Solution

ISHIKA IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1. i. When q1q2 > 0, the force is repulsive
ii. When q1q2 < 0, the force is attractive.

n
2.

a.i
The electric field lines are always normal to the surface of a conductor, while starting or ending in the conductor.

oid
q q
3. F = 1

4π ε0 κ

1

2
2

r
9 2
9× 10 × q
∴ 103 = 2

5×(0.10)

or q = 23.9 × 10-6 C

thN
4. Gauss's theorem of electrostatics.
5. By the superposition principle, the force between two charges does not depend on the presence of a third charge. Hence the force
between q1 and q2 remains equal to F.
6. No, since electric potential is a scalar quantity, it is continuous everywhere.
7. Total current through the circuit is given by

a
l=
V
dP
R

Here, V = 2 Volt and the equivalent resistance of the give circuit, R = (10 + 20) Ω = 30 Ω

2 1
∴ I = =
30 15

Voltage across 10Ω resistor = I × (10) = 10

=
2
V

15 3

∴ Charge on the capacitor is given by,

uid

−6 2
Q = C V = (6 × 10 )× = 4μC
3

8. When the plates are drawn apart, the capacitance decreases. As the battery remains connected, the potential difference remains
constant.

Hence energy stored, U = CV decreases. 1 2

G

9. The ratio of the capacitance (Cd) of the capacitor completely filled with the dielectric material to the capacitance (Cd) of the same
capacitor with a vacuum between its plates is called the dielectric constant.

w.

Cd
κ =
C0

10. Not definitely. If the field line is a straight line then only the small test charge will move along the line of force. The direction of
ww

velocity is not given by line of force, it gives direction of acceleration.

11. When the temperature of the heater becomes greater than the temperature of its surroundings, it begins to lose heat to the
surroundings. A stage is reached when the rate of production of heat becomes equal to the rate of loss of heat and the temperature
becomes constant.
12. Conductors contain free electrons. In the absence of any external electric field, the free electrons are in random motion just like
the molecules of gas in a container and the net current through wire is zero. If the ends of the wire are connected to a battery, an
electric field (E) will setup at every point within the wire. Due to the electric effect of the battery, the electrons will experience a
force in the direction opposite to E and move against the direction of applied Electric field along with their zig zag motion as
shown in figure.

13. Power of bulb, P = 100 W

∴ Electric energy consumed per second = 100 J

1 / 15
www.GuidedPathNoida.in
 Amount of heat produced per second

= 80% of 100 J = 80 J = cal = 19.05 cal 4.2

80

14. The resistivity of a metallic body is given by,

ρ = ρ (1 + αt)

t 0

where,
ρT is the resistivity at temperature T,

ρ is the resistivity at a reference temperature and,

α is the temperature coefficient of resistivity.

For semiconductors and insulators, α is negative.

Thus, the resistivity of semiconductors and insulators decreases with increasing temperature.
15. The variation of resistivity with temperature for semiconductor (Si) is shown in figure below.

n
a.i
oid
Section B
16. (b) zero

Explanation: As the field E lies in the plane of the surface, it is perpendicular to the normal to this surface.

17.
⃗ 
ϕ = E ⋅ S
⃗ 

(a) 1.97 × 10
 = ES cos 90o = 0
−8
N
thN
Explanation: Each electron will attract the proton along the directions shown above. Therefore, the net force on the proton will
be directed midway between these two directions as shown above. The net force will make an angle of 32.5o with the force
a
q1 q2
along each electron direction. F = F =
1 2
dP
4πε0 r2

−19 2 9
(1.6× 10 ) ×9× 10
=
2

−10
(1.5× 10 )

= 10.24 × 10 N
−9

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
F = √F + F + 2F1 F2 cos 32.5
1 2
uid

Hence, net electric force is:

−8
F = 1.966 × 10 N

18. (a) ( r

3
)

√2
G

Explanation:
In first case:

w.

Fe
tan θ = mg

⇒  Fe = mg tanθ

ww

In second case :

F  = mg tan θ

′ ′
e

2 / 15
www.GuidedPathNoida.in
 ′
Fe ′
tan θ
∴
Fe
=
tan θ

2 ′
kq r /2

r2 y/2
=

n
kq 2 r/2

y
2
r
3

a.i
r

3
 = 2

′ r
∴ r =
3
√2

2
q

oid
19. (b) The magnitude of the force between the charges at C and B is  2

54πϵ0 R

Explanation: The electric field due to charges at A and B are equal and opposite so electric field due to A and B cancels out,
So at O the electric field is due to C only, which has a magnitude

2q q
E = =

thN
2 2
12πϵ0 R 6πϵ0 R

The potential energy of the system is not zero. Potential at O is zero and force between B and C is given by :-

q 2q
2
3 3 q
F = =
0 2 2
4πϵ0 (2RSin 60 ) 54πϵ0 R

20. (b) DC

a
Explanation:
dP
The resultant fields due to the diagonally opposite charges will act as shown in the figure. Hence the resultant electric field at
the centre of the square is along with DC.

e
G uid
w.

