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·- Technology & Training

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 Training
to
Reduce
Unscheduled
Events
I
~y. .
AMOCO
~·~

Training to Reduce Unscheduled Events

was compiled by the
Amoco EPTG Drilling Technology Teams
© 1994, 1995, 1996 Amoco Production Company
Third Edition
 ~y~
,,
AMOCO
~·~

The materials were prepared by Amoco Production Company.

Neither Amoco Production Company, employees of Amoco
Production Company, nor any person acting on behalf of either:

a. Makes any warranty or representation, express or implied

with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness
of the information, contained in these materials, or that the
use of any information, apparatus, method, or process
disclosed in this report may not infringe third party rights: or

b. Assumes any liability with respect to the use of, or for any
and all damages resulting from the use of, any information,
apparatus, method, or process in these materials.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TEAM BUILDING PRINCIPLES

• TEAM BUILDING PRINCIPLES .. ............................................................ 1

• BASIC GEOLOGY .................................................. ................. 2

• CASING PROGRAM ........ ................ .......... ................... ........... 9
• DRILLING FLUIDS .................................................................. 15
• HYDRAULICS PLANNING ...................................................... 20
.,-

..
- .
.. -...
~:-
•
.-- '
. .. • •

,..
-. I ;
.
-
.

·- .
•

• HOLE PACK-OFF I BRIDGE ..................... ................ ................ 22

• DIFFERENTIAL STICKING ................ ...................................... 44
• WELLBORE GEOMETRY .................................................. ..... 47
• STUCK PIPE FREEING ................... ............ ............................. 53

LOST CIRCULATION
• LOST CIRCULATION MECHANISMS ............. ........................ 56
• SEEPAGE LOSS SOLUTIONS ............................................ .... 60
• PARTIAL LOSS SOLUTIONS ................................................. 61
• TOTAL LOSS SOLUTIONS ............ ......................................... 61
• PILL SPOTTING GUIDELINES ... ............................................ 63

RIO REPAIR
• IMPACT OF UNSCHEDULED RIG REPAIR ............................. 66
• INTERGRATING PMP WITH WELL PLAN ............................... 68
• DRILLING SYSTEM EMERGENCY PROCEDURES ............... 69

• TOOL FAILURE CAUSES ........................................................

70
• FACTORS INFLUENCING TOOL SELECTION ....................... 71
• RIG-SITE TOOL SELECTION /INSPECTION CHECK LIST. ... 72

DRILL STRING FAILURE

• DRILL PIPE FAILURE PREVENTION PLANNING .............. 73
• DRILL PIPE TUBE FATIGUE FAILURE .................................... 74
• BHA CONNECTION FATIGUE FAILURE ............................... 77
• BHA CONNECTION STRESS RELIEF /BSR .......................... 78
• DRILL CREW FIVE SECOND CHECKS .................................. 79
• DRILL STRING CARE I HANDLING PRACTICES ................... 80
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DRILLING JARS
• BASIC JAR OPERATIONS........................................................ 81
• PUMP OPEN FORCE .......... ................................... ................. 82
• COCKING I TRIPPING THE JAR ............................................ 83
• DRILLING ACCELERATOR .................................................... 86
• JAR RULES I PLACEMENT GUIDELINES .............................. 87

• PRIMARY WELL CONTROL .......... ......... .... .... ........................ .. 91

• SWAB I SURGE PRESSURE ................................. .................. 92
• SECONDARY WELL CONTROL .... .. .... .. ... .... .... .... ................... 95
• KICK DETECTION TEAM . ........ ............ ...... .•. . .......................... 97
• TERTIARY WELL CONTROL .................................................. 111
• OBM KICK DETECTION I GAS BEHAVIOR ............................ 115
• WELL CONTROL KILL SHEET ................................................ 117

• CEMENTING CONSIDERATIONS ........................................... 119

• STANDARD EQUIPMENT................................................. ........ 121
• EQUIPMENT I WELLBORE PREPARATIONS ........................ 122
• CASING PRE JOB CHECKLIST ........................ ................... 125
• RUNNING CASING GUIDELINES ........................................... 126
• CEMENTING PRE JOB CHECKLIST ...................................... 127
• TROUBLE SHOOTING CEMENTING PROBLEMS ................

• WHY DRILL HORIZONTAL WELLS ......................................... 131

• HORIZONTAL WELL PROFILES .................. ........................... 132
• HORIZONTAL DRILLING BHA ..................•.............................. 133
• HORIZONTAL WELL PLANNING ............................................ 134
• HORIZONTAL WELL CONTROL KILL SHEET ........................ 136

• DRILLER HANDOVER NOTES ................................................ 138

• SHAKER HANDOVER NOTES ................................................ 139
• TIGHT HOLE I STUCK PIPE REPORT FORM ......................... 140
• LOST CIRCULATION REPORT FORM .................................... 141
• EQUIPMENT SELECTION /INSPECTION FORM .................. 142
• DOWN HOLE TOOL FAILURE REPORT FORM ........ .............. 143
• DRILL STRING FAILURE REPORT FORM ............................. 144
• WELL CONTROL REPORT FORM ......................................... 145
 TEAM BUILDING PRINCIPLES
TEAMS
WHAT ARE TEAMS
• Two or more people worl<ing together

• Work teams have a common goal

• Team members develop "earned trust" through accountability

• Teams are self·motivated

• Teams are performance motivated

MULTI-FUNCTIONAL
TEAMS REQUIRE A MIXTURE OF SKILLS
• Technical expertise

• Functional experienoe

• Problem solving capability

• Decision making skills

• Inter·personal skills

PROBLEM SOLVING
HOW DO TEAMS SOLVE PROBLEMS
• Define the problem

• Identify primary cause(s)

• Develop alternative solution(s)

• Implement action plans

• Evaluate the effectiveness of the plan

WORKING STYLES
TEAM DECISION MAKING STYLES
• COMMAND Decision is made by leader

• CONSULTATIVE Decision is made by leader With team input

• CONSENSUS Decision is made as a team

• DELEGATION Decision is delegated down the chain of command

RESULTS
WHAT TEAMS DO
• IMPROVE WORK QUALITY • More expertise/skills are available

• FLEXIBLE - Respond quickly to change

• CREATIVE. Conbnously improve wort< processes

• DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT ACTION PLANS -Better communications

• REDUCE PROJECT COST

Page 1
 WELL PLAN

An extensive depression in the earth~s surface

An estimated 90% of the wortds drilllngs occurs In offshore and inland
basins
A laterally continuous sequence of sediments that is recognizably distinct
and mappable

Land mass elevated above sea level Is weathered and broken down to
small fragments (clastics):
Mechanically by water, wind and temperature
Chemically by soluble minerals dissolving into the water

Rock fragments (sand. silt. clay) and dissolved chemical compounds

(silicates, calcite, iron, etc.) are transported to the basin by gravity,
flowing water and wind

The fragments are swept into the basin Where they settle to the ftOOf of
the basin and form water saturated beds or sand and clay

The weight of each successive sediment layer (overburden) compacts the

sediments below. Compaction squeezes the water out of the sediments and
back to the sea

As the water is squeezed out. the dissolved chemical compounds left

cements the fragments together to form sedimentary rock

Page 2
 WELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY
- - -- ------ - -------

CLAYSTONE Lesslhan Rocl<s formed from an accumulation of

& SHALE 4 microns day mine<als and silt size partldes

MARL Mrl Less than Rocks formed from an accumulation of

4 microns clay minerals and calcite (calcium carbonate)

4to60
SILTSTONE SLst
microns Rocks formed from an accumulation of
mineral grains (quartz)

60 llliCtOI\S Sandstone comp<esslve sttenglh. +/- 9000 psi

SANDSTONE Sst
to2mm

Greater than Rocks formed from an accumulation of primarily

CONGLOMERATE Cgl 2mm granule. pebble and boulder size particles

Rocks formed from large deposijs of primarily

LIMESTONE Ls calcite (calcium carbonate) and dolomite (calcium
magnesium)

DOLOMITE& Chemical
CHALK Rocks
Comp<essive sltengths Limestone. +/- 20.000 psi.
Dolomite. +/- 24.000 psi. Chert. +/- 83,000 psi;
CHERT Chalk. +/- 6000 psi:

Gypsum& Rocks composed of minerals that p<ecipitated

Anhydrite from solution during the evaporation of water
Evaporates
Compressive strenglh· Anhydrite +/- 6000 psi
SALT Sa

BASEM ENT Bm

Igneous Rock fonned from the cooling of molten magma

rock
VOLCANICS Vole

A fracture in the rock caused by natural forces

FAULT FH resulting in failure and displacement of the
formation along the fault plane

OIL 0 L•quid hydrocarbon (5.0 to 7.1 ppg)

Native
formation
GAS G Gaseous hydrocarbon (2 3 ppg average)
Aulds

WATER water (8.3 to 11 .7 ppg)

-~ --- - - -- - - - - - - ------
Pagel
BASIC GEOLOGY WELL PLAN

TYPICAL POROSITY REDUCTION BY

SEDIMENT COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION
0

/
/ NOTE: Deviations rrom the
, average porosity can occur
25~~/-L~----~~·'=·~~=~~~====r===~
0 20 30 0

POROSITY%

The ability of a rock to flow fluids measured in units of darcies

A rock that is porous does not indicate that it is permeable
(i.e .• shale with 10% porosity may exhibit only micro permeability.
1o-6 to 1()·12 Clarey)

TYPICAL PERMEABILITY REDUCTION BY

SEDIMENT COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION
0

.. PERMEABILITY (Oarcies)

Page4
 WELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY

A force Imposed to the rocK matrix measured in pounds of force per square inch
of area (psi)

Natural sources of rock stress originate from overburden stress. tectonic stress
and formation nuld pressure

The stress produced by lhe combined weight of the rocKs and formation fluids
overlaying a depth of interest

TYPICAL OVERBURDEN
STRESS VERSUS DEPTH

.,

·,.L--"'·""- -,,..,--,.--'"""....l..--:.
OVERBURDEN STRESS ppg

The stress produced by lateral (side to side) forces in the formation

Tectonic stresses are usually very high in mountainous regions

SIDE
VIEW

Page 5
BASIC GEOLOGY WELL PLAN
-- - -- - --

SOFT
(Ductile)

SHALE

Generally occurs in deeper depth (10,000' +)

HARD Hard and britUe due to low water content
(Brittle) Fracture pressure higher than injection pressure
Brittle texture prevents fracture from "healing"
Associated with hole pack-off/bridge

Generally occurs in the shallower depth(< 5,000')

High porosity (25% +)
High permeability (2 darcies +)
Associated with lost circulation, hole wash-out,
hole pack-off
Generally occurs In mid to deep depths (4000' +)
CON· Porosity range (25% • 1%)
SOUDATED Permeability range (2 darcies • 10 milidarcles)
Associated with differential sticking, underguage hole
Low compressive strength
High porosity(+/- 40%)
SOFT Permeability range (2 darcies- 10 milidarcies)
LIMESTONE/ (Chalk) \Mil dissolve In fresh water muds
DOLOMITE
High compressive strength, usually fractured
HARD
(Brittle) High porosity (20 - 40%). High permeability
Associated with lost differential

Page6
 WELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY

..
14-....:...--...L
, IUIIHOfUIIAL,
\

•\
•
•
- ~-----~·~---~--
~ ....... ....
.. .. , . .. _,,, ~ ·· · ·· · · · -~ ·
FORMATlOH PMAUM (10M IMJ)

pore fluid Is squeezed out of the ahele to the adJacent

Formation prossijre lesslhan the normal pressijre expected for the depth of
interest
Lower-than-normal formation pressijre may exist in offshore basins dije to
production depletion, however. narumlly occurring subnormal pressure Is
rare. In Inland basins. native subnormal pressure is a common occurrence
- - - - - - -- - - - - - -

Page7
BASIC GEOLOGY WELL PLAN

The bed of sediments in which the oil and gas was produced (shale,
limestone). Compaction squeezes the oil and gas to the reservoir rock
(primary migration)

The permeable formation which receives and stores the oil and gas volume
of primary migration

The elevation in reservoir rock to which the oil and gas accumulates
(secondary migration)

Traps formed as a result of uplifting, folding and/or faulting of the formation

layers

PageS
 WELL PLAN

FUNCTIONS:
Drive or Structural
Casing * PROVIDE HYDRAIAJC
WGRflY

..... . cmtacloo

* PROTECTTHEWELLBORE
• High f01111111on ,_,.

• fli~Kku

·. ·.:·:.··..-.:··..··..-.:··..

Liner Tie Back - -----;:,.,..::,-,...,"::r

Casing
... ...... . ..
.........
'
PROTECT T1tE fORMATION

.... .....
•'
' . .. ..
, •.
. .·....· ··...·.'
·.

' lnc-Ciblt WtUboft

flllds

• l'loduction Zoot llolllioo

·:. Production liner --~.;;.__-:..-..-,.
or Casing

Page9
CASING PROGRAM WELL PLAN

Shoe suength must support the hydrostatic. circulating and surge pressures and
PfOVide a sufficient kick tolerance for well control safety

In some instances. the only solution to a drilling problem may be to run

casing before the planned shoe depth is reached. This could be the next
planned casing string or a contingency liner

Casing may be set before or deeper than its planned depth to protect
potential production zones

Consolidated. Naturally cemented rock to avoid wash out and/or

hole collapse during cementing

As homogeneous as possible. Interbedded layers of d illerent

formation types weaken the rock and introduce the possibility of
permeability

fmpennuble. Water loss from the cement slurry can resu ~ in

nash·setting of the cement before it is in place

If permeability Is present, the tme leak·off pressure or the wellbore

is difficult to establish

Lowest Rock Strength: Initial fracture gradient assumptions are

based on the weakest rock type

Clean shale is the ideal casing seat formation. tn the field, however, the formation selected for
the seat Is usually the best compromise between the Ideal and what is possible

DATA: FUNCTIONS:
PIPE SIZES
• Prevent Rig FOundation
9-6/8"- 38" Wa•hout

DRIVE PIPE • Recycling ~oturn•

(Ortven to A:efusal) • Olverter ayatem

• Vertleal P ilot
STRUCTURAL CASING
(Orill.cl •nd Cfl!"'ent~MJ)
• Structural Support
conductor caalng
SHUT·IN NOT
RECOMM£NOEO

Page 10
 WELL PLAN

Planned sening depth determined by anticipated hole instability, lost

circulation problems and to protect fresh water sands (land based)

Surface casing must provide sufficient fracture strength to allow drilling the
next hole interval with a sufficient kick tolerance

The casing is pressure tested and the shoe Is tested to a ma~imum anticipated pressure or to leak-off

Page 11
 WELL PLAN

DATA: FUNCTIONS:

• PROVIDE WE.LL
PIPE SIZE CONTROL CAPABILITY
5" ·ll-311"
• SOLUTION FOR
DRILliNG PROBLEMS:

• CEIIENTED BACK • lolt ~ulatloo

TO PREDETERIIINED
DEPTII

• Oillt,..,tlat Sticking

• PROTECT FORMATIONS:
• CASING PRESSURE
TESTED ' LowiHigh Wtllbolt
Prttsure

' lncompotlblt Wtllbore

Fluids
• SHOE PRESSURE
TESTED • Productloo Zone ls4latlon

• SHUT~N RECOMMENDED
(Stlln P*'ure
Trensition Shalt!
 WELL PLAN CASING PROGRAM

Planned setting depth determined by minimum desired kick tolerance,

anticipated hole instability, lost circulation problems or protecting
production zones

If the liner is contingent on drilling problems, occurrence of the problem

determines the setting depth

DATA: FUNCTIONS:

' PROVIDE WE.L.L

CONTROL CAPABIUTY
' PIPE SIZE
s· -t t-314" • SOLUTION FOR SPECIFIC
DRILLING PROBLEMS:

• LO$t circulation

. . CEMENTED BACK
TO UNER HANGER
• Formation Instability

' Dlfforentlal Slicking

' LINER PRESSURE • Low/High Wellbore

TESTED Pressure

• Incompatible Wollbore
Fluids

• Production Zone Isolation

SHUT~N RECOMMENDED

The liner Is pressure tested and the shoe and liner top tested to a maximum anticipated pressure or to
leak-off

Page 13
 WELL PLAN

Planned setting depth determined by total depth of the well (TO)

DATA: FUNCTIONS:

• PROVIDE WELL
PIPE SIZE CONTROL CAPABILITY

s· .9-518"
• PROVIDE A STABLE
WELLBORE:
• CEMENTED BACK
TO PREDETERMINED • WeiiTosting
DEPTH
• Production Operations

• UNER I CASING I TIE·

• Protects Intermediate
BACK CASING
casings
PRESSURE TESTED

' PRODUCTION ZONE

ISOLATION:

' Selective Testing

• Dual Completions

Page 14
 WELL PLAN DRILLING FLUIDS

A ftuid used to perform various functions during a drilling

operation

. .,.. : " ,,
.
. . ' .. .!.!;~~~0 £1~·-•.
~.-;'t\"1",..,_.... ~·~· f!,~.:-. ....

.
' '
. , <P:h.
i~t-i-
~\~ '""·"''f'C.:"•dYJ..,.,;.,.--~

~ ' t .... • { ¥~~- ~ ...... ·,

Primary control or formation fluid flow
WELL CONTROL Fluid weight into the well bore
Chemically- Mud Inhibition Minimize formation reaction
HOLE STABILITY Mechanically - Fluid Weight Prevents hole cave-in/collapse

Yield Point (YP) Suspend and carry cuttings/cavings from

HOLE CLEANING Gel Strength the wellbore and release the solids at
Mud weight surface

TRANSMIT HYDRAULIC Base fluid of the mud Remove cuttings from below bit
HORSEPOWER TO BIT race to improve penetration rate

Mud system type Gather and interpret data

FORMATION EVALUATION and properties Provide early wamlng signs of problems

DRY AIR /GAS Drilling hard dry formations lnaease penetration rate
MIST Drilling lost circulation zone Minimum !ormation damage
FOAM Continuous gas/oil detection
AERATED MUD

NATIVE GEL Low cost spud mud Most versatile system

BENTONITE Non-weighted system Products readily available
BENTONITE/CHEMICAL Base lor more sophisticated Basic system
systems.
LIGNITE/ Filtration control Easily maintained
LIGNOSULFONATE Tolerance to contaminants Reduced penetration rate
(DISPERSED) Applicable at all mud weights

INHIBITIVE (SALTS) Drilling water sensitive shales chemical reaction or shales

POLYMERS Improved penettatlon rate

DIESEL OIL Drilling water sensitive shales Completely inhibited system

SYNTHETIC OIL Drilling water soluble formations Improved penetration rate
·Reduce stuck pipe potential Formation stability
Corrosive environment Torque & drag reduction
High bottom hole temperature Environmental concerns
High cost
Logging! cementing concerns

Page 15
DRILLING FLUIDS WELL PLAN

The selected drilling fluid is usually the best compromise of the available choices

WELL TYPE Seismic data An "overl<ill" mud system Is generally

(Exploratory I Offset data selected for exploratory welts
Development) Field experience
Mud company records The optimum mud system Is
selected on development wells

ENVIRONMENTAL Regulatory requirements May lim~ the choice of mud systems

WELL CONTROL Seismic data evaluations The mud system must be capable of
REQUIREMENTS Offset well data minimum to maximum mud weight
Foeld experience requirements
Mud company records

HOLE STABILITY Seismic data evaluations An inhibited system is selected to

Chemical/ Mechanical Offset well data avoid chemical reaction with water
Field experience sensitive shales and water soluble
Mud company records formations (salt, anhydrite)

The mud system must be capable of

minimum to maximum mud weight
requirements

TEMPERATURE/ Offset well data The mud system must tolerate

CHEMICAL STABILITY Foeld experience formation temperatures w1thout chemical
OF THE MUD Mud company records breakdown

Must tolerate contamination from

formation fluids. minerals and solids

OPTIMUM DRILLING Offset welt data The mud system should provide an
AND ECONOMIC Field experience acceptable penetration rate w~h
PERFORMANCE Mud company records formation damage at the lowest cost
Bit company records

BASE FLUID I MUD Offset welt data May limit the choice of mud systems
PRODUCT AVAILABILITY Mud company records in remote areas

RIG EQUIPMENT Contractor Inventory May lim~ the choice of mud systems
Field experience in remote areas

Page16
 WEL!.PLAN DRILLING FLUIDS

DRILL SOLIDS Active solids • Clays

Inactive solids - Silt. sand. limestone. chert, etc.

Sodium chloride. NaCI

EVAPORITE SALTS Potassium chloride, KCI
Calcium chloride. cac1 2
Magnesium chloride, MgCI
2
Anhydrite. CaS04

WATER FLOWS Mixed satts at various concentrations

Carbon dioxide, co2

ACID GASES
Hydrogen sulfide, ¥
Light or heavy oils
HYDROCARBONS Ugnne
Coal

TEMPERATURE Degradation of mud products

~'-"•~~,.~~::or,:·· .'··C• ·'?iT'?'" !>·~~-""''"·•r '')<'~-·~ ~

£"'... ·: ..: ' '_:. ..:. :, . : ,'- ~~ ,;..__·-· .• '··'. : ....~ •
~· •r, ./-•
::.........._~;t.__!l~~·
• -~~· j'• ,.,.,.,,.,_ '•';'1·•·.•'-<'V="-·
-jlii,.~ •• =- •.•• ' • J. .... ,,ll.t;.e1:
·t"-''';"11111{
. r"'
COARSE Greater than 2 000 microns

INTERMEDIATE Between 250 and 2,000 microns

MEDIUM Between 74 and 250 microns

FINE Between 44 and 7 4 microns

ULTRA-FINE Between 2 and 44 microns

COLLOIDAL Less than 2 microns

,.-:~«' ',.~,_,,-~~'"··~.,-p~~~~ •"0W, --~-, . , ......... ._.,,. ~\lif;p ~·--~~

..,_ • ',d."
•,_.;·~;_·. ·..,:. :-. ...::~..:.·,:~.·~:- ~t;-~h --" 'il...''o.'' ....__.. -~.J.J.»,~;~;.~' ..::: . ·,I
,,1 • -: .:.r '··~.11
·r,
--~
•,;· < '· .. • ·r·~~~--.- •.
-~·--~ _•...J.i •.-L- _ _.:....~--
. --~
.'.A...J-,

SHALE SHAKERS Down to 150 microns with 200 mesh screens

DESANDER Down to 50 to 70 miaons (cone size dependent)

DESILTER Down to 20 to 40 miaons (cone size dependent)

MUD C LEANER Down to 74 microns

CENTRIFUGE Colloidal solids up to 5 microns

Page 17
 WELL PLAN

- -'
Crill solids Increase, Heavy spot from barite sag, Over
INCREASE treatment during weight-up
MUD WEIGHT -
DECREASE Formation flutd influx, Ught spot from barite sag.
Excessive water additions

Reactive shale dnlled. Crill solids increase. low water

INCREASE contenL Calcium contamination from cement,
FUNNEL Anhydrite formation drilled
VISCOSITY
DECREASE Formabon water ...nux. Excessive water content

Unconsolidated sand drilled, Drill sollds increase.

