Title of the Thesis

Vehicle Accident Prevention and Battery Recharging System

A Thesis Submitted

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Bachelor of Technology

in

Electronics and Communication Engineering

Name of the Students

Pranjal Yadav (2019041083)

Shagufta (2019041113)

Roop Kumar (2019041100)

Nimish Bhandari (2019041081)

Name of the Supervisor

Prof. Sanjay Kumar Soni

Head, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur (U.P.)-

INDIA

May, 2023
© M. M. M. University of Technology, Gorakhpur, (U.P.) – 273010, INDIA

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

 CERTIFICATE

Certified that Pranjal Yadav (2019041083), Shagufta (2019041113), Roop Kumar

(2019041100) and Nimish Bhandari (201941081) have carried out the work presented in this
thesis entitled “Vehicle Accident Prevention and Battery Recharging System” for the award
of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Madan
Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur under my supervision. The thesis
embodies result of original work and studies carried out by Student himself and the contents of
the thesis do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody
else.

Signature of Supervisor

Name: Prof. Sanjay Kumar Soni (Head, ECED)

M.M.M.U.T. Gorakhpur

Date:

iii
 CANDIDATES’ DECLARATION

We declare that this written submission represents our work in our own words and where others'
ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and referenced the original
sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and
integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my
submission. We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action
by the University and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been
properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Signature

Name: Pranjal Yadav (2010941083)

Signature

Name: Shagufta (2019041113)

Signature

Name: Roop Kumar (2019041100)

Signature

Name: Nimish Bhandari (2019041081)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Date:

iv
 APPROVAL SHEET

This Thesis entitled “Vehicle Accident Prevention and Battery Recharging System” by
students namely Pranjal Yadav (2019041083), Shagufta (2019041113), Roop Kumar
(2019041100) and Nimish Bhandari (2019041081) is approved for the Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Madan Mohan Malaviya
University of Technology, Gorakhpur.

Examiner

____________________

Supervisor

Prof. Sanjay Kumar Soni

____________________

Head of Department

Prof. Sanjay Kumar Soni

____________________

Date:

Place:

v
 ACKNOWEDGEMENT

We would like to express our profound gratitude to Prof. Sanjay Kumar Soni (Head,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering), Dr. Dharmendra Kumar
(Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering) and
Dr. Pooja Lohia (Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering) of Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur for their
contributions in the completion of our project titled “Vehicle Accident Prevention and
Battery Recharging System”.

We would like to express our special thanks to our supervisor Prof. Sanjay Kumar Soni
(Head, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering) for the time and
efforts he provided us throughout the year. His useful advice and suggestions were really
helpful to us during the project’s completion. In this aspect, we are eternally grateful to him.

Name:

Pranjal Yadav (2019041083)

Shagufta (2019041113)

Roop Kumar (2019041100)

Nimish Bhandari (2019041081)

Date:

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Page No.

1. Road accidents 12
2. Automated Braking in Car 17
3. Regenerative Braking in Autonomous Landscape 24
4. Collision Avoidance Assistance 28
5. 12 V Primary Lead Acid Battery 30
6. IN4007 Rectifier Diode 30
7. 7805 Voltage Regulator IC 31
8. Servo Motor 32
9. Arduino UNO 33
10. L298N DC Motor Driver 33
11. 12 V 300 RPM DC Gear Motor 34
12. Ultrasonic Sensor HC SR04 35
13. Working of an Ultrasonic Sensor 37
14. Block Diagram 42
15. Functional Flow Chart 43
16. How does regenerative braking work in an electric vehicle? 46

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Page No.

Table No. 1: Bill of Materials (BoM) 44

viii
 ABSTRACT

According to the survey findings from 2020, approximately 132,000 lives were lost due to road
accidents in India. The rise in population has resulted in the advancement of technology. With
a large number of people using cars, the frequency of road accidents is increasing steadily.
Road accidents are undeniably the most common occurrences and have a significant impact,
causing substantial damage overall.

The 2014 Global Status Report on road safety provides comprehensive information on road
safety from 182 countries, covering almost 99% of the world's population. The report
highlights that the global number of road traffic deaths remains alarmingly high, reaching 1.24
million annually. Shockingly, nearly 3,400 individuals lose their lives in road accidents every
day worldwide. Driver fatigue is identified as a significant contributing factor in a substantial
number of vehicle accidents.

This project report provides a detailed examination of a vehicle accident prevention system
that utilizes an automatic braking system. The primary objective of this system is to ensure that
the vehicle effectively slows down and comes to a complete stop when an obstacle is detected
in its path. By implementing this technology, the aim is to enhance safety and reduce the
likelihood of accidents occurring due to a lack of timely braking response.

Automobile manufacturers are increasingly concerned about environmental pollution and the
limitations of fossil fuels. As a result, they are exploring the use of renewable energy sources,
such as biofuels, and energy recovery systems to reduce waste energy and promote reuse. One
notable energy recovery mechanism is the regenerative braking system, which converts the
kinetic energy of a vehicle into another form (electric, pressure, inertia, etc.) that can be utilized
immediately or stored for later use. Studies have demonstrated that electric regenerative
braking can improve fuel efficiency by 20-50%, depending on the size of the electric machine.
This is achieved by operating the electric machine as a generator and storing the generated
energy in a storage medium, such as a battery. The benefit of this feature is realized when the
stored energy is reused by the motor to propel the vehicle.

