"Planning" means the scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources,

facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social
efficiency,health and well-being of urban and rural Communities

SOME Planning Quotes :

"Planning is bringing the future into the present so that you can do something about it now."
Alan Lakein, writer
"If you fail to plan, you are planning to fail!"
"If you succeed to plan, you have a plan for success"
"A plan is a list of actions arranged in whatever sequence is thought likely to achieve an
objective." John Argenti

Urban planning, also known as regional planning, town planning, city planning, or rural
planning, is a technical and political process that is focused on the development and
design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure
passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and
distribution networks and their accessibility. Traditionally, urban planning followed a top-
down approach in master planning the physical layout of human settlements.
Urban planning encompasses the preparation of plans for and the regulation and
management of towns, cities, and metropolitan regions. It attempts to organize socio
relations across different scales of government and governance. Urban planning is
concerned with the social, economic, and environmental consequences of delineating
spatial boundaries and influencing spatial distributions of resources
Urban Planning- is a technique and method of development that contributes to the
organization, development and evolution of urban areas and their urbanizing environs,
based on economic, social, legal and esthetic concepts and conditions in order to promote
the welfare of public and quality of environment
 Objects of urban planning

The main objectives of urban planning have to be directed towards fulfilling a city's most
serious needs and removing its problems.
Every city has its own goals and vision; the fulfillment of these goals and vision concerns for
some indicators to guide its planning strategies. These indicators are most meaningful in a
comparative context. If indicators are properly developed using carefully collected data,
they can facilitate urban planning by clarifying needs, setting priorities and suggesting
alternative approaches .
The prime objectives of town planning are:
➢ Beauty/aesthetic.
➢ Convenience.
➢ Health and hygiene.
➢ Environment.
For convenience, it is delivered in the form of various economic, social and all kinds of
recreational amenities to be offered to the city dwellers. Following things must be achieved
through the objective of convenience:
1. Proper sites for residential areas.
2. Proper sites for industrial units.
3. Proper transport facilities.
4. Proper disposal of household and industrial wastes.
5. Proper disposal of sewage.
6. Proper sites for adequate water supply facilities.
7. Proper sites and facilities for commercial units.
8. Proper arrangement for power and electricity supplies, gas and disaster shelter

The others important objects are:

1. Appropriate land use.
2. Provision for sufficient social infrastructure.
3. Maintenance of hygienic sanitation.
4. Setting of different components in appropriate locations.
5. Residence and workplaces should be connected well to minimize tiresome travel to
workplaces.
6. Proper connection between residential areas and community-oriented facilities.
A planner should try to maintain a proper balance among the four prime objectives and
each should be given equal importance to establish an acceptable, safe, convenience and
healthy township. This would require conceptualizing the framework of planning.
 Necessity of town planning

It is evident that a small house, if well arranged and planned, looks far more better than a
disordered big palace. In a similar way, a town which is properly planned affords more
comforts and conveniences to the public. The necessity of town planning can very well be
appreciated by mentioning the evil situations which a town has to face in the absence of
town planning. They are as follows:
(1) defective road system resulting in the formation of narrow streets and lanes;
(2) development of slums and squatter settlements;
(3) haphazard location of industries;
(4) heavy traffic congestion during the working hours of the day:
(5) inadequate open spaces for parks and playgrounds resulting in unhealthy living conditions;
(6) lack of essential amenities like electricity, water supply and drainage:
(7) noisy atmosphere disturbing the peace of city dwellers;
(8) uncontrolled development of the town:
(9) unhealthy living conditions; etc.
With the help of urban planning the above situation must be changed

Principles of urban planning in the new millennium

The main principles of urban planning should be as follows:

1. Sustainability: The term sustainability generally means a condition of existence which
enables the present generation of humans and other species to enjoy social welfare, a
vibrant economy, a healthy environment, and to experience fulfillment, beauty and joy,
without compromising the ability of future generations of humans and other species to
enjoy the same.
The overarching principle that governs Urban Planning is sustainable development. The
special contribution that Urban Planning makes is its practical focus on integrating political,
social, economic, physical, cultural and environmental considerations in human settlements
development. Sustainable development means balancing the fulfillment of human needs
with the protection of the natural environment so that these needs can be met not only in
the present, but in the indefinite future. A widely used and accepted international definition
of sustainable development is: development which meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs - Globally we are
not even meeting the needs of the present let alone considering the needs of future
generations (Defra, 2007).
2. Integrated planning: Urban Planning is integrated one, not just socio economic, physical
or environmental planning. It sets in a favorable institutional framework, integrated
planning and action can deliver efficiency and effectiveness by adding value through policies
that support, rather than undercut, each other.
3. Integration with budgets: In order to ensure the integration. plans need mechanisms that
ensure effective linkages to private and public budgetary processes. Neither plans by
themselves nor unregulated market processes. can deliver more sustainable settlements .
4. Planning with partners: Urban Planning is a means of negotiating where and how
development happens. It is about planning with all sectors of the community with a stake in
the place not only governments, but also private sector organizations. voluntary agencies
and civil society. Urban Planning fosters voluntary collaboration amongst all these actors.
Urban Planning is less an instrument of government, and more a process of good
governance. to deliver quality and inclusiveness in decision-making. Urban Planning is
always seeking new and better ways of making city development more participatory,
because demand driven planning is more dynamic and more effective; public pressure is the
engine of performance. In order to plan with partners. planning must be made accountable
to the public, with all activities open to public scrutiny through oversight by mechanisms
such as public hearings, integrity pacts and so on.
5. Subsidiary: The subsidiary principle should be paramount in deciding where roles and
responsibilities are lodged in Urban Planning. National governments have important roles in
setting national urban development policies and fostering national (and international)
infrastructure networks that will guide development patterns. However, there needs to be
decentralized, with local governments playing a leading role, and empowerment of CBOS on
matters that can be determined at neighbourhood level. Integration of policy across scales
again creates efficiency and effectiveness. Policies and plans must address implementation
in a rigorous manner or fail.
6. Market responsiveness: Urban Planning understands market demand, particularly in land
and property markets, and is aware of the dynamics and potential of the informal sectors. It
is responsive. but not reactive. For example, plans backed by public investment can create
confidence in areas where assets are threatened by weak demand and disinvestment.
Urban Planning is about creating opportunities, anticipating development impacts and being
able to reduce risks of unintended outcomes and undesirable externalities. The market will
respond to plans that are credible.
7. Access to land: A supply of land in safe and accessible locations to meet the needs of all
sectors of society is fundamental to achieving efficient and equitable settlements.
Traditional town planning is too often under estimated needs. particularly of the poor.
Consequently the least advantaged sectors of urban society lack security, and often live in
hazardous locations. Equitable systems of land ownership and distribution and land
management need to underpin Urban Planning. Plans must recognize the reality of existing
slums and informal settlements, and the rights of their residents, and foster strategies that
facilitate upgrading.
8. Appropriate tools: Control of development should be strategic. affordable and effective,
sensitive to the needs of the poor while conserving essential ecological resources, rather
than attempting to micro-manage land use change and small-scale development. Urban
Planning recognizes that right urban containment is not a feasible, equitable or affordable
policy in conditions of rapid urbanization. Land use controls should never be used as a
pretext for forced evictions of the urban poor in long-established communities.
9. Pro-poor and inclusive: Urban Planning is inclusive and pro-poor. It recognizes diversity
and promotes equality. Plans can and should be driven by the objectives and priorities as
expressed by all groups in the city. Planning is about finding ways to reconcile the priorities
of diverse groups. now and in the future. Particular attention needs to be given to those
whose voice has often not been heard in conventional public policy making e.g. the old,
children, those with disabilities, women, ethnic minorities, the homeless. those with low
incomes etc. All have an equal right to the city and a right to be consulted, especially about
developments that will affect them. In the past. area-based approaches have been shown to
benefit mainly the better off: Urban Planning retains the effectiveness of the area-focus, but
directly confronts the need for equity.
10. Cultural variation: Urban Planning allows for a variety of outcomes according to cultural
priorities and preferences: these contrasts with the uniformity imposed by the old master
planning model. Outdated legal regimes and traditional bureaucratic cultures, as well as
shortages of skilled personnel and of responsive institutions are barriers to realizing the
benefits from the practice of Urban Planning. An increase in capacity building would be
good value for money. This should include skill development for sub professionals and for
CBOS and training of politicians. Urban Planning would be smart planning by responsive
learning system. It embraces the need for skills, expertise, an entrepreneurial and citizen-
focused culture and evidence-based policy-making. It reasserts the importance of combining
long-term awareness and short-term practical actions. It also includes ways and means to be
adopted for the improvement of existing towns and extension of towns. Thus, the
knowledge of town planning helps in achieving the best possible advantages of the situation
of a town with respect to its land. environment, cultural settings and surroundings etc.