PLASTIC INCREASE low water content
VISCOSITY
DECREASE Formation water Influx. Excessive water additions.
Solids content decrease

Reactive shale drilled, Anhydrite formation drilled. Low

INCREASE water content, Calcium contamination from cement.
YIELD POINT
Formation water influx, Excessive water add~ions.
DECREASE Oeaease in low grav~ solids. Additions of chemical
th1Mers

Reactive shale dnlled, Low watet content, CalCium

INCREASE contamonatoon lrom cement. or anhydrite formation drilled
GEL STRENGTH
Formation water influx, Excessive water
DECREASE additions, Additions of chemical thinners

Low gravity sOlids Increase. Flocculation from

API/ HPHT INCREASE cement, chloride. calcium contamination. Low gel content
FLUID LOSS
DECREASE Mud treatment taking affect
Addition of pH oontrol add~ives, Calcium
pH INCREASE contamination

DECREASE Addotion of mud products, Anhydrite formation drilled

Sa~ formation is drilled. Pressure transition shale is
INCREASE drilled, Formation water influx
CHLORIDE
DECREASE Water addrtions
-
TOTAL INCREASE Salt or calcium formation is drined, Formation water ...nux
HARDNESS
DECREASE Addotion of lresh water, Chemical add~ion

CATION INCREASE Reactive shale Is drilled, Addition of bentonite

EXCHANGE
CAPACITY
(CEC) DECREASE Water additions. Solids removal equipment

Page 18
WELL PLAN DRILLING FLUIDS

Page 19
HYDRAULICS PLANNING WELL PLAN

-
\...
.
~ ·-
..
'lp>,.............
-
. )'-,;,~
'
. -.-.~
•. ·.• .
-·..:i·-*
..
' .&<=-· - •

• GEOLOGY

• OPTIMIZE MUD TYPE AND PROPERTIES

• OPTIMIZE BIT SELECTION

• OPTIMIZE BIT HYDRAULICS

• OPTIMIZE BIT WEIGHT AND RPM

• DEFINE RIG EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS /CAPABILITY

• DEVELOP ACTION PLANS FOR WELL

The calculated balance of the hydraulic components that will

sufficiently clean the bit and well bore with minimum horsepower

,_,...,r •
' . ..
'· -
~.,

MAXIMIZE • In medium to hard formations, ma.ximize hydraulic

RATE OF PENETRATION horsepower to increase penetration rate
(ROP)

MAXIMIZE . In soft formations and high angfe holes, maximize ftow rate
for hole cleaning.
HOLE CLEANING

• In small a.nd/or deep holes. limit flow rate to minimize annulus

ANNULUS friction pressure and reduce the potential for.
FRICTION PRESSURE
Lost Circulation; Differential Sticl<lng; Hole Instability
•
• In soft, unconsolidated formations. limit flow rate to mini mize
HYDRAULIC EROSION turbulence in the annulus if hole wash-out is a problem

BIT PLUGGING
• Larger jet sizes may be required If there is potential for lost
circulation

. ..rr- ' " •. , •

.
PUMP PRESSURE I VOLUME OUTPUT DEPTH I HOLE SIZE I MUD TYPE

DRILL STRING ID, OD, LENGTH MUD WEIGHT I RHEOLOGY

DOWN HOLE EQUIPMENT RESTRICTIONS ANNULUS FRICTION PRESSURE

BIT TYPE I JETS HOLE PROBLEM POTENTIAL

Page 20
 WELL PLAN HYDRAULICS PLANNING

• Do not violate the flow rate rule to get more horsepower, jet velocity

• Too low a How rate wilt "ball" the b~ and reduce effective hole cleaning

• Too high a flow rate increases ECD and erodes soft or unconsolidatecr zones

• Slow drilling with mud requires a minimum of 30 GPM per inch of bit diameter

• Fast drilling with low mud weights requires 50+ GPM per inch of bit cliameter

• Hydrolic horsepower is basecl on hole size/ROP. l arge bits require more HHP!In'

• Fast drilling requires the maximum HHP/In~ even above 5 HHP/trl

• Maximum HHP!In' should be consiclered when pump horsepower is

available

• Do not waste fuel a ncr wear on tile pumps ~h excessive pressure

2
• Many rigs do not have enough horsepower to provide the recommended HHP/In

• Nozzle velocity (ftlsec) • The velocity of the fluid exiting the bit jets

• 35% to 50% of pump pressure is lost through the clrill string a ncr annulus. Hydraulic
calculations are requlreclto determine these losses

• If the total of drill string and annular pressure loss is greater than 50% of the
available pump pressure. Jet Velocity optimization is required. However, do
not operate below 30 GPM per inch of bit ella meter

• Impact Force • The product of fluicl j et velocity and fluid weight. Impact
is the force the drilling nuicl exerts to the formation toasslst bottom hole cleaning

• Jet velocity will influence chip·holcl·down and penetration rate

• Do not operate with a jet veloc~y below 250 ftlsec

• For small holes (9· 112" and smaller) and slow drlllin, consider running 2 jets versus 3
to improve bottom hole cleaning and penetration rate. Two large jets are less likely to
plug than 3 small j ets (same total flow area, TFA)

• tr a long hole section is plannecl for the next ~. consider running 3 j ets and dropping
a diverting ball in the lower part of the hole section to maintain jet velocity

• Asymetrical jets are often run to improve penetration rate versus using two jets

Page 21
HOLE PROBLEMS STUCK PIPE

Planned operations are suspended when down hole force(s) prevent pulling l.he siring
oul oflhe hole

Down hole force( a) reelncl siring movement above normal operaling condilions
(a usual warning indicator of a stuck pipe evenl)

MECHANISMS
···oro;·~

' .'
.....
-·-~;-. ·-- ~ 7_~-i~~~r ... --~

SETTLED CUTIINGS DIFFERENTIAL FORCE STIFF ASSEMBLY

SHALE INSTABILITY KEY SEAT

UNCONSOLIDATED
MICRO DOGLEGS
FORMATIONS

FRACTURED LEDGES
FORMATIONS

CEMENT RELATED MOBILE FORMATIONS

JUNK UNDERGAUGE HOLE

C AUSES

HOLE PACK-OFF: Foonafion solids (cultlngs. cavings) sellle around lhe dnll s1nng and pack oil
lhe annulus resulbng on sluck pipe

BRIDGE: Medium 10 large poeces of hard formation. cement or junk falls inlo the wellbore
and jams the drill string resulting in stuck pipe

'-~··~--·T~~~~'
Wk
•, • '.;11-....___.,:... • •.rJ__ ....._:--.- • ..,. ; -" .
SETTLED CUTTINGS

SHALE INSTABILITY SHALE INSTABILITY

REACTIVE SHALE
GEO-PRESSURED SHALE
HYDRO-PRESSURED SHALE
OVER BURDEN STRESS OVER BURDEN STRESS
TECTONIC STRESS TECTONIC STRESS

UNCONSOLIDATED FORMATION S UNCONSOLIDATED FORMATIONS

FRACTU RED FORMATIO N S FRACTURED FORM ATIONS

-

SOFT CEMENT C EM ENT BLOCKS

JUNK

Page 22
HOLE PACK.QFF STUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEMS

CIRC ULATING TIME

DRILLED CUTTINGS ARE NOT TRANSPORTED

OUT OF THE HOLE DUE TO LOW ANNULAR
VELOCITY AND/OR POOR MUD PROPERTIES
WHEN CIRCULATION IS STOPPED. THE
CUTTINGS FALL BACK DOWN THE HOLE AND
PACK.OFF THE DRILL STRING

HIGH ROP, LOW PUMP RATE, LlffiE TO NO

CIRCULATING TIME AT CONNECTIONS
TORQUE. DRAG AND PUMP PRESSURE
INCREASE
OVER PULL OFF SLIPS, PUMP SURGE TO
BREAK CIRCULATION
FILL ON BOTTOM

LIKELY TO OCCUR ON CONNECTIONS,

POSSIBLE DURI NG TRIP
CIRCULATION RESTRICTED OR IMPOSSIBLE

FIRST A CTION:
APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 - 400 psi)
APPLY TORQUE AND JAR DOWN WITH
MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD
CIRCULATE CLEAN TO AVOID RECUR.RENCE

PREVENTTVE ACnON:
CONTROL ROP, MAXIMIZE ANNULAR VELOCITY
MAINTAIN SUFFICIENT GEL STRENGTH AND YP
CIRCULATE 5 TO 10 MINUTES BEFORE
CONNECTIONS
CIRCULATE HOLE CLEAN BEFORE POOH

Page 23
STUCK PIPE

CAUSE:
DRILL CUTTINGS SETTLE ON THE LOW SIDE
OF THE HOLE AND FORMS A CUTTINGS BED
THE CUTTINGS BED BUILDS AND SLIDES
DOWN HOLE PACKING OFF THE DRILL
STRING

WHILE POOH, THE CUTTINGS BED IS

DRAGGED UPWARD BY THE BHA AND PACKS
OFF THE DRILL STRING

WARNING:
HOLE ANGLE GREATER THAN 35°

DRILLING WITH A DOWN HOLE MOTOR

HIGH ROP. LOW PUMP RATE. INCREASE

TORQUE & DRAG, INCREASING PUMP
PRESSURE

INDICATIONS:
LIKELY TO OCCUR WHILE POOH, POSSIBLE
WHILE DRILLING
INCREASE OVERPULL ON TRIPS
CIRCULATING PRESSURE RESTRICTED OR
IMPOSSIBLE

FIRST A CnON :
APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (100- 400 psi)
JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD, APPLY
TORQUE W ITH CAUTION

TO AVOID RECURRENCE

PREVENTIVE A CTION:
RECORD TREND INDICATORS FOR
INADEQUATE HOLE CLEANING

CONTROL ROP. MAINTAIN MUD PROPERTIES,

CIRCULATE AT MAXIMUM RATE, MAXIMIZE
STRING ROTATION

CIRCULATE HOLE CLEAN BEFORE POOH,

ESTABLISH AN OVERPULL LIMIT

Page 24
 STUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEMS
HOLE PACK-OFF

DRAG TORQUE PRESSURE OTHER

Increasing, erratic Increasing, Increasing Pressure surges
DRILLING erratic Gradual decrease in ROP

Surge to start Back pressure before

Overpull off slips breaking connection
CONNECTION circulations
Back now

TRIPPING Increasing, erratic Swabbing

OUT Overpull off slips
Increasing set down Begins with BHA below
TRIPPING weight depths ol35° hole angle
IN Overpull off slips
Increasing Surge to start circulation
BACK Overpull off slips Increasing,
String pistoning
Erratic overpull erratic
REAMING Loss of ftuid possible
Surge to start circulation
PUMPING Overpull off slips Increasing
String pistoning,
OUT Increasing, erratic
Loss of Ouid possible

E2_: i~--ifJ~'! . -ti'EMII!IDIQ4110NI

SHAKER Low cuttings return rate tor penetration rate, Erratic cuttings returns, No cuttings
TRENDS retum. High cuttings retum on fine shaker screen and desilter I mud cleaner

LOGGER Rounded, reground cuttings

TRENDS
MUD Increasing plastic viscosity and yield point. Increase in low gravity s<>lids, Possible
TRENDS mud weight increase

PREVEN1IVE ACTION
• Maintain the required mud properties

• Circulate at maximum recommended GPM for hole size

• Place more emphases o n annular vetoc~y when designing the hyc!raulics for 12-1 14" and larger hole
sizes. Consider using a riser booster line when drilling 8-112" and smaller hole sizes

• Do not allow I he penetration rate to exceed the ability to clean the hole
• Record torque and drag trends for symptoms of Inadequate hole cleaning

• Consider a wiper trip after drilling a long section with a clown hole motor

• Wipe the hole at full circulating rate as low as possible (5 - 10 min) before connections. Rotate
at maximum RPM when possible

• Maximize string motion when circulating the hole clean. Use maximum practical RPM. raise the drill
string slowly (5 minl std) and slack-off at a safe but fast rate (1 minlstd)

• Consider pumping high-vis sweeps in low angle wells (<35''). Consider low-vis I high-vis sweeps
in higher angle wells (>3sj
0
DO NOT STOP CIRCUlATING UNTIL ALL SWEEPS RETURN

• Circulate until the hole is clean. If the last sweep brings up excessive amounts of cutlings, continue
with hole cleaning operations, Several circulations may be necessary

Page 25
HOLE PROBLEMS STUCK PIPE HOLE PACK-OFF

MINIMUMGPM
'7i!T r-;;. ~ ~t- II~!,.. • - ' 'It.!i
I .... ~ 't-: -·
HOLE SIZE 26" 17-1/2"- 16" 12-1/4" I 8-1/2"
ANGLE INTERVAL
0°- 35' 700 GPM 500GPM 400 GPM 300GPM

35'- 55' 1250 GPM 950GPM 650 GPM 450GPM

55'+ 1100GPM 750 GPM 500GPM

Minimum flow rate (GPM) for any gwen hole SIZe and angle Is greatly dependent on mud weight. mud
rheology and annulus geometry Maximum recommended flowrate is SO GPM per inch of bit diameter

MAXIMUMROP
r·A'OPI VERSUS HOLE SIZE AND-. OLE
HOLE SIZE 26'' 17-1/2"-16" 12-1/4" 8-1/2"
ANGLE INTERVAL

0°- 35 ° 60 110 155 240

35"- 55° 40 75 85
- 125

55°+ 60 75 100
Penetration rate guodelines are based on adequate mud properties

MINIMUM STROKES
~ CUL ,s· S.FACl OR fCSF\ TO CLEAN HOLE
HOLE SIZE 26" 17-1/2"- 16" 12-1/4" 8-1/2"
ANGLE INTERVAL
- 1- -
0°-35 ° 2 17 1.4 1.4

35~ 55 ° 2.5 25 1.8 1.6

55°+ 3 2 1.7
-'--

PROCEDURE:

1. Separate the wellbore into sectoons by hole angle from intetvals above.

2. Multiply each hole section length (Sect. lth) by CSF and total the adjusted measured depth (MD).

Adjusted MD= (Sect. Llh X CSF) +(Sect Lth X CSF) +(Sec/. Lth X CSF)

3. Calculate the minimum circulating strokes to clean the hate.

M1mmum C1rc Stks = Total Ad£usted MD x Bottoms-Ue, Stks

~easurea lJepl1i

Page 26
HOLE PACK-OFF
STUCK PIPE

ADJUSTED MD = (SECT LTH ~ CSF) + (SECT LTH x CSF) +(SECT LTH x CSF)
= (4500x 1.4) + (2000 x 1.8) + (6500x2)
= 6300 + 3600 + 13,000
22.900 TOTAL ADJUSTED MD

= TOTAL ADJUSTED MD x BOTTOMS-UP STKS *

MIN CIR STKS
MEASURED DEPTH
22900 X 15 000
13,000
= 26.423 STROKE$

Page 27
HOLE PROBLEMS
STUCK PIPE HOLE PACK-OFF

Maintain sufficient mud weight to stabilize the wellbore as hole angle and/or formation pressure
tncreases
Use proper low-End-Rheology for hole siZe and angle to maxim1ze hole cleaning

Circulate at maximum rate for hole size and hole angle

Limit the ROP to the maximum rewmmended for hole size and hole angle

Back ream each stand (or 1/2 stand) drilled with a down-hole motor

0 Rotate at high RPM (160+). Raise the dnll string slowly (i.e., 5 min/stand). l ower the drill string
at a safe but fast rate (i.e ., 1 min/stand)

• Continue back reaming if hole conditions dictate

• Consider a wiper trip after drilling a long section with a down hole motOf to mechanically agitate
and remove cuHings bed

Pump a sweep (p1ll) if hole conditions do not improve. Consider low-vis I high-density tandem sweeps.
Optimize sweep type. volume and frequency pumped

Consider reducing ROP or stop dnlling and circulate unbl hole conditions improve

Start and stop drill stnng slowly. Ensure adequate back reaming at full circulation rate prior to
connect1ons

Prepare crew and equipment to minim1ze connection time

Rewrd free rotating weight, pick-up weight. slack-off weight. off-boHom torque. and circulating pressure
for trend indications of inadequate hole cleaning

Pull th~ slips and slovvty rotate the drill string first, then increase pump speed slowly. Carefully lower the
drill string to bottom

C11culate 1 to 3 joints off bottom while c leaning the hole to avoid dropping bottom hole angle. Consider
sweeps (pills) to ai d hole cleaning

Rotate at high RPM (160+) while cleaning the hole. Raise the drill sUing slowly (o.e .• 5 min/stand). lower
the drill sUing at a safe but fast rate (i.e .. 1 min/stand)

Ensure recommended min1mum circulat1on strokes for-hole size and angle are pumped, 2 to 4 times
normal bottoms.up may be required Circulate until the shakers are dean

Consider pumping a sweep (pill) to determine if additional circulation time is required

Inform the Droller ol the measured depth and stand count when the top of the BHA reaches the deepest
anticipated cuttings bed Maximum cuttings bed thickness is hkely between 45• and 6 5' hole angle

Determine a n overpull tlm1t pnor to pulling out of the hole (the lesser of 112 BHA weight or 30.000 lbs)

If overpull limit occurs. run in 1 stand and repeat hole cleaning g uidelines from present bit depth. When
the shakers are clean. continue pulling out of the hole. If the overpulllimit is again reached. repeat
procedure

CAUTIOUSLY BACKREAM OR PUMP-OUT STANDS WHEN A CUTTINGS B ED IS PRESENT!!

Be patient. several hole cteamng cycles may be required to safely pull the drill sting out of the hole
Record depths and stand count of high pick-up weights during the IJip. Compare these to the drilling
pick-up weights for the same depths to determine value of overpull

Page 28
H OLE PACK-OFF
STUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEM S

GEO-PRESSURED SHALE HYDRO--PRESSURED SHALE

REACTIVE SHALE
OVERBURDEN TECTONIC
STRESS STRESS

WATER SENSITIVE SHALE DRILLED WITH UTILE

OR NO MUD INHIBITION
SHALE ABSORBS WATER AND SWELLS INTO
THE WELLBORE
REACTION IS TIME DEPENDENT

FUNNEL VISCOSITY, PV. YP. CEC INCREASE

TORQUE & DRAG INCREASE
PUMP PRESSURE INCREASE

CLAY BALLS AND/OR SOFT "MUSHY" CUTIINGS

AT SHAKER

OAY!I EXI'OS~IRE 1 OVER PULL & SWABBING

BHA BALLING (MUD RINGS)

GENERALLY OCCURS WHILE POOH. POSSIBLE

WHILE DRILLING
CIRCULATION IMPOSSIBLE OR HIGHLY
RESTRICTED

.. FIRST ACTION:

APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 • 400 PSI)

IF POOH. TORQUE UP A ND JAR DOWN WITH

MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD

EXPOSURE I IF RIH, JAR UP WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD, DO

NOT APPLY TORQUE

PREVENTIVE ACTION:
USE AN INHIBITED MUD

MAINTAIN MUD PROPERTIES

PLAN WIPER TRIPS
M INIMIZE HOLE EXPOSURE TIME

. '

Page 29
HOLE PROBLEMS
STUCK PIPE HOLE PACK-OFF

.....,.
DRILLER

DRILLING
Increasing
Smooth
DRAG TORQUE
I OF.

Increasing,
Smooth
PRESSURE
Increasing
OTHER
Pressure surges
Gradual decrease in ROP
Mud loss possible
Back pressure before
Overpull off slips Surge to start connection
CONNECTION circulation Back flow
TRIPPING Increasing, Smooth Swabbing
OUT Overpull off slips
Increasing set down Begins at depth of
TRIPPING weight problem formation
IN Overpull off slips Mud loss possible
Increasing Surge to start circulation
BACK Overpull off slips Increasing,
String plstoning
Smooth
REAMING Loss of mud

PUMPING Increasing, Smooth Increasing Surge to start circulation

Overpull off slips String pistoning,
OUT l oss of mud

_,_ . : RIG TEAM INDICATIONa .

SHAKER Soft clay balls. Wet "mushy" clay (gumbo). Flow line plugging
TRENDS
LOGGER Large quanty of hydrated shale cuttings. High value on shale swelling test
TRE NDS
MUD High funnel vis. & YP. Increasing PV. tow gravity solids & CEC. Possible mud weight
TRE NDS increase. Low inhibitor content

~- - PREVEN'fiVE ACTIQN
• Addition of various salts (potassium, sodium, calcium, etc.) to reduce the chemical attraction of
water to the shale

• Addition of various encapsulating (coating) polymers to reduce water contact

with the shale

• Use of oil and synthetic base muds to exclude water contact with the shale

• Minimize open hole time

• Plan regular wiper I reaming trips based on time, footage drilled or the warning signs of reactive shale

• Ensure adequate hydraulics for bit and hole cleaning

• Maintain required mud properties and minimize low gravity solids

Page 30
 STUCK PIPE

DRILLING PRESSURED SHALE WITH

INSUFFICIENT MUD WEIGHT.

THE STRESSED SHALE FRACTURES AND

CAVES INTO THE WELLBORE

SIGNS BEGIN TO OCCUR AS SHALE IS DRILLED

MUD LOGGER TRENDS INDICATE INCREASING

PORE PRESSURE

ROP INCREASE WHEN FIRST DRILLED

TORQUE INCREASE & DRAG ON CONNECTIONS

HOLE FILL ON CONNECTIONS. BRIDGES ON

TRIPS. SPLINTERY SHALE CAVING$

POSSIBLE BACKGROUND GAS INCREASE

cc.·.· ~'""""·~··"""'-'-1 LIKELY TO OCCUR WHILE TRIPPING. POSSIBLE

WHILE DRILLING

COMPLETE PACK-OFF LIKELY. HOLE BRIDGING

POSSIBLE

CIRCULATION RESTRICTED OR IMPOSSIBLE

FIRST ACTION:

APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 • 400 psi)

APPLY TORQUE. JAR DOWN W ITH MAXIMUM

TRIP LOAD

ADJUST MUD WEIGHT BEFORE DRILLING

KNOWN PRESSURED SHALE

SLOWLY INCREASE MUD WEIGHT TO

STABILIZE SHALE

MINIMIZE SWAB I SURGE PRESSURES

Page 31
HOLE PROBLEM S
STUCK PIPE HOLE PACK-OFF

• CAUSE:

OVER TIME, SHALE PORE PRESSURE BECOMES

CHARGED BY HYDROSTATIC OVER BALANCE

DRILLSTRING MOTION AND WELL BORE

PRESSURE SURGES STRESS-CRACKS THE
UNSTABILIZED SHALE

THE SHALE FALLS INTO THE WELLBORE AND

. JAMS THE STRING

WARNING:

GENERALLY FOLLOWS A MUD WEIGHT

· .REDUCTION

TORQUE & DRAG INCREASE

POSSIBLE WHILE DRILLING OR TRIPPING

HOLE BRIDGING OR COMPLETE PACK-OFF

POSSIBLE

CIRCULATION RESTRICTED OR IMPOSSIBLE

APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 • 400 psi)

, APPLY TORQUE. JAR DOWN W!TH MAXIMUM

TRIP LOAD
---~--~~

CIRCULATION AT MAXIMUM RATE ONCE

• • • • • CIRCULATION IS ESTABLISHED
0 ~-;----·--.-·~---.-- --~--

PREVENTIVE ACTION:

USE OBM. SBM OR GLYCOL BASE MUD IF

PROBLEM IS SUSPECTED

IF A WEIGHT REDUCTION IS NECESSARY,

REDUCE GRADUALLY OVER SEVERAL
CIRCULATIONS

MINIMIZE WELLBORE PRESSURE SURGES

• 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 0

Page 32
HOLE PACK-OFF STUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEMS

MUD WEIGHT IS INSUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT

THE OVER BURDEN

MUD WEIGHT IS NOT ADJUSTED AS HOLE

ANGLE INCREASES

STRESSED SHALE FRACTURES AND FALLS

INTO THE WELLBORE

HOLE CLEANING PROBLEMS

INCREASE TORQUE & DRAG

CAN OCCUR WHILE DRILLING OR TRIPPING

HOLE BRIDGING OR PACK-OFF POSSIBLE

RESTRICTED CIRCULATION OR NO
CIRCULATION POSSIBLE

APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 - 400 psi)

APPLY TORQUE, JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM

TRIP LOAD

USE MUD WEIGHT NEEDED TO STABILIZE THE

OVER BURDEN

INCREASE MUD WEIGHT AS HOLE ANGLE

INCREASES

Page 33
HOLE PACK-OFF
STUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEMS

CAUSE:

NATURALLY OCCURRING LATERAL FORCES

IN THE FORMATIONS

STRESSED SHALE FRACTURES, FALLS INTO

---~-' THE WELLBORE AND JAMS THE DRILLSTRING

•-~--. SANDSTONE SQUEEZES IN CAUSING UNDER

GAUGE HOLE

:.....;:--~ MOUNTAINOUS LOCATION

=·~:"J PROGNOSEO TECTONICS

e:!l1~1J;-:j.~
.:
,.:. ,.· ERRATIC TORQUE & DRAG
· BLOCKY SHALE CAVINGS

PREVENTIVE ACTION:

INCREASE MUD WEIGHT IF POSSIBLE

CIRCULATE HIGH DENSITY SWEEPS

MINIMIZE WELLBORE PRESSURE SURGES

Page 34
 STUCK PIPE
HOLE PROBLEMS HOLE PACK -OFF

~·;# . ~~···_...I. -.~I••·- Jl .. • •Jt Ia

....._-1- --'D,_RAG TORQUE PRESSURE OTHER
lncreas1ng, errat1c lncreas1ng, Increasing Increase ROP followed
DRILLING erratic by gradual decrease.
Pressure surges
Hole fill
-
CONNECTION Overpull off slips Surge to start
circ ulation

TRIPPING Increasing, erratic Swabbing

OUT Overpull off slips
Increasing set down Beg1ns at depth of
-
TRIPPING weight problem formation
IN Hole fill on bottom
Surge to stan carculahon
I
BACK Overpull off slips lncreas1ng. Increasing
erratiC Stnng p1stoning

l
REAMING Loss of ftuid possible

PUMPING lncreasong, erratiC

Overpull olf sl•ps
lncreasJng Surge to start clfculatiOn
String plstoning
I
OUT Loss of ftu•d poss•ble

lUG TUMIMDICA110N8
SHAKER Large, spt1ntery or blocky shale cavings. Large volume of cavlngs
TRENDS
LOGGER Large quanty of slllntery or blocky cavings with striations. Poss1ble indications of
TRENDS increase in formation pressure Prognosed mechanically stressed shale

MUD Poss•ble st.ght •ncrease .n mud we!Qht and plastic viscosity

TRENDS
I

-. .

• Consider offset well data and/or computer models Which simulate shale failure limit& when planning
the mud weight tor each hole section

• Mud weight increase with hole angle and 1VD specific to the area to maintain hole stability

• Exploration wells, consult the Mud Logger for changes in formation pressure Increase the mud
weight cautiously until symptoms are no longer observed

• If possible, increase mud weight slowly (0 .1 to 0.2 ppg per day) until the desired densrty for a g1ven
depth is reached. Th1s w111 ma•nta1n an overbalance against hydrostatically sensitive shales

• AVOID MUD WEIGHT REDUCTION after 1+ day exposure to hydrostatically senSitiVe shale If mud
weight reduction is necessary, reduce the mud weight gradually over a bme frame equal to the tJme
of exposure

• Use the Shaker Handover Notes to determ•ne trends of cuttings volume, size and shape

• Maintaan mud properties to ensure hole c:~aning

• Use sweeps to help c lean the hole

• Stop drilling until the hole Is circulated clean

• MinlmlZe open hole exposure t1me

• Plan contin en to case-off the problem

Page 35
HOLE PROBLEMS
STUCK PIPE HOLE PACK-OFF BRIDGE

LIITLE OR NO FILTER CAKE

UNBONDED FORMATION (SAND, PEA GRAVEL.

