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CHAPTER NO: 12
TRIGONOMETRY & TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Trigonometry has been derived form Greek words: Trei (three), Goni (angles) and Metron
(measurement).
It is measurement of triangle.
FUNDAMENTALS OF TRIGONOMETRY

TRIGONOMETRY: Trigonometry, branch of mathematics that deals with the relationships

between the sides and angles of triangles and with the properties and applications of the
trigonometric functions of angles. The two branches of trigonometry are plane trigonometry, which
deals with figures lying wholly in a single plane, and spherical trigonometry, which deals with triangles
that are sections of the surface of a sphere. The earliest applications of trigonometry were in the
fields of navigation, surveying, and astronomy, in which the main problem generally was to determine
an inaccessible distance, such as the distance between the earth and the moon, or of a distance that
could not be measured directly, such as the distance across a large lake. Other applications of
trigonometry are found in physics, chemistry, and almost all branches of engineering.

Angle:
Two rays with a common starting point form an angle.
OR Union of two rays at a point.
 Common point is called point of intersection or vertex.
 Rays are called initial arm/side and terminal arm/side.
B

Angle
O A
 Unknown angle is denoted by 𝜽’ , ∝ or x° etc.
 An angle is said to be positive, if the rotation is anti clock wise (counter clock wise). Or
terminal side of angle turns anti –clock wise.
B

O 𝜽
A Initial arm
 An angle is said to be negative , if the rotation is clock wise. Or terminal side of angle turns
clock wise.

O A
𝜶 Initial arm
B
 Above the x-axis (horizontal line), called angle of elevation and below the x-axis is angle of
depression.
 ACUTE ANGLE: It is less then 90° (or)
0 < 𝜽 < 90
(Or) Angle between 0° and 90° . or The terminal side of an angle rotates anti
clock wise and lies in the first quadrant .

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* RIGHT ANGLE: = 90° (The terminal side of an angle rotates anti clock wise and lies on
positive y. axis ) .
 OBTUSE ANGLE: It is greater than 90° and less than 180° (or)
𝟗𝟎° < 𝜽 < 180 or (The terminal side of an angle rotates anti clock wise and lies in the
second quadrant ).

 REFLEX OR REFLEXIVE ANGLE: Between 180° and 360°.

180° < 𝜽 <360°
(Or) Below the x – axis
 Straight line is equal to 180° or called half rotation or semi circle.
 COMPLETE ANGLE: angle which is equal to360° or 2 radians or one circle or one rotation
or one revolution.
TYPES OF TRIANGLE: Triangle is the first type of polygon.
(i) Scalene/Different sided triangle:
Each side is different in measurement, so each angle is different .
(ii) Isosceles Triangle:
Two sides are equal/ congruent.
 If two sides of a triangle are equal then their opposite angles are also equal .
(iii) Equilateral triangle:
All sides of a triangle are equal / congruent .
 If all sides of a triangle are equal then opposite angles of sides are also equal . Each angle =
60°
(iv) Acute angled triangle:
If each angle is acute means less than 90°.
 Equilateral is also acute angled triangle.
(v) Right angled triangle:
If one angle is 90° and others two are acute.
 It may be isosceles triangle.
(vi) Obtuse angled triangle:
If one angle is greater than 90° and others are acute.
 Sum of three angles of a triangle is 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
Unit/ measurement of an angle:
An angle is measured commonly in degrees and radians.
TWO SYSTEMS:
(i) SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM:
 Involving the number 60.
 Angular measurement of angles in which one complete turn is divided into 360 parts . Each
part is called degree, the degree is divided into 60 minutes and the minute is divided into 60
seconds.
 Sexagesimal is also called D° 𝑴′ 𝑺" rule.
360°