Need for town or urban planning

Urban planning is a new discipline whose need has been arisen due to the rising health
issues because of overpopulation, poor sanitation, and pollution. The way the cities were
designed earlier, it had become tough for citizens to reside, walk or use public transport. For
the first time in the year 2010, over 50% of the world’s population was living in cities. At
that time, the United Nations predicted that by 2015, there will be 358 cities in the world
having more than 1 million population and 27 megacities with more than 10 million people.
Much of this will be seen in developing countries. That’s why the need for urban planning
came into the picture. With this, let’s understand why urban planning has become crucial in
today’s world.
1.Helps the Cities to Grow: Due to more work opportunity, better education facility, and
many other reasons, the population in the cities of developing countries is increasing more
and more. In order to accommodate a large population, there have to be some early plans.
That’s why authorities should always make proper planning. This will be made by keeping
certain factors in mind, such as the needs of citizens, appropriate expansion of
infrastructure, and efficient measures during emergency situations.
Utilizing the resources through urban planning, the city would have a strategy to develop its
economy as well as livability conditions. Not only the expansion of residential areas, but
urban planning also ensures good transportation, health care, and judicial system. Thus, the
city will grow rapidly without having negative impacts on its economy and citizens.
2.Improves Quality of Life: Quality of life is the major concern of every human being when
they move to a city. The other two issues are employment and accommodation. Though the
cost of living is higher, the opportunities are also great. To make it easier, the city manager
must have rules and regulations for the proper distribution of land, public spaces, and the
infrastructures. Due to increasing density in nearby cities, city management is creating
several attractive points of interest in the city. The authorities are also regularly updating
the traffic regulations due to constantly increase in the number of vehicles. All these
measures are ultimately improving the quality of life of the people.
3.Predict Disasters: Global warming has created some major issues for our planet and the
inhabitants. Having an early idea of natural calamities has become very important for those
who do city management. They are trying to have the prediction of all such calamities to
make long-term strategies and later achieve them by making short-term actions. They keep
the citizens as well as the visitors safe from all possible disasters that the world is facing
today. Minimizing the risks for the betterment of everyone has only become possible
because of urban planning.
4.Positive Impact on Economy: We all know that as the cities grow, economic requirements
increase too. The financial measure is one of the most important aspects of urban planning
and if not taken properly, there would be a severe impact on the economy of the city. It
takes care of more and more job openings as well as reducing the cost of living. The major
problem cities are facing nowadays is the migration of inhabitants due to the reduced
number of work opportunities and expensive living conditions. Urban planning also does the
expansion of neighboring rural areas. It takes all the required measures for further
development and utilization of the rural areas to bring economic growth to the city.
5.Safe and Healthy Lifestyle for Everyone: By constantly following the advice provided by
the World Health Organization, urban planners ensure that the citizens live a safe and
healthy life. They suggest the inhabitants pay attention to their lifestyle. Authorities create a
better environment and provide sufficient areas in the public park for senior citizens to
exercise and have leisure time. They keep machines to collect garbage and unwanted
materials to keep the city clean and healthy for the citizens.
6.Develop the Nation: According to the reports of the UN, the world will be likely to have
more 3 billion population moving to cities by 2050. This report suggests that this continuous
growth in urban population could cause severe harm to biodiversity. Each country is putting
efforts to minimize the impact of increasing urbanization on the environment. The
management is planting more and more trees. They are raising awareness among the
citizens to use more and more public transport and decrease the rate of fuel consumption
per person.

Scope of Urban Planning

There is a tremendous scope for the urban planning graduates. The programme is aimed at
providing the students with a sound education in urban and regional planning.
Career opportunities for Urban Planning graduates remain strong. These graduates would
get jobs in public sector, private sector, real estate, service firms, social agencies, non-profit
housing groups, international consulting companies and many more. Foreign countries like
USA, Europe, Asia would definitely hire these graduates One can also pursue higher
education like master's degree in urban planning and Ph.D in urban planning in foreign
nations.
Job roles for Planners
➢ Urban Planner
➢ Urban Designer
➢ Planning Advisor
➢ City Planner
➢ Planning Manager
➢ Teacher for the Institution on regarding subject
➢ Consultant for firms
➢ Transportation Planner
Urban planning also deals with -

• Planning should involve people in process

• Look at the different opportunities for the city
• Balance among competing interests
• Improved conditions for peoples lives
• Manage scarce resources economic
• Deals with the future of a city
• Manages urban growth
• Considerations the physical , social and economic aspects of communities and
examine the connections among them.
• Working with local residents, politicians, and special groups
 Types of planning

According to the basic fundamentals of plan preparation. planning can be divided in to

following types:
1. Strategic Urban Planning: Setting high-level objectives and establishing preferred areas
of development for a city or metropolitan region is the focus of strategic urban planning. A
strategic plan, also known as a development plan, core strategy, or comprehensive plan, is
the end outcome of the planning process.
The strategic plan’s objectives might include enhancing city transit, developing additional
communal spaces, increasing inhabitants’ quality of life, and enticing people to visit or
relocate to the city. This is usually the highest level of the planning process, and other
planning elements will usually fit into this sort of plan.
2. Land-Use Planning: Land-use planning is primarily concerned with law and policy,
including the adoption of planning instruments such as governmental laws, regulations,
rules, codes, and policies to impact land use.
These planning tools address the kind, location, and quantity of land required to carry out
various municipal tasks on a general level. They may also be used to zone or reserve land for
specific uses, such as:

• Residential refers to structures such as apartment complexes, single-family houses,

and condos.
• Commercial refers to structures such as retail stores and office buildings.
• Industrial refers to manufacturing facilities and warehouses.
• Municipal refers to structures such as police stations and courthouses.
3. Master Planning: Master planning is often used for greenfield development projects or
construction on previously undeveloped land when you’re beginning from scratch rather
than changing existing buildings or areas. This style of urban planning predicts what a
particular location will look like in the future and what it will take to get there.
To make the project practicable, urban planners must consider the needed zoning (from
your land-use plan) and infrastructure, such as residential and commercial property, transit
considerations, road placements, and so on.
They must also determine where community facilities, schools, parks, and other urban
amenities will be located. Again, communicating with landowners and government
organizations who will be affected by the proposal is critical.
4. Urban Revitalization: Urban revitalization, in contrast to master planning, focuses on
improving regions that are in decline. The precise definition of a declining area varies per
city—for example, parts with a high number of failed companies or population growth that
is static or falling.
Repairing roads, expanding infrastructure, cleaning up pollution, and adding to parks and
other public spaces are some of the revitalization strategies used by city officials, depending
on the main reason for the decline.
Residents and business owners frequently offer insights that may assist in influence and
adjust planning efforts. Therefore, community participation is crucial with this urban
planning idea.
5. Economic Development: Economic development is the process of finding areas for
expansion to encourage more financial success inside a community, particularly by luring
businesses to construct or relocate their offices there.
Following that, such businesses recruit local employees and boost commuter traffic to the
new location. Increased exposure and spending in the neighborhood will result from more
employees eating lunch at local eateries, obtaining gas at adjacent gas stations, and
stopping by local grocery shops on their way home.
Because an economic development department may be separate from a municipality’s
planning department, it’s critical to assist that group in navigating Land Use Plans, Master
Plans, and Infrastructure Plans to verify that any development proposals are feasible. It will,
of course, be necessary to collaborate with environmental plans.
6. Environmental Planning: Environmental planning is a sort of strategic planning that
focuses on long-term sustainability.
Air pollution, noise pollution, wetlands, endangered species habitats, flood zone
vulnerability, and coastal zone erosion, among other environmental issues affecting the link
between natural and human systems, are all considered in this sort of urban design.
Along with master, revitalization, and infrastructure plans, environmental plans must be
prepared. Don’t be disheartened if it seems that there are a lot of processes and criteria.
While it may seem complicated, it will be preferable in the long run if all of your ideas work
nicely together.
7. Infrastructure Planning: Infrastructure planning is concerned with the basic facilities and
processes that serve a city and its residents and how such facilities might support the
strategic plan’s aims. This category of urban planning includes:

• Public works infrastructure: This includes water supply, sewage, electricity, and
telecommunications.
• Community infrastructure: This includes schools, hospitals, and parks.
• Safety and transportation: This includes roads, police, and fire stations.
 Forms oh planning

To maintain the continuity in the planning process, the following five forms of planning are
to be considered:
(1) Local planning
(2) Country planning
(3) Regional planning
(4) National planning
(5) International planning.

(1) Local planning:

The development plan of a city or town is prepared by keeping in view the local conditions.
It aims at proper distribution of population densities regulation of traffic, location of
shopping and recreation centres, provision of green belts, suitable division of the area in
various zones. etc. It is quite evident that local planning will be greatly influenced by
economic conditions and finances available greatly for the development of the town.
At present , there are three conceptions of urban local level planning which are briefly
described as follows :
Structure plan: Structure plan is basically a land-use planning document giving broad
guidance on development proposals. Structure planning is more active than land-use
oriented and is more explicitly concerned with implementation and decision making factors.
Instead of giving rigid blueprints about future development, structure plans try to steer
development according to some broad strategies adopted in the plan. It defines the broad
strategies or the structure of the development but not the details. Structures plans are,
therefore, more flexible and easier to change in response to unforeseen changes in
circumstances.
Urban area plan: The urban area plan provides a mid term strategy for the development of
the existing urban area and those areas which are likely to come under urbanization
pressure over the next decade. The format of urban area plan includes an explanatory
report, interim management report, interim planning rules. multi-sectoral invest program.
resource maps and urban area plan maps.
Detail area plan (DAP): Detail Area Plan provides more detailed planning proposals for
specific sub areas of the city with maps at 1:15000 scale or as appropriate and supporting
documents. The selected areas should have high priority, with particularly urgent problems,
or should be in the process of rapid change.
(2)Country planning:

The area surrounding a town ca not be allowed to develop in a haphazard way. Generally a
town S surrounded by villages and rural planning becomes necessary for the proper
functioning of the town. For this purpose surrounding villages should be linked up with
suitable transport facilities and wherever possible, the encouragement should be dairy,
manually given for the growth of various village industries such as poultry farming, basket
and rope making, weaving on operated looms, etc. If possible, the rural industries may even
be supplemented by mechanical aids.
A proper balance between the agriculture and industry should be maintained without
disturbing the character of rural area. It should be remembered that country planning and
town planning are complementary to each other and they cannot be treated as two
independent separate entities

(3) Regional planning:

The term regional planning is used to include proposals in a region for the distribution of
population and industry, transport facilities, rural services, village industries, etc. A town or
a city cannot be isolated from its surrounding region. Hence, the regional planning helps in
controlling and reshaping the growth of major towns in the region. The term region is
generally used to define areas separated not merely or exclusively by natural boundaries,
but equally by political or administrative boundaries.
In general, a region may be defined as an area within which interaction is more intense than
its interaction with other areas and the modern practice is to embrace the following in
regional planning:

• Agricultural regions
• Industrial areas
• Large hydro-electric power stations
• Resort and recreational areas
• Suburban zones of large cities.

(4) National planning:

The term national planning suggests the setting up of the planning procedure on a national
level and it takes into consideration the potentialities in various fields of a nation as a whole.
By proper and careful national planning, the resources of national importance like railways.
irrigation projects, heavy industries, hydro-electric works, etc. can be utilized in the best
possible manner. Our various five-year plans serve as an illustration of the national
planning.
The national planning can be visualized in different ways as follows:
• Development of nation in terms of its administrative or political system;
• Developments at various levels in an hierarchic order either from top level to bottom level
or vice versa i.e. from international level to local level or from local level to national level.
• Developments in terms of various economic sectors such as agriculture, fishing, forestry,
mining, quarrying, etc;
• Developments in terms of various social sectors such as clothing, housing, food, education,
health, employment, recreation, etc.