ETC.) CAN NOT BE SUPPORTED BY
HYDROSTATIC OVERBALANCE

SAND/PEA GRAVEL FALLS INTO THE HOLE AND

PACKS OFF THE DRILL S TRING

LIKELY TO OCCUR AS THE FORMATION IS

DRILLED

INCREASE TORQUE & DRAG, PUMP PRESSURE

FLUCTUATIONS

HOLE FILL ON CONNECTIONS & TRIPS

GENERALLY OCCURS IN SURFACE HOLE

CAN OCCUR W HI LE DRILLING OR TRIPPING

SUDDEN PACK-OFF W ITHOUT WARNING

CIRCULATION IMPOSSIBLE

• APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 • 400 psi)

- • JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD,

APPLY TORQUE WITH CAUTION

PREVENTIVE A CTION:
CONTROL FLUID LOSS TO PROVIDE A N
ADEQUATE FILTER CAKE

CONTROL DRILL SUSPECTED ZONE

SPOT A GEL PILL BEFORE POOH

Page 36
HOLE PACK-OFF I BRIDGE STUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEMS

Increasing. erratic Increasing. Increasing

DRILLING erratic

Overpull off slips Surge to start

CONNECTION circulation

TRIPPING Increasing, ettatic

OUT Overpull off slips

TRIPPING weight
IN
Increasing, Increasing Surge to start circulation
BACK Overpull off slips
Siring pistoning
erratic
REAMING Loss of fluid possible

Increasing Surge to start circulation

PUMPING IncreaSing, erratic
String pistoning,
OUT Overpull off slips
Loss of fluid possible

RIG·TEAIIINDICATIOHI _0 •

SHAKER Large volume of sand over shakers. Sand IJ'ap and desander overload.
TRENDS
LOGGER Large q uantity of sand in samples. Prognosed unconsolidated formation.
TRENDS
MUD Increase in mud weight and plastic viscosity. High % sand content
TRENDS

CTION
• Provide an effective filter cake lor the hydrostatic overbalance to "push againsr' and stabilize the
formation

• II possible, avoid excessive circulatmg time with the BHA opposite unconsolidated formations to
reduce hydraulic erosion

• Slow down tripping speed when the BHA is opposite unconsolidated formations to avoid mechanical
damage

• Start and stop the drill string slowly to av01d pressure surges to unconsolidated formations

• Control-drill the suspected zone to allow time for filter cake build up, minimize annulus loading and
to minimize annulus friction pressure

• Use sweeps to help keep the hole clean

• Be prepared lor shaker, desilter. desander overtoads

• Minimize seepage loss with fine lost circulation material through these intervals

Page 37
HOLE PROBLEMS STUCK PIPE HOLE PACK-OFF I BRIDGE

NATURALLY FRACTURED FORMATIONS

PIECES OF FORMATION FALL INTO THE

WELLBORE AND JAM THE DRILLSTRING

PROGNOSED FRACTURED LIMESTONE,

SHALE AND/OR, FAULTS

MUD LOGGER FORMATION EVALUATION

BLOCKY CAVINGS AT SHAKER

HOLE FILL ON CONNECTIONS AND TRIPS

LIKELY DURING TRIPS, POSSIBLE WHILE

DRILLING

SUDDEN AND ERRATIC TORQUE AND DRAG

LIKELY JUST BEFORE STRICKING

CIRCULATION MAY BE RESTRICTED

DO NOT APPLY TORQUE, JAR DOWN W ITH

MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD

CIRCULATE HIGH DENSITY HIGH VISCOSITY

SWEEPS

SPOT ACID IF STUCK IN LIM ESTONE

-•-.o..~~ CIRCULATE HOLE CLEAN BEFORE DRILLING

,._:··~~ AHEAD
MINIMIZE SEEPAGE LOSSES

SLOW TRIP SPEED BEFORE BHA ENTERS

SUSPECTED ZONE

Page 38
HOLE PACK-OFF I BRIDGE
STUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEMS

DRILU!R ~~-~ • J~!.u.J.· •,

'ni!NDS" DRAG TORQ UE PRESSURE OTHER
Sudden. Increasing, Sudden. No change
DRILLING erratic eHahc

Overpull off shps No change Hole fill

CONNECTION

TRIPPING Increasing, erratic

OUT Overpull off shps
lncreastng set down Begms at depth of
TRIPPING werght problem formaliOn
IN
r
Hole fill on bottom

lncreasing, No change Drag decreases when

BACK Overpull off slips
pumping
Increasing~ erratic errattc
REAMING

PUMPING
OUT
Overpull o ff shps
lncreastng, errattc
:-1 r No change Drag decrea~s when
pumprng

RIG TEAM INDICATIONS

SHAKER Blocky or angular cock fragments
TRENDS
LOGGER Same as shaker trends Possible offset well data clues. Prognosed fractured
TRENDS formation
-
MUD No change.
TRENDS

PREVENTIVE ACTION .
NOTE: With fractured lormatrons, mainlarnmg a good quality filter cake can help to support the formation
in some cases . Generally, fractured format•ons requtre hme to stablltze Pnor to thts, the problem must
be controlled w rlh adequate mud propertres, sweeps and suffrcient crrculalion ltme to keep the hole clean
Other recommendations:

• Circulate the hole clean before drilling ahead

• Restrict tripping speed when BHA Is opposrte fractured rormat•ons and fault tones

• Start I stop the drrll string slowly to avord pressure surges to the wellbore

• Anticipate r eammg dunng trtps Ream fractured zone cautiously

• Be prepared lor the potential of lost cuculauon when drrlllng fractured rormattons

• Problem likely to slabrllze with lime

Page 39
 STUCK PIPE

CEMENT BECOMES UNSTABLE AROUND

CASING SHOE, OPEN HOLE SQUEEZE PLUG
OR KICK-OFF PLUG

'-'- · ---' HARD CEMENT CHUNKS FALL INTO THE

WELLBORE AND JAMS THE DRILL STRING

EXCESSIVE CASING RATHOLE

1-::~.~ CEMENT SQUEEZE JOB

CEMENT KICK-OFF PLUG

CEM ENT CAVING$ AT SHAKER AND/OR IN

MUD LOGGER SAMPLES

~~::::: PROBLEM CAN OCCUR ANYTIME

SUDDEN, ERRATIC TORQUE AND DRAG JUST

=·- __ .,.. BEFORE STICKING

ATTEMPT TO BREAK t;HUNK:S WITH JARRING

& TORQUE

JAR IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF STRING

MOVEMENT PRIOR TO STICKING

APPLY JARRING FORCE & TORQUE

GRADUALLY
CIRCULATE HIGH DENSITY, HIGH VELOCITY
SWEEPS

PREVEN TIVE ACTI ON:

M INIMIZE CASING RATHOLE

ALLOW SUFFICIENT CURING TIME

REAM CASING SHOE AND OPEN HOLE PLUGS

~,._ -- ·• THOROUGHLY BEFORE DRILLING AHEAD

~~~~~CASING
::
S~L~O~W:T~R~I~
P SPEED BEFORE BHA ENTERS
SHOE OR PLUG DEPTH

Page 40
HOLE PACK-OFF I BRIDGE
STUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEMS

CIRCULATION IS ATTEMPTED W ITH THE

BOTTOM OF THE DRILL STRING IN SOFT
CEMENT

PUMP PRESSURE CAUSES THE CEMENT TO

FLASH SET

HIGH PENETRATION RATE WHEN CLEANING

OUT SOFT CEMENT

TRIPPING IN HOLE AFTER SETTING AN OPEN

HOLE CEMENT PLUG OR AFTER A CEMENT
JOB

SET DOWN WEIGHT OCCURS ABOVE THE

THEORETICAL TOP OF CEMENT

BLEED TRAPPED PUMP PRESSURE

JAR W ITH MAXIMUM T R IP LOAD IN T HE

OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF STRING MOVE,~E~H
PRIOR TO STICKING

IF SET DOWN WEIGHT IS OBSERVED WHILE

RIH, PULL 2 STANDS BEFORE CIRCULATION

START CIRCULATING 2 STANDS ABOVE TOP

OF CEMENT

CONTROL DRILL WHEN CLEANING OUT

CEMENT

Page 41
HOLE PROBLEMS
STUCK PIPE HOLE PACK-OFF I BRIDGE

POOR HOUSE KEEPING ON THE FLOOR, HOLE

COVER NOT INSTALLED

~=~;:;::J JUNK FALLS INTO WELLBORE AND JAMS THE

DRILL STRING

GENERALLY OCCURS WHEN BHA IS IN HARD

FORMATION OR INSIDE THE CASING

SUDDEN AND ERRATIC TORQUE AND DRAG

~~;.:; LIKELY JUST BEFORE STRICKING

MISSING FLOOR TOOL OR EQUIPMENT

CIRCULATION UNRESTRICTED. DEPENDING

ON TYPE OF JUNK

FIRST ACTION:

=;. . ·- IF MOVING UP WHEN STICKING OCCURRED,

$ JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD

APPLY TORQUE IF PROGRESS IS MADE

IF MOVING DOWN. JAR UP WITH MAXIMUM

TRIP LOAD, DO NOT APPLY TORQUE

GOOD HOUSE KEEPING ON FLOOR

INSPECT HANDLING EQUIPMENT

KEEP HOLE COVERED

Page 42
 STUCK PIPE

CEMENT BLOCKS
PREVENTIVE ACTION
• Limit casing rathole to minimize a source of cement blocks

• Several squeeze jobs at the casing shoe Increases the potential for cement blocks

• Allow sufficient cement curing time before drilling out

• Ream casing ratholes and open hole cement plugs slowly and thoroughly before drilling ahead

• Maintain sufficient distance between the paths o f platform wells to reduce the possibility of cement
blocks

• Reduce ttipping speed when BHA is entering the casing shoe or opposite open hole cement plugs

• Start and s top the drill siting slowly to avoid pressure surges to th e wellbore

FT CEMENT
N
• Know the calculated top of cement (TOC) before tripping in hole

• Do not rely on the weight indicator to find the top of the cement

• Begin washi ng dowf\ 2 stands above the theoretical top of the cement

• If set down weight is observed when tripping in hole after a cement operation, set back 2 stands
before attempting circulation

• Pre~treat the mud system wilfh chemiCal prior to d nllino out cement

• Verify cement compressNe strength with cement company before drilling out

• Control drill when cleaning out soft cement

JUNK
ACTION
• Inspect slip and tong dies regularly

• Use good house keeping pract1ces on the rig floor

• Install drill string wiper rubber as qu1ckty as possible

• Keep hole covered when out of the hole

• M a intain rig floor equipment in good operating condition

Page 4 3
 STUCK PIPE

A stlck.i ng Ioree developed when differentia l pressure (overbalance) forces a stationary drill string
into the thick filter cake of a permeable zone

PERMEABLE FILTER
FORMATION CAKE

Sandstone I
fractured lime-stone
~~~:T!!~~J;
I
.·· develops
A cake of mud solids
on the hole
. wall due to fluid loss

OVER
BALANCE

Wellbore pressure
greater than
formation pressure

STRING STATIC
CONTACTS FILTER CAKE
FILTER CAKE

Angled wellbore 1
unstabilized BHA
increases potential

STRING
MOTION
STOPPED

No string motion or
circulation develops
static cake

LOW TIME
PRESSURE DEPENDENT
AREA

Overbalance
pressure across the
contact area
determines the
d ifferential force

Page 44
DI FFER ENTIAL STIC KING
STUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEMS

CAUSE:

DRILL STRING CONTACTS A PERMEABLE ZONE

WHEN STRING MOVEMENT STOPS. A STATIC

FILTER CAKE DEVELOPS

HIGH OVERBALANCE APPLIES A DIFFERENTIAl

STICKING FORCE TO THE DRILL STRING
CONTACT AREA

WARNING:

PROGNOSED LOW PRESSURE SANDS

LONG IUNSTABILIZED BHA SECTIONS

INCREASING OVER PULL, SLACK OFF WEI~HT I

OR TORQUE TO START STRING MOVEMENT___j

l iND/CA TIONS: I
OCCURS AFTER A PERIOD OF NO
STRING MOVEMENT

STRING CAN NOT BE ROTATED OR

4" MOVED
c •
~ , CIRCULATION UNRESTRICTED

200Sq In
I FIRST ACTION: l
APPLY TORQUE AND JAR DOWN WITH
Contact MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD
Alta
SPOT A PIPE RELEASING PILL IF TH
STRING DOES NOT JAR FREE

DIFFERENTIAL
FORCE (;;~,~~ PREVENTIVE A CTION: ~
MAINTAIN MINIMUM REQUIRED MUD
1,200,000 LBS WEIGHT
4- KEEP STRING MOVING WHEN BHA IS
OPPOSITE SUSPECTED ZONES

MINIMIZE SEEPAGE LOSS IN LOW

PRESSURE ZONES

MINIMIZE UNSTABILIZED BHA

SECTIONS, USE SPIRAL DC's & HWDP

CONTROL DRILl SUSPECTED ZONES

Page 45
 STUCK PIPE DIFFERENTIAL STICKING
HOLE PROBLEMS

·DRILLER I OF.•
TRENDS DRAG TORQUE PRESSURE OTHER
Possible increase No change No change
DRILLING
Increasing overpull No change
CONN.ECTION off slips

TRIPPING Increasing overpull

off slips
OUT
Increasing overpull
TRIPPING off slips
IN
BACK Increasing overpull No change No change
off slips
REAMING
Increasing overpull No change
PUMPING off slips
OUT

RIG TEAll INDICATIONS

SHAKER No change
TRENDS
LOGGER High overbalance. Permeable formation depth, Permeability data to
TRENDS estimate stricking potentiaL

MUD Increasing mud weight. Increasing plastic viscosity and low gravity solids. High API
TRENDS water loss. thick fiKer cake.

~---
•
· ---------~
~ ACnaN
Design the casing program to minimize overbalance to shallower open hole formations

• Limit mud weight to minimum required for hole stability and well control

• Maintain Ruid loss within specifications

• Minimize BHA length when possible

• Limit the length of unstabillzed BHA. Use spiral drill collars

• KEEP THE STRING MOVING. Consider rotating the string during d rilling and tripping connections
while BHA is opposite potential sticking zones

• Preplan to minimize the down time for operations that require the string remaining static (surveys,
minor repairs, et<;.).

• In zones with high sticking potential, minimize seepage loss with plugging agents

• Keep a pipe releasing pill ready at the well site when d ifferential stricking potential is high

Page 46
 STUCK PIPE

WELLBORE
Hole diameter and/or angle relative to BHA geometry and/or sliffness will not allow passage of the
drill string

STIFF ASSEMBLY KEY SEAT M ICRO DOGLEGS LEDGES

MOBI LE FORMATION UNDER GAUGE HOLE

;z~~~a~::::::~ BHA AT DIRECTION I ANGLE CHANGE DEPTH

;:;;.Zi;;.;:::;::;:;~ UNRESTRICTED CIRCULATION

IF MOVING DOWN WHEN STICKING

~~~"! OCCURRED, JAR UP W ITH MAXIMUM TRIP
LOAD, DO NOT APPLY TORQUE

IF MOVING UP, TORQUE UP AND JAR DOWN

W ITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD

PREVENTIVE ACTION:

MINIMIZE BHA CHANGES, CONSIDER A

REAMING TRIP

LIM IT DOGLEG SEVERITY

SLOW TRIP SPEED BEFORE BHA

ENTERS SUSPECTED ZONE, PLAN TO
REAM

Page 47
 STUCK PIPE WELLBORE GEOMETRY
HOLE PROBLEMS DIRECTION I ANGLE CHANGE

::0:~3i!~!'!~~~ ABRUPT CHANGE IN ANGLE OR

oi;:~~-~ DIRECTION IN MEDIUM SOFT TO
MEDIUM HARD FORMATION

~-=~,.;~ HIGH STRING TENSION AND PIPE

-. ROTATION WEARS A SLOT INTO THE
FORMATION

WHILE POOH, THE DRILL COLLARS JAM

INTO THE SLOT

HIGH ANGLE DOGLEG IN UPPER HOLE

SECTION

LONG DRILLING HOURS W IT H NO

W IPER TRIPS THROUGH THE DOGLEG
SECTION

•. . ,.CYCLIC OVER PULL AT TOOL JOINT

. INTERVALS ON TRIPS

~::':1m~ OCCURS ONLY WHILE POOH

SUDDEN OVER PULL AS BHA REACHES

DOGLEG DEPTH

UNRESTRICTED CIRCULATION

FREE STRING MOVEMENT BELOW KEY

~~~~~~
EA~T~DEPTH POSSIBLE IF NOT STUCK

: ::.:.;.:.·. , ..., .•..·.:- APPLY TORQUE AND JAR DOWN W ITH

MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD

ATIEMPT TO ROTATE WITH LOW OVER

;:,;.;~~~~~~
· PULLS TO WORK THROUGH DOGLEG

MINIMIZE DOGLEG SEVERITY TO 3°/100'

OR LESS

LIMIT OVERPULLS THROUGH

' SUSPECTED INTERVALS

PLAN REAMER AND/OR W IPER TRIPS IF

DOGL.EG IS PRESENT

RUN STRING REAMER OR KEY SEAT

W IPER IF SUSPECTED

Page 48
W ELLBORE GEOMETRY
DIRECT ION I ANGL E CHAN GE
STUCK PIPE

HARD/SOFT INTERBEDDED FORMATIONS

FREQUENT CORRECTIONS IN HOLE ANGLE

OR DIRECTION

BHA BECOMES JAMMED IN TH E

SUCCESSIVE MICRO DOGLEGS

· . PROGNOSED HARD/SOFT INTERBEDDED

FORMATIONS

FREQUENT ANGLE/DIRECTION CHANGES

DRILLING/SLIDING W ITH DOWN HOLE

MOTOR

ERRATIC TORQUE AND DRAG ON

CONNECTION

IF MOVING UP WHEN STICKING OCCURRED,

APPLY TORQUE AND JAR DOWN WITH
MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD

IF MOVING DOWN, JAR DOWN W ITH

MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD, DO NOT APPLY

MINIMIZE DIRECTION I ANGLE CHANGES

.· ·. •·.·.· .. :. BACKREAM FREQUENTLY WHEN DRILLING

HARD/SOFT FORMATIONS

SLOW TRIP SPEED BEFORE BHA ENTERS

SUSPECTED ZONE

Page 49
 STUCK PIPE WELLBORE GEOM ET RY
HOLE PROBLE MS DIRECTION I ANGLE CHANGE

INTERBEDDED FORMATIONS.
SOFT ROCKS • WASH OUT
HARD ROCKS • IN GAUGE

FRACTURED I FAULTED FORMATIONS

STABILIZER BLADES AND TOOL UPSETS

BECOME STUCK UNDER LEDGES

PROGNOSED HARD/SOFT INTERBEDDED

FORMATIONS

PROGNOSED FRACTURED/FAULTED
FORMATIONS

MII~IMII<:t DIRECTION I ANGLE CHANGES

MINIIMI<~E BHA CHANGES

Page 50
WELLBORE GEOMETRY STUCK PIPE
HOLE DIAMETER DECREASE HOLE PROBLEMS

PRl:)GI~OS>ED SALT OR PLASTIC SHALE

SUIJDEoN INCREASE IN OVER PULL OR SET

WEIGHT

:>UIJIJt:N TORQUE INCREASE W ITH FAST

un'""'"' PLASTIC FORMATION

GENERAicLY OCCURS WHILE POOH

POSSIBLE WHEN RIH AFTER A LONG

PERIOD OUT OF THE HOLE

POSSIBLE WHILE DRILLING IF FORMATION

MOVES FAST

STICKING OCCURS WITH BHA AT PLASTIC

ZONE DEPTH

CIRCULATION UNRESTRICTED OR SLIGHT

RESTRICTION POSSIBLE

MOVING DOWN, JAR UP WITH MAXIMUM

LOAD. DO NOT APPLY TORQUE

FRESH WATER IF IN SALT. (CONSI

CONTROL)

COI~SI[lER ECCENTRIC PDC BITS

TRIP SPEED BEFORE BHA ENTERS

SU::>PECTEcD ZONE

Page 51
STUCK PIPE WELLBORE GEOMETRY

u"'""·'"'..., HARD ABRASIVE ROCK WEARS

GAUGE PROTECTION

i C<)REDHOLE SECTION UNDER GAUGE

GAUGE PULLED BIT AND STABILIZERS

· NEVER FORCE BIT THROUGH TIGHT SPOTS

REAM THE LAST 3 JOINTS TO BOTTOM

. BEGIN REAMING 3 JOINTS ABOVE CORE
HOLE SECTION

SLOW TRIP SPEED BEFORE BHA ENTERS

SUSPECTED ZONE

Page 52
 STUCK PIPE
Problems are observed only when BHA Is moving in the hole

Increasing, erratic Surge to start Momentary over pull &

ECTION circulation set down

Increasing, erratic Momentary over pull &

TRIPPING overpull with BHA al set down
OUT zone
TRIPPING lncreastng, erratic
set down weight
IN
BACK Erratic Increasing. No change Momentary over pull
erratic
REAMING
PUMPING Increasing, erratic No change Momentary over pull
OUT overpull

:::·-= ..-
~f&i:-:;;.=. ;._..- . ~ ~-. ·.:,. ".. '
~ ~ ' . ':-;:_
~....._ ~~.~ .. .-J:.:.~·~-!$~~---..;jJ~.........~. . -~--=--"'•:'o.'
·.
- L 0
_: . ,
-~- _ .__i-~~-~ :
SHAKER No change
TRENDS
LOGGER No change
TRENDS
MUD No change
TRENDS

• Optimize BHA design (run only what is required) and when possible . minimize BHA stiffness

• f'tan a reaming trip ff the new BHA is locked up andlor a note geometry problem IS suspecte<l

• Slow down trip speed before BHA enters kick off or dogleg depth, depth of micro dogleg and/or
ledges, mobile formation depth

• Minimize dogleg severity to 3°/100' or less. M inimize rotating hours below a sharp dogleg without a
wiper or reaming trip

• Consider using key seal wipers or drill string reamers if a key seat is suspected

• limit the length of casing rathole to avoid key seating the bottom of the casing. Do not start angle
building operations too close to the shoe

• M inimize sharp. frequent wellbore course changes

• Avoid prolonged circulation In suspected micro dogleg section to prevent hole wash out and forming
ledges.

• With mobile salts consider using a slightly under saturated mud system to allow a controlled washout.
If necessary. increase the mud weight to help slow down salt intrusion.

• Consider drilling mobile salts with eccentric PDC bits. Plan regular wiper trips to keep the hole
section open

• Use hard faced stabilizers and select bits with extra gauge protection if abrasive formations are d rilled

• Gauge the old b1t and stabilizers as well as the bit and stabilizers picked up

• Begin reaming 1 joint above a cored hole section. As standard practice, ream the last stand or 3 joint
back to bottom on every trip

Page 53
 STUCK PIPE

INfTIAL ACnON:
1. If sticking O<XtJrred while moving up apply torque and Jar
OOWN with maximum trip bad.

It sbeking occurred wniie

moving dOwn, do not apply torquo and jar UP with
maximum trip load.
2. Stop Of rOduce cirei.Mtion when cocking lhe jar and when
jarring down.

NOTE: Pomp Pt<>..<Jro ..WI INCREASE lhe hydraulic jar up·

blow, DECREASE the dOWI'\o·blow.

3. Continuo Jarring until the string Is tree or an altemative

decision is made. Jarri"Q f-Qf 10+ hours may be necessary.

SECONOARY ACnON:
Spot acid if stuck in l imestone or chalk . Spot trash water
with mobile SO.It.

WHEN THE STRING COMES FREE:

\ , Increase circulation to maximum rate, rotate and work the
string.

2. Ream I backleam the hole Secl)()ll lhor·o ughly.

ACnoN TO ESTABUSH CIRC: ACnON TO ESTABLISH CIRC:

1. Apply tow pomp ptessure (200 • 1. Appty iQw pump pressure (200· 2 . Wori< M AXIM UM limit torque down to
400 pst). Maintain pressure if 400 ps1), Maintain pressure il the st\Jck Cfepth and hold the torque
restricted circulation is possibl&. restrided circutation i s possible.
in the

2. 00 NOT JAR UP!!! APPLY 2. DO NOT JAR DOWN!!I APPL Y 3 . Stop or reduce pump spe&d 10
TORDUEIII Slacl< off 10 TOROOEIII Apply MAXIMUM minimum.
MAXIMUM set down weight. Alk>w ovarpuU to &at. AlbN sufficient
sufficient lime f01 a hydrau1ic jar to time fOf a hydraulic jar to trip (4 • 4. SlaCk OM 10 MAXIMUM seH:town
ttlp (4 • 6 min for long cycle. see jar 8 min l or long cvcte. see jar lim it!
manual) .. manual).
5. Allow sufficient time tor a hydraulic
3. II the string OOC-s not come free. 3, If tne ~ring <IOe$ not come freG.
jar t-o tfip (4 • 6 min tor king cydO.
DO NOT JAR UPII Jar DOWN DO NOT JAR DOWNIII Jar up see jar manual).
until the string comM tree Of an until the string Is free or an
attemative decision is made. alternative docision is made.
6. II the stMg doeS not come free. hotd
Jarring down tor 10+ hours may be Jarring up ftx 10+ hours may bG torquo in tl\0 string and continue
necessary. reQuired. jarring down with maximum lrip toad.

WHEN CIRC. IS ESTABLISNEO: WHEN CIRC. IS ESTABLISHED:

SECONDARY ACnON:
1. Sbldy inattase pump speed 10 1. Slowly increase pump speed to If the string dOGs not como lroo aftor
maximum rate. When pos.sible, ma>c rate. When pos.sible. work S to 10 jar blows, conlinue
wortc the Siring and circulate the lho Wing 8flef circulate the hole willie
hote elean from bl1 depth. dean from bil d&pth.

2. Ream I~ sectJon until the hole is Ream the section until the hole
dean. 4sclean.
2. Circolaua at maximum ra1e to crean
3. If POOH to log and I or run casing, • Continue RIH until oxoessive sel ... hole.
return to bottom and circulate the down woight is obsotVOd,
hole clean. circulate the h ole dean. 3. Chock the proper mud spoclticatklns.

QUESTION ANSWER RESULTS

Pipe motion prior to stiO'ktng? Moving up The three numbers 2 . 0 , 2 a re circled in the Moving Up row.
Pipe motion a!!er slicl<lng? Dn Impossible The three numbers 0. 0. 0 are circled in the Down Impossible row.
Pipe ro tatioo a fter sticking? Rot. Impossible The three numbers 0. 0 , 0 are circled in the ROI. Impossible row.

Circ. press. after sticking? Circ. Impossible The three numbers 2 . 0. 0 are cirded in the Circ.lmpossible row.

Add tlle numbers in 1he co4oums. TOTALS= 4, 0, 2

The probable sticking mechanism Is the column with the highest total number (4) , Pack-oil/ Bridge

Page 54
 LOST CIRCULATION

Measurable loss of whole mud (liquid phase and solid phase) to

LOST CIRCULATION the formatlon. Lost circulation can occur at any depth during any
operation

ADVERSE EFFECTS ON DRILLING OPERATIONS

LSURFACE HOLE INT : U"'l 0: PRODUCTION HOLE
Loss of drive /conductor Loss of Huld level monitoring loss of Huid level
shoe monitoring
loss of formation evaluation
Hole cleaning problems loss or formation evaluation
Hole cleaning problems
Hole bridge /collapse Hole cleaning problems
Hole bridge /collapse
Stuck pipe Hole bridge /collapse
Extended well bore exposure time
Well control event Extended wellbore exposure
StucK pipe time
Loss otwell
Well control event Stuck pipe

Under ground blowout Well control event

Additional casing string Underground blowout

Additional casing string

Production zone damage

LOST CIRCULATION MECHANISMS

PRESSURE INDUCED Well bore pressure exceeds fracture pressure of the formation
FRACTURE caus,ing the rock to crack ope-n (fracture)

NATURALLY EXISTING
Over balanced wellbore pressure is exposed to a formation
FRACTURES I HIGH with unsealed fractures or high permeability
PERMEABILITY

CAUSES OF LOST CIRCULATION

PRESSURE INDUCED FRACTURES NATURAL FRACTURES I PERMEABILITY

Excessive mud weight Unconsolidated formation

Annulus friction pressure Fissures I fractures

Wellbore pressure surges Unsealed fault boundary

Imposed I trapped pressure Vugular I cavernous formation

Shut-in pressure

Low formation pressure

Page 55
HOLE PROBLEMS
LOST CIRCULATION
MECHANISMS

PROGNOSEO LOSS ZONE

EXCESSIVE MUD WEIGHT

LOW FRACTURE STRENGTH

MAY BEGIN WITH SEEPAGE LOSS,

POSSIBLE TOTAL LOSS

PIT VOLUME LOSS

Page 56
LOST CIRCULATION

WELLBORE PRESSURE IS OVER

BAlANCED TO FORMATION PRESSURE

MUD IS LOST TO NATURAL FRACTURES

AND/OR HIGH PERMEABILITY

PROGNOSEDLOSSZONE

LOST CIRCUlATION CAN OCCUR AT ANY

TIME DURING ANY OPEN HOLE
OPERATION

MAY BEGIN WITH SEEPAGE LOSS,

TOTAL LOSS POSSIBLE

STATIC LOSSES DURING CONNECTIONS I

SURVEY

REDUCE PUMP SPEED TO 1/2

PULL DRILL STRING OFF BOTTOM, STOP

CIRCUlATION

ZERO STROKE COUNTER, FILL ANNULUS

WITH WATER OR LIGHT MUD

RECORD STROKES IF I WHEN THE

ANNULUS FILLS UP

MINIMIZE MUD WEIGHT

CONTROL PENETRATION RATE

MINIMIZE WELLBORE PRESSURE

SURGES

Page 57
 LOST CIRCULATION
HOLE PROBLEMS MECHANISMS

LOSS SEVERITY CLASSFICATIONS

SEEPAGE LOSS PARTIAL LOSS TOTAL LOU
(< 20 BBLSIHR) (> 20 BBLSIHR) (NO UTUIIIUIS)

GRADUAL LOSSES IMMEDIATE DROP IN FLUID RETURN FLOW STOPS

LEVEL WHEN PUMPING IS IMMEDIATELY
OPERATION NOT STOPPED
INTERRUPTED PUMP PRESSURE
SLOW TO REGAIN RETURNS DECREASE
POSSIBLE WARNING AFTER STARTING
OF INCREASED LOSS CIRCULATION STRING WEIGHT INCREASE
SEVERITY
OPERATIONS USUALLY OPERATION SUSPENDED

l
INTERRUPTED
REMEDIAL ACTION
REMEDIAL ACTION REQUIRED REQUIRED

METHODS FOR LOCATING I rut.'ll DEPTH

Successful treatment of lost circulation depends greatly on locating the depth of the loss zone

SURVEY METHODS PRACTICAL IIE1'HbD8

• TEMPERATURE SURVEY 0 OFFSET WELL DATA

• ACOUSTIC LOG • GEOLOGIST I LOGGER IDENTIFIES

POTENTIAL LOSS ZONE
• RADIOACTIVE TRACER
• MONITORING FLUID LEVEL TRENDS
• SPINNER SURVEY WHILE DRILLING

• PRESSURE TRANSDUCER

• HOT WIRE SURVEY

FOR il
0 SURVEY TOOLS NOT ALWAYS AVAILABLE

• CONSIDERABLE TIME REQUIRED TO RUN SURVEY

• SURVEYS REQUIRE LARGE VOLUME OF MUD

0 RESULTS OFTEN DIFFICULT TO INTERPRET
0 POSSIBILITY OF LOSING SURVEY TOOL IN THE HOLE

Page 58
 LOST CIRCULATION

SOLUTION GUIDELINES
GUIDEUNES FOR LOST CIRCULATION SOLUTIONS
ACT10N RESULTS CONSIDERATIONS
Reduced wellbore pressure (the More successful with pressure
MINIMIZE driving force pushing mud into induced fractures
MUDWT the loss zone
Possible well control event or hole
instability problems

Reactive clays of loss zone swell with More successful with fresh water mud
water of WBM producing a plugging effect losl to shale formations
FORMATION
"HEALING Soft shales deform with formation stress Better results will1 LCM
TIME" helping to "hear' the fracture
Normal S . 8 hours walt time with string
in casing

Effectively bridges. mats and seals Less effective with large fractures,
LOSSCIRC small to medium fractures I faults
MATERIAL permeability
(LCM) Ineffective with cavernous zones

Increase LCM lbslbbl with loss

severity

A plug base is pumped into the loss zone Can be used in production zones
SPECIALTY followed by a chemical activator
TECHNIQUES The two materials form a soft plug Increased risk of p lugging equipment

Plug breaks down with time

Cement slurry is squeezed into the toss Provides a "fit-to-form" solid plug at
zone under injection pressure o r near the stress of the surrounding
CEMENT formation
The slurry cures to a solid plug

In some cases, the only practical solution Not a consideration where well control
DRILLING is to drill without returns potential exist
BLIND
Set casing in the forst compentent
formation

FOR SUCCESSFUL LCM RESULTS

• Locating the loss zone and accurate pill placement is vital. Position the string +/-100 feel above loss
zone, do not stop pumping until the pill clears the bit

• Insure the base mud viscosity will suspend the LCM volume added. Add fresh gel to a premixed LCM
pill immediately before pumping, fresh gel continues to yield after spotting

• An effective LCM pill bridges, matts and then seals the loss zone. particle size distribution and pill
formulation must satisfy these requirements Consult the LCM product guide prior to applying the pill

Use large nozzle sizes if the loss potential is high. Keep the string moving during pill spotting
• operation to avoid stuck pipe

Page 59
 LOST CIRCULATION RESTORING
HOLE PROBLEMS CIRCULATION

.. ,
"
LOSS CIRCULATION MATERIAL (LCM)

FINE (F) A portion of the material will pass through the shaker
screens

GRADES MEDIUM (M) Majority of material will screen-out at shakers.