Regenerative braking is a mechanism that involves storing a portion of the vehicle's kinetic
energy using a short-term storage system. Instead of dissipating the energy as heat during
deceleration, a power transmission system directs it to the energy storage. This stored energy
is held until it is needed again by the vehicle. When required, the energy is converted back into

ix
kinetic energy and used to accelerate the vehicle. The amount of energy available for storage
depends on factors such as the type of storage system, efficiency of the drive train, drive cycle,
and inertia weight of the vehicle.

x
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

Certificate iii

Certificates’ Declaration iv

Approval Sheet v

Acknowledgement vi

List of Figures vii

List of Tables viii

Abstract ix

Table of Contents xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 MOTIVATION 1
1.2 PROLOGUE 5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 HISTORY 10
2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY 14
CHAPTER 3 PROJECT OVERVIEW 16
3.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 16
3.2 HARDWARE COMPONENTS USED 18
3.3 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS USED 23
CHAPTER 4 WORKING OF THE PROJECT 24
4.1 WORKING 24
4.2 PROGRAMMING THE COMPONENTS 27
4.3 BILL OF MATERIALS (BoM) 31
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 32
5.1 UNIQUENESS OF THE PROJECT 32
5.2 CHALLENGES 34
5.3 FUTURE SCOPE 35
5.4 CONCLUSION 37
REFERENCES 3
xi
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 MOTIVATION:

Every year, a staggering number of at least 1.2 million people lose their lives globally due to
road accidents, and an additional 20-50 million people suffer from non-fatal injuries. It is
alarming to note that over 90% of these accidents occur in low-income and middle-income
countries. If swift action is not taken to address this issue, it is predicted that road accidents
will become the fifth leading cause of death by 2030. This highlights the urgent need to
implement measures to curb this unfortunate situation and improve road safety on a global
scale.

Fig. No. 1: Road accidents claimed over 1.5 lakh lives in 2018, over-speeding major killer

Every year, thousands of people tragically lose their lives or sustain injuries in accidents
worldwide. Developing countries, such as India, are particularly affected, with accidents being
a major cause of death. The high incidence of accidents in these countries underscores the
urgent need for comprehensive measures to enhance road safety, improve infrastructure,
promote responsible driving behaviours, and provide effective emergency response systems.
Efforts to address this issue are crucial to reducing the devastating impact of accidents and
safeguarding the lives of individuals in these regions.

1
Road safety remains a significant developmental issue, a public health concern, and a leading
cause of death and injury worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, at least one
out of every ten road accident fatalities globally occurs in India. The consequences of road
accidents extend beyond the victims and their families, impacting the economy as a whole due
to premature deaths, injuries, disabilities, and the loss of potential income. The cost of road
accidents encompasses both the personal and societal levels, emphasizing the urgent need for
comprehensive measures to improve road safety and mitigate the far-reaching impacts of these
incidents.

In the year 2021, a staggering total of 412,432 road accidents were reported in the country,
resulting in the loss of 153,972 lives and causing injuries to 384,448 individuals. Tragically,
the age group most affected by road accidents is the 18-45 years category, accounting for
approximately 67 percent of the total accidental deaths. This statistic highlights the significant
impact of road accidents on the productive age group of the population and emphasizes the
urgent need for effective road safety measures and awareness campaigns targeted at this
vulnerable age bracket.

Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death worldwide, particularly among individuals
aged 15 to 49 years. Each year, approximately 1.3 million lives are tragically lost globally due
to road traffic crashes. Disturbingly, over 90 percent of these fatalities occur in low- and
middle-income countries. Even within high-income countries, individuals from lower
socioeconomic backgrounds are more susceptible to road traffic accidents. India holds the
unfortunate distinction of having the highest number of fatalities, accounting for approximately
11 percent of the global total. This highlights the critical need for comprehensive measures to
improve road safety, particularly in countries with high fatality rates, in order to reduce the
devastating impact of road traffic crashes.

Implementing a vehicle accident prevention system can be a crucial step towards enhancing
safety on the roads. With the recognition of numerous accidents and tragic loss of life, it is
evident that these incidents not only result in human suffering but also impose significant
financial burdens on individuals and governments. To address these issues, we have proposed
this vehicle accident prevention system.

The primary objective of this project report is to reduce the occurrence of accidents on roads.
In many cases, accidents happen because drivers are unable to see vehicles approaching from

2
the opposite direction due to limited visibility. Through this project report, we aim to mitigate
such problems and contribute to a decrease in these types of accidents.

Also, battery recharging systems offer several economic benefits, including fuel savings and
the prevention of material loss. By utilizing these systems, individuals and businesses can
reduce their reliance on fossil fuels, resulting in cost savings over time. Additionally, the use
of battery recharging systems aligns with the global agenda of promoting a clean environment
and renewable energy sources. As concerns about climate change and sustainability grow,
transitioning to cleaner energy alternatives becomes increasingly important. Battery recharging
systems contribute to this transition by enabling the utilization of renewable energy sources,
such as solar or wind power, to recharge batteries, thereby reducing carbon emissions and
promoting environmental sustainability. Therefore, battery recharging systems address not
only economic benefits but also align with global initiatives focused on environmental
preservation and the transition to renewable energy sources.

With the rapid growth in the global population, the number of vehicles on the roads is also
increasing significantly. However, this surge in vehicle usage poses serious threats to both the
environment and human health. Vehicle-related emissions contribute to air pollution, global
warming, and the rapid depletion of petrol resources. These issues have compelled countries to
take action in order to ensure clean air, energy conservation, and the adoption of innovative
energy solutions.

Furthermore, the global energy crisis resulting from the finite nature of traditional energy
sources has urged nations to explore alternative energy options and maximize the utilization of
existing resources. In this context, regenerative braking systems play a vital role as an energy-
saving application. Regenerative braking systems enable vehicles to recover and store kinetic
energy that would otherwise be dissipated as heat during braking. This captured energy can
then be reused to power various vehicle functions or propel the vehicle, thereby reducing the
reliance on conventional energy sources and enhancing energy efficiency.

By implementing regenerative braking systems, countries can contribute to energy savings,

mitigate the impact of vehicle-related emissions on the environment, and address the challenges
posed by the global energy crisis. These systems represent an important step towards ensuring
a sustainable and cleaner transportation system for the future.

Regenerative braking system (RBS) finds widespread application in electric vehicle (EV)
systems. The popularity of EVs has surged in recent years due to their impressive fuel

3
efficiency and minimal emissions. To power the vehicle and recover a significant amount of
braking energy, electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell hybrid electric
vehicles (FCHEVs) are equipped with an additional electric motor.