(5)International planning:

With the establishment of United Nations Organization or UNO, the international planning
has come into existence and efforts are made at international level to promote goodwill and
co-operation between different countries of the world. The various agencies appointed by
UNO conduct surveys in various fields of human life such as education, health, housing,
food, etc. The study of such surveys helps in finding out remedies and solutions of
complicated problems at an international level.

Planning process

Planning process involves a series of sequential activities to provide the framework in order
to advance and attain the vision, mission and goals for sustainable development. It is a part
of the culture of planning that an artificial contrast between planners and target
populations is constructed. To have a clearer concept about the planning process. Some
important terms come in our mind and demand understanding of them.
Vision and mission: Initially vision sets out the reasons and purpose for the existence and
the "ideal" state that is aimed to achieve, and the mission identifies major goals and
performance objectives. Both the vision and mission are used as a context for development
of intended path of strategies and criteria for evaluating emergent process.
Goals setting: Goals are the state of affairs that a plan is intended to achieve. Goals are
specific accomplishments and must be achieved in total. or in some combinations, in order
to attain some larger and overall result. Goals are the expected outputs from the system
and the ends justify the means. Goals are broad idealized statements, such as "education for
all" or "full employment by 2020", etc.
Objectives formulation: Objectives are specific accomplishments that must be
accomplished in total, or in some combination, to achieve the goals in the plan. Objectives
are usually "milestones" along the way when implementing the strategies. Objectives are
more specific than the goals and are usually expressed in terms of some measurable
quantity, such as "95% of school-going children should have a school within 1km from their
homes" or 98% of working-age male population should have minimum wage jobs for at least
300 days in a year".
Strategies: Strategy determines and reveals the purpose in terms of long-term objectives,
action programs, and resource allocation priorities.
Resource management: Resources including people, materials. technologies, money, etc.,
require implementing the strategies or processes.
Policy: A policy is a broad aim or course of action, as of, a government, political party, or
business, intended to influence and determine decisions, actions, and other matters.
Government takes major decision. which affect economic, social, cultural and political
environment of the country. These major decisions are called national policy. It is a course
of action directing affairs. It serves as a guideline to maintain or alter the prevailing situation
at a particular time. Policy statement indicates how economic aspects should be developed
or services could be maintained or promoted in future.
Plan: Plan is an effective and efficient course of action, designed to achieve the goals of
policy. It is a carefully considered arrangement for carrying out activities to fulfill certain
objectives. It is an advanced thinking of what should be done.
Program: A program is a component of a plan, which has been dealt with in greater detail
and usually to meet a certain objective or target.
Project: A project is a set of interrelated activities, which produces goods or services to
meet a set of objectives with limited financial, human and physical resources in a specified
period.

Traditional planning process

Again, Ratcliff (1974) has shown seven stages in the planning process as
described below:
Step 1> Decision to adopt plan : It is the survey of the area, agencies, organizations and
individuals that are affected by the proposed plan, and identify any imbalance, anomaly or
problem that may need to be redressed through planning.
Step 2> Formulation of goals : It is the formulation of broad goals that the plan should try
to achieve.
Step 3> Identification of objects :It is the formulation of the objectives based on the goals.
Although goals and objects have similar meaning in everyday conversation , they refer to
different things as planning terms.
Step 4> Preparation of alternative strategies : It involves the indentification of alternative
courses of action that may lead to the fulfillment of the sated goals and objectives.
Step 5> Evaluation : It concerns the comparison and measurement of all the courses of
action. This stage is like a shifting procedure through which the best possible course is
selected.
Step 6> Implementation : It is the implementation of the course of action selected. This
entails, on the one hand, positive action on behalf of the planning authority, not only in
respect of public development but also in the simulation of desired private-sector
enterprise. On the other, it requires a large amount of control and regulation over
development of a more negative or restrictive nature.
Step 7> Monitoring and review : Monitoring the plan once it is operational, and reviewing
its performance so that necessary changes can be brought about in any part of the plan,
including repetition or any step or steps of the planning process (Ratcliff, 1974).
.

Elements of city planning

Basic elements of city planning--

Urban planning touches on numerous city-life elements—new and pre-existing land,

buildings, roads, communal spaces, transportation, economic development, infrastructure,
and the environment, among others.
1. Zoning
The town should be divided into suitable zones such as commercial zone, industrial zone,
residential zone, etc. and suitable rules and regulations should be formed for the
development of each zone.

2. Green Belt
Green belt is non-development zone on the periphery of the town. It prevents the
haphazard sprawl of the town restricting its size. In essence, a green belt is an invisible line
designating a border around a certain area, preventing development of the area and
allowing wildlife to return and be established. Greenways and green wedges have a linear
character and may run across the town and not around the town.

3. Housing
Housing has to be carefully studied and designed to suit the local population. Care should be
taken to see that there is no development of slums since it would be responsible for
degrading the life of the citizens. There are various types of housing styles. When a landuse
plan is made, zones for independent housing, midrise buildings, high rise buildings are
allocated.

4. Public Buildings
Public buildings should be well grouped and distributed throughout the town. Unnecessary
concentration of public buildings should be avoided. Factors such as parking facilities, road
widths have to be taken into consideration while allocating the space for public buildings.
5. Recreation Centres
Recreation centres have to be given importance while designing a town. They are necessary
for the recreational activities of the general public. They include parks for walking and
cycling, amusement parks etc.
6. Road Systems
Road network hierarchy is very important. The efficiency of any town is measured by the
layout of its roads. A nicely designed road system puts a great impression in the minds of
people, especially the visitors to the town. The provision of a faulty road system in the initial
stages of town formation proves to be too difficult and costly to repair or to re-arrange in
future.
7. Transport Facilities
The town should be provided with suitable transport facilities so that there is minimum loss
of time from place of work to the place of residence. Efficiency in transport facilities
includes both public and private networks. Public transportation network includes access to
buses, trains, trams and trolleybuses. Efficiency in using the public transport will determine
the success of that town in terms of design.

elements of city planning by Kevin Lynch

 Growth of towns and regions

Growth of Town
The towns grow during passage of time in number of ways and various forces which
contribute to the overall development of a town are transportation facilities, industries,
safety for public, proximity of agricultural lands, availability of electric power, political
importance, etc. Some of the reasons why the people would like to stay in urban areas can
be enumerated as follows.
It is quite likely that people have often found to stay in groups or societies to safeguard
themselves from dangers of theft. The humans by nature are social animal and they get
much satisfaction of living their life in the company of friends and community. An urban
man can develop contacts and make friends with like-minded people having common
interest. The urban dwellers can maintain a very high degree of privacy. The urban are
provide with reliable water supply, good market for business, large amount of opportunities
to succeed, etc.
Also the facilities of transport and communication increase the population and leads to
the growth of towns. The means of transport may take up the following forms:
Aerial ports : In some cases, the airports plays an important role in the growth of a town.
Railways : If the town is connected with railways, there will be increase of passengers and
goods traffic even from long distances.
Roadways : The neighbouring area is connected with the town and it leads to overall
expansion of trade and industry.
Waterways : If facilities of waterways are available, the town can grow as a harbour with
possibility of foreign trade and business.
The above mentioned means of transport have led to the horizontal growth of town. But the
availability of mechanical lifts, escalators and elevators has made it possible to have vertical
growth of town in the form of skyscrapers.