One turn of rotation O x – axis

180°
½ half /semi turn or rotation
• x-axis
•

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y
¼ or quarter rotation

90°
O x
′ ′ 𝟏
𝟏° = 𝟔𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝟏 = 𝟔𝟎°
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏′ = 𝟔𝟎′′ 𝒐𝒓 𝟏′′ = 𝟔𝟎′ 𝟏° = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎′′ 𝒐𝒓 𝟏′′ = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎°
 This Sexagesimal system is also known as English System, because this system of angles owes
its origin to the English and 90, 60 multiple of 6 and 10.
(ii) CIRCULAR SYSTEM:
It is radian system.
Radian is the measure of an angle, subtended at the centre of the circle by an arc, whose
length is equal to the radius of the circle.
In given figure.
B
L or ‘s’
‘r’ be the radius of circle r
And ∠AOB as the central angle 1 radian
̂ on the circle
Whose rays cut off an 𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝑨𝑩 O r A
̂
𝑨𝑩
m∠AOB = 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 = 𝟏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏
∵ radius = arc length

RELATION BETWEEN RADIAN AND DEGREE MEASUREMENT:

In any circle of radius ‘r’ units, a central angle of one radian intercepts an arc of length ‘s’ ,
thus an arc length is directly proportional to the measure of its central angle.
𝟏 𝟏
𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 = 𝒐𝒓 of circumference
𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝟐𝝅
𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔
Then
𝟏𝟖𝟎
1 radian = 𝝅 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔 ≅ 𝟓𝟕. 𝟑°
Similarly;
𝝅
1 degree = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔

𝟗𝟎° = 𝝅⁄𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔

𝟏𝟐𝟎° = 𝟐𝝅⁄𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔
𝟏𝟑𝟓° = 𝟑𝝅⁄𝟒 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝟑𝟎° = 𝝅⁄𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔
𝟏𝟓𝟎° = 𝟓𝝅⁄𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝟒𝟓° = 𝝅⁄𝟒 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔
𝟔𝟎° = 𝝅⁄𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔
2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant

𝟏𝟖𝟎° = 𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝟎° =
𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝟑𝟔𝟎° =
𝟐𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔
3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant
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𝟐𝟏𝟎° = 𝟕𝝅⁄𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝟑𝟎𝟎° = 𝟓𝝅⁄𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔

𝟐𝟐𝟓° = 𝟓𝝅⁄𝟒 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝟑𝟏𝟓° = 𝟕𝝅⁄𝟒 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔
𝟐𝟒𝟎° = 𝟒𝝅⁄𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝟑𝟑𝟎° = 𝟏𝟏𝝅⁄𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔

𝟐𝟕𝟎° = 𝟑𝝅⁄𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏

RELATION BETWEEN ARC-LENGTH, RADIUS AND CENERAL ANGLE(CENTRAL ANGLE :

Let ‘r’ be the radius and ‘𝜽 ’ be the central angle of a circle measured in radians and ‘S’ be the
arc length.

𝑺 𝜽 r
= then
𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝟐𝝅
𝛉
S=θr O r A
𝑺 𝑺
𝜽 = 𝒓 𝒐𝒓 𝒓 = 𝜽

 Radius ‘r’ and arc length 'S' are measured in same units and ‘𝜽’ is in number of radians .

SECTOR AND ITS AREA:

Bounded region of circle between two radii , called sector .
If A is the area of the sector by the arc length ‘S’ and radius ‘r’ then
𝟏 𝟏
𝑨 = 𝟐 𝜽 𝒓𝟐 or 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝒓𝒔

Where ‘ 𝜽 ′ is a centeral angle , r is

radius and S is arc length

QUADRANT:
A plane is divided into four equal parts by x-axis and y-axis, each one is
called quadrant and is 90°.
ANGLES IN STANDARD POSITION:
An angle in standard position, if its terminal side lies in the quadrant.
 It is also plane angle.
i-e 30°, 45°, 60°, 120°, 180°, 210°, 300° and so on.
QUADRANTAL ANGLES:
If the terminal arm/side of an angle falls on x-axis or y-axis.
i-e 90°, 180°, 270°, 360° and so on
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OR FUNCTIONS:
Relation between two sides and included angle of a triangle is called ratio.
Consider a right-angled triangle ABC in which ‘𝜽’is an acute angle, then.