This electric motor plays a crucial role in saving fuel and energy in EVs, HEVs, and FCHEVs.
While it shares similarities with the motor found in conventional vehicles, it possesses the
unique capability of storing energy generated during driving and braking. The energy captured
during braking, which is typically dissipated as heat in conventional vehicles, is instead stored
in the system of EVs, HEVs, and FCHEVs.

The stored braking energy can be reused for various purposes, such as powering the vehicle's
electrical systems or assisting with acceleration. By effectively capturing and reutilizing this
braking energy, regenerative braking systems significantly contribute to the overall fuel
efficiency and energy savings of electric vehicle systems. This application of regenerative
braking technology in electric vehicles highlights its importance in enhancing the energy
efficiency and sustainability of transportation systems.

Electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles
(FCHEVs) have gained significant interest as alternatives to conventional internal combustion
engine (ICE) vehicles. This can be attributed to the growing awareness of global warming and
the increasing cost of fuel. These vehicles are in high demand due to concerns over air pollution
and rising petrol prices.

EVs, HEVs, and FCHEVs offer several advantages, including low emissions, low noise, and
high energy efficiency. These attributes have become the focal point of research in the
automotive industry. Among the various motor options for operating EVs, the switched
reluctance motor (SRM) is considered one of the best choices. This is due to its simple
structure, cost-effectiveness, high reliability, high power generation, and high efficiency across
a wide range of speeds.

Moreover, an SRM-based traction system allows for greater energy recovery during
regenerative braking. However, SRMs do have a disadvantage in the form of high torque
fluctuations, which can directly impact the braking comfort and stability of the vehicle. Efforts
are being made to address these challenges and improve the overall performance of SRM-based
systems. The development of advanced control strategies and technologies aims to minimize torque
fluctuations and enhance the braking comfort and stability of EVs, HEVs, and FCHEVs.

4
The continuous research and development in this area contribute to the evolution and
enhancement of electric vehicle systems, making them more attractive and viable alternatives
to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. Purely electric vehicles (EVs) have a
significant drawback in relying solely on batteries as their energy source. This limitation gives
rise to several problems, including long charging times, low specific power, and an inability to
meet the short-term power demands of the vehicles. As a result, the performance of the motor
in terms of acceleration, climbing, braking, and energy recovery efficiency is severely
impacted, and the power requirements of the vehicle may not be fully met.

However, EVs benefit from the high energy density and large storage capacity offered by
batteries, which serve as the energy storage system. Additionally, advancements in battery
technology have led to longer battery service life. EVs utilize regenerative braking systems
(RBS) to improve energy efficiency by recovering some of the braking energy. Nonetheless,
different braking conditions can generate substantial feedback current from the generator,
leading to high levels of charging current that can shorten the battery's cycle life.

1.2 PROLOGUE:

In order to minimize road accidents, extensive research has been dedicated to enhancing smart
automotive systems for collision avoidance. These systems aim to utilize advanced
technologies and intelligent algorithms to detect potential collision risks and assist drivers in
avoiding accidents. By incorporating various sensors, such as radar, lidar, and cameras, these
systems can effectively monitor the surrounding environment and provide real-time feedback
to the driver.

The development of collision avoidance systems involves the integration of different

components, including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)
communication, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), and autonomous driving
technologies. These systems can analyse data from multiple sources and utilize algorithms to
predict potential collisions and provide warnings or interventions to prevent accidents.

Some of the key features of smart automotive systems for collision avoidance include adaptive
cruise control, lane departure warning, automatic emergency braking, blind-spot detection, and
pedestrian detection. These features work in synergy to enhance the overall safety of vehicles
and reduce the likelihood of accidents caused by driver errors or environmental factors. The
continuous research and development in this field aim to improve the accuracy, reliability, and

5
effectiveness of collision avoidance systems. By leveraging the power of emerging
technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, these systems have the
potential to revolutionize road safety and significantly reduce the number of accidents on our
roads.

The objective of this project report is to propose a collision avoidance system for vehicles. The
focus is on designing a smart vehicle collision avoidance system module that incorporates real-
time object identification, distance estimation, and application of brakes to prevent accidents.
This will involve the integration of various sensors, such ultrasonic sensor to provide accurate
and comprehensive data about the surrounding environment.

Distance estimation techniques will be employed to determine the proximity between the
vehicle and detected objects. This will enable the system to assess the level of danger and make
informed decisions on appropriate actions to prevent accidents. The proposed collision
avoidance system will contribute to enhancing road safety. This system has the potential to
significantly reduce the occurrence of collisions and improve overall road safety.

Fig. No. 2: Automated Braking in Car

Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) systems are designed to enhance vehicle safety by
automatically initiating the braking process when a collision is deemed imminent and the driver

6
fails to take prompt action or react quickly enough. These systems employ advanced sensors,
such as radar or cameras, to detect potential collision risks in the vehicle's path. When the AEB
system detects an object or obstacle ahead that poses a significant collision risk, it triggers an
alert to the driver, typically in the form of visual and audible warnings. If the driver fails to
respond or take sufficient action, the AEB system takes over and applies the vehicle's brakes
autonomously.

The purpose of AEB is to either completely avoid a collision or reduce its severity by
decelerating the vehicle. By automatically engaging the brakes, AEB systems aim to mitigate
the impact or even prevent the collision altogether. This can be particularly beneficial in
situations where the driver is distracted, fatigued, or unable to react in a timely manner. AEB
systems rely on sophisticated algorithms and real-time sensor data analysis to accurately assess
the risk of a collision. They consider factors such as the relative speed and distance between
the vehicle and the detected object, as well as the predicted path and behaviour of both the
vehicle and the obstacle.

Regenerative braking is a technique that allows a vehicle to recover and store a portion of its
kinetic energy during the deceleration or braking process. Instead of dissipating the energy as
heat through traditional braking methods, regenerative braking directs it to a short-term storage
system. This stored energy can then be used to power the vehicle again, converting it back into
kinetic energy and contributing to its acceleration.