The growth of towns and cities can be studied in the following two ways:
1. Growth according to origin
2. Growth according to direction.

If a survey is carried out regarding the origin of some of the important existing towns and
cities of the world, it can be easily established that any town or city has originated because
of certain specific cause. The origin of towns can be broadly classified into two categories,
namely, topographical and functional.

The topographical features of origin of towns are as follows.

1. Conditions favorable for industrial units
2. Hilly areas to achieve the objects of defense
3. Plain areas useful for business activities
4. River banks
5. Sea or ocean fronts
The functional aspects of origin of towns are as follows.
1. Education
2. Health resorts
3. Political
4. Community

1. Growth According to Origin

The growth of towns and cities according to the origin can be divided in two categories.
A) Natural Growth
B) Planned Growth

A) Natural Growth :
Most of the towns in the past have grown in a natural way, that is, the development of the
town as such has taken place without any future planning. The provisions of various
essential amenities such as road system, parks, playgrounds, schools, industrial units,
commercial centres, hospitals, cinemas, etc., are made in an irregular way without
consideration for future expansion of the town. The natural growth of a town may be in the
form of following four types.
a) Concentric spread
b) Ribbon development
c) Satellite growth
d) Scattered growth
a) Concentric Spread

• It is the natural tendency of the people to be as near as possible to town or city,

therefore the town develops in form of concentric rings with nucleus as town.
• These type of growth create many complicated problems such as traffic congestion,
narrow streets, concentration of population, improper housing, etc.
• The town growth is represented by a series of concentric circles or rings.
• The first zone represents central business like commercial and social life of the town.
• The second zone represents low-income housing, better-class residences and high-
class residences are subsequently formed.
• The idea of concentric spread is based on the fact that similar or functionally related
activities will be located at the same distance from the centre of an urban area.

Concentric spread

b) Ribbon Development

• It has been observed that because of improvement of road surface and growth of
motor traffic, everyone build or occupy the places as near as possible to the main
road.
• The building activity therefore expands in a natural way along the sides of main road
and long fingers or ribbons of houses, factories, shops, etc., develop as show in
figure below.

Ribbon development
Disadvantages
As houses extend in a long strip or ribbon, there is increase in cost of utility services such as
water supply and electricity, postal deliveries, etc.
It results into wastage of available resources.
It lacks social life as ribbon development causes scatter of community.
The future improvement becomes costly and difficult, in some place it becomes impossible.
The interior place are left undeveloped which results in wastage of valuable land.
It causes accidents and traffic delays (jams) due to pedestrians on the main road.
The traffic capacity and efficiency of main road are reduced.
The ribbon development spoils the countryside view as it becomes non-visible at least for
road users.
The problem of ribbon development is complex involving social-economic, political,
technical and legal measures for its solution.

c) Satellite Growth
When a town reaches a certain size, satellite growth is bound to take place. The satellite
town is mainly due to the metropolis and it indicate a body under the influence of a more
powerful body but possessing its own identity. Development of satellite towns around the
parent city is shown in the figure below.

Satellite growth

The features of a satellite town are as follows.

• It has its own local government and corporate life.

• It is a town in the full sense but it depends to a certain extent upon a nearby large
town or city.
 • It is connected to the parent city by local trains, buses, etc. in such a way the people
can reach to the parent city easily.
• It is free to decide its economic, social and cultural activities.
• It is generally situated beyond the green belt of the parent city.
• It is mainly residential area having only local shops, schools for children, etc.
• No industries are permitted, the people will have to depend on the parent city for
employment opportunities.
• It is neither a village nor a suburb.
• It need not have zoning regulations.
• Its size and development are controlled in such a way that it does not affect the
parent town in future.
• The satellite may even be considered to be the part of market for some goods and
services from the parent town.
• The workers living in particular satellite may belong to the labour force of a certain
industry. It gives a wider choice to the employers of such industries for finding the
best man for the job.

Disadvantages

• The main disadvantage of satellite growth is the necessity of the long journey to
work. (It may be long journey in distance does not necessarily mean a long journey in
time due to efficient modes of transport and traffic).
• Satellite growth may be deprived of entertainment and cultural activity.
• It is responsible for preventing the development of a community spirit.
• Lack of community centres and halls.

d) Scattered Growth
The growth of the town takes place in very irregular way.
It results in traffic congestion.
Encroachment of industries on residential areas.
Development of slums.
Lack of parks and various other problems which prove to be too difficult to be solved in
future.
B) Planned Growth
In case of a planned growth, a town develops in a pre-determined line as conceived by the
town planner. The overall growth of the town is controlled by the enforcement of suitable
rules and regulations. There is rational distribution of various blocks such as residential,
industrial, commercial, etc.
The provision of various amenities such as widths of streets, drainage lines, water supply
lines, parks, playgrounds, etc. is made to meet with the future requirements. The modern
concepts of town planning can very well be seen and appreciated in some of the recent new
towns in many parts of the world.

2. Growth According to Direction

With respect to direction, the growth of towns and cities can take place in the following two
ways.
a) Horizontal Growth
The town expands and develops horizontally in all directions. It is clear that such a growth
will be possible at places where land is available in plenty at nominal cost.
Advantages

• In general, there will be saving in cost as the buildings will usually consist of two or
three floors.
• It does not require the service of high technical personnel.
• Maximum possible use of the natural light in the buildings.
• The density of the population can be restricted.
• There is economy of floor space as the provision of columns, lifts, etc. will not be
required.
• The surrounding marginal space can be utilized for developing gardens.
Disadvantages

• It uses more land and hence, it will prove to be uneconomical where the land value
are very high.
• The foundation cost per unit area will be more.
• There will be absence of group living.
b) Vertical Growth
The buildings of the town are designed and developed as multistoried flats. It is quite
evident that such a growth will be possible at places where land is costly.
Advantages

• A sense of group living and unity develops as many families live in same building.
 • The foundation cost will be distributed between all the floors, therefore the
foundation cost per unit area will be in the reasonable limit.
• For floor above certain height, the natural sceneries such as sea view, river view, etc.
can be enjoyed in a better way.
• It will be possible to make maximum use of the modern technology such as fire-
proofing, sound-proofing, heat insulation, air-conditioning, high speed elevators, etc.
• There will be considerable saving in land and hence, it will prove to be economical
where land values are very high.
• There will be economy in construction cost as the buildings will be designed as
framed structures with repetition of a typical floor plan at each floor level.
Disadvantages

• In case of natural calamities such as earthquakes or fire, it will be difficult for the
inhabitants (dwellers) of the upper floors to escape safely.
• The density of population will be more.
• The design of flats will be stereo-typed and there is no scope for personal likes or
dislikes.
• The evils of group living will have to be tolerated.
• The failure of lift, pumps, etc. will cause great inconvenience.
• The people staying at upper floors will be deprived of natural living near the ground
level.
• There will be some wastage of floor space as lifts, supporting columns, etc. will have
to be provided.
•

History of Urban Planning

To appreciate the significance of project awards for sustainability in urban development, as

we’ve discussed in previous posts, it is worth considering the historic struggle to gain
acceptance of the benefits to be realised from the elevation of town planning to its current
importance.
The term town planning was first used in Britain in 1906. The statutory practice of town
planning stemmed from the Housing, Town Planning Act 1909. Local authorities, under the
supervision of the Local Government Board were empowered to prepare schemes for land
likely to be developed particularly in suburban areas. They regulated both the layout of land
and the density of development, while reserving land for new highways.