COARSE (C) All material will screen-out at shaker Will plug jets and
down hole tools. Recommended with open-ended pipe

FIBROUS
Non-rigid materials that form a mat on the hole wall to provide a foundation for
& normal filter cake development
FLAKED

GRANULAR Rigid malenals that bndge and plug the permeability of the loss zone
- - ·~

LCMBLEND A combination of fibrous. flaked and granular materials in one sack

CELLULOSTIC Sized wood derived materials used to prevent seepage /partial loss

CALCIUM
CARBONATE Sized limestone or marble (acid soluble) used for seepage /partial loss in productior
zone
- -
SIZED SALT Granulated salt (water soluble) developed for seepage /partial loss in production
zone in salt-saturated systems

SEEPAGE LOSS SOLUTIONS (< 20 BBLSIHR)

FIRSTACnoN RECOVERY
• Reduce ROP to limit
cuttings load
Add LCM pill In 5 • 10 PPB increments, Evaluate results over 2
circulations before increasing to next level of LCM concentration.
Mix in 30 to 50 bbl batches dictated by hole size, Consider spotting
• M inimize mud
rheology
LCM pill before POOH
-
NON-PRODUCTIVE INTERVALS
• M tnimtze GPM
WBM: OBM I SBM:
• Minimize wellbore
pressure surges LCM Blend (F) 5 · 15PPB Cellulosic (F/M) 2 -25 PPB
LCM Blend (M) 5 · 15PPB
• Minimize mud wt FlaKed (FIM) 10 • 20 PPB

• Consider pulling into

casing and waiting
PRODUCTION ZONE EXPOSED
6 to a hours WBM: OBMISBM:

L1mestone (FIM) 5 · 30 PPB Cellulosic (FI M) 2 • 25 PPB

Limestone (F/M) 5 • 15 PPB

THE LCM M IXTURES SHOVVN HERE ARE INTENDED AS A GUIDE WHERE NO FIELD
EXPERIENCE EXIST, SOME SITUATION S MAY REQUIRE 2 • 6 PP8 LCM
CONCENTRATIO N IN THE TOTAL MUD SYSTEM. CONSULT YOUR MUD COM PANY
FOR AVAILABLE PRODUCTS AND PILL FORMULATIONS BEST SUITED FOR THE AREA.

Page 60
 LOST CIRCULATION

PARTIAL LOSS SOLUnONS (> 20 BBLSIHR)

FIRSTACnON RECOVERY
Add LCM pill in 5 -1 0 PPB incremen1s. Evaluate results over 2
• Reduce ROP to circulatio ns before increasing to next level of LCM concentration. Mix
in 30 to 50 bbl batches dic1ated by hole size. Consider spotting LCM
limit cuttings load
pill before POOH

• Minimrze mud
NON-PRODUCTIVE INTERVALS
rheology
WBM: OBM /SBM:
• Reduce GPM
LCM Blend (M) 15 - 25 PPB Cellulosic (F/M) 10-25 PPB
LCM Blend (C) 15 - 25 PPB Cellulosic (C) 10 -25 PPB
• Minimize well bore walnut (M/C) 10-20 PPB walnut (M) 5 -15 PPB
pressure surges

• Minimize m ud wt PRODUCTION ZONE EXPOSED

W BM: OBM /SBM :
• Consider pulling into
casing and waiting LCM Blend (F) 5 - 15 PPB Cellulosic (F/M) 2-25PPB
6 to 8 hours LCM Blend (M) 5- 15 PPB Limestone (F) 5 - 15 PPB
Cellulosic (M) 5 - 15 PPB

GUIDELINES
TOTAL LOSS SOLUTIONS
FIRST ACTION RECOVERY
Formulations for the specialty pill and cement are dictated by
• Pull off bottom, keep conditions of each event
string moving
NON-PRODUCTIVE INTERVALS
• Ffll annulus .with water WBM: OBM /SBM:
or light mud
40 PPB LCM Pill 30 - 40 PPB LCM Pill
Specialty Pill Specialty Pill
• Record strokes ij I Cement Squeeze Cement Squeeze

when annulus fills up

PRODUCTION ZONE EXPOSED
• Consider pulling into
WBM: OBM /SBM:
the casing
40 PPB LCM Pill 30 - 40 PPB LCM Pill
Specialty Pill Specialty Pill
• Minimize wellbore Cement Squeeze Cement Squeeze
pressure surges
ADDRESS RESERVOIR ADDRESS RESERVOIR
NEEDS NEEDS

THE LCM MIXTURES SH6WN' HERE ARE IN11'ENDED AS A GUIDE WHERE NO FIELD
EXPERIENCE EXIST. SOME SITUATIONS MAY REQUIRE 2 - 6 PPB I!.CM
CONCENTRATION IN THE TOTAL MUD SYSTEM. CONSUl.T YOUR MUD COMPAN'I'
FOR AVAILABLE PRODUCTS AND PILL FORMULATIONS BEST SUITED FOR T HE AREA.

Page 6 1
Page 62
 LOST CIRCULATION

SPOmNO PROCEDURES FOR LOST CIRCULAnON MATERIAL (LCM)

• Locate the loss zone

• M ix 50 - 100 barrels of mud with 25 - 30 ppb bentonite and 30 - 40 ppb LCM

• Position the d rill string +/-100 feet above the loss zone

• If open-ended, pump 1/2 of the pill into the loss zone. Stop the pump, waij 15 minutes and pump the
remainder of the pill

• Jr pumping through the bit, pump the entire pill and follow with 25 barrels of mud
• If returns are not regained. repeat procedure If retu rns are not regained, wait 2 hours a nd repeat
procedure

• If returns are not regained after pumping 3 pills, consider other options to regain circulation

SPOmNO PROCEDURES FOR SPECIALTY PILL

• If possible, d rill through the loss interval . Pull out of the hole and return open-ended

• Position the string +/-100 feet above the loss zone

• Clean t.h e mixing pit thoroughly. Mix 50 barrels of desired specialty pill

• Pump down the d rill string and place in the suspected zone. If annulus is not full. pump m ud down
the annulus white pumping pill down drill string

• When annulus fills and squeeze is in place, apply 150 - 200 psi on annulus. This wilt "sofl squeeze"
the material into the loss zone

SPOmNO PROCEDURES FOR GUNK PILL

• Jr possible, drill1hrough the loss interval. Pull out of the hole and return open-ended
• Position the string +/-100 feet above the loss zone

• M ix 100 sx of cement and 100 sx of bentonite with 50 barrels of diesel (slurry 1111- 11.5 ppg, yield-
1.39 cubic feet per sack )

• Pump down the drill string, 15 barrels of water-free diesel ahead and behind the gunk slurry

• When the lead diesel spacer reaches the bit, close the BOP and pump mud down the annulus

• Pump 4 bblslmin down the string and 2 bblslmin down the annulus until the tail diesel spacer clears
the string

• Reciprocate the string slowly, do not reverse circ ulate

• Pull the d rill string clear of the squeeze. Mix and place the squeeze with a cementing unit, n
possible

• Wait 8+ hours for the gunk to cure, repeat procedure if returns are not regained

• It may be necessary to d rill out the gunk before repeating the procedure

Page 63
HOLE PROBLEMS
LOST CIRCULATION
PREVENTION

SPO I liNG PROCEDURE FOR CEIENT

The cement slurty formulation should be tested by the cement company to determine the
thickening time

• If possible, drill through the entire loss circulation interval

• Pull out of the hole and return with open-ended drill pipe

• Position the open-ended drill pipe approximately 11)0 feet above the loss zone

• Mix and pump 50 to 100 bbls of cement slurty

• Follow the slurry with a suffoc~e nt volume of mud 01 water to balance the U·Tube

• Wah 6 to 8 hours and attempt to fill the a nnulus

• Repeat the procedure d returns are not rega1ned

• It may be necessary to drill out the cement before repealing the procedure

LOST CIRCULATION PREVENTION GUIDEUNE8

Prevention of lost circulation must be considered i n the wen plann~ng, dnlling and post analysis phases

• Design the easing program to ease-off low pressure or suspected lot circulation zones

• Ma1ntain mud weight to t.h e min1mum required to control known fOimation pressures.. High mud
weJQhiJs one of the major causes of lost circulation

• Pre-treat the mud system with LCM when dnU1ng through known lost corculauon Intervals

• Maintain low mud rheology values that are st1tl suffoc-t to clean the hole

• RotittJng the drill slfiny when :.lartiog drw&ation hetp5 to break the gel$ end mtmmiz:o pymp pressure
surges

• Start circulation slowly after connectiOns and periods of non-circulation

• Use minimum GPM flow rate to clean the hole when drilling k nown lost circulation zone

• Control drill known lost circulation zone to avoid loading the annulus with cuttings

• Reduce pipe tripping speeds to minimize swablsurge pressure

• Plan to break circulation at 2 to 3 depths white tripping in the hole

• Minimize annular re,strictions

• Consider using jet sizes 01 TFA that Will allow the use of LCM pills ( 12132"' tets +)

• Be prepared for plugging pump suctiOns. pump d1scharge seteen. dnll string screens. etc
• Be prepared for mud losses due to shaker screen plugging

Page 64
 LOST CIRCULATION
HOLE PROBLEMS

DRILLING BLIND
PRECAUTIONS WHILE DRIWNG WITHOUT RETURNS

Circumstances may dictate drilling blind until 50 feet of the next competent formation is drilled.

Casing is set to solve the lost circulation problem. A blind drilling operation must have Drilling

Manager approval

• Insure an adequate water supply is available

• Use one pump to drill and the other pump to continuously add water to the annulus

• Assign a person to monitor the now line at all t1mes

• Closely monitor torque and drag to determine when to pump viscous sweeps

• Closely monitor pump pressure while drilling for indications of pack-off

• Conlrol drill (if possible) at one joint per hour

• Pick up off bottom every 15 feet (3m) drilled to ensure the hole is not packing off

• Keep the pipe mov10g at all times

• Maintain a 400 • 500 bbl reserve of v1scous mud ready to pump

• Consider spotting viscous mud on bottom prior to tripping or logg1ng

• Stop dnlhng and consider pulling to lhe shoe if pump repairs are required

• Stan and stop pipe slowly and minimize pipe speed

• Consider spotting a viscous pill above the BHA prior to each connection

• Prior to each connection, circulate and w1pe the hole thoroughly

• Do not run surveys when drilling blind

• If circulation returns. stop drilling. Raise the drill string to the shut-in position. Stop the pumps

and check the well for flow

• If flow is observed, close the BOP a nd observe shut~ in pressures:

• No pressure • Slowly circulate bottoms up through 2 open chokes

• Pressure Observed • Slowly circulate the kick with the Circulation Method and present
mud weight. Be prepared for a n underground blowout condition

• At all times to pump cement to the well

Page 65
 RIG REPAIR

An interruption in planned operations caused by a breakdown In the drilling rig

UNSCHEDULED equipment. Running rig equipment to failure is not cost effective for the
RIG REPAIR Contractor. Operator. or wellbore

IMPACT OF UNSCHEDULED RIG REPAIR

DRILLING CONTRACTOR WELLBORE OPERATOR
FINANCIAL PENALTIES HIGH RISK OF OTHER INCREASED WELL COST
UNSCHEDULED EVENTS
COST OF EMERGENCY REPAIR DELAYED PRODUCTION
EXTENDED EXPOSURE
POSSIBLE PERSONNEL INJURY TIME LOSS OF PRODUCTION

EXTENSIVE EQUIPMENT LOSS OF HOLE SECTION

DAMAGE
LOSS OF WELL
LOSS OF FUTURE CONTRACTS

PRIMARY CONTRACTOR AND OPERATOR OBJECnYES

CONTRACTOR OPERATOR
NO PERSONNEL INJURY NO PERSONNEL INJURY

NO WELL CONT ROL INCIDENT NO WELL CONTROL INCIDENT

OPTIMIZE EQUIPMENT LIFE OPTIMIZE DRILLING OPERATION

MINIMIZE RIG REPAIR MINIMIZE UNSCHEDULED EVENTS

CONTROL EQUIPMENT COST CONTROL FINAL WELL COST

LONG TERM DRILLING CONTRACT COST EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE

PREVENnYE A program designed to schedule regular Inspection, maintenance and/or repair

of drilling equipment prior to failure
MAINTENANCE
PROGRAM The historical life expectancy of rig equipment is based on the frequency of
(PMP) maintenance

FOUR COMPONENTS OF A PREVENnYE MAINTENANCE PROGRAM

CLOSED LOOP CREW FEED BACK RECORD KEEPING AUDITING

• Management to rig • Refining and tailoring • Equipment history • Through Inspections

the system
• Rig to management • Equipment trends • Well designed
checklists
• Roles defined • Equipment maintenance
• Follow-up plans/
• Clear guidelines reports

Page 66
 RIG REPAIR
-~~~--~~-~-------------
~------
--

COMPREHENSIVE PMP EQUIPMENT LIST

• MAIN ENGINES 0 HIGH PRESSURE MANIFOLDS I VALVES I HOSES
• GENERATORS I SCR SYSTEMS • HYDRAULIC OPERATING SYSTEMS
• MOORING I STATION KEEPING SYSTEM • COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM
0 BALLAST AND BILGE SYSTEM ° CRANES
0 0
TENSIONING EQUIPMENT PIPE HANDLING SYSTEM
• BOPE I CONTROL SYSTEM ° CIRCULATING SYSTEM
0
• RISER I DIVERTER SYSTEM MUD PUMPS
0 HOISTING EQUIPMENT • BULK MIXING SYSTEM
• TOP DRIVE SYSTEM • SOLIDS CONTROL SYSTEM

_:_~_o_r_A_R_Y_s_y_s_T_E_M_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I• RIG COMPUTER SYSTEMs_ _ _ _ _ _ _...J

PMP FREQUENCY SCHEDULE

• HOURLY 0
BI-MONTHLY 0 EVERY TWO YEARS
0 DAILY • EVERY THREE YEARS
• QUARTERLY
0
0 WEEKLY EVERY FOUR MONTHS • EVERY FOUR YEARS
0 EVERY FIVE YEARS
• BI-WEEKLY • SEMI-ANNUALLY
0
MONTHLY • ANNUAllY • EVERY EIGHT YEARS

BENEFITS OF A SUCCESSFUL PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PROGRAM

• Ensure equipment life .expectancy

• Reduce down time for unscheduled rig repair

• Lower well cosl

• Reduce severity o l damage to equipment

• Maintenance is less costly than emergency repair

• less chance of personnel injury

• Increase contractor profit margm

• Reduce risk of s tuck pipe, well control problems. other unscheduled events

• Component failure frequency records defines rig and shore base spare parts inventory

• Increase operator awareness of the contractor's operational needs

• Opportunity for contractor 1nput/ involvement during well planning

EVALUATE RIG REPAIR FAILURE SEVERITY

0
• WHO SHOULD BE NOTIFIED ARE PERSONNEL OR THE RIG IN DANGER
• WHAT IMMEDIATE ACTION IS REQUIRED 0
IS THE WELLBORE IN DANGER
• CAN NORMAL OPERATIONS CONTINUE 0
WHAT SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ARE REQUIRED
• CAN PARTIAL OPERATIONS CONTINUE ° CAN THE FAILURE BE REPAIRED O N SITE
0
0 IS OPERATIONAL SHUT DOWN REQUIRED PREVENTATIVE ACTION PLAN

Page 6 7
 INTEGRATED PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE PROGRAM (IPMP)
...... ... c. ::1. (J)

- ....... ""'"
RIG EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE I.IST:
• • 5e1v1C:e Man Enginelll · Se1V1ce CoruL 1\.mpt; "· Sol'llca Slalboad 22 • Seo. ~ Ma111old ,. • Seo. CoruL 1\.mpt; ~S:[
1· Service Gene«Jtcn • • 4.5.6
>· SoMce./<1~- -~- -- Soritoecentl\mpt;
••· crone n. \t::M)S ... 4,6,6
,.. SorvloeMLitellocm ,, • SeMce Or~itOfb
... ...
... ....,. "g_"'
'8 "...
, • Slfi:I'CUI M tN> 11 • SoMcolop 0rt.e ~ . 1, SeMce Ft>c< IV
$ . SerW:;:e PQrr Oone ,, • SGtVtee ~ 9f$1Qt'n,,. it:::llm

•· lftlg~Rcl, . -~- seM:eFt>c<-

,.. Sorvloe forwa1d Ule
,.. 80atS:
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i
o.-g 3 ....
m
71·
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LEGEND SEOMCE COM"""' .....N'I'ENANCt: LIST
a. \tMlo ,. SoMcellM!rtet
S>t>Mm
iiu
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~
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PlANNED IAAJNTENANC£ • 1
C£¥EW UN!J
5eiii!CO liOnS. #1 6- 5eiii!CO 1'\lmp # 1 .1
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LOW RJSK MAINTENANCE 2. SofVlce Engine 7. SeMce P.lonl< ·2. SeMce 12. lnspocl""""" 17. 22 "' Q. :Ill
HJGH RISK MAINTENANCE •
3.
4,
11 a lotiNoa
SOMe& !tons. lf.2 9 SQMeo 1'\lmp #2
>3. ltansrnloslon
14. RepjooO WIG 1loel
13. Rosuppt; uM 18.
14. 5efviC:e OP8!010r Ch<*\9.
23
24.
lq. Ci)
' "' I:
SERV~ •·!HI-10-12
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12
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9·22·2pu 16
1 5. Setvlce~ilght 20. 25.
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'V :>.
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--
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'V
IPMP -
~.g zm C')

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RIG ___,. 1•2 ,..-10-12·29
IPMP 15 S5 16 19·29·38 36

J
32 ""'
-a;
5' - z
., 0 0
g.~
II'
.....

m ~
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Days From Spud ----IIJI~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 ~· _. i-t
~
:;:1 2'.
Well Pl a n~ ~-·····-.26" HOLE 20" CSG
"'"' %
IIIIOC ~~ ....
- 17·112'" HOLE 13-3/S" CSG 5."'
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..

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Run Csg
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woe .... r-

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9-518" 12.250'
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g
 RIG REPAIR
.. .
DRILUNG SYSTEM BREAK DOWN EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
If rig equipment failure shuts down a major drilling system, immediate action must be taken to protect
the personnel, rig and wellbore from associated events

DRILUNG SYSTEM INITIAL SECONDARY ACTION PLAN

BREAKDOWN RESULT RESULT
STATION KEEPING • Rig drifts or drives • Stuck pipe • Stop rota boo and cuwtauon
oft location
• SOP I ns.er damage • Pos.tlon tooljoint above the
• Dnll stnng ts sheared-off hang·off ram
1 • Onll stnng damage
• Upper manne ns.e.r • Ck>se hong-off tam$ ~ncf $lack·
connector unlatches • Surface equ•pment off lo Pf8determl00d ......e.gru
failufe I damage
• lmtiate dnll1ng conuactO(s
e-mergency procedures
f-
TOTA~ RIG POWER • Loss of MattOn keep!~ • R.g drlft·off dama~ • S1an emergency generator

• Loss ol ho~.ng. • Studt pipe • lnitlat& preliminary disconnect

rotation, ciccutatioo procedure
• Well eot~l rol
• Rai~o d(tll wing off bOttom w1lh mot•on
• Surface equipment compensator
failure I demage
• Ctrculate Wtlh cetnenting pump

• Monitor well for now

TOTAL DRilLING • Possible loss of • Po~~!ble ng drift • c>fl • Start emergency generj tor
POWER station keep!OQ damage
• Initiate pre-Jimlnary disconnect
• lou of hoisting, • Stuck pipe procedure
rotahoo, Cfi'Cutatton
• Well control • Circulate with cemenhng pump

• If possible. rotJte drill string

Wllh power tongs

• Monitor wen fOf Row

TOP DRIVE SYSTEM • Pos.sii>Se lou ot • Stucj( pipe • If pos.sible, trip to casing shoe tor
(TOSl ro«ahon, hO!stlnQ, re-oalr
circulalion • Well control
• If not possib&e. set slips, tie stip
hand.'es and rotata- pipe in slips

• If possible. og ~up to clrcu:late

• Monitor well for flow

HOISTING S YSTEM • Can~c rai&e the • Stuck pipe • Contmue circulation I rotatton
drill StrM19
• Reciprocate dril suing with
motion compennt01
ROTATING SYSTEM • Canno-1 rotate the • St~k. pipe • Reciprocate d11ll string
dtil Slt it'\lg
• Trip to casing 1hoe for repair

• If possible, rotate drill string with

power tongs

• Maintain fllll circulation

CIRCULATING • C3nnot Ctrcul,le the • Slutk pipe • Trip to easing &hoe for repair
SYSTEM wellbore
• Wei oontrol • Rotate 1 r~lprocate lhe dnll string
if repair Is made while in open hole

WELL CONTROL • Cannot shut·in during • Personnel l"jury • Non emergency .. &eet.Jre the well
SYSTEM k•Ck to make repairs
• Equlpmem csam8ge
• Biowout • Eme<geney • lnlti&te evacuation
• loss of well procedures

• Environment.al damage

Page 69
 DOWN HOLE EQUIPMENT FAILURE

An interruption in planned operations caused by drilling /evaluation tool failures

other than drill string failures. Down hole tool selection and operation is critical in
the reduction of tool failure

• Drilling engineer specifies equipment

• Drilling foreman orders equipment

• Toolpusher inspects/checks equipment

• Driller picks up/runs equipment

• Rig team post analyzes
L---------------------- _________________________
equipment
_J

DOWN HOLE MOTOR Motor stops drilling

SHOCK sue ------~~--~-----------------------1

Seal washout

DRIUINGJAR
Dump valve, software, LCM plugging
MWD /LWD

LOGGING

SURVEY EQUIPMENT

SPECIALTY EQUIPMENT

PACKER I LJS I I 00LS not release, incompatible with other

METAL FAnGUE Cyclic stress reversals

IMPROPER TOOL SELECTION Loads exceed design lim~s . incompatible with other tools

IMPROPER TOOL OPERATION Untrained personnel, inattention

EXCEEDED DESIGN LIMITS Accidental llntentional over1oad

EXCEEDED DESIGN LIFE Economic based, untrained personnel

TRANSPORTATION I Untrained personnel

HANDLING DAMAGE

HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT H S, CO , high temperature, corrosive mud, high

hard abrasive formations

DESIGN I MANUFACTURING Quality control failed

Page 70
 DOWN HOLE EQUIPMENT FAILURE
Selecting the right tool for the job can significantly reduce too failure. Following a standardized tool
selection procedure ensures the right tool is selected

• WELLBORE CONDITIONS
DOWN HOLE
ENVIRONMENT Temperature limitations of tools
H,S, CO,. Corrosion resistance
Oil resistant rubber goods
Hydrostatic pressure limitations
Hole angle limitations
Hole size versus tool size

• DIMENSIONS
TOOL PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Length, OD. ID or tool
Weight and grade
Connection type
Special make up torque requirements, thread dope
Stress relief features

Connections compatible with other down hole equipment

COMPATIBILITY Will tool wort< with other equipment

• OPERATING PARAMETERS
OPERATIONS
Minimum J maximum flow rate
Minimum I max·imum operating pressure
Torque I tension limitations
Recommended operating hours
Is a tool operator needed I provided
Special handling tools required
Are special operating instructions required/provided
Operating manual provided
Safety Recommendations
Settings I calibration data
Maintenance requirements

• FISHING TOOL METHODS

FISHING
Tool dimensions diagram provided
Required fishing tools I ease ol fishing
Fishing records available
Tool lost-in-hole consequences

Back up tools readily available I delivery time

SUPPORT Are spare parts needed I readily available
Transportation problems I hazardous cargo
Air transportable
Required deck space I deck toad