The amount of energy available for storage through regenerative braking depends on various
factors such as the type of storage system used, the efficiency of the vehicle's drivetrain, the
driving cycle, and the weight of the vehicle's inertia. For instance, a lorry traveling long
distances on a motorway with infrequent stops may have limited energy-saving potential even
if the regenerative braking system is highly efficient. On the other hand, in city driving
scenarios where frequent braking events occur, there is a higher energy loss that can be captured
and stored, leading to greater potential for fuel economy.

Vehicles like buses, taxis, and delivery vans, which operate in stop-and-go traffic conditions,
have even more significant potential for energy savings through regenerative braking. By
effectively capturing and reusing the energy that would have been wasted during braking, these
vehicles can improve their overall fuel efficiency and reduce operating costs. Regenerative
braking systems offer a means to enhance energy efficiency and reduce fuel consumption,
particularly in urban environments with frequent braking events. By maximizing the recovery

7
and reuse of energy that would otherwise be lost, these systems contribute to greater fuel
economy and potential savings.

Regenerative braking offers improved efficiency in vehicles by increasing the energy output
for a given energy input. It reduces the amount of work the engine needs to perform, leading
to a decrease in the prime energy required to propel the vehicle. However, for a regenerative
braking system to be considered cost-effective, the energy saved over its lifetime must
outweigh the initial cost, as well as any size and weight penalties associated with the system.

To achieve cost-effectiveness, the components of the regenerative braking system need to meet
certain criteria. The energy storage unit, which captures and stores the recovered energy, should
be compact, durable, and capable of efficiently handling high power levels. Additionally, any
auxiliary equipment involved in energy transfer or conversion should be efficient, compact,
and reasonably priced.

The overall goal is to strike a balance between the energy savings achieved through
regenerative braking and the associated costs of implementing and operating the system. By
optimizing the efficiency and effectiveness of the energy storage and conversion components,
regenerative braking systems can offer long-term benefits by reducing fuel consumption and
minimizing reliance on prime energy sources.

For a regenerative braking system to be successful, it is desirable for it to possess the following
properties:

1. Efficient energy conversion: The system should be able to convert the kinetic energy
of the vehicle into stored energy with high efficiency, minimizing energy losses during
the conversion process.
2. High-capacity energy storage: The energy storage unit should have a high capacity
per unit weight and volume, allowing for the storage of a significant amount of energy.
3. High power rating: The system should have a high power rating to handle large
amounts of energy flow in a short period of time, especially during rapid deceleration
or braking events.
4. Simple integration with the vehicle transmission: The regenerative braking system
should not require complex control systems to interface with the vehicle's transmission,
ensuring ease of integration and compatibility.

8
 5. Smooth power delivery: The power delivered by the regenerative system should be
smooth and consistent, without sudden surges or fluctuations, to ensure a seamless
transition between regenerative and traditional braking.
6. Effective energy absorption and storage: The system should be able to efficiently
absorb and store braking energy in direct proportion to the braking action, minimizing
delay and energy losses over a wide range of road speeds and wheel torques.

By meeting these properties, a regenerative braking system can effectively capture and store
the vehicle's kinetic energy during braking, improving overall energy efficiency and reducing
reliance on traditional braking systems.

9
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 HISTORY:

Early attempts at developing early warning systems for vehicles can be traced back to the late
1950s. One notable example is Cadillac, which created a prototype vehicle called the Cadillac
Cyclone. This vehicle incorporated radar technology to detect objects in front of the car. The
radar sensors were placed inside "nose cones" on the vehicle. However, despite the promising
capabilities of the early warning system, it was considered too expensive to produce on a large
scale. As a result, the technology did not become widely adopted during that time.

Since then, advancements in technology and the reduction in manufacturing costs have made
early warning systems more feasible and accessible. Today, various modern vehicles are
equipped with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) that utilize radar, lidar, cameras,
and other sensors to detect potential hazards and provide warnings to the driver. These systems
have evolved to improve vehicle safety and assist drivers in avoiding collisions.

The first modern forward collision avoidance system was patented by William L. Kelley in
1990. Kelley's patent, titled "Collision Avoidance System," described a system that used radar
or other sensors to detect objects in the path of a vehicle and provided warnings or took
automatic action to prevent a collision. Kelley's invention laid the foundation for the
development of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) aimed at preventing or mitigating
collisions. Since then, various automotive manufacturers and technology companies have
further refined and enhanced forward collision avoidance systems, incorporating additional
sensors, cameras, and algorithms to improve their effectiveness and reliability.

Today, forward collision avoidance systems have become a standard feature in many modern
vehicles, playing a crucial role in enhancing road safety and reducing the risk of accidents
caused by inattentiveness or delayed driver reactions. The second modern forward collision
avoidance system, known as "Forewarn," was demonstrated in 1995 by a team of scientists and
engineers at Hughes Research Laboratories (HRL) in Malibu, California. The project was
funded by Delco Electronics, and it was led by physicist Ross D. Olney.

Forewarn utilized radar technology as its sensing mechanism, which was a significant
advancement at the time. The system employed a custom fabricated radar antenna operating at

10
77 GHz, specifically designed for automotive applications. This higher frequency radar
allowed for improved detection and accuracy in identifying potential collisions. The Forewarn
system provided drivers with warnings when it detected an imminent collision, giving them
additional time to react and potentially avoid the accident. It was an important milestone in the
development of forward collision avoidance systems and paved the way for further
advancements in radar-based collision avoidance technologies.

Since then, radar-based forward collision warning and avoidance systems have become more
prevalent in the automotive industry, with refinements in sensor technology, signal processing,
and integration with other safety features. These systems have played a vital role in enhancing
vehicle safety and reducing the severity of collisions. Toyota introduced the first production
laser adaptive cruise control system on the Celsior model (known as the Lexus LS in some
markets) in August 1997, but it was available only in the Japanese market. This system, known
as Dynamic Laser Cruise Control (DLCC), utilized a laser sensor mounted in the front grille to
measure the distance to the vehicle ahead.

The DLCC system allowed the vehicle to automatically adjust its speed to maintain a safe
following distance. By continuously monitoring the distance to the vehicle in front, the system
could control the throttle and apply the brakes as necessary to match the speed of the lead
vehicle. This helped reduce driver workload and enhance safety during highway driving
conditions.