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𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒂
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = = B
𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒄
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒃
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆 = 𝒄 Hypotenuse c 90°-𝜽
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒂
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆
=𝒃 a (Perpendicular)
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒃
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 = 𝒂 𝜽
𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒄 θ b(Base)
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
=𝒃 A C
𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒄
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 = 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 = 𝒂

Note : PERPENDICULAR: opposite side of supposed acute angle in right angled triangle .
BASE: adjacent side of supposed acute angle in right angled triangle .
HYPOTENUSE: opposite side of right angle in right angled triangle .
USEFUL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 or 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽
 Cosec 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

𝟏 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 or 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

𝟏 𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽
or 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 =
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = o 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION OF ANY ANGLE
Let m∠×OP = 𝜽 radians in standard position , OP be any terminal arm/side whose coordinates
be P( x , y)

Y
P(x , y)

𝜽 Q x
O
‘r’ be the distance from origin O (0, 0) to P(x, y).
i.e 𝒓 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
then six trigonometric functions of ′𝜽′ are:
𝒚 𝒓
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒓 , 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 = 𝒚 (y ≠ 0)

𝒙 𝒓
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒓 , 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝒙 (x ≠ 0)

𝒚 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒙 (x ≠ 0) , 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝒚 (y ≠ 0)

Remarks: - Let (𝟗𝟎° − 𝜽) be a supposed acute angle then ,

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COMPLEMENTARY LAWS OF ANGLES

𝒃
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟗𝟎° − 𝜽) = = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒄

B
𝒂
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟗𝟎° − 𝜽) = 𝒄
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 90°- 𝜽
𝒃
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟗𝟎° − 𝜽) = 𝒂
= 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 c a
𝒄
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 (𝟗𝟎° − 𝜽) = = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽
𝒃
𝒄
𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝟗𝟎° − 𝜽) =
𝒂
= 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 𝜽 θ
𝒂
𝐜𝐨𝐭(𝟗𝟎° − 𝜽) = 𝒃
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 A b C

Note: co-ratio of complementary angles is always equal.

GENERAL ANGLE (CO- TERMINAL ANGLE):-

There are many angles whose initial and terminal arms/sides are same, called co- terminal
angles.
Let an angle ∠AOB with initial arm ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑨 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑩 is its terminal side/arm with vertex.
If m∠AOB = 𝜽 radians , where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2𝝅 B

m∠AOB = 𝜽

O 𝜽
A
B

m∠AOB = 𝜽 + 𝟐𝝅 (after one

revolution)
O A

m∠AOB = 𝜽 + 𝟒𝝅 (after two

revolution)

Similarly Clock wise:

m∠AOB will be

𝜽 - 4𝝅 (after two revolution)

ALLIED ANGLES:-
The angles associated with basic angles of measure 𝜽 to a right angle or its multiple are called
allied angles.
i.e. 𝟗𝟎° ± 𝜽 , 𝟏𝟖𝟎° ± 𝜽 , 𝟐𝟕𝟎° ± 𝜽 , 𝟑𝟔𝟎° ± 𝜽 and so on

SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN QUADRANTS:-

Let 𝜽 is a general angle in the standard position.

