SSCE 1693 - Engineering Mathematics CHAPTER 7 MATRIX ALGEBRA 7.1 Elementary Row Operations (ERO) 7.2. Determinant of a Matrix q21 7.22 7.23 724 7.25 Determinant Minor Cofactor Cofactor Expansion Properties of the determinants 73. Inverse Matrices 731 7.3.2 Finding Inverse Matrices using ERO Adjoint Method 7.4. System of linear equations TAA 742 743 TAA Gauss Elimination Method Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method Inverse Matrix Method Cramer’s Rule 7.5 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 7.5.1 75.2 753 75.4 Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors Vector Space Linear Combination & Span Linearly IndependenceSSCE 1693 Engineering Mathematics 1 1.0 MATRIX ALGEBRA | Definition 7.1: Matrix ; Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers which called elements arranged in rows and columns. A matrix with m rows and n columns is called of order m x n. M1 2° Ain Az, 2°" an = [aidan m1 Amz mn, aij indicates the element in the i'" row and the j** column. 7.1 ELEMENTARY ROW OPERATIONS (ERO) * Important method to find the inverse of a matrix and to solve the system of linear equations. ¢ The following notations will be used while applying ERO errr rrr rrr rrr KN 1. Interchange the i'" row with the j*" row of the matrix. \ This process is denoted as B; + Bj. 2. Multiply the i'” row of the matrix with the scalar k where k # 0. This process is denoted as KB;. 3. Add the it" row, that is multiplied by the scalar h to the yh row that has been multiplied by the scalar k, where h # 0,and k # 0. This process can be denoted as AB; + kBj. The purpose of this process is to change the ~~ ee eS eS = elements in the it" row. eT Tmt town ee ee eeSSCE 1693 ~ Engineering Mathematics | Example 7.1: 2 5 3 Given the matrix A = (: 1 2 1), perform the following 3 41 operations consecutively: B, © Bo, By + (-2)B1, Bs + 3By, By + (-7)By and — $Bs. Solution: 2 53 121 121 —— | 0 1 1)/— (4 ; atl 2, t 2 ea ee eae 3 (33) (3 4) (33) 01 1)—— (01 1J(o11 0 7 5/88 \y 9 -2/-3\0 0 1 Notes: If the matrix A is transformed to the matrix B by using ERO. then the matrix A is called equivalent matrix to the matrix B and can be denoted as A~B.Definition 7.2: Rank of a Matrix The rank of a matrix is the number of row that is non zero in that echelon matrix or reduced echelon matrix. The rank of matrix A is denoted as p(A). | is echelon matrix and reduced echelon matrix? ia Te 1o0*oO-*\, © 0 0 1 *)=p(A)=3 (0.1 = 0 ‘)=nw= 0 0 0001. | 123 4 1200 0013 _ 0010 0 0 0 1)7P64) = (53 Sanoes | 0) 050.70) 0000 | 12 10 0 1)=>p(a)= (0 t)=na=2 | ao 00 | Example of Reduced Echelon Example of ee _ Matrix and its rank of ma: ___ its rank of matrix How can we get echelon matrix and reduced echelon matrix? =oSSCE 1693 ~ Engineering Mathematics 1 ) Using ERO of course! And the operation is not unique, Scan Ee Example 7.2: Given 1 2 3 A= (: -3 2 ) 3 1 1 obtain a) Echelon matrix b) Reduced echelon matrix c) Rank of matrix A Solution: (: 2 4 (0 a){2 -3 2 ]———>|0 By +(-2)B; 3010 =1/ gaayn, \O 1 2 01 ave: Oo 1 12 3 rao v( 1 ra | 0 0 0 1/ e4(-20, \o wn ° onSSCE 1693 ~ Engineering Mathematics | 7.2 DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX © Ascalar value that can be used to find the inverse of a matrix. The inverse of the matrix will be used to solve a system of linear equations. Definition 7.3 : Determinant || The determinant of a matrix A is a scalar value and denoted by \A| or det (A). 1 - The determinant of a 2x2 matrix is defined by a bli ¢ | =ad—be II - The determinant of a 3x3 matrix is defined by abe de f|=aeit+bfg+cdh—afh —bdi—ceg gh i a | My “thy Figure 7.1: The determinant of a 3x3 matrix can be calculated by its diagonal Ill - The determinant of an x n matrix can be calculated by using cofactor expansion. (Note: This involves minor and cofactor so we will see this method after reviewing minor and cofactor of a matrix)SSCE 1693 — Engineering Mathematics | Definition 7.4: Minor If G1 Ana then the minor of ay, denoted by Dy is the determinant of the submatrix that results from removing the :* row andj column of A. Example 7.3: Find the minor D42 for matrix A Qi. G12 Ag A= [ex O22 an] 931 32 33. Solution: a [ et Az, A23 A221 A423 > Dn=| | = ana — A234: Qs, @ 33 — 223031 931 432 3g Example 7.4: 1-1 2 A=|0 -1 3 ) 2.94 -5 Given Calculate the minor of a,; and 32 Solution: A Pu=ly 3J=Cncs)-@@=-7 Pa=|j 3]-@@-Me)=3SSCE 1693 - Engineering Mathematics Definition 7.5: Cofactor ; If A is a square matrix n X n, then the cofactor of ajj is given by Ay = (CD D5 Example 7.5: Find the cofactor Az3 from the given matrix 1 4 7 A=/3 0 °5 —1 9 11 Solution: zg = (-1)?