At that stage town planning had not established itself as an art or science, but practitioners
found benefit from seeing their work as distinctive within a range of professions engaged in
this field – architecture, surveying, municipal engineering, and law.
In 1910 Thomas Adams, who played a leading part in discussions between these four
collaborating professions, was appointed as the first Town Planning Inspector at the Local
Government Board. The regular meetings of a small group of these practitioners resulted in
the recognition of town planning as a distinct discipline.
Organisations like the Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI) and the American Planning
Association (APA), pursue the advancement of the art and science of urban planning for the
public benefit. They champion the role of spatial planning – planning which gives people a
real say in shaping the places where they live and work – and ensures that creating a safe,
sustainable place is recognised as vital to attractive community environments.
Post-industrial revolution decay and post-war austerity yielded a legacy of brutalist sink
estates smothering opportunities of upward mobility and consigning whole neighbourhoods
to rapid decay and concomitant crime. For much of the 20th Century, the RTPI struggled to
escape a Cinderella image, regarded as something to be tolerated.
Community sustainability is now a prime consideration in all significant urban development
and planning. The past twenty-five years have been an age of enlightenment
environmentally. The social and economic benefits of open spaces and urban afforestation
have revolutionised both the art and science of spatial planning with the application of
biophilic principles assuming priority status instead of being just a desirable add-on.
Biophilia – the new environmental paradigm – is a term popularised by Harvard University
myrmecologist (the study of ants!) and conservationist E.O. Wilson over the past quarter
century describing the extent to which humans are hard-wired to need connection with
nature and other forms of life. Support for the practice of biophilic design is growing.
Today, the greening of the urban environment is recognised as a major contributor to
regeneration projects improving the sustainability ratings of towns and cities. The tangible
benefit of regenerated, green and pleasant urban environments has reversed the downward
post-industrial spiral. This virtuous circle gains momentum with the rising expectation of
residents and workers for the ambience of natural surroundings.
Such regeneration schemes have demanded ingenious solutions to challenges such as how
to accommodate established service infrastructure. GreenBlue Urban, aware from
experience of the shortage of solutions, quickly became involved with university and
professional academics in exploring revolutionary materials and structures to disrupt
sclerotic traditional practices and provide cost-effective ways to restore the sustainability of
green urban environments.

Evolution And Contemporary Trends Of Urban And Regional

Planning: National And International Context

Urban planning has been around for as long as cities have existed, but the 20th century saw
a number of bold ideas that radically changed the make-up of our urban centers.From
garden cities to psychogeography, today’s infographic by Konstantin vonder Schulenburg is
an informative overview of the modern movements and ideas that shaped urban planning.
Urban planning has changed a lot over the centuries. Early city layouts revolved around key
elements such as prominent buildings (e.g. cathedrals, monuments) and fortification (e.g.
city walls, castles).
As cities grew larger, they also became more unpleasant. Here are some key ideas from
architects and planners who sought tame the unruly urban beast.

➢ Garden City

At the dawn of the 20th century, cities were experiencing big population growth.The Garden
City concept – devised by the English planner Ebenezer Howard – sought to solve urban
overcrowding and poor quality of life by creating smaller, master-planned communities on
the outskirts of the larger city. The city would be structured around concentric circles of
land use and include a sizeable park and greenbelt. Greenbelts were a revolutionary idea at
the time and are stillrban planning has been around for as long as cities have existed, but
the 20th century saw a number of bold ideas that radically changed the make-up of our
urban centers
 ➢ Setback Principle

Early 1900s Manhattan had a population density of nearly 600 people per hectare and the
skyscraper boom was in full swing. As buildings grew taller, the already crowded city was
becoming a dark and claustrophobic place. To combat this, New York enacted the first
citywide zoning code ever in the U.S. to help preserve some daylight on city streets.
Setbacks had an immediate and lasting impact on Manhattan’s skyline, as seen today in
landmarks such as the Empire State and Chrysler buildings.

➢ Broadacre City

If there is a true antithesis for today’s urbanism, then the suburban brainchild of Frank Lloyd
Wright is surely it. Broadacre City was a thought experiment that envisioned decentralized
communities that would sprawl across a lush, bucolic landscape. That vision stood in stark
contrast to frenetic, exhaust-choked cities of the 1940s, which resembled “fibrous tumor(s)”
according to Wright. Though Broadacre City was never built verbatim, Wright’s rejection of
the American city came to life in the form of suburbs and strip malls from sea to shining sea.

➢ La Cité Radieuse

In the wake of World War II, France was searching for solutions to house its population –
nearly 20% of all French buildings were either destroyed or seriously damaged – and world
renowned architect, Le Corbusier, was one of the architects selected by the French
government to construct new, high-density housing. When La Cité Radieuse (Radiant City)
was completed in 1952, it kicked off a media frenzy. Indeed, Le Corbusier is credited with
pioneering the Modernist style of architecture that became wildly popular around the world
during that time. While Le Corbusier’s thoughtful residential buildings have stood the test of
time, not all projects inspired by the style shared the same fate. For example, when
governments in Europe and the United States looked to provide cheap, high-density housing
to low income families, the stark tower blocks they built often had the unintentional effect
of ghettoizing their inhabitants.

➢ The Megaregion

As cities within close proximity grow and merge together, finding a way to make them work
as a connected economic and social unit is a key strategy for becoming more competitive on
the global stage. Jean Gottman, a French geographer, recognized this megaregion trend
early on in the Northeast region of the United States. His seminal 1961 study, Megalopolis:
The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States, outlined the extraordinary
dynamics that shaped America’s largest urban corridor.

➢ The Transect

In North America, many cities have a stark divide between urban and suburban areas – a
gap known as “the missing middle”. New urbanists seek to create more dense residential
development, particularly in walkable, transit-accessible areas.
This new form of city planning isn’t just cosmetic, it may help save cities from bloated
infrastructure costs. Recent research into the tax efficiency (property tax revenues vs.
infrastructure maintenance costs) of a variety of American cities and found that walkable
urban districts tended to be revenue-positive – in effect, subsidizing surrounding low-
density areas.