The introduction of DLCC marked an important milestone in the development of adaptive

cruise control systems. Since then, this technology has evolved and become more widespread
in the automotive industry. Modern adaptive cruise control systems often utilize radar or
camera sensors in addition to lasers for improved performance and functionality. These systems
have become increasingly sophisticated, incorporating features such as stop-and-go
functionality, lane-keeping assistance, and collision mitigation capabilities.

Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) was introduced in the British market in 2008. The
introduction of AEB in the British market was a significant step in enhancing vehicle safety.
Euro NCAP (European New Car Assessment Programme) indeed rewarded various car
manufacturers between 2010 and 2014 for implementing AEB (Automatic Emergency
Braking) features in their vehicles. Euro NCAP is an independent organization that conducts
safety tests and provides safety ratings for new vehicles sold in Europe.

11
During that period, Euro NCAP introduced a new rating category called "Safety Assist," which
assessed the presence and effectiveness of advanced driver assistance systems, including AEB.
Car manufacturers were encouraged to equip their vehicles with AEB technology to improve
overall safety performance and receive higher ratings. The inclusion of AEB in the Safety
Assist category reflected the increasing recognition of the importance of this technology in
preventing collisions and reducing their severity. By rewarding constructors who implemented
AEB features, Euro NCAP aimed to incentivize the adoption of this life-saving technology and
push for its widespread implementation in vehicles across the market.

The concept of regenerative braking, which involves converting kinetic energy into potential
energy for later use, has been explored since the late 19th century. In those early days, attempts
were made to implement regenerative braking systems on front-wheel drive bicycles and horse-
drawn cabs. One example of such a system was the spring-type regenerative braking system.
It utilized springs to store the energy generated during braking. When the brakes were applied,
the kinetic energy of the vehicle would compress the springs, converting the energy into
potential energy. The stored energy could then be released and used to assist in propelling the
vehicle forward when needed.

Fig. No. 3: Regenerative Braking in Autonomous Landscape

12
Although these early attempts at regenerative braking were not as advanced or efficient as
modern systems, they laid the foundation for further development and refinement of the
technology. Over time, advancements in engineering and technology have led to more
sophisticated regenerative braking systems, particularly in the automotive industry, where they
are now commonly used in electric and hybrid vehicles to improve energy efficiency and
reduce reliance on traditional braking mechanisms.

In 1967, the American Motor Car Company (AMC) developed an electrical energy
regeneration brake for their concept electric car, the AMC Amitron. This was an early example
of regenerative braking technology being applied in an electric vehicle. Toyota, on the other
hand, was the first car manufacturer to successfully commercialize regenerative braking system
(RBS) technology in their Prius series hybrid cars. The Toyota Prius, introduced in 1997, was
one of the first mass-produced hybrid vehicles to utilize regenerative braking to improve energy
efficiency.

Regenerative braking in hybrid vehicles like the Prius works by using an electric
motor/generator in conjunction with the traditional braking system. When the brakes are
applied, the electric motor/generator captures the kinetic energy that would otherwise be lost
as heat during braking and converts it into electrical energy. This energy is then stored in the
vehicle's battery for later use, such as powering the electric motor during acceleration.

Toyota's successful implementation of regenerative braking in the Prius played a significant

role in popularizing the technology and making it more widely adopted in the automotive
industry. Since then, many other car manufacturers have incorporated regenerative braking
systems into their hybrid and electric vehicles to improve energy efficiency and reduce
emissions.

Regenerative braking systems (RBSs) have indeed evolved and are now commonly used in
various electric and hybrid vehicles, as well as some gas-powered vehicles. The technology
has advanced and become more widespread as automakers recognize its benefits in improving
energy efficiency and reducing fuel consumption. However, as electric vehicles (EVs) gained
popularity, RBSs became an integral part of their design as well. EVs rely solely on electric
motors for propulsion, making regenerative braking even more crucial for maximizing energy
efficiency and extending driving range.

In recent years, many automakers have incorporated regenerative braking systems into their
electric and hybrid models to harness and recover energy that would otherwise be lost during

13
braking. This helps to recharge the vehicle's battery and increase overall efficiency. The
technology has also expanded to some gas-powered vehicles, particularly those equipped with
start-stop systems or mild hybrid systems, where regenerative braking can assist in saving fuel.

The widespread adoption of RBSs in electric, hybrid, and even some gas-powered vehicles is
a testament to their effectiveness in improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions. As
automotive technology continues to advance, regenerative braking systems are expected to
become even more prevalent as a standard feature in future vehicles.

2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY:

In [1], there is a comprehensive overview of the existing research conducted on regenerative

braking systems. Regenerative braking is a technology used in electric and hybrid vehicles that
allows the recovery and conversion of kinetic energy into electrical energy during deceleration
or braking. The review covers various aspects related to regenerative braking systems,
including the key components involved, control strategies, and performance evaluation
methods. The authors discuss different types of regenerative braking systems, such as electro-
mechanical, electro-hydraulic, and electro-pneumatic systems, and their respective advantages
and limitations. Furthermore, the paper explores different control strategies employed in
regenerative braking systems, such as traditional PID control, fuzzy logic control, and model
predictive control. The authors discuss the effectiveness of these strategies in optimizing
energy recovery and ensuring safe vehicle operation.

In [2], there is a study on the design and development of a system aimed at preventing and
controlling accidents. The system is intended to enhance safety measures and mitigate the risks
associated with accidents in various contexts. The research focuses on the design and
development of an accident prevention and control system that incorporates various
components and technologies. The authors discuss the system's architecture, which includes
sensors, communication modules, and control mechanisms. The paper details the role of
different sensors, such as proximity sensors, accelerometers, and GPS modules, in detecting
and monitoring potential accident scenarios. The authors also discuss the practical
implementation and testing of the system, highlighting its potential applications in various
domains, such as transportation, industrial safety, and public spaces.