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𝒓 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 is always positive

(i) If ' 𝜽 ′ is in the first quadrant, then a point p (x , y) on its terminal side has both ‘x’ and ‘y’
co-ordinates are ‘+ve’.
 All trigonometric functions are ‘+ ve’ in the first quadrant.
(ii) If ‘𝜽′ is in the second quadrant, then P(x, y) on its terminal side has negative x-coordinate
and positive y-coordinate.
𝒚 𝒙
 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒊𝒔 +ve > 0 , 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒊𝒔 − 𝒗𝒆 < 0 , 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝒓 𝒓
𝒚
𝒊𝒔 – 𝒗𝒆 < 0 ,
𝒙
Cosec 𝜽 is + ve > 0 , 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 is – ve < 0 and 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 is – ve < 0
(iii) If ‘𝜽′ is in the third quadrant, then P(x, y) on its terminal side has negative x and y
co.ordinates.
 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒊𝒔 − 𝒗𝒆 < 0, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒊𝒔 − 𝒗𝒆 < 0, 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = + 𝒗𝒆 > 0
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 𝒊𝒔 − 𝒗𝒆 < 0, 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝒊𝒔 − 𝒗𝒆 < 0 and 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 𝒊𝒔 + 𝒗𝒆 > 0

(iv) If ‘𝜽′ is in the fourth quadrant, then P (x, y) on its terminal side has positive x and negative
y co. ordinates.
 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒊𝒔 − 𝒗𝒆 < 0 , 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒊𝒔 + 𝒗𝒆 > 0 , 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝒊𝒔 − 𝒗𝒆 < 0
Cosec 𝜽 is - ve < 0 , 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝒊𝒔 + 𝒗𝒆 > 0 , 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 𝒊𝒔 − 𝒗𝒆 < 0
Y- axis

2ndQuadrant 1st Quadrant

S(sine and its csc +ve) A(all ratios positive)

X' –axis X-
axis

T(tan and cot +ve) C(cos and sec +ve)

3rd Quadrant 𝟒𝒕𝒉

Quadrant

Y'-axis
FUNDAMENTAL/BASIC IDENTITIES OF TRIGONOMETRY:-
(i) 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 or 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏 (∵ 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 , 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽)
𝟐 𝟐 (𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜽 = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝜽
(ii) 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = 𝑺𝒆𝒄 𝜽
 These identities are also called Pythagorean identities, because derived by Pythagoras theorem.
𝑯𝟐 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 ∵ H= Hypotenuse, P = Perpendicular, B = Base
From:-
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏
Corollary:-
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 − 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 − 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽

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From:-
𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽
𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟏 − 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 = −𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝒐𝒓 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 =
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽
From:-
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜽 = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽
𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜽 = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟏 − 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 = −𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜽 𝒐𝒓 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜽 = 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽
DISTANCE FORMULA:-
Let P (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and Q (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) be two points and ‘d’ is the distance between them, then
𝒅 = |𝑷𝑸| = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐
OR = √(𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝟐 Y
Q ( x2 , y2)

X' X

P ( x1 , y1) R (x2 , y1)

Y'
 Distance formula between two points can be derived by Pythagoras theorem.

FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF TRIGONOMETRY:-

Let ‘𝜶’ and ‘𝜷’ be two angles (real numbers) in a unit circle ,
then
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 − 𝜷) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷
 𝜶>𝛽>0
 𝑻𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒍𝒂𝒘 𝒘𝒂𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝑨𝒍 − 𝑩𝒆𝒓𝒖𝒏𝒊
DEDUCTION FROM FUNDAMENTAL LAW:-
Put 𝜷 = −𝜷 then , we get
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷

𝝅
Put 𝜶 = 𝟐 + 𝜶 in fundamental law , we get
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷

Put 𝜷 = −𝜷 in 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷

𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 − 𝜷) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷

𝝅
Put 𝜶 = 𝟐
𝒊𝒏 fundamental law, we get
𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬( 𝟐 − 𝜷) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷

𝝅
Put 𝜷 = − 𝟐 in fundamental law, we get
𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + 𝟐 ) = −𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶

Put 𝜶 = 2𝝅 and 𝜷 = 𝜽 in 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 − 𝜷) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 , then

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𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝝅 – 𝜽 ) = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜶+𝜷)
∴ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜶+𝜷)
then
tan  + tan 
tan(  +  ) =
1 − tan  tan 

𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜶−𝜷)
∴ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝜶 − 𝜷) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜶−𝜷)
then
tan  − tan 
tan(  −  ) =
1 + tan  tan 