QUALITY • RELIABILITY OF TOOL

CONTROL
New o r rebuilt tool
Hours since last rebuilt/ inspection records
Performance record of loot on offset wells
Performance record ol tool worldwide

Operating/standby rental rates I repair agreements

COST
Lost-in-hole charges I insurance
Success/failed performance rate

Depth I external pressure limitation

LIMITATIONS Yield strength
Drilling ftuid • Oil, LCM. Hematite
Battery packs

Page 71
 DOWN HOLE EQUIPMENT FAILURE
Following a standardized check lost when !he tool amves insures the light tool has been shipped and
was not damaged in transil

PAPERWORK • Verily equipment quantities and types

• Ensure serial/ model numbers on the tool agree with the order lorm,
cargo manifest and Inspection report tool

• locate the operating manual, spec1alonstructoons (d any), settongs

and cahbratoon sheet, tool dlmensoons diagram and parts lost

PHYSICAL • Oamaged con1a1ners may tndicate damaged tool

CONOm ON
• MJSsing or damaged parts and spare parts

• Thread protectors Installed on tools and crossovers

• Thread and seal1ng shoulder damage

• Tool bore and other circulating ports are free of debris

• Explosive I corrosive tools and materials are clearly marked

- - -- 1-
• Correct connections size. type and BSR
COMPATIBILITY
• Connection stress relief features match features of the drill string

• Handling I operabng tools are compatible with rig equipment

• Plugs I wireline tools will pass through tool

• Bolt pattern, bolts. ga&kels are correct

~---------+--~-- -------------
OPERATION • Functoon test values. Rappers. etc. before running tool in hole

• Cross-over subs are correct, BSR's are checked

• Identify and marl< new technology tools

UNFAMILIAR /NEW
TECHNOLOGY Hold a pre·Job safety meeting focused on the safe and proper operation of the
TOOL tool. If an operator is provided. allow the specialis11o make the presentation

OPERATING Make available to the Oriller, an operations manual for each tool that nequires
MANUAL special operat1ng procedures (i.e .. jars)

AWARENESS / Pre-tour safety meetings woth wrrtten Tour Operations Plan, Driller Hand Over
REFRESHERS Notes with current/next operations section. Discuss operation of unfam1har I
new technology tools

TOOL FAILURE When tool failure occurs. file a Tool Failure Report to share knowledge of the
REPORT failure and preventive action taken. A statistical data base can be built with this
information

SERVICE/ Inferior service and tools provided by supply companies can account for a
EQUIPMENT substantial number of tool failures. Included In the Tool Failure Report, is a
section on supply company performance ratings, An alternative supplier should
be considered il ratings indicate high tool failure rate and/or poor service
 DRIU. $TitiNG FAILURE PLANNING

MINIMUM YIELD The minimum load (lbs/sq in of metal} at which plastic deformation of the metal
STRENGTH (MYS) begins

METAL FATIGUE Accumulated metal damage caused by stress reversals

Fatigue damage is a naturally occurring process that begins when the drill pipe is put into service and
accumulates w~h use. Stress cracks form and continue to grow which eventually results in string failure
if not detec1ed by inspec1ion

DRILL PIPE FAILURE PREVENTION PLANNING

COMPONENT DEFINITION EXAMPLE
ATIRIBUTES The d imensions and mechanical properties Wall thickness. Yield strength,
built into the drill string components. Attributes Toughness, Upset geometry
determine the loads that can be applied

DESIGN The designed strength of the drill sting must Anticipated loads, Correct
exceed the loads required to drill the well. selection and posmoning of
Operating below the design limits extends the string components, Posting
life or the drill string max-imum tension and torsion
limits for tile Driller

INSPECTION Examine the drill string components to ensure Onsite visual inspection,
it meets minimum specifications. Inspections Electronic inspection based on
detect wear before it results in a down hole failure drill siring and drilling conditions

OPERATIONS Improper use, handling and storage of the drill Correct connection make·up
string results in premature s tring failure Calibrating gauges, Operational
use and handling practices

SURROUNDINGS The chemical and mechanical environment in Doglegs, Buckling, Vibrations,

which the drill string is operated. If the Corrosion, High angle wells
S-urroundings. be<»m& hostile , th e ins-pection
frequency should be increased to minimize
failures
The steps taken to prevent drill s tring failures is the sum of efforts in these five components. In
some cases. efforts in one component area must be varied to minimize problems in another area

DRILL STRING FAILURE CAUSES

BELOW MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH ABOVE MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH
-
85% OF TOTAL FAILURES 15% OF TOTAL FAILURES

• Drill Pipe Tube Fatigue • Tension

• BHA Connec1ion Fatigue • Torsion

• Connection Leak • Tension I Torsion Combination

• Sulfide Stress Cracking • Collapse

• Spl~ Box • Burst

• Mechanical Failure of Specialty Tools

• Welding Failure

Page 73
DRILL PIPE FATIGUE
/JJl/U.. STRING FAII..URlE

DRILL PIPE TUBE FATIGUE FAILURE

POINT OF AITACK LOCATION OF FAILURE CAUSE

INTERNAL UPSET 16" to 24" from pin and box end Sharp change in wall thickness between
tootjoint and pipe tube

SLIP AREA 16" to 24" from box end Usi ng one tong, stopping the string with
the slips, worn slips and bowl

TUBE MIDDLE Middle section between pin and Contact w~h abrasive formation while
box rotating causing OD wear

TRANSITION ZONE First 5 stands above BHA Stiffness change from BHA to d rill pipe,
possibility of compressional loading with
excessive WOB

FACTORS THAT ACCELERATE DRILL PIPE TUBE FATIGUE

• Slip cuts
• No transition pipe
• Doglegs and high angle holes

• Corrosive mud, oxygen, H,S, carbon dioxide, chlo rides

• Running bent pipe

• Running drill pipe in compression

• Bacl<reaming with high tension loads, torque and tension in combination

• Drill string v•bralions and vertical bouncing

• E rra tic torque, slip/stick d rilling condition

PREVENTIVE ACTION
• Maintain hole angle changes under 3°/ 100'

• Maintain sufficient levels of corrosion inhibitors and oxygen scavengers

• Stop pipe, set slips and lower pipe slowly onto slips to prevenl slip cuts

• Allow no more than 3' of p ipe length above the slips if possible

• Always use 2 tongs to make-up and break-out connection

• Ensure tongs are at 90° angle in two planes when torquing up connections

• Do not run bent pipe, pipe with deep slip cuts o r corrosion pits

• Go slow when bacl<reaming, minimize the overpull

• Always use transition pipe (HWDP) between the drill collars and d rill pipe

• Move the bottom stand of d rill pipe (HDWP) to the top of the drill string on each trip

• Rotate the connection breaks on each trip

• Use adequate BHA weight to p rovide bit weight

• Check slip insert bowl, master bushing and rotary table for wear

• Clean and inspect slip and tong dies frequently

Page 74
 ORlU.. S YRI~G FAIUI~f: DRILL PIPE FATIGUE

TONGS AT ANGLE IN 2 PLANES

/
/
/
/ /
/ /
.... ....
/
., _
,
/
/

-- ....
LOAD
CELL CELL

r-----------------------------~~------"I~ S~ECJJQN_~QLQS_~QDE
DRILL PIPE I TOOLJOINT COLOR CODE IDENTIFICATION

TOOLJOINT AND DRILL PIPE

CLASSIFICATION BANDS

CLASS 1 ....................... 1 WHITE BAND

PREMIUM CLASS ........ 2 WHITE BANDS

CLASS 2 ....................... 1 YELLOW BAND

w CLASS 3 ....................... 1 BLUE BAND

a..
0:
:;; CLASS 4 ....................... 1 GREEN BAND
z
0
E SCRAP .......................... 1 RED BAND
....z 0
z
0
...., 0
0
...J ....
z
§ 0
....,
.a ...J