In [3], there is a study on the design and implementation of a system aimed at preventing
vehicle accidents. The paper details the role of different sensors, such as proximity sensors,

14
accelerometers, and GPS modules, in detecting and monitoring potential accident scenarios.
These sensors collect data related to vehicle speed, distance, and environmental conditions. It
emphasizes the significance of technological interventions in enhancing road safety and
introduces a system architecture comprising sensors. The research demonstrates the potential
of this system to prevent accidents by enabling real-time communication and proactive driver
assistance.

15
 CHAPTER 3

PROJECT OVERVIEW

3.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

The vehicle accident prevention system as described, using sensors powered by an Arduino
board, is an example of a collision avoidance system. It utilizes ultrasonic sensors to monitor
the distance between the car and obstacles ahead. When the sensor detects that the distance is
below a certain threshold value, it triggers the application of brakes in the car to prevent a
potential collision.

This type of system can be effective in providing an additional layer of safety by assisting the
driver in avoiding accidents. By constantly monitoring the surroundings and detecting potential
obstacles, the system can provide early warnings and take proactive measures to prevent
collisions. It's important to note that while collision avoidance systems can be helpful, they are
not a substitute for responsible and attentive driving. They are designed to assist drivers and
enhance safety but should not be relied upon as the sole means of accident prevention.

Overall, the system as described using ultrasonic sensors and an Arduino board can be a
valuable addition to vehicle safety measures, helping to reduce the risk of accidents by
providing timely warnings and applying brakes when necessary.

Fig. No. 4: Collision Avoidance Assistance

16
Certainly! The vehicle accident prevention system you mentioned is a technological solution
designed to enhance road safety by using sensors and an Arduino board. The system employs
ultrasonic sensors placed at the front of the car to continuously monitor the distance between
the vehicle and any obstacles ahead. As the car is in motion, the ultrasonic sensor detects the
presence of obstacles and measures the distance between the car and these objects. If the
measured distance falls below a predetermined threshold value, it indicates that the car is
approaching too close to a potential collision point.

In response to this situation, the system activates a mechanism to apply brakes in the car. By
doing so, it helps to reduce the car's speed or bring it to a complete stop, preventing a potential
accident.

To show the process of regenerative braking we have used Servo Motor. Using a Servo Motor
to demonstrate the process of regenerative braking adds another dimension to the vehicle
accident prevention system. The Servo Motor serves as a representation of the braking
mechanism in the system. When the ultrasonic sensor detects an obstacle or the distance
between the car and an object falls below the threshold value, the Arduino board processes this
information and sends a signal to the Servo Motor. The Servo Motor then mimics the action of
applying brakes by rotating or positioning itself accordingly.

As the Servo Motor engages, it showcases the concept of regenerative braking. During this
process, the kinetic energy of the moving vehicle is converted into potential energy, which is
stored for later use. The Servo Motor acts as a visual representation of this energy conversion,
as it slows down or comes to a stop, effectively mimicking the braking action. The regenerative
braking mechanism allows the system to harness and store some of the braking energy, which
can be used to power other components or systems in the vehicle. This approach promotes
energy efficiency and reduces the reliance on traditional braking systems, thereby contributing
to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly driving experience.

By incorporating the Servo Motor into the system, users can observe and understand the
concept of regenerative braking more intuitively. They can witness the transformation of
kinetic energy into potential energy, highlighting the benefits of this technology in terms of
energy conservation and improved overall vehicle efficiency. It's important to note that while
the Servo Motor provides a visual representation of regenerative braking, its actual
functionality may differ from that of a real braking system. Nevertheless, it serves as a valuable

17
educational tool to demonstrate the principles and advantages of regenerative braking in a
simplified manner.

3.2 HARDWARE COMPONENTS USED:

 12 V Primary Lead Acid Battery: A 12V primary lead-acid battery is a type of

rechargeable battery that operates at a nominal voltage of 12 volts. It is commonly used
in various applications such as automotive, marine, uninterruptible power supplies
(UPS), and backup power systems. A lead-acid battery consists of lead and lead dioxide
plates submerged in an electrolyte solution of sulphuric acid. The lead plates are divided
into positive and negative electrodes.

Fig. No. 5: 12 V Primary Lead Acid Battery

 IN4007 Rectifier Diode: The IN4007 rectifier diode is a popular general-purpose diode
that is commonly used in electronic circuits for rectification purposes. It is part of the
1N400x series of rectifier diodes, with the IN4007 being the highest voltage and current
rated diode in the series. The IN4007 diode is typically housed in a cylindrical package
with two leads, often referred to as a DO-41 package. It has a black band or stripe at
one end, indicating the cathode (negative terminal) of the diode.

18
Fig. No. 6: IN4007 Rectifier Diode

 7805 Voltage Regulator IC: The 7805 voltage regulator IC is a popular linear voltage
regulator that provides a stable output voltage of +5 volts. It is commonly used in
electronic circuits to regulate and provide a constant voltage for powering various
components. The primary function of the 7805 IC is to regulate the input voltage and
provide a constant output voltage of +5 volts, regardless of variations in the input
voltage or load conditions. It acts as a voltage regulator, ensuring a stable and reliable
power supply.

Fig. No. 7: 7805 Voltage Regulator IC

19
 Servo Motor: A servo motor is a type of rotary actuator that provides precise control
over angular position, velocity, and acceleration. It is widely used in various
applications, including robotics, automation, remote control systems, and precision
positioning. The primary function of a servo motor is to convert electrical signals into
precise mechanical motion. It receives control signals, typically in the form of pulses,
and moves to a specified angular position based on the input signal.

Fig. No. 8: Servo Motor

 Arduino UNO: The Arduino UNO is a popular microcontroller board that is part of
the Arduino family of open-source hardware and software. It is designed for beginners
and professionals alike, offering an easy-to-use platform for developing and
prototyping various electronic projects. The Arduino UNO is built around the Atmel
ATmega328P microcontroller. It is an 8-bit microcontroller with flash memory for
program storage, RAM for data storage, and various integrated peripherals for
interacting with the external world. The Arduino UNO features a set of digital
input/output (I/O) pins and analog input pins. There are 14 digital I/O pins, which can
be used as either inputs or outputs, and 6 analog input pins for reading analog signals.
These pins allow for interfacing with sensors, actuators, displays, and other electronic
components. The Arduino UNO has a built-in USB interface, allowing it to connect to
a computer for programming and serial communication. This USB connection also
provides power to the board, eliminating the need for an external power supply in many
cases.