21. (a) 1.5 A

Explanation: In each row, all the 5000 electro-plaques are connected in series.

Net emf for each row = 0.15 × 5000 = 750 V

ww

Net resistance of each row = 0.25 × 5000 = 1250 Ω

Now all 100 rows are connected in parallel.

Net emf for the network = 750 V

The equivalent resistance of 100 rows

=  = 12.50Ω

1250

100

External resistance = 500 Ω

Current through 500 Ω resistance,

ε 750
I =  R+r
=
500 + 12.5

= 1.46 A = 1.5 A
22. (c) 17 Ω

Explanation: I = E

R + r

or 0.5 =  R + 3
10

3 / 15
www.GuidedPathNoida.in
 or R + =  10

0.5
 = 20
or R = 17 Ω
23. (c) CD

Explanation: In the portion CD, the current I decreases with the increase in voltage V. So this portion corresponds to negative
resistance.
24. (a) 0.2 A current flows in G

Explanation:

n
a.i
In steady state, no current flows through the capacitors. The current flows along ABGDCA.

oid
The resistances 4Ω , 1Ω  and 5Ω  are in series. Total resistance of the circuit = R = 4 + 1 + 5 = 10 Ω .

Current through the galvanometer is  I = =  = 0.2 A.

V

R
2

10

Thus, the current through the galvanometer is 0.2 A.

thN
25. (c) VA = VB = VC

Explanation: B and C are in parallel, VB = VC

In a series circuit, V ∝  R

∴  VA = Vcombination

a
Hence, VA = VB = VC
dP
26. (a) - (iii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (ii)
27. (a) - (iii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (ii)
28. (a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)
29. (a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iii)
e

30. (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i)

uid

31. Given: q = 4nC = 4 × 10 C , 2l = 2 cm = 2 × 10

−9 −2

dipole moment, p = q × 2l = 8 × 10 C m
−11

torque, τ = pE sin θ

–
8√3 = 8 × 10
−11
× (sin 60) × E

√3
Now, sin 60 = 2

Thus, E = 2 × 10 N C
11 −1
w.

Potential energy of dipole in the uniform electric field is given as

= pE(−cosθ)

× (− cos 60)

−11 11
ww

= 8 × 10 × 2 × 10

Now, cos 60 = 0.5

Thus, P.E. = -8 J
32. Let us assume that the mass of one cup of water is 250 g.

The molecular mass of water is, 2 + 16 = 18g

Thus, number of molecules in 18 g of water is = 6.023 × 1026

Therefore the number of molecules in one cup of water is ( 250

18
) × 6.02 × 1023.

Each molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, i.e., 10 electrons and 10 protons. Hence the total
positive and total negative charge has the same magnitude.

) × 6.02 × 1023 × 10 × 1.6 × 10-19 C = 1.34 × 107 C

250
It is equal to ( 18

−19 3

33. i. a = F

m
=
eE

m
=
1.6× 10 ×3.34× 10

−27

1.67×10

= 3.2 × 1011 ms-2

4 / 15
www.GuidedPathNoida.in
 ii. s = 0 + 1

2
at2

−− −−−−−−
= 3.54 × 10-7 s
2s 2×0.02
∴ t=√ a
= √
11
3.2×10

iii. The field must act vertically downwards so that the positively charged proton falls downward.
34. Similarities between electrostatic and gravitational interactions:
i. Both forces act according to similar laws:

q q m1 m2
F= 1

4πε0
⋅
1

2
2
and F = G 2
r r

ii. Both are conservative forces.

iii. Both are central forces.
Dissimilarities between electrostatic and gravitational interactions:
i. Electrostatic interactions may be attractive or repulsive while gravitational interactions are always attractive.

n
ii. Electrostatic interactions depend on the nature of the medium while gravitational interactions do not depend on the nature of
the medium.

a.i
iii. Electrostatic interactions are much stronger than gravitational interactions.
35. Suppose, q be the magnitude of the charge and r1, r2, and r3 be the distances in first, second and third case respectively.