§
TOOLJOINT CONDITION STRIPS

SHOP REPAIRABLE ..... 3 RED STRI PS

OR SCRAP

FIELD REPAIRABLE ..... 3 GREEN STRIPS

Page 75
DRILL PIPE FATIGUE DRILL STRING FAILURE

IDENTIFICATION MARKINGS ON TOOLJOINT I

STANDARD WEIGHT DRILL PIPE DRILL PIPE WEIGHT
GRADES X, G & S CODE

~~ROVE NEAR BOTTOM! NOMINAL STD or

OFTOOWOINT
SIZE WEIGHT TIWALL CODE
\ 3-1/2" 13.30 STD 1
_../' WEIGHT

~CODE
- 15.50 TW 2

~ \ \ \ ~!
4" 14.00 STD 2
15.75 TW 3

~~~HAL
U ET

~
..............
' GAAOE
COOE
4-1/2" 16.60
20.00
22.82
STD
TW
TW
2
3
4
~

- MILLED
SLOT

THICK WALL DRILL PIPE

GRADES X, G & S
"'-1 5"

5-1/2"
19.50
25.60

21 .90
STD
TW

STD
2
3

2
24.70 TW 3
~~ROVE NEAR TOP
OFTOOWOINT
6-518" 25.20 STD 1
I
...,...., ~
DRILL PIPE GRADE
CODE

INTERNAL
\SET
'r.
l [!J ~
II E- E75

G - G105

X - X95

~ ~ S - S105

.......

IDENTIFICATION MARKINGS ON TOOWOINT

-
DRILL PIPE IDENTIFICATION CODE

AA:uss lllM_N s -p uss

Q ~/
- Tooljolnt manufacturer

694 - Date of tool jooning

BENCHMARK

-
(June, 1994)

:
-:: # N - Tube manufacture r
code (see RP7G)
5I
;: 3
'";;::;;. ....=;J E - Drill pipe grade

Page76
 DRill STRING fA ....tiRE BHA FATIGUE

BHA CONNECTION FATIGUE FAILURE

-
POINT OF ATIACK CAUSE

• Tension from connection torque and BHA weight

PIN NECK • Bending load increases neck tension on the outer side of the bending
radius

• Corrosion pitting

• Bending load applies circumferential stress

BOTIOMOFTHE
BOX
• Box OD wear reduces box strength

• Corrosion pittlng

FACTORS THAT ACCELERATE BHA CONNECTION FATIGUE

• Over or under torquing the connection, under torquing is more common

• Doglegs I high angle holes

• Corrosion from oxygen. H,S. carbon dioxide. chlorides

• Unstabllized drill collars in compression

• Large diameter holes or washed out holes

• BHA vibrations and vertical bounclng

• High tension load or jarring on stuck pipe

• No connection stress relief features

• Damaged connection sealing surfaces

• Incorrect Bending Strength Ratio (BSR)

• Erratic torque, slip/slick drilling condaions

PREVENTIVE ACTION

• Maintain hole angle change under 3°/ 100'

• Maintain sufficient levels of corrosion inhibitors and oxygen scavengers

• Apply recommended make-up torque with tongs at so• angle in two planes and calibrate tong gauges
frequently

• Correct recommended make-up torque (RMUT) for dope friction factor

RMUTeo.= RMUT x Dope Friction Factor

• Minimize BHA vibration/buckling wah stabilizers. shock subs

• Inspect the BHA at recommended intervals and after severe eircumstanoes

• Cold-roll BHA connection thread roots

• Specify stress relieved pins and bore back boxes

• Maintain bending strength ratio (BSR) near value recommended for drill collar size

Page 77
BHA FATIGUE ORILL STRING FAILURE

STRENGTH RATIO (BSR)

The r-.tio of box stifrness to pin stlfrnu• After applyong proper torque. bendong strength of
connection is balanced when the box silliness os 2.51lmes the pin stiffness

A BSR of 2.5 represents a balanced conneC1ion for the average size collar and connee110n type.
As collar 00 decreases. BSR should be reduced to compensate for a weaker pin. As collar 00
increases, BSR sho uld be increased to compensate for a stronger pin

1.0 2 .0 2 .5 3 .0 3 .5
BENDING STR E N GTH RATI O (BSR)

--·--
Page 78
 DRILL STRING I=AiLURE CARE/HANDLING

DRILL CREW 5-SECOND CHECKS

DEVELOP A REGULAR HABIT OF DOING 5-SECOND CHECKS THESE CH ECKS CAN BE MADE
0111 THE PIFIE RACK, V-OOOR. RIG FLOOR, WHILE ORi l liNG.ITRIPPING, AND LAYING DOWN THE
DRILL STRING MARK AND SET ASIDE BAD JOINTS

BOX END INSPECTION

• Use a soft bristle brush and solvent to clean the threads and shoulder for a visual inspection

• Caliper for minimum required OD. Inspect for cracks. eccentric wear (out-of-
roundness). severe tong cuts or unusual damage

• l ook for small or missing connection bevel

• connection
Visually inspect the sealing shoulder a nd threads for impact damage. pitting. galled surfaces, correct
type, and belled boxes

• Check the BHA connections for bore-back feature

TUBE INSPECTION
• Visually inspect the slip area for deep slip cuts. severe pitting, bent joint

• Visually inspect the pipe bore for debris, scale. Rabbit all d rill pipe before use

• Caliper the middle of the tube for minimum required OD and eccentric wear (out-of-roundness)

• Visually inspect the tube for corrosion pits or unusual damage

• Check pipe for straightness when rolling on the pipe rack

PIN END INSPECTION

• Use a soft bristle brush and solvent to clean the threads and shoulder for a visual inspection

• Check pipe weight I grade stencils on pin neck I flat

• Compare grooves on toojoint for pipe identification

• Caliper minimum required OD

• Inspect for eccentric wear (out-of-roundness), severe tong cuts or unusual damage

• Visually inspect the sealing shoulder and threads for impact damage. pitting. galled surfaces, correct
connection type, stretched pin

• look for small or missing connection bevel

• Check the BHA connections for stress relief g roove feature

• look for abnormal connection ID's that are not consistent w ith the string

Page 79
CAREIHA N DUNG DRIU ST~JNG FAJUJRE

DRILL STRING FAILURE WARNING SIGNS

CAUTION HIGH RISK

• When failure occurs, others may follow • Mud corrosion level is high

• Drill string history is unknown • Doglegs a re present

• Pulling or jarring on stuck pipe • Abnormal torque, drag. vibration

• Picking up unfamiliar equipment • H19h angle hole

RECOMMENDED DRILLSTRING CARE AND HANDLING PRACTICES

DRILLING TRIPPING
• Keep the mousehote and rathole clean • Alternate and record the break on eaCh trip

• Visually inspect kelly saver sub at frequent • Do not let the slips ride the dnll sting
intervals
• Stop the pipe, set slips, slowly set pipe weight
• Clean and inspect tong and slip diet at frequent on slips to minimize slip cut depth
1ntervals
• AllOw no more than 3 feet pipe length above
• Keep handling subs clean and free of damage slips

• AllOw no more than 3 feet of pipe above sl1ps • AlWays use 2 tongs to make-up and break-out
when making/breaking connections. Use a p1pe spinner to &pln.c.tp
and back-out conneenons
• Use correct dope compound for the spectfie
connection. Dope threads and shoulder • Never apply the tongs on the dnll pipe tube
generously
• If :;:~ conneebon requtrea exc•••Jve bfeak--out
• Do not roll the pin into the box. pick up and torque or the connection has dry or muddy
re-stab threads on break-out:, clean and visually
inspect the pin and box for damage
• Amays use 2 tongs to make-up and break-out
connections • watch for these signs on trips:

• Use a pipe spinner to spin-up and back-oul • Shoulder damage • Wom or mining bevels
connections • Belled box • Galled or burned threads
• Stretched pin • Eccentric box/1ube wear
• Use proper make"up torque for the spec.fic
connection • Keep pipe set back area clean Rinse mud off
outside and inside of pipe, Install pipe w1per as
• Torque connections w~h tongs at go•angle 1n soon as possible
two planes
• Do not use a hammer or pipe wrenCh to move
• Correct recommended make up torque (RMUT) stands on the pipe rack. use a pipe lack
for dope lriction factor
• Do not roll the pin into the box. pick up and
RMUT.,.,. = RMUT x Dope Friction Factor re.stab the connection

• Use a steady pull to torque-up the connection • Monitor both make-up and break-out torque,
break-out torque should be 80 . 100% of
make-up torque

Pag e 80
 DRILLING JARS

A drilling tool designed to deliver high impact "hammef' blows to the stuck
DRILLING JAR drill string

Higher probability of recovery with immediate and cof18cf application of jar

ADVANTAGE blows

A OPEN
INNER 8"
MANDREL- I COCKE D
8"

OUTER V cLoseo
BARREL

SPLINE
DRIVE

_ LATCH
MECHANISM

LOWER
SEAL
- WASH
PIPE
 DRILLING JARS

PUMP OPEN FORCE (POF)

Force of circulatong or trapped pressure pushing the jar to the open position

PRESSURE DROP = 2001 psi

WASHPIPE AREA = x10 sq in
P/0FORCE : 20,000 lbs

BOTIOMAREA
OF WASHPIPE,
10 SQ INCHES

See jar manual for POF information for your jar make, model and size

POF AFFECT ON COCKING THE JAR (MECH OR HYD)

COCKING FROM More difficult or 1mposs11>fa to cock. Slow /stop pumps or bleed trapped
OPEN POSITION pressure before cocking

COCKING FROM Makes the jar 9&sl6r to cock

[cLOSE POSITION

POF AFFECT ON MECHANICAL JAR BLOW

ADVANTAGE Less stnng tensoon requred for an up-jar blow
More set down weight required lor a down-jar blow. Slow I stop pumps or
DISADVANTAGE bleed trapped pressure when janing down

POF AFFECT ON HYDRAULIC JAR BLOW

ADVANTAGE lnlensifies the up-jar blow

Dampens the down-jar blow. Slow /stop pumps or bleed •

DISADVANTAGE trapped pressure when janing down

Page 82
 DRILLING JARS

COCKING THE JAR

MINIMUM WEIGHT INDICATOR READING TO COCK THE MECH I HYD JAR

COCKING FROM CLOSED POSITION COCKING FROM OPEN POSinON

Last recorded pick-up wt = 330,000 Lbs Last recorded slack-off wt = 330,000 Lbs
- BHA wt below jar = 30.000 Lbs - BHA wt below jar = 30,000 Lbs
+ Internal jar friction = 10,000 Lbs - Internal jar friction = 10,000 Lbs
= Wt. Indicator load = 310.000 Lbs - Pum~ O(len force = 20.000 Lbs
= W . Indicator I Ui = 270 000 Lbs
POF will ASSIST cocking the jar POF will OPPOSE cocking the jar, slow down or stop
the pumps or bleed trapped pump pressure to make
the jar easier to cock
The force required to move the inner mandrel through the seals

CALC ULATING TRIP LOAD

MECHANICAL JAR

DOWN-JAR BLOW UP.JARBLOW

Last recorded slack-off wt =
330,000 Lbs Last recorded pick-up wt = 330,000 Lbs
- BHA wt below jar =
30,000 Lbs - BHA wt below jar =30,000 Lbs
- On-jar trip load setting = 40,000 Lbs + Up-jar trip load setting = 80,000 Lbs
- Pum~n force =
20,000 Lbs - Pum(l Qi!en force =20,000 Lbs
= WI. Indicator load = 240,000 Lbs = Wt. Indicator load =
360,000 Lbs
Slow down or stop the pumps or bleed trapped After cocking the jar, pump pressure can be increasec
pressure to reduce the slack-off weight required to reduce pick-up weight required to trip the jar
to trip the jar

HYDRAULIC JAR

DOWN-JAR BLOW UP.JARBLOW

Last recorded slack-off wt =
330,000 Lbs Last recorded pick-up wt = 330,000 Lbs
- BHA wt belOW jar = 30,000 Lbs - BHA wt below jar = 30,000 Lbs
- OESIIREO• trip load =
50,000 Lbs + DESIRED" trip load = 80,000 Lbs
- Pumf! Of!en force = 20,000 Lbs - Pume Oe!n fgrce = 20,000 Lbs
= Wt. Indicator load =
230,000 Lbs =Wt. Indicator load = 360,000 Lbs
Slow down or stop the pumps or bleed trapped After cocking the jar, pump pressure can be Increased
pressure to reduce the slack-off weight required to reduce pick-up weight required to trip the jar
to trip the jar
• DESIRED · The trip load selected by the jar operator

TRIPPING THE JAR

MECHANICAL JAR

DOWN-JAR BLOW UP.JARBLOW

• After cocking the jar, slack off to the calculated
weight indicator load
• After cocking the jar. pick up to the calculated
weight i ndicator load

• No delay time Is required, the latch will trip

w hen the preset trip load is applied to the jar
• No delay time is required. the latch will trip
when the preset trip load is applied to the jar

• If the jar does not trip. slow down or stop the

pumps or bleed trapped pump pressure to
• If the jar still does not trip, increase circulating
pressure to maximum to increase the pump
reduce pump open force open force. Do not apply trapped pressure

• If the jar still does not trip, slack off additional

weight (10,000 to 20, 000 lbs)
• If the jar does not trip, pick up additional
weight (10,000 to 20.000 lbs)

Page 83
 DRILLING JARS

HYDRAUUC JAR
DOWN-JAR BLOW UP..JARBLOW
• After cocking the jar, slack-off to the • After cocking the jar, pick-up to the
calculated weight indicator load calculated weight indicator load
• Lock down the brake and wait for the • Lock down the brake and wait for the
jar time delay to elapse. See your jar jar time delay to elapse. See your jar
manual (30 · 60 sec short cycle, 2 • 8 manual (30 • 60 sec short cycle. 2 • 8
min long cycle) min long cycle)
• If the jar does not trip, stop pumping or • If the jar does not trip, circulate at max
bleed trapped pressure. Recock the jar rate and allow additional time {do not
and apply trip load apply trapped pressure)
• If the jar still does not trip, slack-off more • If the jar still does not trip, stop pumping
weight and allow more time and recock the j ar and apply trip load

(31
WEIGHTIS
SLACKED
Off
I~
(~ OflllSTRING
BIIAMASSIS CONTRACTS
A~CEL£RATED
/ BY
GRAVITY (6)
IIHA MASS IS
ACCEI.WltD

(4)
JAR
(2) LATCH
JAR TRIPS
COCKS (2)
JAR (4)
(6) JAR
IIIPACT IS LATCH
TRIPS
(7)
IIIPACTIS

Page 84
 DRILLING JARS

. lA~ ~~~~

REASONS FOR JAR NOT TRIPPING

MECHANICAL JAR HYDRAULIC JAR
• Jar not cocked • Jar not cocked

• Stuck above jar • Not waiting long enough

• Jar failure • Stuck above jar

• Pump open force not considered • Jar failure

• Pick-up /slack-off weight incorrect • Pump open force not considered

• Unknown /incorrect trip load setting • Pick-up /slack-off weight incorrect

• Excessive hole drag • Excessive hole drag

• Right-hand torque trapped in torque

sensitive jar
-
.l A~ LIA"'"''"'"
JAR HANDLING RECOMMENDATIONS
• If a service connection is found loose, call the shop for recommended torque.
Do not use tooljoint torque on these connections
• Do not tie the chain hoist. apply the tongs or set the slips on the exposed
polished section of the inner mandrel

• A mechanical jar is shipped in the oocked position. Run the jar in the extended
or cocked position

• Rack a mechanical jar in lhe derrick in the cocked position at any position in the stand

• A hydraulic jar is shipped with a safety clamp on the inner mandrel. The jar
mu&t be run in the open position

• Rack a hydraulic jar in the derrick with the safety clamp at any position In the stand

DRILLING ACCELERATOR
An energy storing device designed to opti mize the drilling jar assembly for maximum up
and down jar-blow i ntensity

• Allows optimum jar placement

• Intensifies the jar blow

ADVANTAGES • Protects the drill string and rig surface equipment from
h igh impact loads

• Compensates for insufficient d r ill string stretch in shallow

holes

• Compensates for excessive dra g in high angle holes

Page 85
 DRILLING JARS

INNER
MANDREL

OUTER
BARREL
SPLIN E
DRIVE

NITORGEN

NITROGEN BY APPLIED
(2000 psi) -- OVERPULL

LOWER
SEAL
WASH
PIPE

BHA MASS
ACCELERATED

1
WEIGHT 3 ~
SLACKED OVERPULL
OFF APPLIED

4
ACCELERATOR 6
STROKES OUT BHA
ACCELERATED

5
2 JAR LATCH
JAR TRIPS
COCKS

7
JAR BLOW
DELIVERED
 DRILLING JARS

BASIC JARRING RULES

STRING STA TIC When sticking occurred
~>> JA R DOWN

STRING MOVING UP when sticking occurred

~>> JAR DOWN

STRING M OVING DOWN when sticking occurred ~>> JAR UP

In 70% of sticking occurrences, down jarring is required. Jar /accelerator placement programs
are available through jar service companies

DRILLING JAR ASSEMBUES (< 60 HOLE ANGLE)

JAR ASSEMBLY JAR I ACCELERATOR ASSEMBLY

W EIG H T FOR WEIGHT

UP AND DOWN FOR DOWN
JAR BLOW JAR BLOW

EQUAL TO 1.2+ OF
D OWN-TRIP DOWN-TRIP
LOAD
LOAD

WEIGHT
FOR UP
J AR BLOW

0 .2 OF UP-
TRIP LOAD

Page 87
 DRILLING JAR I ACCELERATOR PLACEMENT WORKSHEET (0~- 60'
iiiiAT:
DP
Hole Angle At BHA: _ _
0
BF_ _ X AF X 93 = Wt Factor: _ __
1. 45'< hole angle, select a mechanical jar (non-torq sensitive, highest pump-open force, longest jar stroke).
Select highest recommended trip load settings (do not exceed 60% of string over-pull limit).

Up-Trip Load: Down· Trip Load: - - - --

> 45" hole angle, select a hydraulic jar (highest pump-open force, longest jar stroke). STANDS
ABOVE JAR:
Jar Make /Type: - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - :MECH : HYD
DOWN- 2. A drilling accelerator (recommended) increases jar impact by 30% • 50%. Match the jar and accelerator
JAR 00 to the 00 of the BHA section the tool is placed in.
STANDS: tl
Jar OD: - - - - - Accelerator OD: - - - - - ::0
3. Do not run stabilizers / reamers above the jar. Place the jar /accelerator above or below the neutral zone. ;::::
,....
..
"U
tl2
HWOP ACCElERATOR
Neu Zone,= WOB X 1. 15 + Lbsift_ _ + Wt Factor = Stands from bit
~
•...... UP-
JAR
Neu Zone ,: WOB
1
X 0.85 + Lbs/ft_ _ + W I Factor = Stands from bit
(j)

STANDS HWOP ~
::0
(/)

1. If key seat potential is high, consider a string reamer. Do not place jar /accelerator in the neutral zone.
Place a minimum BHA weight above the jar equal to 1.2 times the down-jar trip load ( On-Jar Stds).
BELOW-
JAR BELOW JAR
Dn-TripLoad X 1.2 +lbs/Ft_ _ +WtFactor _ _ = _ _ Dn-JarStds
WEIGHT:
2. Place a BHA weight of 0.2 times the up-trip load between the jar and accelerator (Up-Jar Stds).
Wt l
STANDS:_ _
Up-Trip Load X 0.2 + Lbs/Ft__ + Wt Factor__ = _ _ Up-Jar Stds
STANDS:
DC
If an accelerator is not used, position the jar for a 70% probability of down-ja rring. Place the jar (above or
below the neutral zone) with a BHA weight above the jar equal to the down-trip load.

WOB: On-Trip Load + Lbs/Ft _ _ + WtFactor _ _ = __ StdsAboveJar l wos:

 DRILLING JAR I ACCELERATOR PLACEMENT WORKSHEET(> 60u)
Hole size: RECOMMENDATIONS BHA II:
Select a hydraulic jar (highest pump-oJ;en force. longest jar stroke). Jar Make / Model: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
' · A DOUBLE-ACnNG drilling accelerator is required. Match the jar and accelerator OD to the OD of the HWDP.

Jar OD: - - - - - Accelerator OD: - ----

2 . Place the jar at the top of the steerable assembly. Place HWDP above the jar equal to 0.2 of the maximum down-jar trip load.

On-Trip Load X 0.2 + Lbs/Ft + 93 = Jarring Stands

DOWN- 3. Place the accelerator above the jarring stands. Run standard-wall drill piJ:e from the accelerator to the 60° hole angle section
JAR (considering the bit at ir s maximum an:icipated depth).
STANDS: 4. Run collars / HWDP above the so• hole angle to provide weight for down-jar trip load (plus estimated dow n-drag between the so•
0

,..
hole angle and the accelerator).
(Dn.Jar Trip Load + Hole Drag

[ ~L'?s:'.':~~~~:-:; .':~c:i.:~~~ ~~~~!A J

+ LbsiFt : BF : AF + 93 = ___On-Jar Stds
~ ~e5.~-~~~C::fr!:Ol~~~<?1~~~ ~!;~~~
-
::0
r-
r-
~
"'..
CD
0
(j')
s. Consult with lhe jar service company if angle build rate exceeds 6 11oo· ~
Standard wall OP:
Stands
~
JARRING BIT AT
STANDS: MAXIMUM
ANTICIPATED
DEPTH

DOUBLE-ACTING
ACCELERATOR
 WELL CONTROL

l.~ The control of formation fluid flow (kick) into the wellbore

THREE PHASES OF WELL CONTROL

.

PRIMARY Control of kicks with hydro- Drill to total depth without

First Line Of Defense static pressure (HSP) only a well control event

SECONDARY Control of kicks with HSP Safely kill the kick without
Second Line Of Defense assisted by blowout the loss of circulation
preventer equipment
TERTIARY An underground blowout Avoid a surface blowout.
Third Line Of Defense Regain primary well
control
The ultimate goal of well pressure control is to prevent a surface blowout

DDIUADV

. ,. , PRIMARY WELL CONTROL

IHURG!I'iitOS_f'REIIURE The pressure developed by the height and density
I'' ~ o; of a non-moving fluid column

PPG =Pounds per gallon fluid density

0.052 = PPG to PSI/FT conversion factor
TVD = True vertical depth (FT)

HSPPSI =MUDpPG X .052 X TV(\,T

= 10.0 X .052 X 10,000
=5200 psi HSP
To prevent formation fluid flow into the wellbore (kick), hydrostatic pressure must
be at least equal to the highest pressured permeable zone of the open hole
 WELL CONTROL
PRIMARY

The piston affect of up- Maximum swab pressure occurs at

ward string movement the bit and is equally imposed to the
causing a decrease in bottom of the well bore
SWAB wellbore pressure which As string motion is started, additional
can induce a kick surge pressure is imposed to break
the gel strength of the mud and
accelerate the mud column
overbalance The hydrostatic pressure overbalance
MARGIN pressure (i.e., 300 - 500 is more often dictated by hole
psi) to compensate for instability (i.e., 800 - 2000 psi)
swab pressure
The piston affect of down- Maximum surge pressure occurs at
ward string movement the bit and is equally imposed to the
SURGE
causing an increase in bottom of the wellbore
wellbore pressure which As string motion is started, additional
can result in loss of surge pressure is imposed to break
circulation
the gel strength of the mud and
accelerate the mud column
The pump pressure Pump surge pressure to break
PUMP required to break the circulation may be greater than the
SURGE gel strength of the mud normal circulating annulus friction
and accelerate the mud pressure
column

STEADY CIRCULATION

lw
a:
l!!
~ STEAOY SPEED
~<
~
a:
0..

Page 92
 WELL CONTROL PRIMARY

The mud weight equivalent to the sum of hydrostatic and annulus friction
pressures at a true vertical depth of interest

ECD • ( Ann Frlc..., ) + MWPPII

PPII TVDFt X .062
2500'
= (10,:X .052 ) + 10·0
5000'
= 10.8ppg ECD

7500'

10,ooo·L-.,--------,----=:::~
0 2 3 4 5 6 1
PRESSURE (1000 pal)--+

Built-in safety factor during a kick killing Penetration rate decreases as ECD
operation increases
Safety factor if circulating near or Increases potential for lost circulation ,
slightly under balance to formation differential sticking, wellbore instability

Indicates the next casing depth to maintain well control safety

Input to risk analysis if decision is made to drill ahead

Page 93
PRIMARY
WELL CONTROL

Driller Geologist
Monitor the well for signs of changing Drilling Engineer
Mud Logger
formation pressure Company Rep
Shaker Man
Ensure mud weight is correct before Company Rep
Geologist
drilling into known high or low pressure Mud Logger
Toolpusher Drilling Engineer
zones

Ensure means of disposing of Mud Engineer Driller

contaminated nuids to avoid Shaker Man Toolpusher
contaminating the mud system Derrick Man Company Rep

Ensure proper mud weight is used to fill

the hole during trips
Maintain pit valve seals to avoid Shaker Man Driller
accidental dilution Derrick Man Mud Engineer
Maintain degasser capacity to handle
full returns

Ensure proper hole fill during trips

Use a calibrated trip tank. Appoint a
dedicated trip tank man. Record hole
volumes during round trip
If correct fill-up is not taken (swabbing Driller Company Rep
indicated), now check the well. If not Mud Logger Drilling Engineer
nowing, return to bottom and circulate Trip Tank Man Toolpusher
bottoms up
If correct displacement volume does not
return while tripping in (lost circulation
indicated), stop tripping and observe
the well. If circulation is lost, pump fluid
down the annulus. If the well is nowing,
shut-in immediately

Maintain mud box seals, ensure drain AID Company Rep

is plumbed to the trip tank or annulus if Floor Men Toolpusher
filling with pump strokes

Maintain hole full during non-circulating AID Company Rep

operations Driller Tool pusher

Pag e 94
 WELL CONTROL

The loss of hydrostatic pressure control of formation fluid

flow into the well bore
The control of formation fluid flow by the use of hydrostatic
pressure ASSISTED by blowout preventer equipment

PERMEABLE ZONE IS DRILLED

WITH MUD WT INSUFFICIENT TO
CONTROL FORMATION
PRES§URE

PROGNOSED ABNORMAL
FORMATION PRESSURE

GEOLOGIST I MUD LOGGER

ABNORMAL PRESSURE TREND
CHANGES

TORQUE/DRAG INCREASE
DRILLING BREAK

POSITION DRILL STRING FOR

SHUT-IN

ADJUST MUD WEIGHT PRIOR TO

DRILLING KNOWN ABNORMAL
PRESSURED ZONE

Page 95
 WELL CONTROL

CAUSE:
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE IS
REDUCED BELOW THE FORMATION
PRESSURE OF A PERMEABLE ZONE
(SWABBING. LOST CIRCULATION.
LIGHT

PROGNOSED LOSS CIRCULATION

POTENTIAL
HIGH MUD WEIGHTS INCREASE
POTENTIAL FOR SWABBING
A kick was
swabbed in & INDICATIONS:

the drill string LOSS OF CIRCULATION DURING ANY

OPERATION
stripped to
HOLE NOT TAKING CORRECT FILL-UP
bottom DURING TRIP
WATER/GAS-CUT MUD WH ILE
- --.,.j CIRCULATING
=--::::-.. . .:= WELL FLOWING. PIT GAIN

FIRST ACTION:
SOUND KICK ALARM

~ :::==·====:-::-:-=-j-'
!•
POSITION DRILL STRING FOR SHUT-
IN, STOP CIRCULATION
=:=·:::::::=:==~ SHUT-IN THE WELL

MAINTAIN PROPER MUD WEIGHT

KEEP HOLE FULL

PROPER HOLE FILL-UP ON TRIPS

·~~==:;:s::::~ MINIMIZE LOST CIRCULATION

~ POTENTIAL

Page 96
 "'0
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V>

C1I,ITlMGS Rfl\JRH, ~ R.OW KICK ~$1GNS

FORMATION
PRESSURE
PRWCTION

~
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GEOlOGICAl
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EVACUATION

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 WELL CONTROL
~CON DARY QRILL!NG KICKS

CAUIES'OF-ICH:KaWHLB:DRII fiND '--~ ;,_,.~

UNDER BALANCE lOCK INDUCED IGCK ~. ",
Drilling into a permeable zone with a Lost circulation
mud weight insufficient to control Light mud pumped down hole
formation pressure
Swabbing while worlling the string/
making connection
Core volume gas cut mud

LOGGER TREN DS d exponent decrease. Shale

INDICATE FP density decrease, Splintery shale
INCREASE cuttings, Connection /background
gas increase
Indicates a new formation exposed
DRILLIN G BREAK to the well. Under balance kicks
are usually preceded by an abrupt
ROP change, increase or

WELL FLOW Kick fluids displace mud from the

1WE~!Ibore increasing the return flow 1:-;n,aKo~r
causing well flow with pumps off 1n o,.,;,,.,

kick fluids flow into the wellbore

PIT VOLUME volume addition is detected by
pit volume totalizer (PVT)

Lower density kick fluids decrease

annulus hydrostatic pressure Driller
allowing the drill string mud to Mud Logger !,:;'~~;~~~
U-tube into the annulus

Page 98
DRILLING KICKS
WELL CONTROL SECONDARY

INDJ.CAIIONS
- -
INDICATIONS OF INDUCED KICKS
LOUO,-.UD WIEIGHT-
.li ~'MUD PUMPED, SWABBED GAS , CORE GASl
INDICAnoN NOTE 1 :~~~- NOTIFY
PUMP PRES SURE Lower density kick fluid decreases Toolpusher
DECREASE/SPM annulus hydrostatic pressure Driller
allowing the drill string m ud Mud Logger Derrick Man
INCREASE Mud Eng
column to U-tube into the annulus

Kick fluids displace mud from the Driller Drl Crew

WELL FLOW wellbore increasing return flow Mud Logger Co Rep
or causing well flow w ith pumps Shaker Man Toolpusher
off Derrick Man Mud Eng

As kick fluids flow into the well- Driller Drl Crew

PIT VOLUME GAIN Mud Logger Co Rep
bore, the voulume addition is
Shaker Man Toolpusher
detected by the pit volume
Derrick Man Mud Eng
totalizer (PVT)

LOSS OF COLUMN HEIGHT

(TOTAL LOSS OF CIRCULAnoN, NOT KEEPING HOLE FULL)
INDICAnoN NOTE SIBILITV NOTIFY
Loss of hydrostatic pressure may Driller Drl Crew
MUD COLUMN Mud Logger Co Rep
LEVEL induce a kick
Shaker Man Toolpusher
DECREASE Derrick Man Mud Eno

FLOW CHECK GUIDE .INES WHILE DRIWNG

_SIJ CESTACK SUB SEA STACK
• Drill 3 to 5 feet into the break, • Drill 3 to 5 feet into the break,
observe for flow observe for flow
• If flow is detected, initiate shut-in • If flow is detected, initiate shut-in
procedure procedure

• Raise the kelly /top drive to the shut- • Raise the kelly /top drive to the shut-
in position in position

• Stop circulation and observe well for • Stop circulation, line-up trip tank and
flow 5 to 10 minutes observe well for flow 5 to 10 minutes

• Maintain slow rotation to prevent • Maintain slow rotation to prevent

sticking sticking

• If flow is detected, initiate shut-in • If flow is detected, initiate shut-in

procedure procedure

Page 99
SECONDARY
WELL CONTROL
DRILLING KICKS

.· DIWRTER GUIDILINI!8 WtR.E DRilliNG

auag&-...,
• Sound the kick alarm • Sound the kick alarm

• Raise the kelly /top drive to shut-in • Raise the kelly /top drive to shut-in
position position

• Maintain full circulation • Maintain full circulation

• Open down-wind diverter line and • Prepare to abandon the location

close the diverter
• Monitor the sea surface for gas. MovE
• Open pump suctions to the heavy the rig up-wind of surfacing gas
mud reserves and pump at maximum
rate • Fill pits with sea water

• Build additional heavy mud volume • Continue pumping the heaviest fluid
available at maximum rate
• Prepare to abandon the rig
Gas zone depletion may take
several hours or days

~ QUIDPI 111!8 wta.E DRill . .

--
• Sound the kick alarm
SUB 8I!A STACK
• Sound the kick alarm

• Raise the kelly flop drive to the shut- • Raise the kelly /top drive to the shut-
in position in position
• Stop circulation • Stop circulation

• Open the choke line valve • Open the choke line valve

• Close the upper pipe rams or • Close the upper annular preventer
annular preventer
• Record SIDPP and SICP every 2
• Record SIDPP and SICP every 2 minutes
minutes
• If necessary, adjust annular
• If necessary, adjust annular preventer closing pressure for
preventer closing pressure for stabilized SICP
stabilized SICP

Page100
 WELL CONTROL

• Occurs only while drilling

• Abnormal formation pressure produces an under
balance kick
• SIDPP is some value above standpipe hydrostatic
pressure

• Can occur during any open hole operation

INDUCED KICK • All formation pressure classifications can produce an
induced kick

• SIDPP is equal to standpipe hydrostatic pressure

WAIT & WEIGHT METHOD CIRCULATION METHOD (DRILLER'S)

WITH BALANCE KILL MUD WEIGHT WITH PRESENT MUD WEIGHT

• A constant bottom hole pressure • A constant bottom hole pressure

method to prevent second kicks method to prevent second kicks
• Minimizes kill pressures imposed • Minimizes kill pressures imposed
to the wellbore and equipment to the wellbore and equipment
• Kills the kick in one complete • Kills the kick in one bottoms up
circulation circulation

WAIT & WEIGHT METHOD CIRCULATION METHOD (DRILLER'S)

WITH BALANCE KILL MUD WEIGHT WITH PRESENT MUD WEIGHT
AT SHUT-IN AS GAS REACHES SHOE

If shut-in pressures are contained The depth of the influx at shut-in is

without formation fracture, the seldom known. Actual bit-to-shoe
probability of a successful kill is strokes cannot be determined.
greater than 90% Follow Circulation Method kill
procedure

Page 101
 Cl)

~
0
z
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0

~
ASSIST MUO ENGINEER ASSIST AS NEEDED

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EVACUATION
~ OPERATIONAL PUN, MECHANICAL REQUIREMENT: READINESS

#
. . . . . .< IIECHANICALLMTS, RIG / 1/ESSEL CONDmONS

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STANDBY