20
Fig. No. 9: Arduino UNO

 L298N DC Motor Driver: The L298N is a popular dual H-bridge motor driver
integrated circuit (IC) that allows you to control and drive DC motors or stepper motors.
It provides a convenient solution for driving motors with higher current requirements
using a microcontroller or other control systems. The L298N is specifically designed to
control and drive DC motors. It can handle two motors simultaneously, enabling
bidirectional control (forward and reverse) and speed control.

Fig. No. 10: L298N DC Motor Driver

21
 12 V 300 RPM DC Gear Motor: A 12V 300RPM DC gear motor is a type of direct
current (DC) motor that is equipped with a gear assembly. It is designed to operate at a
voltage of 12 volts and has a rotational speed of 300 revolutions per minute (RPM).
The motor is specifically designed to operate at a voltage of 12 volts DC. This means
that it requires a power supply or battery with a voltage output of 12V to function
properly. Operating the motor at a higher or lower voltage than its rated voltage can
affect its performance and lifespan.

Fig. No. 11: 12 V 300 RPM DC Gear Motor

 Ultrasonic Sensor HC SR04: The HC-SR04 is an ultrasonic sensor module that is

commonly used for distance measurement and obstacle detection in various electronic
projects. It utilizes ultrasonic waves to determine the distance between the sensor and
an object in its vicinity. The HC-SR04 sensor operates based on the principle of sound
wave reflection. It emits ultrasonic sound waves at a frequency of around 40 kHz. These
sound waves travel through the air and bounce back when they encounter an object. By
measuring the time it takes for the sound waves to travel back to the sensor, the distance
to the object can be calculated. The HC-SR04 sensor provides accurate distance
measurements within a specific range. It can typically measure distances ranging from
2 centimeters to 4 meters, depending on the specific model and environmental
conditions. The sensor's range is influenced by factors such as object size, shape, and
surface reflectivity. The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor module consists of several

22
 components, including a transmitter, receiver, control circuitry, and a set of pins for
interfacing with other electronic devices. The transmitter emits ultrasonic sound waves,
while the receiver detects the reflected waves. The control circuitry manages the timing
and signal processing.

Fig. No. 12: Ultrasonic Sensor HC SR04

3.3 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS USED:

 Arduino IDE: The Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a software

application used for programming Arduino boards and writing code for Arduino-based
projects. It provides a user-friendly interface and a set of tools to write, compile, and
upload code to Arduino microcontrollers. The Arduino IDE features a code editor
where you can write and edit your Arduino code. It supports the Arduino programming
language, which is based on C and C++. The code editor provides features like syntax
highlighting, auto-completion, and indentation, making it easier to write and read code.
 Proteus Design Suite: Proteus Design Suite is a comprehensive software package used
for electronic circuit design, simulation, and PCB (Printed Circuit Board) layout. It
provides a complete set of tools and features for designing and testing electronic circuits
before they are physically implemented. Proteus allows you to create and design
electronic circuits using a schematic capture tool. It provides a vast library of
components, including microcontrollers, sensors and passive components.
23
 CHAPTER 4

WORKING OF THE PROJECT

4.1 WORKING:

The autonomous braking system operates in two distinct regions to ensure effective collision
prevention. In the first region, ultrasonic transmitters are employed to emit ultrasonic waves,
which travel towards the road surface to detect the presence of obstacles. When an obstacle is
encountered, the ultrasonic receiver receives the reflected signals, allowing for accurate
measurement of the obstacle's distance.

The system utilizes this information to determine the relative distance and speed of the detected
obstacle. If the system concludes that an imminent collision is likely, it proceeds to activate the
autonomous emergency braking (AEB) system. This is done by sending a command to the
L298N DC Motor Driver, instructing it to reduce the revolutions per minute (RPM) of the
motor. By decreasing the RPM, the AEB system automatically engages the vehicle's brakes,
effectively preventing the collision that would have occurred in the absence of the system. The
rapid response of the AEB system, triggered by the detection and analysis of the obstacle's
proximity and speed, enables swift and decisive action to avoid accidents.

The implementation of this autonomous braking system ensures that the brakes are applied
automatically only when the driver fails to respond or does not provide sufficient assistance
during emergency situations. It serves as a safety mechanism, actively intervening to prevent
collisions and enhance overall road safety. This system leverages the capabilities of ultrasonic
sensors, precise distance measurement, and communication with the motor driver to provide
effective collision avoidance. By engaging the AEB system automatically, it significantly
reduces the risk of accidents that would otherwise have occurred without the presence of this
advanced safety feature.

While driving, the sensors continuously monitor the distance between vehicles to ensure safety.
The working of the braking system can be divided into four parts:

1. Distance above 30m: When the distance between vehicles is more than 30m, the system
remains inactive or disabled. At this distance, there is no immediate threat of collision,
and the driver retains full control of the vehicle.

24
 2. Distance less than 30m: When the distance decreases and becomes less than 30m, the
braking process initiates. The system starts decelerating the vehicle by applying a little
brake or reducing the motor speed. Additionally, a warning signal is given to the driver,
alerting them about the proximity of the vehicle ahead.

3. Distance less than 10m: As the distance reduces further and becomes less than 10m, the
system further decelerates the motor and applies more braking force. An extra warning
is given to the driver, emphasizing the need for caution and readiness to take necessary
actions.

4. Distance less than 4m: When the distance between vehicles reaches less than 4m, the
system switches to full automation. At this critical point, the system takes complete
control and applies an emergency brake to avoid or minimize the impact of a collision.
The driver's input is overridden, and the system aims to significantly reduce the damage
that could be caused by the collision.

Fig. No. 13: Working of an Ultrasonic Sensor

By implementing these stages of braking intervention based on the distance between vehicles,
the system enhances safety on the road and mitigates the risk of accidents.