oid
According to the question,

q = ± 34.8 RC = ± 3.48 × 104 C

r1 = 1 cm = 10‒2 m

r2 = 100 m

r3 = 106 m

|F | =
q

(4π ε0 r2 )

a thN
Suppose, F1, F2 and F3 are forces in first, second and third case respectively, then by using

=9 x 10 9 x (3.48 x 10^4)2/(10-2)2

dP
We have, F1 = 1.09 × 1023 N

Simillarly,

F2= 1.09 × 1015 N

F3 = 1.09 × 107 N

uid

Conclusion: When separated as point charges these charges exert an enormous force. It is not easy to disturb electrical neutrality.
G

36.
w.

The equipotential surface is at a distance d/2 from either plate in XZ-plane. -q charge experiences a force in a direction opposite to
the direction of electric field i.e. along the direction of the plate having charge density +σ.

ww

∴ The force on the '-q' charge balances when the electrostatic force becomes equal to the weight of the charge itself i.e.

mg
qE = mg ⇒ E =
q

The direction of electric field along vertically downward direction. The XZ-plane is so chosen that the direction of electric field
due to two plates is along vertically downward direction, otherwise weight (mg) of the charged particle could not be balanced. The
equipotential surface lies in between the two given plates and on the XZ - plane, as shown below:

37. The capacitance of an isolated conducting sphere of radius a is C = 4πε a

0

When surrounded by an earthed sphere of radius b, its capacitance becomes

5 / 15
www.GuidedPathNoida.in
 C
′
= 4πε0 ⋅
b−a
ab

′
C ab b 1 1
∴ = = = a
= = n
C a(b−a) b−a n−1
1−
1−
b n

38. Let r and R be the radii of the small and bigger drops, respectively.

Volume of the bigger drop

= 27 × Volume of a small drop

i.e; πR = 27 × πr

3
3 4

3
3

∴ Capacitance of the bigger drop is

C = 4πε0 R =
1

9
⋅ 9 × 10
−3
 F

9×10

= 10-12 F = 1 pF

Charge on bigger drop

q = 27 × Charge on a small drop

n
= 27 × 10-12 C

a.i
∴ Potential of bigger drop is

q −12
27×10
V =
C
=
−12
= 27 V
10

39. Let q be the charge on the charged capacitor.

oid
2
q
∴ Initial energy stored in it is given by, U = 2C

When another uncharged similar capacitor is connected, then the net capacitance of the system is given by C' = 2C (using the
formula for parallel combination of capacitors)

thN
From the principle of conservation of charge we can say that, the charge on the system remains constant.

i.e. initial charge of the charged capacitor = final charge of the system of two capacitors = q

2 2
q q
So, the final energy stored in the system is given by U ′
=
′
=
4C

2C
′ 2
q /4C
Thus, the required ratio is given by = final stored energy / initial stored energy = U
=
2
=
1
a
U q /2C 2

40. Here C = 50 pF = 50 × 10-12 F, V= 104 V

dP

i. R = 4πε0
1
C = 9 × 109 m F-1 × 50 × 10-12 F

= 45 × 10-2m = 45 cm
e

ii. q = CV = 50 × 10-12 × 104 = 5 × 10-7C = 0.5 μC

41. Electric heater with more power has a smaller element resistance. It draws a higher current. Some current from the bulb is diverted
uid

into the heater. Bulb becomes dim. After some time, the heater element becomes hot. Its resistance increases. It takes less current.
Current through the bulb increases and its dimness decreases.
42. 300 K = 300 - 273 = 27°C

∴ R27 = R0 (1 + α × 27) = 1 Ω

and Rt = R0 (1+ α × t) = 2 Ω

w.

1 + αt
∴
1 + 27α
=
2

or 1 + α t = 2 + 54α

1 + 54α 1 + 54 × 0.00125
or t = = = 854° C

ww

α 0.00125

= 854 + 273 = 1127 K

43. P.D. across 6 Ω = P.D. across 3 Ω

6 × 0.5 = 3 × I2

Current through Z,

I2 = 1.0 A

Current through X = 0.5 + 1.0 = 1.5 A

6 × 3
Total resistance + 2 = 4 Ω
6 + 3

44. The velocity gained by the accelerating electrons in uniform electric field inside the conductor is drift velocity. The average
velocity, acquired by free electrons along the length of a metallic conductor, due to existing electric field is called drift velocity.

6 / 15
www.GuidedPathNoida.in
 Let n be the number density of free electrons in a conductor of length l  and area of cross-section A.