VESSEL
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KILL METHODS
WELL CONTROL
SECONDARY

...
·~.,.~ ,:;;;:??!:?'~~::.
L_._ ~ I.-!d ___ _.:_1 .t. ,___, :...:~... • ._ -
._...
•
:·· -:
'
. I
• Monitor shut-in pressures for gas migration while making preparations for the
kill operation
• If observed, bleed mud from the annulus to maintain SIDPP at stabilized shut-
in value plus 50 - 100 psi safety factor
• Calculate kill mud weight (KMW)

• Over balance in the KMW or additional choke pressure is not recommended or

required for a safe kill operation
• Construct a drill pipe pressure schedule
• When preparations are complete , start the kill operation

Surface Stack - Hold casing pressure at shut-in value while increasing the
pump to kill rate
Sub Sea Stack - Hold kill line pressure at shut-in value while increasing
pump to kill rate
• Hold pump speed at kill pump rate (KPR) and adjust the choke for proper
drill pipe pressure schedule
• When KMW reaches the bit. continue holding pump at KPR and adjust the
choke for final drill pipe pressure until KMW returns
• Sub Sea Stack - Remove gas trapped in the BOP stack, displace riser with
KMW
• Open the BOP and check the well for flow. Condition the mud system,

• Monitor shut-in pressures for gas migration while making preparations for the
kill operation
• If observed, bleed mud from the annulus to maintain SIDPP at stabilized shut-
in value plus 50 - 100 psi safety factor
• An increase in the present mud weight or additional choke pressure is not
recommended for a safe kill operation
• When preparations are complete, start the kill operation
Surface Stack - Hold casing pressure at shut-in value while increasing the
pump to kill rate
Sub Sea Stack - Hold kill line pressure at shut-in value while increasing the
pump to kill rate
• With pump at kill pump rate, record the observed circulating drill pipe pressure
• Hold pump speed at kill pump rate and adjust the choke to maintain the
recorded drill pipe pressure value until bottoms up strokes are pumped
• Sub Sea Stack - Remove gas trapped in the BOP stack
• Check the well for flow, condition the mud system

Page 103
SECONDARY
WELL CONTROL KICKS

o Close the lower pipe rams to isolate the wellbore from the stack gas clearing
operation

o Open the kill line fail-safe valves. U-tubing pressure from kill mud weight
(KMW) in choke line will be observed if choke line fluid density is greater

o Displace the kill line with KMW pumping down the choke line and return
through the kill line

- Hold kill line pressure constant and increase pump to kill rate
. Record circulating pressure

• Hold pump speed constant and adjust choke to hold circulating pressure
constant until KMW returns

0 Displace only the choke line with water. Allow pump pressure to increase as
water is pumped

0 Close the kill line fail-safe valves

0 Open the choke line completely to allow the trapped gas to expand into the
choke line

0 Line up the trip tank to maintain the riser full

0 When expanding flow from the choke line stops, open the annular preventer
completely to allow the riser to U-tube into the choke line

0 When U-tubing stops, close the choke line fail-safe valves

0 Close the diverter and open the down-wind overboard line or flow line
degasser

0 Open the kill line fail-safe valves and displace the riser with KMW. Displace
choke line with KMW

0 Open the lower rams and check the well for flow

Page 104
 WELL CONTROL SECONDARY
TRIPPING KICKS

-~ "'"'-':- ' CAUSES.OF KICKS WHILE TRIPPING

i<- .~.o;,. ionty fnduced1ck:ka a.n occur during a tripping operation
Swabbing (#1 cause of kicks)
Improper hole fill procedure
Loss of circulation
Filling the hole with light fluid
Weighting material sag

. . ~--:-"- INDICATIONS OF INDUCED KICKS

IIUicA110N NOTE ~~~~~- NOTIFY
The volume of steel pulled from
HOLE NOT TAKING the hole is greater than the mud Driller Mud Eng
volume required to fill the hole Trip Tank Man Co Rep
CORRECT FILL-UP
Mud Logger Toolpusher
Overpull usually associated w ith
swabbing
Kick fluids displace mud from Drilling Crew
the well bore causing well flow Driller
Mud Eng
WELL FLOW with pumps off Trip Tank Man
Co Rep
Primary well control is lost when Mud Logger Toolpusher
the well begins to flow

As kick fluids flow into the well- Driller Drilling Crew

PIT VOLUME GAIN bore, the volume addition is Trip Tank Man Mud Eng
detected by the pit volume Mud Logger Co Rep
totalizer (PVT) Toolpusher

• Set the top tooljoint on the slips • Set the top tooljoint on the slips
• Install and close the full open safety • Install and close the full open safety
valve valve

• Observe the well for flow 5 - 10 • Line-up the trip tank and observe the
minutes well for flow 5 - 10 minutes

• Maintain slow rotation to prevent • Maintain slow rotation to prevent

sticking sticking
• If flow is detected, initiate shut-i n • If flow is detected, initi ate shut-in
procedure procedure

Page 105
SECONDARY
WELL CONTROL
TRIPPING KICKS

DIVERTER GUIDBLINU WHILE TRPPIIIG .. ' .

SURFACE STACK -.SI!AjrACK
• Sound the kick alarm • Sound the kick alarm

• Set the top tooljoint on the slips • Set the top tooljoint on the slips
• Install and close the full open safety • Install and close the full open safety
valve valve

• Open down wind diverter line and • Make-up top drive /kelly and pump
close the diverter the heaviest available fluid at
maximum rate
• Make-up kelly /top drive and open
safety valve • Prepare to abandon the location

• Open pump suctions to the heavy • Monitor the sea surface for gas.
Move rig up wind of surfacing gas
mud reserves and pump at
maximum rate
• Fill pits /tanks with sea water
• Build additional heavy mud volume
• Continue pumping the heaviest fluid
• available at maximum rate
Prepare to abandon the rig
Gas zone dep letion may take
several h ours or days

SHUT-IN GUIDE' ltEI WilLE TRIIPING

r-----'~""'CE STACK SUB SEA_STACK
~-·--"'1
• Sound the kick alarm ! • Sound the kick alarm
• Set the top tooljoint on the slips • Set the top tooljoint on the slips

• Install and close the full open safety • Install and close the full open safety
valve valve

• Open the choke line valves • Open the upper choke line fail-safe
valves
• Close the annular preventer with
1500 psi closing pressure • Close the upper annular preventer
w ith 1500 psi closing pressure
• Record SICP every 2 minutes
• Record SICP every 2 minutes
• Adjust annular preventer closing
pressure to stabilized SICP • Adjust annular preventer closing
pressure to stabilized SICP
•Maintain string movement to preven
sticking • Maintain string movement to preven
'-------'-----------! sticking

Page106
TRIPPING KICKS
WELL CONTROL SECONDARY

EVALUATE 'fttiiE:OFF BOMOM KICK COiaTIQN

KICK iDII. •... :.::: .. ...... ..
:._ ~
'~ .._

The weight of the drill string is greater than the hydraulic

HEAVY PIPE force of shut-In pressure acting to push the string out of
the hole

The hydraulic force acting to push the string out of the

LIGHT PIPE
hole is greater than string weight

NO PIPE IN HOLE
The drill string is pulled out of the hole before the kick
is detected
J
STRIP AND BLEED SNUBBING SNUBBING
Strip the drill string to Snub the drill string into Snub the drill string into
bottom and kill the kick the wellbore until string the wellbore until string
using the Circulation weight is sufficient for weight is sufficient for
Method with present mud stripping operation stripping operation
weight

IF SIIWPING OR INUB.JG. NOT POtii.LB U., anJCK......,

VOLUMETRIC METHOD VOLUME TRIC METHOD VOL UMETRIC METHOD
Allow the gas to migrate Allow the gas to migrate Allow the gas to migrate to
above the bit. Kill the kick above the bit. Kill the kick surface. Kill the kick using
us1ng the Circulation using the Circulation the Dynamic Lubricate and
Method with present mud Method with present mud Bleed procedure
weight weight

IF THE GAS ..GRATES LAST RESORT OP"RRN

'IOIURMCE
HEAVY M UD CAP LUBRICATE AND BLEED B ULLHEAD
Circulate kill mud weight Pump present mud weight Use only under special
of sufficient density to kill across the wellhead, conditions
the casing pressure th rough the choke and
back to a small calibrated Pump present mud weight
Open the BOP and run pit to fracture pressure and
to bottom inject influx into formation
Decrease casing pressure

l
Kill the kick using the
Circulation Method with
present mud weight
by PSIIBBL equivalent per If shoe fractures first. an
barrel of mud loss in the under ground blowout will
occur
I
pit

Page107
 WELL CONTROL KICKS
SECONDARY

Calculate the maximum allowable surface pressure (MASP) to avoid formation fractur

MASP =(Fracppa • M udPPG ) X .052 X TVOshoe

• Calculate the maximum casing pressure limit (MCPL) to determine when to stop
stripping and circulate a portion of the influx out of the wellbore

M CPL =MASP x .8
• Calculate displacement volume per stand of pipe stripped into the
hole
Bblslstd =(Pipe disp + cap) X Stand Length
Route the returns from the choke manifold to the trip tank. Sub Sea Stack: If
necessary, displace the choke line with present mud weight

• Adjust the annular preventer closing pressure for stripping. Route the lubricating mud
volume to the trip tank

• Apply 100 - 200 psi safety factor. Hold the choke closed and strip 1 • 2 stands until
safety factor is reached (SICP + SF). If necessary, bleed SICP to safety factor value

Strip in a stand and alternately bleed out the bbllstd volume. SICP w ill return to the
safety factor value if the bit Is above the influx

SICP will increase as the BHA enters the influx and decrease as the BHA moves
below the influx.

Continue stripping to bottom. Use the Circulation Method with present mud weight to
kill the kick

11- ____________ .MAQP_::..11.00..P~L------ ------------

1(}
Overbalance restored
o g. MCPL = 880 si as bit reaches bottom
~ ----------------------~----------------~-71
-
>< 8
-
/! ..../j
... L-· ........ L.---··--
.......1
:' ...·1I ···"'j
~
••.•
'
.~ - ·' .~ •'
·- •• .•' .. .. -. - -_:._.-.----- t •••• ....•••
~ 7- // L.,./ ~ '\ . -- . , __.... •..
Ol -1 / • Bit below Influx pushed up
C 6· .....~-··
'iii ../ ·'-"'~
: .-.-·: 1'nflu.x h0 Ie bY pipe
· d'
ISp
ftl
() 5- BHA enters influx

6
-
4 -~----.----,r----,-----.----~----~----~~~~
7 8 9 10 11 12
Bit on
bottom~
13 14
Stands Stripped
If maximum casing pressure limit Is reached (MCPL). stop stripping operation. Use
the Circulation Method with present mud weight and 100 -200 psi safety factor to
circulate a portion of the influx out. Continue stripping to bottom

Page108
 WELL CONTROL
KICKS
' _-'"":"'>' -r-~r
• •* r . ~ - - -

• Route returns from the choke manifold to the trip tank

• Calculate the maximum allowable surface pressure (MASP) to
avoid formation fracture
MASP = (Fracppg- Mud ppg) X 0.052 X TVDshoe
• Calculate the required barrels to bleed (8/BBLs) before allowing
casing pressure to increase by 50 psi
B/BBLs = Bbls/Ft 0 pen hole X 50+ Mud ppg + 0.052
• Hold the choke closed and allow the migrating gas to increase
casing pressure by a 100 - 200 psi safety factor. If accessible,
drill pipe pressure will show an equal increase
• When calculated casing pressure is reached (SICP + SF), bleed
mud through the choke to maintain casing pressure
• After bleeding the calculated barrels (8/BBLs), hold the choke
closed and allow casing pressure to increase by 50 psi
• When calculated casing pressure is reached (SICP + 50 psi),
bleed mud through the choke to maintain the new casing pressure
• If shut-in off bottom, continue repeating this procedure until shut-
in pressures indicate the gas has migrated above the bit
• Use the Circulation Method with present mud weight and 100-
200 psi safety factor to circulate the gas out of the hole
• If shut-in with no pipe in the hole, continue this procedure until the
gas migrates to surface.
• Use the Lubricate & Bleed guidelines to remove the gas
11· _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ll/IA9.,P
_ ; ..l.:!.Q.Q..Q§.i ______________ _

1().

. ii 6 ·
en
c:: s •.
·=
(..) 4 ·

3-

Page 109
SECONDARY
WELL CONTROL KICKS

• Line-up returns from the choke manifold to the gas buster and on to a small
calibrated pit. The cementing unit is ideal for this operation
• Line-up the pump discharge to the kill line
• Calculate the barrels of pit level decrease required before allowing the casing
pressure to decrease by 50 psi (LUB BBLs)

LUB BBLs = Bbls/Ftcsg x 50 + Mud ppg + 0.052

• Construct a schedule for barrels lubricated into the well bore versus casing pressure
decrease. A 50 psi safety factor is recommended

When preparations are complete. zero the pit level indicator and start the kill
operation:

- Adjust the choke to hold casing pressure at it's shut-in value while increasing the
pump speed

- Increase pump speed to 1 - 2 barrels per minute. Maintain SPM constant during
the kill procedure

• Apply a 50 psi safety factor. Adjust the choke to maintain casing pressure at it's
shut-in value until the pit level decreases by the LUB BBLs

• Continue holding the pump speed constant and allow the casing pressure to
decrease. As the lubricated mud volume increases hydrostatic pressure, casing
pressure will decrease accordingly

8-
Total LUB _ .,;_
7- ......... BBLs ~

0
0
.... 5-
6-
' , ' /' .....
)(
Calculated Cag ··.....
._.
Prenure ··········
·-1/1 4-
Q.
Cl 3-
c:
Ill
"' 2-
0
1-

0-~~--~~---r--~~--~--r-~--~--~-r--~~
o 15 3o 45 60 75 90 105 1io 135 1so 165 1ao 195
LUB BBLs
, When the total barrels are lubricated into the well and casing pressure has decreased
to +/-50 psi (safety factor). stop the pump and allow casing pressure to bleed to zero

• Open the BOP and check the well for flow

------------------------- -
Page 110
 WELL CONTROL

An underground diversion of high pressure kick fluids

Methods employed to contain an underground blowout

and regain primary well control

CAUSE:
WELLBORE PRESSURE EXCEEDS
FRACTURE STRENGTH RESULTING
IN LOSS OF CIRCULATION
KI CK FLUID FLOWS UPWARD TO

PROGNOSED LOSS CIRCULATION

EXCESSIVE MUD WEIGHT
SHALLOW LOW PRESSURE ZONE

POSSIBLE WHEN SHUTTING IN FOR

A KICK OR DURING KICK KILLING
OPERATION

SICP STOPS INCREASING AND/OR

BEGINS TO DECREASE

KILL THE KICK ZONE BEFORE

ATTEMPTING TO TREAT THE LOSS
ZONE
PREVENTIVE ACTION:
MINIMIZE MUD WEIGHT
MAINTAIN SUFFICIENT KICK
TOLERANCE

Page 111
TERTIARY WELL CONTROL UGB

LOSS OF CIRCULATION OCCURS IN

THE LOWER SECTION OF THE OPEN
HOLE
REDUCED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
INDUCES A KICK

PROGNOSED LOSS CIRCULATION

EXCESSIVE MUD WEIGHT
LOW OR SUBNORMAL FORMATION
PRESSURE

POSSIBLE WHEN SHUTIING IN FOR A

KICK OR DURING KILL OPERATION

PARTIAL OR TOTAL LOSS OF

,._...,'!!"'~-"""!1 RETURNS

MINIMIZE WELLBORE PRESSURE

SURGES
CASE-OFF POTENTIAL KICK ZONES
BEFORE DRILLING INTO POTENTIAL
LOSS ZONE

Page112
UGB
WELL CONTROL TERTIARY

Shut-in pressure build up begins to Total loss of circulation

decrease
Electric wireline surveys can be used
Casing pressure fluctuations during to determine if a down-flowing UGB is
shut-in stabilization period occurring

Shut-in casing pressure continues Shut-in pressures are zero initially

to increase while shut-in drill pipe
pressure remains constant

Partial or total loss of circulation

Shut-in pressures fall to zero psi

The loss zone must be repaired before remedial action can be taken at
the kick zone
TREATING THE LOSS ZONE

Consult your Mud Engineer for the most applicable "flash setting" lost
circulation plug(s)

After pumping the LCM plug in place, start filling the annulus with the
present mud weight to control the kick "one

When the annulus fills up, stop the pump and check the well for flow

If possible, keep the hole full

If flow is observed, shut-in and record pressures

KILLING THE KICK

Use the Circulation Method (Driller's) with present mud weight to kill the
kick zone

Page 113
TERTIARY
WELL CONTROL UGB

GUIDELINES FOR UP-FLOWING UGB

Kick zone pressure must be controlled before remedial action can be taken
at the loss zone
HEAVY PILL
• Determine the true measurement between the kick zone and loss zone
(TV~.J
• Determine or estimate the formation pressure of the kick zone (F~tcK)

• Determine or estimate the formation pressure of the loss zone (F~055 )

• Calculate the kill mud weight required to kill the kick zone (KMW PPG)

KMWPPG = (~K- F~oss )}

TVDK·Lx .052 + SAFETY FACTORPPG

If KMWppc equals the density capacity of the weighting material, refer to the
Heavy Pill /Gel Pill Guidelines.

If KMWppc is greater than the density capacity of the weighting material, refer to
the Barite Plug Guidelines

• Build KMWppc volume equal to 2 to 3 times the open hole volume. If possible,
remove the bit jets

• Pump sea water at maximum rate, 3 to 4 times the open hole volume ahead of
the heavy pill

• Pump the heavy pill at maximum rate

HEAVY PILL I GEL PILL COMBINATION

• Pump the heavy pill down the drill string at maximum rate while pumping the gel
pill down the annulus to increase injection pressure at the loss zone

• Adjust the annulus pump speed to place the gel pill at the loss zone as the heavy
pill reaches the bit. Continue to pump the heavy pill at maximum rate

BARITE PLUG

• A barite plug works best with gas blowouts. High flow rate salt water blowouts
wash the barite into the loss zone. Bit plugging and/or stuck pipe may occur

• Consult your Cementing and/or Mud Engineer for detailed recipes and application
procedures

Page 114
 WELL CONTROL OBM

Gas that has dissolved into the base oil of oil base mud

The pressure /temperature condition that will allow gas

to break out of solution

/
/< /•

...
OfTotal Expansion / ' •
•. ,.:· ..... ,.,
,./ .. /" /
• • .!'· • • / . . . . . . ...; • • ,.:.. ,

No Expansion

Gas expansion allows kick detection Solution gas does not expand until a
well before the kick reaches surface near-surface bubble point pressure is
reached
Gas solution in OBM does not hinder detection of large volume kicks (> 5 bbls),
normal kick detection applies. After shutting in the well , normal kick killing

Page 115
 WELL CONTROL n Do::D'\TIONS
~
OPERATIONS THAT CAN MASK A KICK
. Seepage /partial loss of circulation
. Mud weight adjustments and transfers while drilling
. Solids control and degassing the mud system
• Spills and leaks in surface equipment
. Loss of volume on connections !trips
• Pump start-up and shut-dow n volume change

Kicks of 5 barrels or less can occur completely undetected under normal

ope rating conditions

INFLUX GUIDEUNES
If an influx Ia s uspected, stop the operation and circ ulate all o r part of
bottoms up strokes through the c hoke manifold
• Open the choke line valves and open one choke completely
• If the position of the gas in the annulus is not known, close the BOP and
circulate bottoms up strokes through the choke manifold
• If the position of the gas in the annulus is known. circulate 80% of bottoms
up strokes, close the BOP a nd circulate the remaining strokes through the
choke manifold

DRILLING
Drilling operations have the greatest potential of circulating solution gas to surface
• Adjust the high /low level mud monitoring alarms as sensitive as possible
• Stop drilling for mud wt adjustments, coordinate mud transfers with connections
• Use recommended procedures to circulate bottoms up after flow-checking a
suspected drilling break and for all unaccountable pit gains

_DIPPING
Tripping has the least potential of solution gas erupting at surface as solution gas will not
migrate. Use recommended procedure to circulate bottoms up after all short or round trips

ltnlllllUN GASAT IIJRFACE

If rapidly accelerating well flow oc curs, t he Driller must respond i mmediately
• Regardless of kelly /top drive position, stop the rotary and pumps, close the
annular preventer (Sub sea, close the diverter)
• Strip the drill string to the proper shut in position
• Use standard well control procedures to kill the kick

Pa ge 116
 (A) WELL DATA (C) CALCULATIONS (E) DRILLPI PE PRESSURE
---, SCHEDULE
Kill Mud Weight (KMW) ""''l
Original Mud W eight
KMW = (SIDPP + TVD + .0 52) + O rigin al Mud Weight Gn~ OKES PRESSURE
PP9 0 I•<ll tCP
+
True Vertical Oepth (TVD) KMW -
lmtual C •reulaung Pressure (ICP)
+ 0 52) + - - - ( I)
(2)
- l
-
h

Kill Pump Pressure (KPP) ICP = Kill Pump Pressure + SIDPP

""' .ill I
(4 ) I
ICP = • - -- - -
1'4• ( 5) I
Kill Pump Rate (KPR)
Fma l C•reulat•ng Pressure tFCP)

FCP = Kill Pump Pressyre x KM W + O M W

.,.. (8)
-'- ~
!=:
~
( 7)
apm
..
"D

"'..
FCP ; X ;. (")
Surface to Bit Strokes

-.... -- .I IKI]
(D) WAIT & WEI GHT PROCEDURE
StkltO
Bit ~
)
- <II FCP
0
<:
1. Raise mud weight in pit to Kill Mud Weight value ~
2. Moni tor shut-tn pressures for gas migration. If
0
INSTRUCTIONS I""'
(B) KICK DATA necessary, bleed mud to maintain SIDPP at initial
shut-in value. 1 Record ICP, FCP and Stks to Bit In spaces
tndicated.
Shut-In Drillpipe Pressure (SIDPP)
3. When kill preparations are complete, refer to Pump 2 Calculate strokes u>erease per Increment
pol Start Up procedure and bring the well on choke.
Stks to B•t ;. 10 - Slks Inc
4. Hold kHI pump rate (KPR) constant and adjust lhe
Add Stks Inc to each oncrement unnl Stks
Shut-In Casing Pressure (SICP) choke to m atntain the Drillptpe Pressure Schedule to 81t •• reached
r--
until Kill Mud Wetght returns.
pol 3 Calculate dfltlplpe pressure decrease per
5. Stop the pump. close the choke and check shut-tn tncrement
Pn Gatn
pressures. Sub Sea Stack - Clear gas from BOP and (ICP. FCP) ;. 10 = PSI Dec
kill riser.
From ICP, subtract PSI Dec from each
bbllj
6. Open the BOP and check for flow increme nt until FCP is reached.
 PUMP 81'4l'lllT..UP PROCEDUIUES

I I
CAPACIT IES LENGTHS CAPACITIES

-fl.-
(BBLS/FT) (FT) (BBLS/FT) SURFACE STACKS
Ofillpipe
(1) Open the choke slightly while
L observing casing pressure
L J
[ - Heavyweight (2) Just as casing pressure begins to
'0 ~----
-1 1+- r--- decrease. start the kill pump
I 0
I
D rill Collars (3) Adjust the choke to maintain casing

~
pressure at shut-in value as pump
c.:-~ speed is slowly increased to kill
pump rate I""
....
- I""
"U
DRILL STRING VOLUMe (BBL8)
tC

- ~ .......)
(4 ) When the pump reaches KPR ,
adjust the choke for the proper
Drillpipe Pressure Schedule
0
0
<:: 111 1(1) Casing by Dr' I String (1) =
I =
X
<:
I
~
X (2) X =
SUB SEA STACKS
I ~
I
X

X
=
= I I
(3)

(4)
X

X I I =
(1) Open the choke slightly while g
observing the kill line pressure
I X = ~ Add colu.mn for
Total Drill String Volume = --- 1
(2) Open Ho e by Drill Stnng (2) Just as kill line pressure begins to
I I X I I = I I decrease , start the kill pump
I I X I I = (3) Adjust the choke to maintain k ill line
I I X I I = Surfa.eo to Bit Strokes StkS to B it
pressure at shut-in value as pump
r speed is slowly increased to k ill
I I X I I = + IBBL..SISTKI I l pump rate
Drill Sttl ng Vo l
(3) Choke Line Volume (subsea only) B.tt to Surf~co Strokes
L=-:J X I I = + :1:
(4 ) When the pump reaches KPR .
adjust the choke for the proper
Annulus Vol BBLSIST K
Ackl column for Drillpipe Pressure Schedule
Total Annulus Volume = I I Add column for
 CASING /CEMENTING

CEM
API provides nine classes of cement to allow for various pressure /depth /temperature
conditions
Class Depth Range (ft)
A, B&C 0 - 6000
0 6000 - 10,000
E 10,000 - 14,000
F 10,000 - 16,000
G&H 0 - 8000
J 12,000 - 16,000
Cement classes are modified with accelerators or retarders to adapt to job requirement
0
A wide range of cement slurry densities can be obtained using various additives

Page 119
 CASING /CEMENTING
- -------- -----
- - - --------

IMPROPERLY Small hole 10, doglegs, washouts /breakouts, wellbore unstable,

DRILLED HOLE incorrect casing seal selection

POOR MUD High gel strengths and yield point, high fluid loss, thick filter cake
CONDITION high solids content, loss circulation material, mud /cement
compatibility

LOST Loss zones not sealed before cementing. Excessive circulating

CIRCULATION annulus pressure causes cement loss. Scratchers remove
protective LCM

ABNORMAL Complicates well planning /drilling. Heavy tubulars reduce

PRESSURE clearances, high density slurries require more control , pipe
movement more · liner

SUBNORMAL Differential sticking, cement filtrate loss , low density slurries,

PRESSURE reduced strength

WATER Sands with clay sensitive to fresh water filtrate, water block in
SENSITIVE dry gas zones

HIGH Mud gelatin, flash sets cement without retarder, casing

TEMPERATURE elongation /contraction problems, down hole tool limitations,
cement strength retrogression

Condition mud to stabilize wellbore and to achieve optimum but safe rheological
values

Continuous pipe motion during mud conditioning and cementing operations

Pump as much spacer as practical ahead of the cement

Utilize as many centralizers as practical to center the casing in the wellbore

Properly design cement slurry rheology

High displacement pump rates improve cement placement. Formation conditions

determine the pump pressure window

Prevent cement /mud contamination

Know wellbore formation fracture pressure limitations

Shoe pressure test Tracer survey

Temperature survey Production test

Cement bond log

Page 120
 CASING / CEMENTING

RUBBER PLUGS
{TOP & BOTTOM)

GUIDE SHOE

Page 121
 CASING /CEMENTING

Ensure thread protectors are installed when handling casing

Ensure casing is racked safely. Use adequate stripping for each casing layer to
prevent bending /buckling. Rack casing with collars toward V-door

Grades N-80 and higher should not be handled on metal racks and catwalks

Place casing on the racks in the proper order of running in. Verify mixed weights
and grades are in the proper running order. There must be no doubt as to the
weight and grade of the casing. Unidentified joints should not be run

Ideally, the casing should be cleaned, inspected, measured and drifted before the
next layer is placed on the rack

Remove thread protectors, clean the box and pin and protectors. Clean any
debris from inside the casing . Reinstall clean pin and box protectors hand tight

Any damaged joint and those that do not drift should be marked with red paint
and laid aside

Four persons are required to measure casing. One person on each end of the
tape, another in the center to prevent tape sag and a fourth to visually check
each call and record the measurement

Measure, record and number all joints, crossovers and in-string components to
permit ready identification

Two or more of the heaviest weight joints should be held out to run at the top of
the casing string to serve as a gauge ring and for wear purposes

Measure several pin and threads of thread and coupled casing to determine the
average thread length

Casing should arrive on location already electronically inspected and pressure

tested
 CASING /CEMENTING

Record bottom hole temperature on logging runs, trip back to bottom after logging
operations prior to running casing

Circulate hole until shaker is clean prior to pulling out of the hole to run casing

Make a wiper trip, above hole problem depths and check for cavings, tight spots.
hole fill on bottom. Circulate bottoms up checking for gas or water cut mud and
mud losses. Stabilize any losses if possible before running casing

Measure the drill string while pulling out of the hole to obtain an accurate depth
measurement

Condition the mud as required . This generally consists of lowering gel strengths,
plastic viscosity and yield point, removing drilled solids, lowering the fluid loss and
improving wall cake properties

If a hole problem is encountered on the trip out, the problem must be corrected
before running casing . Reaming and mud conditioning until the hole stabilizes is
the proper treatment

Record drag /set down trends on the trip out to run casing. These values will be
used to evaluate the drag /set down trends when the casing is on bottom and
reciprocation begun

Requirements for successful wellbore cementing are:

- Wellbore that has a diameter at least 1-1/2" (preferably, 2" - 3"} larger than
casing OD
- Near gauge wellbore without washouts
- Wellbore without severe doglegs
- Stabilized wellbore without hole problems, lost circulation. gas, water flow or
well control problems

Select a competent casing shoe. Consider the casing strap and space out
accordingly

At casing point TD, condition hole w ith GPM rates at least as high as the expected
cementing pump rates

Page 123
 CASING !CEMENTING

Install proper casing rams in the correct position in the BOP. Test the opening and
closing of the BOP

Verity rating of substructure and traveling equipment is adequate to handle casing

and cement load

Verity rating of substructure and traveling equipment is adequate to handle casing

and cement load

Ensure elevator bails are of the proper length for the job

Ensure good condition of the drill line. Ensure proper number of block lines are
strung to handle the casing hook load in air

Visually inspect dead line anchor, hook, traveling and crown blocks. Magna flux
or ultrasonic inspection should be considered for heavy hook loads

Inspect breaking system on the drawworks

Visually inspect derrick pins and bolts for wear. Plumb derrick if necessary

Ensure mud pumps and centrifugal pumps are in proper working order

Rig tongs should be checked for correct head size and new tong dies installed
if necessary

Visually inspect the slip bushing /bowl for proper operating condition

Ensure stabbing board is available and in proper operating condition

Ensure adequate size casing fill-up line w ith control valve is riggt!d up

If necessary, clean a mud pit for spacers or pipe releasing pill

Ensure adequate water storage available for cement job and possible loss of
circulation

Remove wear bushing before running casing

Page 124
 CASING !CEMENTING

Casing cleaned, tallied and drifted

Casing joints numbered in order of running by thread type and weight
Crossover subs checked . Damaged joints laid aside
Calculate the casing strap for landing joint space out. Casing collar should be ten
