is the amount of shear taking place: i.e. the higher the G
value, the more violent the mixing. It is a function of the power
input into a unit volume of water. It is given by:
P
G=

Where G = velocity gradient, s-1
P = power input, W
 = volume of water in mixing tank, m3
 = dynamic viscosity, Pa.s
The total number of particle collisions is proportional to Gt,

where t is the detention time
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Rapid Mixing
Coagulant dose efficiency depends on rapid mixing. In
coagulation, the chemical reaction is completed in less than
0.1 s.
Rapid mixing is accomplished:

▪ Within a tank using a vertical shaft mixer (Figure 6-20)
▪ Within a pipe using an in-line blender (Figure 6-21)
▪ In a pipe using a static mixer (Figure 6-22)
▪ Others – Parshall flumes, hydraulic jumps, baffled
channels, air mixing etc.
▪ Detention time 2 – 5 minutes
Refer to page 301 for details on G values for rapid mixing
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Quiz
1. Coagulation and flocculation are significant
processes in the water treatment plant.
DIFFERENTIATE THE MECHANIMS INVOLVE IN
THESE PROCESSS USING RELEVANT SKETCH.
2. How does process above could improve the

TURBIDITY AND COLOR OF RAW WATER?
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Figure 6-20 Rapid mix tank
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Figure 6-21 Typical in-line blender
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6-22 Static mixer: A succession of reversing, flow twisting,
and flow-splitting elements provides positive dispersion
proportional to number of elements
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Rapid Mix Tanks
▪ Volume usually less than 8 m3.
▪ Mixing equipment consist of an electric motor, gear-type
speed reducer and impellers (radial-flow or axial-flow)
▪ Horizontally baffled into at least 2 compartments to
provide sufficient residence time
▪ Vertically baffled to prevent vortexing
▪ Table 6-9 gives tank and impeller geometries for mixing
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Fig 6-24 Basic flow patterns created by impellers
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Rapid mixing – more examples
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Flocculation
▪ Objective of flocculation is to bring the particles into
contact so that they will collide, stick together, and
grow to a size that will readily settle.
▪ Need to control the velocity gradient, G
▪ Typical detention time is 20 minutes
▪ Table 6-10 gives recommended values for G and Gto
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▪ Flocculation is usually accomplished with an axial-
flow impeller, a paddle flocculator, or baffled
chamber.
▪ Axial-flow impellers are recommended over other
types.
▪ Flocculator basins should be divided into at least 3
compartments.
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Figure 6-25 Paddle flocculator
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Figure 6-25 Baffled chamber flocculator
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Power requirements
For rapid mixing and flocculation tanks, the power imparted
to the liquid in a baffled tank by an impeller may be
described by the following:
P = N p n 3Di 5  (6 − 23)
Where P = power, W
Np = impeller constant (also called power number)
N = rotational speed, revolutions/s
Di = impeller diameter, m
 = density of liquid, kg/m3
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The power imparted by a paddle mixer (Fig 6-25) is a
function of the drag force on the paddles
CD A  v p
3
P= (6.24)
2
Where P = power, W
CD =coefficient of drag of paddle
 = density of liquid, kg/m3
A = cross-sectional area of paddles, m2
vp = relative velocity of paddles with respect to fluid, m/s
(Refer to page 305 for further details)
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Upflow Solids-Contact
Mixing, flocculation, and clarification may be conducted in
a single tank such as that in Figure 6-27. The influent raw
water and chemicals are mixed in the centre cone-like
structure.
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Flocculators
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ECW 567 – Water & Wastwater Engineering

1. Apply engineering principles in the analysis of

2. Discuss issues related on the water treatment

Treatment technologies largely based on coagulation and

Coagulation applies to the removal of colloidal particles.

Coagulation is the method to alter the colloids so that they will

The 2 most commonly used coagulants are

Refer to pages 274 – 277 Davis & Cornwell, on how these

During coagulation the chemical reactions that take place in

The total number of particle collisions is proportional to Gt,

Rapid mixing is accomplished:

Refer to page 301 for details on G values for rapid mixing

2. How does process above could improve the

(Refer to page 305 for further details)

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