Total charge in the conductor, Q = Ne = (nAl )e

Time taken, t is given by,

ℓ
t =  vd
 

Therefore, the current flowing across the conductor is given by,

Q (nAℓ)e
l =  t
=
(ℓ/v )
 

That is, I = neAvd,

vd= neA
I
   and J = I /A  
thusJ=ne vd ,it gives the relation between drift velocity and current density.
45. EMF of the battery = 6 × 2.0 = 12 V

Internal resistance of the battery = 6 × 0.25 = 1.5 Ω

n
Total resistance = 1.5 + 53 = 54.5 Ω

a.i
Charging current = = = 4.0 A
 Effective emf 

 Total resistance 
230 − 12

54.5

i. Power supplied by the mains = W = 230 × 4.0 = 920 W

ii. The power dissipated as heat

oid
= I2 (R + r) = (4)2 × (53 + 1.5) = 872 W

The difference: 920 - 872 = 48 W, is the power stored in the accumulator in the form of chemical energy of its contents.
Section C

thN
46. a. Electric flux is defined as the number of electric field lines passing through an area normal to the surface. Alternatively,
surface integral of the electric field is defined as the electric flux through a closed surface

→ →
ϕ = ∮ E ⋅ ds

SI unit: N⋅m

C
or volt.metre
a
b.
e dP
uid

Outward flux through the Gaussian surface,

2EA = σA/ε
0

E = σ/2ε

∴ 0

→
In vector form, E =
σ

2ε0
^
n
w.

where n
^ is a unit vector normal to the plane, away from it.

Hence, electric field is independent of the distance from the sheet.

c. i. For positively charged sheet, the electric field is directed away from the sheet.
ww

ii. For negatively charged sheet, the electric field is directed towards the plane of sheet.
47. Total charge of an isolated system of objects is always conserved. As a consequence of conservation of charge, when two charged
conductors of same size and same material carrying charges Q1 and Q2 respectively are brought in contact and separated, the
Q +Q
charge on each conductor will be 1

2
2
. This condition, however, does not hold true if the conductors are of different sizes or of
different material. In that case the charges on the conductors will be Q and Q respectively, where Q + Q = Q + Q .
′
1
′
2 1 2
′
1
′
2

Example: When a glass rod is rubbed with silk cloth, glass rod becomes positively charged while silk cloth becomes negatively
charged. The amount of positive charge on the glass rod is found to be exactly the same as negative charge on silk cloth. Thus, the
system of glass rod and silk cloth, which was neutral before rubbing, still possesses no net charge after rubbing.
48. Here, charge on the sphere A, q1 = 6 ⋅ 5 × 10 C
−7

Charge on the sphere B, q2 = 6 ⋅ 5 × 10 −7

C

Distance between the spheres A and B, r = 50 cm = 0⋅ 5 m

2
−7

= 9 × 109 × = 1⋅ 521 × 10-2N

q1 q2 (6⋅5× 10 )
1
Now, F air =
4πε0
⋅
2 2
r (0⋅5)

7 / 15
www.GuidedPathNoida.in
 a. When each sphere is charged to doubled and radius is halved,

q1 = q2 = 2 × 6⋅ 5 × 10-7 C ; r = 0⋅5

2
= 0.25 m

q1 q2
Now, F air =
4πε0
1
⋅
2

−7 2

= 9 × 109×
(2×6⋅5× 10 )

2
= 0.2434 N
(0⋅25)

b. When charges are placed in water:

q1 q2 Fair
Fwater =
1

4π ε0 K
⋅
2
=
K

Here, K = 80

= 1⋅ 9 × 10-4 N
−2
1.521×10
∴ Fwater  =
80

n
a.i
49.

oid
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = 1 + 1 = 2

thN
–
or AC = √2m

1 – –
AO =
2
√2m = 0.5√2m

–
Also, AO = CO = BO = DO = 0.5√2m

Let FA be the force exerted by the charge at A on the charge at the centre O of the square.

−6 −6
a
(0.1× 10 )(1× 10 )
Then, F A = (9 × 10 )
9

2(0.5)
dP
9 −12
9× 10 ××0.1× 10
FA =
2×0.25
= 0.0018 N

If FC is the force exerted by charge at C on charge at O, then

−6 −6
(0.3× 10 )(1× 10 )
9
FC = (9 × 10 )
e

2
2(0.5)

−3
9×0.3×10
= = 0.0054 N

uid

2×0.25

Both FA and FC act in the same direction.