feet minimum distance from casing head flange. Ideally, cementing head should
be 5- 15 feet above the rotary table.
Rathole below the casing shoe should be +/- 5 feet for surface wellheads, 15 - 20'
for sub sea wellheads and mud line suspension operations
Maximum safe tension load calculated on weakest upper casing joint /coupling
Cementing head on location. Proper thread type and function tested
Guide /float shoe. float collar on location . Proper thread type and function tested
Stage cementing or liner hanging equipment on location. Proper thread type and
function tested
Centralizers /scratchers on location. Type /size /number /spacing determined
from electric logs /well plan
Cementing plugs on location. Type /size and rupture pressure on bottom plug
verified
Casing head /slips /hanger /ring gasket /pack-off on location. Size /type /pressure
rating verified. Flange bolts size /number checked
Casing slips /elevators on location. Size /type verified
Power /manual casing tongs on location. Heads /dies /condition checked
Stabbing boards on location, in good operating condition
Proper casing thread compound and thread locking compound on location
All snub lines checked for operational safety
Clamp-on thread protectors /size /number on location
Pipe rack area /pipe handling equipment inspected for safety
Combined casing /drill string /cement loads within rig's rating. If not. string up
additional lines or lay down set back weight
Wear bushing removed /casing rams installed
All service companies notified for timing sequence of events (cementing and
casing crews, inspection services, nipple-up services, test companies)

Page 125
 CASING /CEMENTING

Clamp-on thread protectors are recommended when picking up casing

Observe correct make-up procedures. Ensure torque gauge on tongs is accurate.

Use API thread compound

Ensure casing cementing head is properly dressed with top /bo«om plugs and
proper cross overs

Install centralizers /scratchers according to predetermined plan

Utilize a casing running schedule to monitor casing displacement trends for

losses /gains

Run surge /swab pressure calculations. Communicate the proper running speed
to the Driller. Running speeds of 0.75 - 1.5 fl/sec are typical

With conventional float equipment, break circulation after running the first 2 - 3
joints to verify proper working order

Apply thread lock compound to the pin ends of float equipment and shoe joints

Pick-up /set-down weights for casing string should be recorded for each joint for
early detection of sticking

Bring casing string to a complete stop before setting slips. Do not allow elevators
to get ahead of casing through tight spots

Ensure proper stabbing procedures are used to minimize thread damage

Fill casing every five joints minimum depending on casing size. Communicate fill-
up :;~;hedul"' to casing crew

The casing should be landed no further than 20 feet form bottom

For surface wellheads , measure the last joint of casing in the hole to prevent a
casing collar being located across the wellhead

Page 126
 CASING / CEMENTING
- -- - - - --- - -
- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - -----

----------------- - -

Determine maximum allowable cement density to prevent formation fracturing. If

allowed, cement density should be at least 1 ppg heavier and preferably 2 - 3 ppg
heavier than the drilling fluid

Determine bottom hole cementing temperature from logs

Design cement slurry for specific job using company or industry specifications

Design preflush /spacers to be displaced in turbulent flow. Contact time at the

top of the pay zone should be a minimum of 10 minutes

Use same mix water and cement in testing that will be used on location

Check compatibility of cement slurry, drilling mud and spacers at room and
bottom hole circulating temperatures

Go to cement company bulk plant to check quality control on cement blending

operations

Batch mix all cement slurries if possible using ribbon or paddle type blenders.
Do not use conventional jet type mixers for cement slurries

On location, collect 1 gallon samples of dry cement and 2 gallon samples of mix
water. Hold until out come of job is determined

Calculate cement volume to be pumped and volume of mixing water required to

mi.x cement

Calculate time, volume and strokes to pressure equalization point after start of
displacement

Calculate time, volume and strokes to bump plug. Same calculations should be
made for stage collar cementing

Calculate the theoretical weight of the casing in 1000 feet intervals

Calculate time, volume and strokes required to displace pipe after casing is on
bottom and to circulate one complete circulation

Calculate the volume of mud required to displace cement

Estimate the annulus cement velocities anticipated during the various stages of
the job

Estimate the top of cement in the annulus

Double check all volume calculations with cement company representatives on

location prior to cementing

Page 127
 CASING / CEMENTING

Drilling Forman should identify top and bottom wiper plugs. Make sure the plugs
are properly installed in the cementing head
Cementing head should be installed in the V-door if possible. All connections to
the cementing head should be in place and ready for immediate hook-up
Pressure test all lines from cementing unit to casing head to 3000 - 5000 psi
Begin reciprocation and mud conditioning immediately after the casing reaches
bottom. Casing reciprocation need not be fast. Select a stroke length between
15- 30 feet that will not position a coupling in the wellhead. Take 1 - 3 minutes
to complete a stroke cycle depending on hole conditions.
Ensure that full returns are present or rate of mud losses are consistent with
losses noted earlier
Condition mud such that gel strengths . plastic viscosity, yield point and mud
density are as low as possible without dropping out solids or creating a wellbore
stability problem
Condition hole with GPM rates equivalent to anticipated cementing pump rates
Circulate and condition mud /hole for a minimum of 100% hole volume or 1 - 1-1/2
casing volume. In-and-out mud weight should be equal and the shakers should
be clean
Monitor pick-up and slack-off drag trends while reciprocating. Stop reciprocation
with casing near bottom if drag trends ind icate sticking tendency
Batch mix the spacer and cement slurries if practical. Observe mixing operation,
collect wet and dry samples. Weigh and record slurry continuously using a
pressurized balance and an in-line densitometer during the job. Observe surface
setting time and free water separation of wet samples
Record surface pressure /pump rate on a continuous recorder for the entire job.
Record total cement mixing and displacement time
A typical cement job sequence of events: pump the spacer, release the bottom
plug, pump the cement, release the top plug, clean cement from surface lines and
displace cement until the top plug bumps
As soon as all cement has been pumped, drop the top plug, Check valves I
indicators on cementing head to verify plugs did release. NEVER ALLOW THE
CEMENT IN THE ANNULUS TO STOP MOVING WHEN PLUG IS RELEASED
Observe mud returns for losses, gains, return of preflush or cement to surface
Slow the pump rate to bump the plug on the float collar. Bump the plug with the
proper pressure, 500- 1000 psi over circulating pressure or sufficient for a casing
pressure test. Hold 5 -15 minutes, release the pressure and check the floats
If floats hold, leave casing open during WOC time. A small amount of back-flow
is expected due to heat expansion
If plug does not bump at the calculated pump strokes, over displace the plug by
more than the volume between the float collar and shoe

Page 128
 CASING /CEMENTING

If float fails, shut in and apply approximate pressure the plug was bumped with.
Hold pressure until initial cement strength is developed, monitor shut-in pressure.
Heat will cause pressure build-up, bleed if necessary to maintain initial pressure

Center surface casing strings in rotary immediately after plug is bumped and woe
For mud line suspension systems, land out on the mud line hanger, open wash
ports and circulate the annulus above the hanger with sea water

Casing normally should be landed with the same hook load as cemented. The
only slack-off weight should be what is necessary to set the slips or hang the
casing

For mud line suspension systems, the casing should be overpulled to a pre·
determined value prior to selling the slips to prevent buckling the landing joint

Check mud pit and BOP for cement contamination, address immediately

Ensure landing joint is compatible with slip and seal assembly, caliper casing OD

A wellhead manufacture's representative should be present for slip, packoff and

casing head installation. Test casing head prior to nippling up the BOP equipment

If temperature survey is run to locate cement top, check with cementing company
for the recommended WOC time before runn ing

Clean casing head and flanges. Ring gasket and groove must be clean, dry and
free of burrs or nicks. Do not grease the ring gasket

All nuts and bolts should be clean and the correct size . All nuts should be
tightened evenly for a proper seal

Check all nipples, valves and lines on the wellhead and BOP stack for correct
pressure rating and proper test procedures

Cement drill-out practices should not jeopardize the integrity of the cement job

Do not impose any forces on the casing that would alter the cement bond . Do not
enter the casing until the desired cement strength is reached

Calculate the top plug depth and communicate data to the Driller before drill-out

Drill the plugs, float collar, cement and shoe with reduced weight and RPM to
avoid shock loading the casing

A formation equivalency or leak-off test in the new hole is necessary to determine

the effectiveness of the cement seal and the formation fracture gradient

Page 129
 CASING ! CEMENTING

Monitoring cement jobs by continuously measuring pump

rate, rate of returns, surface densities and pressures can
provide early detection of some cementing problems
----'
....-, -~.-.~?Jt ' .. ~lr
.• ~ '-.)" ~\!.;..~!; ' " -·· -,....,~-~·~·

.
• ~ ;", - t •i ::. • j ! ' - .. .

Mud poorly conditioned before start of cementing operation

CEMENT
CHANNELING
. Cement free-fall period ends before anticipated due to higher
annulus pressure
. Surface pressure higher than expected
. Lower rate of returns through free-fall stages

UNSUSPECTED
. Cement free-fall period remains longer than anticipated due to
decreased annular pressure
WELLBORE . Surface pressures are lower than anticipated after free-fall
WASHOUT
. Reduced rate of returns when washout encountered followed
by increased returns rate in near gauge annulus
• Erratic returns after free-fall period
• Well comes out of free-fall later than expected
. Surface pressures are lower than anticipated
LOST
CIRCULATION . Rate of flowline returns is lower than expected
. Free-fall inside casing is strong due to reduced annulus hydro-
static pressure. Might be indicated by strong vacuum at
cementing head
. Well comes out of free-fall later than anticipated
INFLUX . Surface pressures are tower than expected
CONDITION
. Rate of returns are higher than anticipated during and/or after
free-fall period

• Well goes on free-fall later and comes out of free-fall sooner

than expected
DOWN HOLE . Surface pressures higher than expected
RESTRICTIONS . Rate of returns lower than anticipated during free-fall stages
. Erratic rate of returns. First are higher than expected during
deceleration, then level off before coming out of free-fall

. Free-fall starts approximately when expected but ends pre-

CEMENT maturely due to higher frictional pressures
SLURRY . Surface pressures are higher than expected
DEHYDRATION . Rate of returns normal until dehydration starts then begins to
decrease

Page 130
 HORIZONTAL DRILLING

HORIZONTAL WELL A wellbore drilled parallel to the bedding planes of

a roduction zone

LIMIT PRt::>DlJCTIONI
OF UNWANTED
FLUIDS

MAXIMIZE
PRODUCTION

PENETRATE
VERTICAL
FRACTURES

INCREASE
PRODUCTION

Page 131
HORIZONTAL DRILLING

Page 132
HORIZONTAL DRILLING

Page 133
 HORIZONTAL DRILLING

HCIIaON'fAL-.&.. PLAN FOCUS

PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
• Formation type • Formation pressure
GEOLOGY • Rock strength /stress • Formation dip angle
• Porosity /permeability

DRILLING FLUID "

Mud type • Rheology
• Inhibition • Hole cleaning
• Mud weight
• Drill string size • Formation type
HYDRAU LI CS • Down hole tool restrictions
• Pump capacity
• Over burden stress • Hole closure
WELLBORE
STABILITY • Trajectory profile • Lost circulation /Gas influx
• Washout/breakout • Cuttings bed

HORIZICIC1'AL OPI!RA110NI FOCUS

OPERATIONS CONSIDERATIONS
RIG • Top drive • Solids control equipment
• Pump capacity
• Drill pipe size
• BHAdesign • Drilling jars
DRILL STRING
• Down hole motors • Inspection frequency
• Torque /drag

• BOP equipment • Kill calculations

WELL CONTROL
• Kick detection
• Gas behavior
• MWD/ LWD
WELL LOGGING
• Drill pipe conveyed /Coil tubing
• Pump down method

• Casing design
CASING
• Slotted liners
• Predicted pick-up /slack-off weights

CEMENTING • Slurry design • Centralizers

• Mud condition • Pipe movement
• Contamination

Page 134
 Gas will migrate to the high side of the wellbore and become trapped. To flush out the
gas, AV must be increased to turbulent flow. When the gas enters the build-up section,
slow the pump rate to normal

:t
0
:::0
i':i
0
<:
"0
i!
,...
"'..
Ill

-""'' 0
:::0
;:::
,...
~
C')
 -
HORIZONTAL.Ym_LL CONTROL KILL SHEET

-
(A) WELL DATA (C) C A LCULATIONS (E) DRILLPIPE PRESSURE

I SCHEDULE

I -
-
Kill Mud Weight (KMW)
Original Mud Weight

-
KMW • (SIOPP + TVO + 052) + Orig.inal Mud Weight I STROKES PRESSURE
Q ~ ICP
KMW • l + + .052) ..
Tru~ Vertical Depth (IVD) !1_11

- --~
KOP Vertical Depth (KOP""')
lnttlel Ctrculauon Pressur• ( ICP)

ICP • KJII P ump Presaure + SIOPP

--- ""
:12)
:131
'14 )
I_ ~
ICP • + Stka to ._.
5) i.l KCP :X:
KOP Measured Depth (KOP" 0 ) -- KOP
ile) 0
r ~
F tnel Ctrculetlng P,.aaure (FCP)

• Kill Pump Pressure • KMW + OMW

PSI
ltn
ItS)
::0
N
, Kill ~p Pressure (KPP)
....
FCP •
" + 19)
Suc.a to ... 110) r. 0
~
II
-- .... Bot FCP

-•"'
Cl

w
....,
Kill Pump Rate (KPR)
KOP C11culatmg »ressure (KCP)

KCP • ICP + (<FCP- K':J x KO~) _ ((SIOP~ KOib)

0
INSTRUCTIONS
1 Rec:.ord ICP. KCP, FCP, Stka to KOP and
Slks to Bit in spacea lncllc.ated
~
,...
1:)

~
Surface to Bit Strokes 2 Calculate Strokes I ncrement to KOP
[ .~ ·- · {(_ -_ )x =-)-( X
) Stk s to KOP + 5 a S tk Inc
From 0 sUes. add Stkl to each Increment ,...
u n til Stks to KOP le reaehed
Strokes to KOP
~
c .tk. (D) WAIT & WEIGH T PROCEDURE
1. Raise mu(lweight in ph to Kill Mud Weight value
3 Calculate Strokes Increment to BIL
(Stks to Bit - Stks to KOP) + 5 • _ _ _Stk Inc
From Stks to KOP, add thoe&e at.ks to e<Jeh
C')
(B) KICK DATA
2 Monitor shut- in pressures for gas migration. If necessary, tncrement unti• Stks to Btt is reac:hed.
Shut-,l n Onllpipe Pressure ( SIOPP) bleed mud to maintain StOPP at initial shut-in value.
•
... 3 Refer to Pump Stan Up procedure, bring well on choke.
4. Hold KPR constanl and adjust the choke to maintain the
CaJc:ularte dnllp.~ ~ssure reduction per
tncrement fro I P 10 KOP
(ICP - KCP) + 5 ~ psi
From ICP. sublract the pret-aure reduction
Shut-In Casing Pressure (SICP) Drillpipe Pressure Schedule unlit Kitl M ud Weight returns. from e.-ch increment vn1il KCP is reached-
r- ~~l 5. Stop the pump, close the choke and check shut-in 5. Catculate drillpipe preasure reduction per
increment from KCP to Blt
pressures. Sub Sea Stack - Clear stack gas and kill riser.
(KCP • FCP) + 5 ~ psi
--Pit Gain - 1 6. Open the BOP an(! check for flow From KCP. subtr&c-t the proaaure reduction
from eac:h increment unul I=CP Is reached
 True Vertical Measured
Depth Depth
CAPACITIES [ -]

tg / KOP
(BBLSJFT)
Drill pipe OP x Casing

L L J I I I I Select the approximate

c-- [ --=:J I
DPxOH
I I I MIDDLE of the kick-off
Heavyweighl section
~
r I :X:
Drill Collars DC xOH " --' 0
- ~
.. ..... J
C I ' '' ~
~
. ~ t-;:-:-:-~... N
0
....
"D <:
cc
... ~
w
....
r-
0
~
X
(2) I I X I I
I I X I I=
(3) I I X I I= I I
r-
I X I ~
l4> I I X I I= I I X I I= G)
Add Column fot (2) Open Hole by Drill String
Total Drill etring Volume -=
I I X I I =
I I X I I:
I I X I I=
I I X I I=
(3) Choke Une Volume (&u.bs.ea only)
Strlng Vol
I I I I X I I= Strokes to m iddle toKOP bblslalk ~ lksto KOP
Add Column for Add Co'umn for
of KOP I I I I
Sttlng Volume to KOP = ~ Total Annulu t Volume
 INVESTIGATION PACKAGE

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>UMP # PIIMP I 1 >liMP t PIIMP 1 •UMP# PUMP : 2
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Page 138
 INVESTIGATION PACKAGE

•CIIT1IIGS 1Yl'E: CLAY fCl~ SH.II.E (114}. WIO flO~ GAAV!L fG\\~ LIIESTOIE flSI SAlT ISAI. talENT fCIIT), IMI89 (RU8l.IETAL fllj
•CIIT1IIGS OESCRIPTIOii: ROtMl,fl.IT CIIT1IIGS (QJW~ IPliiTW CAVIHGS fC.IV,S~ BI.OCKY CAVIHGS fCAV,B~ ClAY lAW fCL8Lj.IMIII CLAY fiiSH)

Pa ge 139
 WELL: fl811'HOLifmiCKJIIIEI REPORT DATE· REPORT#
~

RIG: LOCATION: EVINT tev!RITY:cnGHT HOLE IJinJCK Pill

I!VENT DEPrH: DATE: TillE: I!VINT CAUSE: DRILLING REPORT t:
WELL DATA: (when event occurred) Shoe Test: STRING DATA: OKelly O Top Orivo O Rotatlng O Mud Motor
Csg Size: MD: TVD: Shoe Anglo· _ _ _ Bit N: Type: Size: BHA: C!Bultd C!Hold ODrop
Hole Size: MD: TVD: Last Trip M D: DC Size: Length: DC S ize· Length:
#1 KOPMD: Deg/100'• _ __ 112 KOP MD: Deg/100'·- - Jar Size: _ _ _ CHyd. OMeeh. Trip Setting.: UP Down.
KOP Bottom #1 MD· KOP Bottom #2 MD: AngleCTD _ _ Jar PosittOn (from bit):

~
O Tenalon C:X::ompre•slon Neutral Point
Types & Depths of Problem FO«nation(a) : Aec:eterator Position (from J&t) . HWOP Size· Length:
DP ODIWt/Gr. !___) Ft DP ODIWt/Gr. I I Ft:
MUD DATA: ( report ACTUAL mud propenles ) OPERATIONAL DATA : (directly before event occurred)
Mud Type: 11\/t' Auld Loss Rotaung WL PIU IM Sf() 11\/t' ::::!
I'll: -- YP. _ _ Gets ___J___J_ _ pH· - -- OM/ Ratoo Drag Trend:
~
...:
Inhibitor Type: Concentrahon CEC RPM· Off/B Tq: \'1108 On/B Tq·
::::!
-..
Other. Tor~uo Trend:
Shaker Evidence· GPM: Cir Press P ress Trend: 0
~
t Other-
INDICATIONS:
Operation When Event Occurred.
STICKING MECHANISM:
Q HOLE: PACK .OFFJ9RtDOE 0 DtFFERE NTIA~ STICKING D we:LL80RE GEOM ETRY
~
0
Pipe Motion Prior To Event O Rotating O Up O Oown O Stalic
Pipe Motion After S tlcklng· CIDown Poaaible O Oown Restricted O Oown lmpoa.alble
Pipe Rotation After Sticking: 0 Rot Pouible 0 Rot. Restricted 0 Rot tmpoulble
SUSPECTED CAUSE(S):
0 Settled Cuttings 0 Unconsolidated Form. 0 Stiff Assembly
£
(j)
0 Reactive Shale 0 Fractured/Faulted Form . 0 Key Seat
C ir, Pressure After Sticking CJProas. Nonnal O Pre.s.s. Res-tricted 0 C t . lm polliblo 0 Gao-Pressured Shale 0 Cement B locks 0 Micro Doglegs rn
D Hydro-Pressured Shale 0 Soli C ement 0 Ledges
SPM· C irculating Preuure:
0 0/Burden Stress O Junk 0 U/Gauge hole
WiUTheJarTrip?O YM O No II "No", why nol: 0 Tectonic Stress
Other.
I
I
FREEING TECHNIOUE: OSucceu:ful OJna~JCXessful DESCRIBE ACnON TAKEN:
!

'
' PRE\IENTTVE SUGGESnOH:

'
(when event occurred)
DRILLER: TOOLPUSHER. COMPANY REP:
 WELL:
LOCATION:
I LOST CIRCUlA110N
IREPORT DATE: REPORT #
LOSS SEVERITY: OSEEPAGE D PARTIAL DTOTAL
RIG:
LOSS DEPTH: DATE: nME: CAUSE OF LOSS: MUD REPORT t:
WEL.L DATA: (when event occurred) Shoe Test STRING DATA: O Kelly O Top O(ive O RotatJng O Mud Motor Hole Size: - - -
Csg Size: MD: TVD: S hoeAng~: DC Si:e; Length: DC Size: Lel\gth:
Hole Size: MD: TVD: Last Trip M D: Stal:>ilizer Positions: HWDP SiZe: Length:
Types & Depths of Loss Zone(s)! DP ODMit. ___)_ _ Ft: DP ODM/t: _ _I _ _ Ft:
Other:
MUD DATA: (report ACTUAL m u d properttes) OPERATIONAL DATA: (when event oaurred) i
M ud Type: Wt:
Fluid Loss: Operation;
rn
Depth Loss Started:
PV: _ _ YP: _ _ Gets: _ _/_ __/_ _ pH: - - - 0/W Ratio: GPM: Cir Press: ECD@ Lou Zone.
Inhibitor Type : Concentratjon:
System L C M ; _ _Lbslbbl Polymer Type~
CEC. Slip-To-Slip Pipe Speed:
_ _ _ LbslbbL _ _ Gel: _ _Lb&ibbt Other:
Fl/Se<o M ax Csg Press Before Loss: :::r
G)

....-o
CQ
Other.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF LOSS. D PRESSURE INDUCED FRACTURES D NATURALLY EXISTING FRACTURES/PERMEABILITY OTHER:

)).
:j
0
... CAUSE(S): D Welt Control Oper. DGes Migration O Excessive Mud Wt 0 Excessive Cuttings Load ClHigh EC.O D High Surge Pressure D lmposed Pump Pressure
<:
•... O Oepleted Zone O Unconsolidate<l Form. Q.Fractured Form. t:Faulted Zone DVugular Form O Cavemous Zone CHote In Csg. Other:

MUD LOSS DATA: SEEPAGE • < 20 SblsJHr PartlaJ = > 20 BblsJHr Total= No Rotum.s ~
Depth: BblsJHr: _ _ _@ _ _ _ GPM Static Loss: _ _ _Bbls/Hr Depth: Sbls/H r, _ _ _@ GPM Statie Loss: _ _ _Bbl.s/Hr (')
Depth: Bbls./Hr,
Pill# 1: O WBM O OSM Wt'
@
Vol:
G PM Static Loss:
Gel Content:
Sbi&IH'
Lb&/Bbl
- --
Depth: Sbls/Hr: @
SPOTTING RESULTS: 0 Successful
GPM Static Loss;
O Partialty Successful o unsuccessful
Bbls/Hr
~
G)
Pill Type: O LCM O Cement o:;onk[JSpeciatty Pill Other. Bbls Spoued: Depth: MD _ _ _TVO Wait Time: _ _ _

M aterial: n FineO Med O Cor Lbs/Bbl: _ _ _ SQUEEZE RESULTS: O Successful 0 Partially Suecessful 0 u n succes.sful
11'1
M aterial: IIFfne O Med O Cor Lbs/Bbl: _ _ _ Bbls Squeezed: _ _ Depth: MD TVD Press Held: _ _ _
Material: O Fine O Med O Cor lbs/Bbt: W&it Time: Notes;
Pill# 2: D WBM D OBM Wt: Vol; Gel Content: _ _ _Lbs/Sbl SPOTTING RESULTS: 0 Successful CJ PartiaUy Successfvl O Unsu ccessful
Bbls Spone<l· _ _ _ Depth: wait Tima:
Pill Type:D LCM D Cement OOunk CSp ecia1ty Pill Other: MD TVD - --
M aterial: O Fine O M ed O Cor Lb s/Bbl: _ _ _ SQUEEZE RESULTS: O Successful 0 Partially Successful 0 U n successful
M aterial: O F;ne O M ed O Cor Lbs/Bbt: _ _ _ Bbls Squeezed: _ _ Depth: MD TVD Press Held : _ __
M aterial: O Fin e O M ed O Cor lb&IBbl. waitnme: No-tes:

TOOLPUSHER: MUD ENG: COMPANY REP:

 DIMENSIONS I PROPERnES I REPORTS: PAPER WORK:
l ength : 00; 10: VVVFt: Grade; - - - LOCATE: 0 Ca rgo Manifest O Supply Co Paper \Nork O Operat'ons M anual

~
Conn Size 1 Type: Stres.s ReHef: yes no Bore Restrictions: 0 Inspection Report O Fishing Dimensions Sheet 0 Settfng Calibrations Sheet
H SJC0 R&&ista nt : yes no Oil
2 2
Resistant yes n o Temp Limit: _ _ Batl l tfe : - - MATCH SERIAUMODEL #ON TOOL W ITH ALL PAPER WORK
Inspection Report: yes no Settings & Ca.librations: 0 CORRECT TOOL 0 INCORRECT TOOL (I)
O the-r: Commen ts: :j
OPERATIONS:
~
.-o Special Handling I Operations I M aintenance:
C H ECK: O D amaged Container O Exptosive/CO«osives M atked D Battery pack
::!
"'....
O Hazardous Material Secured 0 Pres sured Vessets Seeured Other.: - - - - -
0
~
.,• IN SPECT TOOL FOR: 0 Thread Protectors 0 Thread Damage O lmpact damage

Safety R&eommendations: - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 Bent I M ashed Tube 0 Water Damage Other. - - - - - -- - - -- -

~
Make-Up T q: FVLbs Thread Compound: - - - - - - - - - - - -
VERIFY WITH MANIFES ~ Q Back-Up Tool O Spare Part(s) 0 H andling Tool(&) 0
0 /Pull Limit: Tq Limit Pump P ress Limi t - - - - - -
~
'Other. ==~==~~====---================
0 Operati"g Tools O Cros.sovers Other. - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -
GPM M in~ _ _ _ Max : _ _ _ Hydro Press Limit: - - - --
Ci)
M ex Rota ting Hrs: Other. Angle limit: - -

Ft&hing Tools R.equlred: - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

OPERATIONS:
INSPECT: O Tool Bore O Aocess Ports O Safety Clamps 0 Tool Conn Size/Type
"'
Tools included w/shipment: yes no Available In Area: - -- - - - - - - - - - -
Fishing Records Available: yes no Fi-shing Dimension Sheet Shipped: yes no FUNCTION TE Sl': O Vatves 0 Fl~ppers Other· - -- - - -- - - - - - - -

SUPPLY COMPANY RAnNG: Rep. A vailability: ·1 2 3 4 5 6+ ' Tool Arrival Condition· 1 2 3 4 5 e Tool Operating Condition: 1 2 3 4 5 G
R ep. Helpfulness: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Knowledge Of Tool: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Spare Parts Condttion: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tool Operator Knowtedge: 1 2 3 4 s 6
5 6 123456
 WELL DATA: (when failure occurred) S TRING DATA: 0 Kelty O Top Dnve 0 Rotatmg O Mud Motor O Shock Sub
Csg Size: MD: TVD: Shoe A ngle : _ __ Bit it. - - - Type: Si~e · BHA O Build 0 Hold 0 Drop
Hole Size: M D: TVO: Angle@ TO. - - - - DC Size: - - - - Length: - - - - DC Size· Length: - - - - -
Dogleg MD From: To:
Hole Wa.shollt %: _ _ _ MD From:
Deg/100': - - - -
To: - - - - -
Jar Position (from bit):
Neutral Point: (from b it)
Accelerator Position (from j ar)· - - - - - - -
HWOP Size. Length : - - - - - -
~
omec _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __
OP ODMitJGr - - -'- - - ' - - - FL
Other.
D P 00/Wt.JGr ___1___1 _ FL ~
Cl)
OPERATIONAL DATA: (when event occurred) RECOVERY: ::!
C)
Opemt~n= ------------------------- Sack-Up Tool: O On·Site O Avaflable Oehvery rime: - - - - - - - - - - -
}I.
Spare Parts : CJ On-S1te () Available Delivery T!rne: - - - - - - - - - - -
Rot_a t_in g VVt: - - - - - - - P/U WI: - - - - - - - - - - - S/0 WI. - ----
.,.. Oown-Time H ours: _ _ _ Supply Co Respon se Ra t •ng : 1 2 3 4 5 6 O Not Apphcable
Drag Trend· - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Other. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___
::!
0
"'..
RPM: ____

..e Torque Trend:

GPM:
01!/B Tq:

C 1r Press:
WOB: - - - - - - -- On/B Tq· - - - - -

Pre-ss Trend :
1- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -
4:!
~
FAILURE DESCRIPTION: (")
Failed Tool: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Failed P~ut: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - -
OescribeFailure: __________________________________________________________________ ~
C)
Ill
Cause(s): ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

'llfM!JI7M lfJ.- rJCIMI:

TOOLPUSHER: ~REP: TOOL OPERATOR:

 DRILL STRING
WEU: I FAILURE REPORT FORM IREPORT DATE: REPORT#
RIG: LOCATION: FAILURE SEVERITY:OPARTED OTWIST-OFF DCRACKED DWASHOUT
FAILURE LOCATION: 0 DP IJHWDP DOC TDMD: FAILURE DATE: TIME: DRILLING REPORT t:
W ELL DA TA : (when failu re occurred) STRIN G DATA: 0 Kelly O TopOrlve 0 Rotating 0 M ud M OtOf O Shoc.k Sub
Csg Size: MD; TVD: Shoe Angle: Bit # : - - - Type; Size: BHA: O Build 0 Hold 0 Drop
Hole Size.: MD: TVD: Aogle@TO: DC OD/ID : _. - ' - - U>s/Ft: _ _ Conn Type: Length:
# 1 KOP/Dogleg MD From: To: Deg/100': DC 0~--'-- U>s/FI: _ _ Conn Type: Lenglh:
To:
~
#2 KOP/Dogleg MO From: Deg/100': Jar P ' ton (frotn bit): Accelerator Position (from j ar):
Hole Washout%: _ _ _ M D From; To: N eut a l P oin t: - - - H WOP Size: _ _ Conn Type: Length:
Other: DP OD/Wt/Gr. __}__/_ _ Ft:
Ot.her:
DP OD/Wt/Gr. __/_ _/ _ Ft: - - - ~
{/)
OPERATIONAL DATA : (when failure occurred) M UD DATA: (record A C TUAL mud p roperties) :::!
~
Operation: Mud Type: M udWe+ght: Sand: %
Lbs./Bbl! _ _ _ Corr. Ra te

a
Ro ta ting vvt: PIU IM: SIOIM: pH : _ _ Corr. lnhtbitor Type:

l
~
Dreg Trend:
RPM: OH/8 Tq: WOB:
O Smooth O Erratic
O n/B Tq:
Oxy PPM; - - - H S PPM :
Seavenger Type:
Other,
CO PPM;
Lbs./Bbl:
BIHC>Ie Temp; _ _ _

<:
t TOtqu e Trend: 0 Smooth 0 Erratic
GPM:
0/PuULimit:
Cir Press:
Set Down Limit
Press Trend:
TqLimn:
~
Wt lnd Reading @ Failure:
FAILURE DESCRIPTION:
TYPE O F FAILURE;
T q @ Failure:

O OP Tube FCltigue
Pre.s.s @ Failure:

D BHA Conn Fatigue O Connection Leak 0 Sulfide Stress Crack O Spl ~ Box O Tension O Torsioo
~
C)
0 Combination Tenston/Torsion O Collapse D Burst 0 \Neld Failure 0 Mechanical Failure Of String Equipment (Jar, MfMotor. Etc.): l'l1
Othttr:
OP Tube Failure: _ _ Inches From 0 Bo:x O Pln Shoulder serial II: Last Insp. D ate! Insp. Repott # : Rotating Hrs:
BHA Conn Failure" _ _ Ft From Bit 0 Comp 0 Tension Serial #s Of Jcints: PinN: Box# La.st Insp. Oate{s): _ _ _ RotatJng Hrs: _ _ _
Conn Leak: O OP O HWDP D OC Serial #$ Of Joints.: Pin# Bo>d# t..ast Insp. Oa te(s) : R otating Hrs:
PREVEN TIVE SUGGESTION S:

DRILLLER (on tour): TOOLPUSHER: COMPANY REP:

 ....
WELL:
l .. _:jREPORT DATE: REPORT#

•iGCKDATE:
WELL DATA: (when event occuHed)
~DII LOCATION:
-.: ORIG.IIW: .
Shoe Test:
we .. ,"[J. 'ii1.01......0 . .411MIIIICiill: ClnduniiiCiilf rua •a
1C11J. liiW:. • • ~~: ' · • . · .. DRILLING ltEPORflc
STRING DATA: O Kelly Q Top Drive Q Rotatlng
OUI

O Mud Motor O DS Floet Velvo

Cs.g Size: MD; TVO Shoe A ngle . _ _ _ DC 00110 . I Ft · DC 00110. _ _ _/_ _ Ft:
HoloSiz.e_ M O· TVO. Angle@ TO - - - H~6- Lbs/Ft. - -- Ft
Kick TOlerance· _ __ Shallowe&1 Abnormal FP (>9.0 PPGE): TVO OP 00/Wt - - - ' - - Ft
0 OOMII. - - - ' - - Ft.
Fonn. Press @ TO· Other SS Choke Ltne ro . _ _ Ft Presaure loss. @SPM. _ _
Otner ~

I ::!~
OPERATIONAL DATA: (When event occum!d)
Operation: 0 O""<ng Q T1'19 Out ·Tnpln Coring = logg'ng WCementtnt O.her
111/t I n - - - 1Ait Out~ --- Slip-.To-Sbp Trip Speed Out. _ _ _Mtn In
~
M ud Type: :::WSM O OSMIS8M M 1n Other.

..
"V
Kick W arning Signs: ....~ Onthng Break O VV.U F·tow O P ftGain C Cir Preaaure Loss 0 Incorrect Hole Fill Volume
Other
0 Total loa& Of Cir O Gas@ Sea Surface

::!
"'•
-
~
Cause Of Kick: O Drilled Hi'Qh Prell Zone O light Mud Wt Pumped 0 Total LOll Or Cir
Other:
O Cut M ud Wt (water.oil, gas) O Swabblng CJ Improper Hole Fdl P rocedure 0
~
S HUT-IN DATA :
Shut..fn Procedure: t 15oft
Tlmo O f Kic k:
1Herd CJFast
Drill String: CJ On Bottom
BOP Clostng Pressure: SIOPP·
0 O ff Bottom Bit M O;
SICP·
D OutOf Hole
Prt Gain ~
~Kick Type: O Under Salanoo Kick
Other::
(Ji nduced Kick Kick Fluid Ty~ : O Wator C1011 l)Gaa O Unk nown TVO Of K ick : Gas M igration Observed: Cyes O no
~
KILl. OPERATION DATA:
Kill Procedure: wait & we.ghl Me1.hod
p,....KIII Operation: o snubln
0 Circulation Method
~ S tnp In 0 Heavy Mud Cap
O VOiumotnc M e thod O BuJihead
Other
Other. m
KiU MW·
String
- --
Mo~ment
K .. Pump Rate - - SPM
During Kin: None
S&fety Fact<>< (~ any), Added MW - - -
Hung-Off 0 Rocate 0 Rec«proc.ate
Added Back Press· Other

8nefly Describe Kill Operatoon

DRILLLER (on tour): TOOLPUSHER: COMPANY REP:

----- ~
- -