➢ Smart Cities

In the era of big data, the future of our physical spaces may be defined more by bytes than
bricks. City governments have been collecting big picture data for planning in transportation
and zoning for some time, but new technology allows for the capture of even more granular
data. Cities can now measure everything from noise pollution to wastewater volume, and
this can have a big impact on spending efficiency and overall quality of urban space.
 Urban Renewal And Revitalization Process And Technique

Urban renewal is a planning strategy that has been introduced to improve urban conditions,
which may have been observed to deteriorate in quality and efficiency. It is also described
as the aggregate of techniques which have been used for the treatment of urban problems
in a physical basis.
The Wikipedia encyclopedia defines urban renewal as the program of land redevelopment
in areas of moderate to high density urban land use. It may involve the relocation of
business, demolition of structure, relocation of people and the use of eminent domain
(government purchase for public purpose) as a legal instrument to take private property for
city initiated development projects.
Another definition of urban renewal was put by encyclopedia Chicago to refer primarily to
“the public efforts to revitalize aging and decaying inner cities and sub urban communities”.
In other words; it is a planned process of city regeneration through an integrated program
of slum clearance or redevelopment, rehabilitation and conservation.
Urban renewal is described as a planned attempt to transform the urban environment
through structured large-scale control of existing urban areas to enhance both the present
and future operations of urban populace (Osuide 2004, cited in Shuaeeb. H, 2011). It is also
the deliberate physical redevelopment of decayed or deteriorated areas, improving the
infrastructure and the removal of elements considered to affect the effectiveness and
efficiency of the area.
Urban renewal programs also known as urban regeneration are initiated due to urban
blight, and slum conditions.

Reasons for urban renewal :

• There is an increase in population living in very unhealthy conditions.
• The number of aged building is increasing and residence at the risk of collapse
buildings.
• There is widening gap in Infrastructure between the populace and the environment.
• Improve the quality of life of residents in the urban areas.
THE STRATEGIES OF URBAN RENEWAL
There are 3 basic steps of urban Renewal which vary according to scale and intensity of the
operations carried out.
(a) Redevelopment:
Filtration as described by Gbadegesin and Oladokun, T.T (2011) is based on the out –
migration of households and employment followed by the clearance and redevelopment of
vacated sites. It was potentially the most system – oriented of the approaches. This is a
process of removing and replacing old and poor quality structures with new ones on the
same site. In this case buildings and structures that have been considered to be substandard
are completely demolished to create room for new buildings and structures; it is important
to note that this is applied especially to areas with building that are beyond redemption and
of no economic viability. Although this strategy of urban renewal has been criticized for
using the “power of eminent domain” to take over properties from the poor, it is also very
expensive to embark upon.
(b) Rehabilitation:
This is a process of making some alteration or repair of the existing poor structures back to
its original purpose. Jinadu (2006) refers to rehabilitation as the process of upgrading of a
neighbourhood through general repairs, raising of the standard and improvement in
housing stock and facilities. This strategy does not completely displace people from their
economic and social activities, therefore most acceptable strategy. According to Gbadegesin
and Oladokun, T.T (2011) the boot – strap strategy entails rehabilitation and is mainly
confined to housing. It does not (or should not) involve the displacement of occupant and it
is often thought that in economic terms, it is less costly than redevelopment.
(c) Conservation/Preservation:
This is aimed at maintaining and preventing the deterioration of presently sound
neighborhoods. (Jinadu, 2006)

PROCESSES OF URBAN RENEWAL

Urban renewal requires a careful and adequate planning process that will ensure that all
activities are done through proper and acceptable standards.
The following process are involved in how urban renewal is carried out:
➢ Designation of the area to be improved to ensure quality criteria such as housing
condition facilities, drainage problem etc,
➢ Investigation and study of the existing condition and characteristics of the
designated Renewal areas.
 ➢ Preparation of physical development plans such as land use plan, road plan,
community facility plan and future improvement program to the area.
➢ Establishment of relocation programme when the renewal will necessitate popular
displacement.
➢ Programme implementation and evaluation.

There is need to consider the following process during the implementation of urban renewal:
➢ Community sensitization.
➢ Constitution of the implementation body.
➢ Identification of sources of finance and mobilization of funds program
implementation.
➢ Land acquisition
➢ Displacement and relocation
➢ Site preparation.
➢ Site improvement and facility location.
➢ Land allocation.

Planning Organization in Bangladesh:

Urban planning organizations in Bangladesh are weak and under developed. It is none the
less heartening to mention that even all the divisional headquarters do not have the
appropriate planning organizations not to speak of the district towns and upazila level
township. In the present context different planning organizations are entrusted with their
responsibilities with different government departments and ministries in Bangladesh,Such
as:
Planning Commission.
City Development Authorities (RAJUK. CDA. KDA, RDA).
Urban Development Directorate (UDD).
National Housing Authority (NHA).
Local Government Engineering Department (LGED)
RDB (Rural Development Board). City Corporations" (DCC, CCC, KCC, RCC, BCC, SCC).
Pourashavas.
Some NGOs, CBOS (Mainly operating in the local level for slum improvement
assistance, water supply, sanitation and other social welfare aspects) etc..
At present, there are multiplicities of organizations involved in the planning and
management in the Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA) and al recent about 20 ministries out
of a total 38 and 42 different agencies are involved in the governance and services of DMA
(Islam, 2005) (See Annexure of Chapter 5). Some are directly and actively involved, and the
other are indirectly and occasionally involved in the planning and development of
metropolitan Dhaka.

Some of the agencies which are directly responsible for urban services iare given below:
• Urban Local Governments.
• Dhaka City Corporation (DCC).
• Five Paurashavas (Municipalities) e.g.
• Gazipur. Tongi, Savar,Narayanganj and Kadamrasul (In Bandar Thana).
• 52 Union Parishads.
• Cantonment Boards of Dhaka, Mirpur and Savar.
• Planning and Development Authority.
• Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipakkha (RAJUK).
• Special Purpose Authorities.
• Dhaka Water and Sewerage Authority (DWASA).
• Bangladesh House Building and Finance Corporation (BHBFC). Dhaka Electric Supply
Authority (DESA).
• Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited (DESCO).
• Bangladesh Power Development Board (PDB).
• Bangladesh Telephone and Telegraph Board (T&T).
• Titas Gas.
• Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA).
• Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA).
• Special Government Departments/Directorates.
• Urban Development Directorate (UDD).
• Public Works Department (PWD)..
• Department of Architecture (DOA).
• National Housing Authority (NHA).
• Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE).
• Local Government Engineering Department (LGED).
• Department of Environment (DOE).
• Roads and Highways Department (RHD).
• Dhaka Transport Coordination Board (DTCB).
• Directorate of Land Records and Survey (DLRS).
• Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP).
The more comprehensive and more obvious responsibilities lie with RAJUK, DCC, other
municipal towns, and Cantonment Boards along with important roles played by the NHA for
housing. PDB, DESA and DESCO for electricity, WASA for water and sewerage, Titas Gas and
Transmission Company Ltd. for gas, the DMP for traffic management and maintenance of
law and order, Roads and Highway Department for major intercity roads and the DTCB
wascreated with the responsibility to prepare plan, implement and coordinate strategic
transport plan for Dhaka.Thus multiple institutions belonging to different ministries are
involved in the planning and development for Dhaka Megacity. This also requires an
interinstitutional relationship among the agencies for sustained development of Dhaka
Megacity.