The resultant of FA and FC is

F1 = 0.0018 + 0.0054 = 0.0072 N

G

Force exerted by the charge at B on the charge at O,

−6 −6
(0.2× 10 )(1× 10 )
9
FB = (9 × 10 )
w.

2
2(0.5)

= 3.6 × 10 = 0.0036 N

−3

Force exerted by the charge at D on the charge at O,

ww

−6 −6
(0.2× 10 )(1× 10 )
FD = (9 × 10 )
9

2
= 0.0036 N

2(0.5)

Both FB and FD act in the same direction.

Resultant of FB and FD is

F2 = 0.0036 + 0.0036 = 0.0072 N

The angle between F1 and F2 is clearly 90°. So, the resultant F of F1 and F2 is given by

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
–
F = √(0.0072)
2
+ (0.0072)
2
= 0.0072√2

= 0.0072 × 1.414 = 0.01018 N

The magnitude of the force on a charge of +1μC placed at the centre of the square is 0.01018 N
50. Here m = 80 mg =80 × 10-6 kg

q = 2 ×  10-8 C, E = 2 ×  104 Vm-1

8 / 15
www.GuidedPathNoida.in
 Let T be the tension in the thread and θ be the angle it makes with vertical, as shown in Fig. When the bob is in equilibrium,

T sin θ = qE; T cos θ = mg

n
qE
∴  tan θ =  T sin θ
=
mg

a.i
T cos θ
−8 4

=
2× 10 ×2× 10

−6
 = 0.51

80× 10 ×9.8

θ  = 27o

oid
qE −8 4
2× 10 ×2× 10
Also, T =  sin θ
=
sin 27
∘

= 8.81 ×  10-4 N.
51. When 4μF capacitor is charged by 200 V then charge on it is given as

−6 −4
Q = C V = 4 × 10 × 200 = 8 × 10

Now it is connected to another uncharged capacitor of capacitance 2μF (2 × 10 F )

thN
−6

Thus, (4 + 2) = 6μF

Until both the capacitor acquire a common potential charge on the first capacitor is shared between them.

After the combination, the common potential = Q/C

−4
a
V
′
=
8× 10

−6
C
= 1.33 × 10 V
2

6× 10 F

V' = 133 V

dP

Before the combination the electrostatic potential energy of the first capacitor

1 1
U1 =
2
CV
2
=
2
(4 × 10
−6
)(200)
2

U1 = 8 × 10
−2
J
e

After the combination electrostatic potential energy of the system

uid

1 1
U2 =
2
′
C V
′2
=
2
(6 × 10
−6
)(133)
2

U2 = 5.30 × 10
−2
J

Now, lost electrostatic energy by the first capacitor in the form of heat and electromagnetic radiation

−2 −2 −2
U = U − U = (8 × 10 − 5.3 × 10 ) = 2.7 × 10
G

1 2

52. Two charges qA = 5 ×  10-8C and qB = -3 ×  10-8C

Distance between two charges, r = 16 cm = 0.16 cm

w.

Consider a point O on the line joining two charges where the electric potential is zero due to two charges.

ww

From the figure we can see that, x = distance of point O from charge qA

Electric potential at point O due to qA,

q
A
VA =
4π ε0 (AO)

−8

= 9 × 10
9
×
5×10

450
=
x

Electric potential at point O due to qB

q
B
VB =
4π ε0 (BO)

−8
−3×10
= 9 × 10
9
×
0.16−x

−270
=
0.16−X

Since the total electric potential at O is zero,

⇒  VA + VB = 0

9 / 15
www.GuidedPathNoida.in
 450 270
⇒
x
+ (−
0.16−x
) = 0

450 270
⇒
x
=
0.16−x

⇒
x
5
=
3

0.16−x

On cross multiplying we get,

5 ×  (0.16 - x) = 3x

⇒  = 0.8 - 5x = 3x

⇒  8x = 0.8

⇒  x = 0.1m = 10cm (from charge qA)

∴  at a distance of 10cm from the positive charge, the potential is zero between the two charges.
o

53. The distance between electron-proton of a hydrogen atom, d = 0.53 A =0.53 × 10-10m.

Charge on an electron, q1 = -1.6 × 10-19 C

n
Charge on a proton, q2 = + 1.6 × 10-19 C

a.i
a. P.E. of the electron-proton system will be

q q
U =
1

4πε0
,
1

r
2

oid
−19 −19
(−1.6× 10 )×1.6× 10
= 9 × 10
9
×
−10
 J

0.53×10
−19

= −
9×1.6×1.6×10

−19
eV ≃ −27.2eV .
0.53×1.6×10

b. Kinetic energy is half of the magnitude of potential energy.