*9Dp3 4g =(0P8| 1 o[=CD@-C4) =-13 Example 7. From Example 7.4, find the cofactor of a,, and A32 Solution: 4u= COD =Crf 3 = (D(-7) = -7 42 = (De = (-8|) 2] = (-@) =-3SSCE 1693 — Engineering Mathematics ee ee eee ee ee ee er er ee a S 4 \ + Theorem 7.1: Cofactor Expansion 1 1 IfAisannxn matrix I \ M1 M2 °° Ain I aenasa ese ea, ' aa" “2 TP 1 Gn. An2 Ann. I 1 \ P 1 The determinant of A (det(A)) can be written as the sum of its cofactors I | ™ultiplied by the entries that generated them. ! a) Cofactor expansion along the / column 1 1 J I 1 1 det(A) = a4 jA1j + A2jAzj +o + AnjAnj ii I I \ b) Cofactor expansion along the i row I n I \ det(A) = ayAy tapde tt dindin = > ayly . ¢ eee we eee ee ee eee Example 7.7: Compute the determinant of the following matrix 4 2 1 5 -2 2 a)A=(-2 -6 :) bB=( 1 9 0 75 0 oe 8 3-1 -9 powy Solution: a) Expanding along the third row a 2 1 +2] 4 lal=Cacy| 2 aj+@cn|4 vorne|" 4 JA] = (—7)(1)(12) + (5)(—1)(14) + 0 = —154SSCE 1693 - Engineering Mathematies | b) Expanding along the second row —2 2 #7 5 2 = 7 =(1)(-1)2*2}1 5 0] +(0)(-1)?*2|-3 5 0 \Bl=@)(-1) [: a Seanad 5-2 7 5-2 2 roar | 1 0o/+@)CD*]-3 15 3-14! 3-1 -9 \B\ = (1)(-1)(-76) + 0 + 0 + (3)(1)(4) = 88 Example 7.8: Given 15 7 B= (-s 0 4 ) 1 0 -3. calculate the determinant of B. Solution: Since the second column has two zero elements, cofactor expansion can be done along the second column. 1B] = (5)(-2 I? 4 + (0-1)? A “I Foy | 7 7 4 = (5)(-1)3(5) +0+0 = -25SSCE 1693 - Engineering Mathematics | PROPERTIES OF THE DETERMINANT 1 1 PROPERTY 6; Vf the matrix A ha 1 example, a zero row, then [A] = 0, For \ . Ty op 1 PROPERTY 1: If A is a square matrix, then [A] = |A"]. For J example, 1 if b li c 1 c dl ib d \ PROPERTY 2: \f the matrix B is obtained by interchanging with any | 1 Wo rows or two columns of the matrix A, then |A] = —[B]. For | example, | 1 \¢ by \c d 1 1 cd a bt I! 1 ' pror : Ifany two rows (or columns) of the matrix A are Il i identical, then [A] = 0. For I 1 1 1 1 ' PROPERTY 4: If the matrix B is obtained by multiplying every | "clement in the row or the column of the matrix A with a scalar k, ! | then [B| = kIAI. For example, ! I |ka kb =k? 5) ! ! ec dl “le at ! 1 | 1 PROPERTY 5: If the matrix B is obtained by multiplying a scalar k 1 1 of one row of the matrix A is added to another row of A, then ! 1 1B] = [A]. This operation is denoted as B, > B, + kB. For 1 ' example, ! 1 leeaae be kd) _ Ja b ' 1 G d e dt ' 1 | | \SSCE 1693 - Engineering Mathematics | | By using the right properties, we can also find the determinant, | Wi FSF Example 7.9: Evaluate yas 5 6 7 26 4 3 11 Noose Solution: 1. From Property 4, we can factorize 2 from row 3. 123 4 123 4 5 6 7 8|_,|5 6 7 8 26 4 8 13 24 3 1 1 2 3 11 2 2. Using Property 5, we can perform algebraic operations for row 2, 3,4 and still get the same determinant as the original matrix. 1234 1 2/5 6 7 8 20 1 3 2 4)B2+-5)R “lo 3 1 1 2[B3t-ne Io Bat(—3)B, 3. Now, using Property 2, we interchange the second with the third row 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 oO -4 -8 -12)_ lo 1 ag 7h 1-1 0 [> @CV GQ “, = 2, 0 -S -8 -10) 0 -S -8 -10 4. Again, by using Property 5, we can perform the algebraic operations 12 3 4 12 3 4 01-1 «0 70 1 -1 0 QD 4 3 —almrwR\o 9 Ty > 0 -5 -8 10] B4+G)B2 0 0 -13 -10SSCE 1693 — Engineering Mathematics | 5. By using Property 4, we can factorize -12 from row 3 12 3 4 12 3 a o1 1 of_-. to 1 -1 0 Bo 0 a2 -a2f= BCID) go 1 4 0 0 -13 -10 0 0 -13 -10 6. Using Property 5, we can get a triangular matrix which can easily give us the determinant value. 12 3 4 12 3 4 01-1 0 01-10 2 = = = CHI) 9 1 1 J=@9l) 9 g f=@H3=72 0 0 -13 -10) 000 3 7. Therefore, 12 3 4 5 6 7 8_ 26 4 gf 74 3 11 2