COMP.

1 : COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND

PROGRAMMING

ALGORITHMS AND
FLOWCHARTS
by: eestrellado2022
 ALGORITHMS AND FLOWCHARTS
◼ A typical programming task can be divided into
two phases:
◼ Problem solving phase
 produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe
solution of problem
 this sequence of steps is called an algorithm

◼ Implementation phase
 implement the program in using suitable programming
languages
 Steps in Problem Solving

◼ Create a step by step instructions (detailed

algorithm) that is very close to a computer
language.

ALGORITHM – self contained step by step set of

operations to be performed by computer.
 The Flowchart
◼ A graphical representation of the
sequence of operations in an information
system or program.
◼ Information system flowcharts shows how
data flow from source documents through
the computer to final distribution to users.
◼ Program flowcharts show the sequence of
instructions in a single program or
subroutine using different symbols.
 The Flowchart
 shows logic of an algorithm
 emphasizes individual steps and their
interconnections (using symbols & control
flow from one action to the next)
 Flowchart Symbols
Symbols NAME Description

OVAL TERMINAL/ Denotes the beginning

TERMINATOR and end of the program

Parallelogram Input/output Denotes an input and

output data

Rectangle Process Denotes a process to be

carried out

Diamond Decision Symbol Denotes a decision to

be made (e.g. IF –
THEN-ELSE Statement
Arrow Flow lines Denotes the direction
or logic flow of the
program
 EXAMPLE
IN WRITING AN ALGORITHM
AND DRAWING A
FLOWCHART
 Writing an Algorithm & draw a
flowchart
◼ Example 1: Write an algorithm and draw a
flowchart to determine a student’s final
grade. The final grade is calculated as the
average of two exams: midterm and final
exam.
 FLOWCHART
ALGORITHM

◼ Step 1: Input M, F

◼ Step 2: FG = (M + F)/2

◼ Step 3: PRINT/DISPLAY FG

◼ Note: M = Midterm
F = Finals
2 = two terms
 Writing an Algorithm & draw a
flowchart
◼ Example 2: Write an algorithm and draw a
flowchart, to compute the sum of three
even numbers (14, 20, 34).
 ALGORITHM FLOWCHART

◼ Step 1: Input X, Y, Z

◼ Step 2: SUM = X+Y+Z

◼ Step 3: PRINT/DISPLAY SUM

or
◼ Step 1: Input 14, 20, 34

◼ Step 2: SUM = 14+20+34

◼ Step 3: PRINT/DISPLAY
◼ SUM = 68
 Problem #3
(WITH DECISION SYMBOL)
◼Example 3: Write an algorithm and draw a
flowchart to determine a student’s final
grade and indicate a remarks whether it is
“PASSED” or “FAILED” grade. The final
grade is calculated as the average of four
marks.
EXAMPLE: Find the average of :
Q1, Q1,Q3, Q4
◼ In this example we are going to validate
the result using IF Function or IF
statement , so decision symbol will be use.
◼ The IF function is one of the most popular
functions in Excel, and it allows you to
make logical comparisons between a
value and what you expect.
 An IF statement can have two results. The
first result is if your comparison is True, the
second if your comparison is False.
◼ IF statement/logical statement is defined
as a function which “checks whether a
condition is met, returns one value if True
and another value if False”.
◼ IF, THEN, ELSE. If something is true,
then do this, else/otherwise do that.

For example, if it’s raining, then close the

windows, else/otherwise leave the windows
open.
 Problem #3
(WITH DECISION SYMBOL)
◼Example 3: Write an algorithm and draw a
flowchart to determine a student’s final
grade and indicate a remarks whether it is
“PASSED” or “FAILED” grade. The final
grade is calculated as the average of four
marks.
EXAMPLE: Find the average of :
Q1, Q1,Q3, Q4 or L,M,N,O
 Algorithm
◼ Detailed Algorithm
◼ Step 1: Input L, M, N, O
Step 2: FG = (L + M + N + O) /4
Step 3: If (GRADE < 75) then
Print “FAILED”
else
Print “PASSED”
end If
Example Flowchart
START

Input
L, M, N, O

FG = (L + M + N + O) /4

N IF Y
GRADE<75

PRINT PRINT
“PASSED” “FAILED”

END
 Algorithm
◼ Detailed Algorithm
◼ Step 1: Input L=80, M=87, N=85, O=90
Step 2: FG = (80+87+85+90) /4
FG = 85.5
Step 3: If (GRADE < 75) (FALSE) then
Print “FAILED”
else
Print “PASSED”
end If
 Example Flowchart
START

Input
L=80, M=87, N=85, O=90

FG = (80+87+85+90) /4

FG = 85.5

FALSE IF
GRADE<75

PRINT
“PASSED”

END
 Algorithm
◼ Detailed Algorithm
◼ Step 1: Input L=67, M=67, N=65, O=60
Step 2: FG = (67+67+65+60) /4
FG = 64.75
Step 3: If (GRADE < 75) (TRUE) then
Print “FAILED”
else
Print “PASSED”
end If
Example Flowchart
START

Input
L=67, M=67, N=65, O=60

FG = (67+67+65+60) /4

FG = 64.75

IF TRUE
GRADE<75

PRINT
“FAILED”

END
 DECISION STRUCTURES
◼ The expression A>B or A< B is a logical
expression
◼ it describes a condition we want to test
◼ if A>B is true (if A is greater than B) we take
the action to the right, display/print the result for
the value of A and display the “remarks”
◼ if A>B is false (if A is not greater than B) we
take the action to the right, display/print the
result for the value of B and display the
“remarks”
 DECISION STRUCTURES
Structure:

Y N
is
A>B

Print Print
A B
IF–THEN–ELSE STRUCTURE
◼ The structure is as follows
If condition is TRUE display “remarks”
else
FALSE display “remarks”

endif
IF–THEN–ELSE STRUCTURE
◼ The algorithm for the flowchart is as
follows:
If A>B then
Y N
print A is
A>B
else
print B Print
A
Print
B
endif
Relational Operators

Operator Description
> Greater than

< Less than

= Equal to

 Greater than or equal to

 Less than or equal to

 Not equal to
References:
◼ http://www.yspuniversity.ac.in/cic/algorithm-manual.pdf

◼ https://byjus.com/maths/even-
numbers/#:~:text=What%20is%20an%20Even%20Number,%2C%2
012%2C%2014%2C%2016.

◼ https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/excel/study/excel-if-
statement/#:~:text=The%20IF%20statement%20is%20a,of%20code
%20evaluates%20to%20FALSE.

◼ https://engineerstutor.com/2020/10/08/solved-assignment-problems-
algorithms-and-flowcharts/