thN
Kinetic energy = × (27.2) = 13.6 eV
1

Total energy= 13.6 - 27.2 = -13.6 eV

Therefore, the minimum work required to free the electron is=0-(-13.6)= 13.6 eV.
o

c. When zero of potential energy is taken, d1 = 1.06 A =1.06×10-10m.

a
∴ Potential energy of the system = Potential energy at d1 - potential energy at d

dP
q q
P.E= 1

4πϵ0 d1
2
− 27.2eV

9 −19 2
9× 10 × (1.6× 10 )

= −10
− 27.2eV

1.06×10

= 21.73 × 10-19 J - 27.2 eV

= 13.58 eV - 27.2 eV

uid

P.E= -13.6 eV
54. i. As no work is done in moving a unit positive charge from A to B because the displacement of the charge is perpendicular to
the electric field. Thus the points A and B are at the same potential.

∴ Δ VBA = 0
G

ii. In this case, some work is done by the electric field as the positive charge moves from B to C (i.e., in the direction of E). Thus
the point C is at a lower potential than point B.

w.

As E = −
ΔV

Δx

∴ Δ VCB = -EΔx = -300 NC-1 × 7m

ww

= - 2100 V
iii. Points A and B lie on an equipotential surface.

So, VB = VA

Δ VCA = VC - VA = VC - VB = Δ VCB

= -2100 V
55. The potential energy of a dipole placed in a uniform electric field: As shown in figure consider an electric dipole placed in a
uniform electric field E⃗  with its dipole moment p ⃗ making an angle θ with the field. Two equal and opposite forces +qE⃗  and
−qE act on its two ends. The two forces form a couple. The torque exerted by the couple will be τ
⃗ 
= qE × 2a sin θ = pE sin θ

where q × 2a = p, is the dipole moment.

10 / 15
www.GuidedPathNoida.in
 The figure shows Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.

If the dipole is rotated through a small angle dQ against the torque acting on it, then the small work done is 
dW = τ dθ = pE sin θdθ

n
The total work done in rotating the dipole from its orientation making an angle θ , with the direction of the field to θ will be 
1 2

a.i
τ = qE × 2a sin θ = pE sin θ

θ2
W = ∫ dW = ∫
θ1
pE sin θdθ

θ2
= pE[− cos θ]
θ1
= pE (cos θ1 − cos θ2 )

oid
This work done is stored as the potential energy U of the dipole.

∴ U = pE (cos θ − cos θ )
1 2

If initially the dipole is oriented perpendicular to the direction of the field (θ = 90°) and then brought to some orientation making
1

an angle θ with the field (θ  =θ ), then potential energy of the dipole will be U = pE (cos 90 − cos θ) = pE(0 − cos θ)

thN
2

or U = −pE cos θ = −p ⃗ ⋅ E⃗ 

56. Resistances of the two bulbs are

R1 = V

P1
=
220 × 220

100
= 484 Ω

2
V 220 × 220
R2 = =

a
P2 25

Rs = R1 = R2 = 484 + 1936 = 2420 Ω

dP
V 220 1
i. I = Rs
=
2420
=
11
A

ii. V1 = R1I = 484 × 1

11
= 44 V

V2 = R2I = 1936 × 1
= 176 V
e

11

iii. P1 = I2R1 = (
2
1
484 = 4 W

uid

) ×
11

P1 = I2R1 = (
1 2

11
) × 1936 = 16 W
57. emf of the battery,

= 2.0 × 8 V = 16 V

εb

d.c. supply voltage, ε = 64 V

s

Internal resistance of the battery,

w.

r = × 8Ω = 1Ω

Resistance of motor, R = 7.0 Ω

Let back emf of motor = ε

ww

Both the back emf ε of the motor and the emf ε of the battery act in the opposite direction of the ε , Therefore, net current in
m b s

the circuit must be

εs  − ε  − εm
I=  Net emf 

 Net resistance 
=
r + R
b

64 − 16 − εm
or 3.5 = 8

or ε = 48 - 28 = 20 V
m

i. Mechanical energy yielded by motor in 1 h = ε .It

m

= 20 × 3.5 × 3600 J = 252000 J

ii. Chemical energy stored in the battery = ε .It
b

= 16 × 3.5 × 3600 J = 201600 J

58. In the second case, the current decreases due to the increase in resistance on heating

Now R15 = = V

I
= 20Ω

200

10

Let t be the temperature at which current falls to 5 A.