• It is clear that for any angle 𝜽(deduction from above laws of trigonometry:
𝑺𝒊𝒏 (−𝜽) = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 , 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄(−𝜽) = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽
𝑪𝒐𝒔(−𝜽) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 , 𝒔𝒆𝒄(−𝜽) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽
𝒕𝒂𝒏 (−𝜽) = −𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 , 𝒄𝒐𝒕(−𝜽) = −𝒄𝒐𝒕

DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAE :

Put α = β = θ in 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷, we get
𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝟏+𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝜽

Put α = β = θ in 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷, we get

𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 =
𝟏+𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽
OR
𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟐
OR
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽 = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 = 𝟐

tan  + tan 
Put α = β = θ in tan(  +  ) = , we get
1 − tan  tan 
𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝜽 = 𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝜽
HALF ANGLE FORMULAE:
cos 2 = cos 2 − sin 2
𝜽
Put 𝜽 = 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽⁄𝟐 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽⁄𝟐

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𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽⁄𝟐 ∵ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽⁄𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽⁄𝟐

𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽⁄𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝜽 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏 = ±√
𝟐 𝟐

∴ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽⁄𝟐 − 𝟏

𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽⁄𝟐 = 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽⁄𝟐 = 𝟐
𝜽 𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 = ±√ 𝟐

𝜽
𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟐
∴ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐 = 𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐
then
𝜽 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐 = √𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
OR 𝒕𝒂𝒏 =
𝟐 𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝜽 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
OR 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

TRIPLE ANGLE FORMULAE:

𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟑𝜽 = 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝜽
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟑𝜽 = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜽 − 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝜽
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑𝜽 =
𝟏−𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽

CONVERSION OF PRODUCT OF SINES AND COSINES INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE:

∴ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 − 𝜷) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷
then by adding and subtracting, we get.
𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 = [𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 + 𝜷) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 − 𝜷)]
𝟐
𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 . 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 = [𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 + 𝜷) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 − 𝜷)]
𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 − 𝜷) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷
then by adding and subtracting , we get .

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𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 = [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + 𝜷) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 − 𝜷)]
𝟐
𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 . 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 = − [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + 𝜷) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 − 𝜷)]
𝟐
CONVERSION OF SUM OR DIFFERENCE OF SINES AND COSINES INTO PRODUCT:
𝟏
∴ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 = 𝟐 [𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 + 𝜷) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 − 𝜷)]
OR 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 + 𝜷) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 − 𝜷)

Put 𝜶 + 𝜷 = u , 𝜶 – 𝜷 = v
Adding 𝜶 + 𝜷 = u and 𝜶 – 𝜷 = v, we get.
𝒖+𝒗
𝜶= 𝟐
Subtracting 𝜶 + 𝜷 = u , 𝜶 – 𝜷 = v, we get
𝒖−𝒗
𝜷= 𝟐
then
𝒖+𝒗 𝒖−𝒗
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒗 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) . 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )
𝟐 𝟐
∴ 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 . 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 + 𝜷) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 − 𝜷)
then
𝒖+𝒗 𝒖−𝒗
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒗 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) . 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
𝟐 𝟐
∴ 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + 𝜷) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 − 𝜷)
then
𝒖+𝒗 𝒖−𝒗
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒗 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) . 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )
𝟐 𝟐
∴ −𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 . 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + 𝜷) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 − 𝜷)

𝒖+𝒗 𝒖−𝒗
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒖 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒗 = −𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) . 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
𝟐 𝟐

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THE VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1st and 2nd Quadrant
𝜽 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180°
Radians 0 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝝅
𝟔 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟔
Sin𝜽 0 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑 1 √𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 0
𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
Cos𝜽 1 √𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 0 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑 -1
− − −
𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
Tan𝜽 0 𝟏 1 √𝟑 ∞ −√𝟑 -1 𝟏 0
−
√𝟑 √𝟑
Cosec𝜽 ∞ 2 √𝟐 𝟐 1 𝟐 √𝟐 2 ∞
√𝟑 √𝟑
Sec𝜽 1 𝟐 √𝟐 2 ∞ -2 −√𝟐 𝟐 -1
−
√𝟑 √𝟑
cot𝜽 ∞ √𝟑 1 𝟏 0 𝟏 -1 −√𝟑 ∞
−
√𝟑 √𝟑