Role Of Urban And Regional Planning In Spatial Development

The spatial and temporal patterns of urbanization and spatial development were examined
by interpreting separately the eighteen variable data on urbanization and spatial
development. The results show wide spatial and temporal variations in terms of
urbanization and spatial development. Theoretically, both urbanization and spatial
development are interrelated and spatial development follows urbanization. They jointly
contribute to the development of growth poles and characterize them. It is, therefore,
worthwhile to examine these two interrelated and integrated processes based upon which
identification of growth poles and lagging regions should be made.The results took the
values of >1.0, 1.0 and <1.0. The value greater than 1.0 indicated a positive growth in the
magnitude of a data variable, while that of 1.0 indicated no change, and that value less than
1.0 referred to as negative change or decline in the magnitude of the raw data on that
variable over the period in question. Factor analyzing the relative change data set for all 18
variables yielded a factor structure that explained the relative changes in urbanization and
spatial development. A cluster analysis of the factor scores derived from the relative change
data analysis allowed the regionalization and identification of changes in the growth poles,
lagging regions, their transformation over time as well as the spread and backwash effects
of the development of growth poles.Factor analysis was also employed to examine the
structure, characteristics, and spatial patterns of urbanization and spatial development in
Bangladesh for the year 1990s. The data set contained the standardized z-scores of eighteen
variables for all 64 districts in Bangladesh. Of these, eight variables represented
thecharacteristics of urbanization while the remaining ten variables represented various
measures of spatial development in Bangladesh. Factor analysis of 18 x 64 data matrix
yielded five factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0 and explained 77.86 per cent of the
total common variance. Fourteen of eighteen variables showed communality >0.7; and
communality <0.7 occurred only in four variables. Thus, the data set represented the
characteristics of urbanization and spatial development quiet well.
➢ Factor 1:
Index of Industrial and Major Growth Centre The first factor is a growth pole center
dimension that explains 29.59 per cent of the total variation. It shows strong positive
loadings on variables such as the percentage of urban population, number of manufacturing
industries per 100,000 population, percentage of total population identified as urban and
industrial labour, percentage of household with electricity, sanitary toilet facilities, and road
and railway transportation Thus, the factor highlights the most important characteristics of
major growth pole centres: highest concentration of propelling industries, which attract
large number of rural-urban migration, and the migrant population work as urban and
industrial labour. The factor also indicates the most ideal characteristic of major urban
growth centres: high percentage of urban population, better housing, and sanitation
andcommunication facilities. High positive factor scores were found in six districts of which
Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, and Rajshahi were major urban metropolitan cities, and
Narayanganj, and Gazipur were major industrial cities in the country. Interestingly, few
nonmetropolitan districts such as Cox’s Bazaar, Bandarban, Rangamati, Sylhet, Jessore,
Chuadanga and Pabna show only low positive loadings on this factor. These districts had few
manufacturing (paper and pulp, rayon, hydroelectric power plant, and food processing, jute
carpeting, textile, sugar mills and handlooms) industries and they gained urban population
via rural-urban migration. Remaining districts in the country show negative factor scores
that indicated their non-industrial ago-based economy.
➢ Factor 2:
Index of Urban Development Factor two is a bi-polar construct that accounted for 22.65 per
cent of the total variance. It correlated positively with growth of urban population, size of
urban area per 100,000 people, number of educational institution, hospitals, storage, rural
markets, and post offices per 100,000 people (Table 1). It also correlated negatively with
size of hinterland population. This is an urbanization and spatial development dimension
that highlights the growth of service facilities including education, health care, storage,
marketing, and postal services. It also highlights the growth of new urban centres in each
district that reduced the size of hinterland population in each district.High positive factor
scores (>1.5) were found in Bandarban, Rangamati, and Khagrachari districts. Moderate high
positive scores (0.76 – 1.5) were found in Jhalakati, Narail, Chuadanga, Meherpur, Barguna,
Joypurhat and Panchagarhdistricts. Low positive scores (0.01 - 0.75) were found in Feni,
Maulvibazar, Manikganj, Rajbari, Jhenaidah, Magura, Khulna, Patuakhali,
Dinajpur,Thakurgaon, Rajshahi, Natore, Nawabganj and Rangpur. Positive scores indicate
large size urban area, greater concentration of educational institution, hospitals, storage
and post offices compared to population size. High concentration of educational
institutions, post offices, rural market and hospitals indicate spatial development, whereas
growth of new urban centres and declining hinterland rural population indicated
urbanization. Index of Rural-Urban Migration and Urbanization.Factor four is a migration
and urbanization dimension that correlated positively with rural-urban migration and
growth of urban population and explained 8.69 per cent of the total common variance. This
factor highlights that rural-urban migration is a major cause of growth of urban
population,factor scores representing high rate of rural-urban migration and growth of
urban population were found in Rangamati, Khagrachhari, Lakshmipur, Bhola andKurigram
districts. Moderate positive scores (0.76 - 1.50) were found in Cox’s Bazar, Chandpur,
Sunamganj, and Shariatpur. It is interesting to note here that the districts showing high rate
of migration andgrowth of urban population were essentially the former sub-divisions with
small size of urban population.Elsewhere in the country, either low positive or negative
scores indicating low rates of migration and growth of urban population were found.
➢ Factor 3:
Index of Service Oriented Development Factor five is a service oriented spatial
developmentconstruct that explained 8.13 per cent of the total common variance. The
factor correlating strongly with banking, and moderate positively with hospital facilities and
electricity supply variables highlighted spatial development in terms of increased service
facilities in some remote areas, High positive scores (>1.5) indicating high concentration of
banks per 100,000 people were found in Lakshmipur,Munshiganj, Jessore, Khulna and
Rajshahi districts. Moderate positive scores (0.76 – 1.50) were found in Noakhali, Sylhet,
Maulavibazar, Narayanganj,Faridpur and Jhalakati districts. Low positive to negative factor
scores indicating relatively lower concentration of banking, hospital and electricity facilities
were found elsewhere in the country.Clustering, Differentiation and Regionalization in
Bangladesh.]Clustering the four factor scores yielded an interesting pattern of urbanization
and spatial development that existed in Bangladesh in 1991. There are numbers of cluster
fusion stages were found to be the most important from theregionalization point of view.
Three urban and spatial development regions were identified in this stage. It the clusters
being combined and the values of the coefficients at each stage. To understand how a
dendrogram is constructed, consider 64 districts for example. joined clusters. The position
of the line on the scale indicates the distance at which clusters were joined.

Source

Book : TOWN PLANNING by RANGWALA

Book : TOWN PLANNING and THE POLITICAL CULTURE of PLANNING in BANLADFESH by
Professor GOLAM RAHMAN
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