11 / 15
www.GuidedPathNoida.in
 Then

Rt = 200

5
= 40Ω

As Rt = R0 (1 + α t)

R0  × 249
R15 = R0(1 + 234
15
) or 20 = 234
...(i)

234 + t
Rt = R0(1 + t

234
) or 40 = R0( 234
) ...(ii)

Dividing (ii) by (i),

234 + t
2= 249

or t = 498 - 234 = 264°C

59. Total emf = 120 - 8 = 112 V

Total resistance = 1 + 15 = 16 Ω

n
i. Current, I =  Total emf 

 Total resistance 
=
112

16
=7A
ii. Terminal voltage during charging,

a.i
V = ε + Ir = 8 + 7 × 1 = 15 V
iii. Chemical energy stored in the battery in 5 minutes

= εIt = 8 × 7 × (5 × 60) = 16800 J

oid
60. i. Here E = 12 V, I = 90 A, r = 5.0 × 10-2Ω

Terminal voltage, V = E - Ir = 12 - 4.5 = 7.5 V.

ii. The maximum current can be drawn from a battery by shorting it.

thN
Then V = 0 and Imax = = A = 24 mA.
ε

r
12

500

Clearly, the battery is useless for starting the car and must be charged again.
iii. During discharge of the accumulator, the current inside the cells (of the accumulator) is opposite to what it is when the
accumulator discharges. That is, during charging, current flows from the + ve to -ve terminal inside the cells. Consequently,
during charging V = E + Ir

a
Hence V must be greater than 12 V during charging.
dP
Section D
61. a. Coulomb's law in electrostatics: It states that two-point charges attract or repel each other with a force which is directly
proportional to the product of the magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
e

them.

uid

One coulomb is that charge which repels an equal and similar charge with a force of 9 × 10 N , when placed in vacuum (or
9

air) at a distance of one metre from it.

Limitations of Coulomb's law:

(i) It holds for point charges only.

(ii) It holds for stationary charges only.

b. Here, qA = qB = 5μC = 5 × 10-6 C;

w.

qC = 10μC = 10 × 10-6 C

−−−−−− –
AC = BC = √1 + 2 = √5 m
2 2

Let FA and FB be the forces exerted by the charges qA and qB on qc. Then,

ww

q ×q
FA =
4πε0
1
⋅
A C

2
= 0⋅ 09 N (along CA')

(AC)

Similarly, FB = 0.09 N (along CB')

Resolve the forces FA and FB into rectangular components along X-axis and Y-axis.

The components along Y-axis are equal and opposite and hence cancel each other, while the components along X-axis are
equal and in the same direction. Therefore, net force on the charge at C,

12 / 15
www.GuidedPathNoida.in
 F = 2 FA cos θ = 2 × 0⋅ 09 × 2

√5

= 0⋅ 161 N (along CX)

62. a. We can see from the figure that on the left face E and ΔS are parallel. l = 20 cm, r = 5 cm = 0.05m. Therefore, the outward
flux is

⃗  ^
ϕL = E ⋅ ΔS = −200 i ⋅ ΔS

= + 200 ΔS, since ^

i ⋅ ΔS = -ΔS

= + 200 × 2
+ 1.57 Nm2C-1

π (0.05) =

On the right face, E and ΔS are parallel and therefore

ϕR = E ⋅ ΔS = + 1.57 Nm2 C-1.

b. For any point on the side of the cylinder E is perpendicular to ΔS and hence E.ΔS = 0. This is because when dot prdouct is
solved they involve cos and the angle between E and ds is 90 degree and cos 90 = 0. Therefore, the flux out of the side of the

n
cylinder is zero.

a.i
c. Net outward flux through the cylinder

ϕ = 1.57 + 1.57 + 0 = 3.14 Nm2 C-1

d. The net charge within the cylinder can be found by using Gauss’s law which gives

oid
q = ∈ ϕ
o

= 3.14 × 8.854 × 10-12 C

= 2.78 × 10-11 C
63. i. CA = 4πε , CB  = 4πε  (2R) (in general form C = 4π ∈ 0r

thN
0R 0

a. ∴ CB > CA
b. U = 1

2
ε0 E
2

σ Q
E =
εP
=
Aε0

a
∴ U ∝
1

A
dP
∴  UA > UB
ii. a. E = − dV

dr

For the same change in dV, E ∝ 1

dr
e

where, ‘dr' represents the distance between equipotential surfaces.

uid

Diagram of the equipotential surface due to a dipole

G
w.

b. The polarity of charge: negative

ww

The direction of the electric field is radially inward,(for a negative charge electric field lines are radially inward)

64. i. Consider the figure shown below. The forces acting on charge q at A due to charges -4q at B and 2q at C are F1 along AB and
F2 along CA respectively.