3rd and 4th Quadrant

𝜽 210° 225° 240° 270° 300° 315° 330° 360°
Radians 𝟕𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟕𝝅 𝟏𝟏𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝟔 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟔
Sin𝜽 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑 -1 √𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 0
− − − − − −
𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
Cos𝜽 √𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 0 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑 1
− − −
𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
Tan𝜽 𝟏 1 √𝟑 ∞ −√𝟑 -1 𝟏 0
−
√𝟑 √𝟑
Cosec𝜽 -2 −√𝟐 𝟐 -1 𝟐 −√𝟐 -2 ∞
− −
√𝟑 √𝟑
Sec𝜽 𝟐 −√𝟐 -2 ∞ 2 √𝟐 𝟐 1
−
√𝟑 √𝟑
cot𝜽 √𝟑 1 𝟏 0 𝟏 -1 −√𝟑 ∞
−
√𝟑 √𝟑

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Ex. 1 A tower stands vertically on the ground. From a point on the ground which is 30 m away
from the foot of a tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is found to be 45°. Find
the height of the tower.

Ex. 2 The shadow of a building standing on a level ground is found to be 40 m longer when the
Sun's altitude becomes 30° from 45°. Find the height of the tower.

SOME IMPORTANT QUESTIONS:

1. What is the angle of elevation of the Sun when the shadow of a pole is V3 times the length of the

pole?

(a) 30° (b) 45°

(c) 60° (d) None of these

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2. The shadow of a tower is 15 m, when the Sun's elevation is 30°. What is the length of the shadow,

when the Sun's elevation is 60"?

(a) 3 m (b) 4 m (c) 5 m (d) 6 m

3. What is the angle of elevation of the Sun, when the shadow of a pole of height x m is —m?

(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 75°

4. A vertical stick 12 m long casts a shadow 8 m long on the ground. At the same time, a tower casts a

shadow of 40 m long on the ground. The height of the tower is

(a) 60 m (b) 65 m (c) 70 m (d) 72 m

5. The tops of two poles of height 24 m and 36 m are connected by a wire. If the wire makes an angle

of 60° with the horizontal, then the length of the wire is

(a) 8V3 m(b) 8 m (c) 6V3 m (d) 6 m

6. The shadow of a tower standing on a level plane is found to be 50 m longer when the Sun's

elevation is 30°. When it is 60°, then what is the height of the tower?

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DISTANCE AND HEIGHT, DIRECTION AND DISTANCE PROBLEMS

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DISTANCE AND HEIGHT, DIRECTION AND DISTANCE PROBLEMS

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DISTANCE AND HEIGHT, DIRECTION AND DISTANCE PROBLEMS

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DISTANCE AND HEIGHT, DIRECTION AND DISTANCE PROBLEMS

DISTANCE AND DIRECTION PROBLEMS

Question no 01 : Ram started walking towards East. After walking 10m he took a right turn and walked
10m.He took a left turn and walked 30m and again took a left turn and walked 40m.Now ram how far
and which direction from starting point?

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Question no 02: Kamal goes 12km towards north from a fixed point and then goes 8km towards south
from there.ln the end he goes 3km towards east. How far is he from starting point?

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Question no 03: A person starts walking in north direction and after travelling a distance of 20m takes a
left turn and walks 25m.From here he took a right turn and walked 20m and finally took a right turn and
walked 35m.How far is he from starting point and in which direction?

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SIR AAMIR ALI SOOMRO @CSS COSEX ACADEMY QASIMABAD, HYDERABAD Page 19