13 / 15
www.GuidedPathNoida.in
 n
a.i
2 2
(4q)(q) (4q ) q
|F ⃗  | = 
1
4πε0
1

2
 =  4πε0
1

2
 =  1

πε0 2

l l l
2
(2q)(q) q
|F ⃗  | = 
2
4πε0
1

2
 =  2πε0
1

l l

oid
Thus, F1 = 2F2

Now angle between F ⃗   and F ⃗   is 120o. Thus magnitude of the resultant force F is given by,

1 2
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
F = √F 1
1
+ F
2
2
+ 2F1 F2 cos 120
∘

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

thN
F = √(2F 2)
2
+ F
2
2
+ 4F
2
2
cos 120
∘

−−−−−−−−−−−−
F = √4F 2
2
+ F
2
2
− 2F
2
2

−−−
F = √3F  
2
2

2
√3 q
F = 
a
2πε0 2
l

ii. The amount of work done to separate the charges to infinity will be equal to potential energy of the system of charges.

dP

U =  [q × (-4q) + (q ×  2q) + (-4q ×  2q)]

4π ε0 l

U =  1

4π ε0 l
[-4q2 + 2q2 - 8q2]

U =  1

4π ε0 l
 [-10q2]

uid

U=- 1

4π ε0 l
 [10q2]

65. i. A Wheatstone bridge arrangement is shown as below:

G
w.
ww

Using Kirchoff's second law to the loop ABDA we get

I P − I C − I R = 0 : G  is the galvanometer resistance.

1 g 2

Applying Kirchoff's law to loop BCDB, we get

(l − l ) Q − (l + l ) S − Gl = 0

1 g 2 g g

When the bridge is balanced lg = 0

Then, the equations can be written as,

l P − I R = 0  or  l  P = I R  ... (1)

1 2 1 2

I1 Q − I2 S = 0  or l 1 Q = I2 S  ..... (2)

14 / 15
www.GuidedPathNoida.in
 on dividing equation (1) by (2), we get

Q
= , which is the balanced condition of a Wheatstone bridge.
R

ii. Let a carbon resistor S is given to the bridge arm CD. Then,

⇒ 

2R 2R
=
R S

   = 1 ⇒  R = S = 22 ×  103 Ω

R
∴
S

iii. After interchanging the resistances, the balanced bridge would be

3
2R

X
=
22×10

3
=
1

2×22×10

Here X is the resistance of arm AD 

⇒  X = 4R = 4 ×  22 ×  103 = 88 kΩ

Hence colour code is Grey orange.

66. i. Drift Velocity : It the average velocity with which electrons move along the conductor under influence of electric field. Or

n
Average velocity acquired by the electrons in the conductor in the presence of external electric field.v = d
I

neA

a.i
ii. Specific resistance or resistivity of the material of a conductor is defined as the resistance of a unit length with unit area of
cross-section of the material of the conductor.
The unit of resistivity is ohm-meter or Ω -m.

oid
we know that

R = ρ(l/A)

⇒ ρ = RA/l

From Ohm's law, we get

thN
V = IR

⇒ El = neAvdR

⇒ R = El/neAvd  and vd = eEτ /m

So, R = El×m

2
=
ml

n e AEτ n e Aτ
a
Substituting the value of R = ml

2
in Eq. (i), we have

n e Aτ
dP
ρ = (ml/ne Aτ ) ⋅ A/l
2

⇒ Resistivity of the material is given by, ρ = m/ne τ

2

where τ = average relaxation time.

From the above formula, it is clear that resistivity of a conductor depends upon the following factors:
e

a. ρ ∝ 1
, i.e., the resistivity of material is inversely proportional to the number density of free electrons . As the free
uid

electron density depends upon the nature of material, so resistivity of a conductor depends on the nature of the material.
b. ρ ∝ 1/τ , i.e. the resistivity of a material is inversely proportional to the average relaxation time τ of free electrons in the
conductor. As the value of τ depends on the temperature as temperature increases, τ decreases, hence ρ increases.
iii. Alloys like Constantan and Manganin are used for making standard resistors because
G

a. they have high value of resistivity

b. temperature coefficient of resistance is less
w.
ww

15 / 15
www.GuidedPathNoida.in