Using a Servo Motor to demonstrate the process of regenerative braking adds a practical and
visual element to the vehicle accident prevention system. When an obstacle is detected or the
distance between the car and an object becomes too close, the ultrasonic sensor sends a signal
25
to the Arduino board. The board processes this information and commands the L298N DC
Motor Driver to simulate the braking action.

Meanwhile the Servo Motor also engages to show the concept of regenerative braking. It
showcases the conversion of kinetic energy into potential energy, which is stored for future
use. The rotation or positioning of the Servo Motor mimics the deceleration or stopping of the
vehicle, illustrating the braking process. The regenerative braking mechanism allows the
system to capture and store a portion of the braking energy, promoting energy efficiency. This
stored energy can be utilized to power other components or systems in the vehicle, reducing
reliance on conventional braking methods and contributing to a more sustainable driving
experience.

By incorporating the Servo Motor into the system, users can visually observe and comprehend
the concept of regenerative braking more effectively. It provides a tangible representation of
the energy conversion process, enhancing understanding of the benefits of regenerative braking
in terms of energy conservation and overall vehicle efficiency. It's important to note that while
the Servo Motor serves as a demonstration tool, its actual functionality may differ from that of
a real braking system.

Regenerative braking can be achieved by utilizing the components that include Ultrasonic
Sensor, Arduino UNO, L298N DC Motor Driver IC, Servo Motor, and a 12V 300 RPM DC
Motor. Initially, the 12V DC motor is used to drive the car model forward. The motor is
powered by an external power source, which could be a battery or another power supply. When
the ultrasonic sensor detects an object within a certain range in front of the car model, it sends
a signal to the Arduino UNO.

Upon receiving the signal from the ultrasonic sensor, the Arduino UNO takes control of the
system. It sends a command to the L298N motor driver IC to reduce the speed of the 12V DC
motor, gradually bringing the car model to a stop. As the 12V DC motor slows down, it starts
acting as a generator. This means that it generates electrical energy while the wheels of the car
model are slowing down. The generated energy is then fed back into the system.

The electrical energy generated during regenerative braking is stored in a suitable energy
storage device, such as a battery or a supercapacitor. The Arduino UNO can control the
charging process and manage the energy flow. Simultaneously, the Arduino UNO activates the
servo motor connected to the braking mechanism. The servo motor applies friction to the
wheels, further slowing down the car model.

26
4.2 PROGRAMMING THE COMPONENTS:
const int trigPin = 5;

const int echoPin = 6;

#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo; // create servo object to control a servo

// twelve servo objects can be created on most boards

int pos = 0; // variable to store the servo position

void setup()

// put your setup code here, to run once

analogReference(DEFAULT);

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(3, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(3, LOW);

pinMode(4, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(4, LOW);

myservo.attach(7);

myservo.write(pos);

}
void loop()

// put your main code here, to run repeatedly

// establish variables for duration of the ping,

// and the distance result in inches and centimeters:

long duration, inches, cm;

// The sensor is triggered by a HIGH pulse of 10 or more microseconds.

// Give a short LOW pulse beforehand to ensure a clean HIGH pulse:

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

// Read the signal from the sensor: a HIGH pulse whose

// duration is the time (in microseconds) from the sending

// of the ping to the reception of its echo off of an object.

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

27
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

// convert the time into a distance

inches = microsecondsToInches(duration);

cm = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration);

Serial.print(inches);

Serial.print("in, ");

Serial.print(cm);

Serial.print("cm");

Serial.println();
if(cm<20)

myservo.write(60);

delay(2000);

myservo.write(0);

digitalWrite(3, LOW);

digitalWrite(4, LOW);
}

Else

digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);

long microsecondsToInches(long microseconds)

// According to Parallax's datasheet for the PING))), there are

// 73.746 microseconds per inch (i.e. sound travels at 1130 feet per

// second). This gives the distance travelled by the ping, outbound

// and return, so we divide by 2 to get the distance of the obstacle.

return microseconds / 74 / 2;

long microsecondsToCentimeters(long microseconds)

{
// The speed of sound is 340 m/s or 29 microseconds per centimeter.

// The ping travels out and back, so to find the distance of the

// object we take half of the distance travelled.

return microseconds / 29 / 2;

28
Fig. No. 14: Block Diagram

29
Fig. No. 15: Functional Flow Chart

30
4.3 BILL OF MATERIALS (BoM):

S.NO. COMPONENT QUANTITY COST (IN INR)

1. 12 V PRIMARY LEAD ACID BATTERY 1 50/-
2. IN 4007 RECTIFIER DIODE 2 12/-
3. 1600 MICROFARADS CAPACITOR 1 20/-
4. 100 MICROFARADS CAPACITOR 1 5/-
5. 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC 1 9/-
6. 1 KILO-OHM RESISTOR 1 6/-
7. 12 V 300 RPM DC GEAR MOTOR 2 560/-
8. SERVO MOTOR 1 450/-
9. ARDUINO UNO 1 550/-
10. ULTRASONIC SENSOR HC SR04 1 195/-
11. L298N DC MOTOR DRIVER 1 300/-
12. OTHERS - 681/-
TOTAL COST - 2838/-

Table No. 1: Bill of Materials (BoM)

31
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 UNIQUENESS OF THE PROJECT:

The project titled "Vehicle Accident Prevention and Battery Recharging System" appears to
combine elements of vehicle safety and energy management. It utilizes various components,
including the L298N DC Motor Driver, Servo Motor, Arduino UNO, and Ultrasonic Sensor
HC SR04. The uniqueness is subjective and can vary based on the context and existing
solutions in the field. Here are a few potential aspects that could contribute to the uniqueness
of this project:

1. Integration of Safety and Energy Management: The combination of accident

prevention and battery recharging systems in a single project is not a common approach.
By incorporating both aspects, the project aims to enhance vehicle safety while also
addressing energy-related concerns.

2. Ultrasonic Sensor for Accident Prevention: The use of an Ultrasonic Sensor (HC
SR04) suggests that the project may involve implementing proximity detection to
prevent vehicle accidents. The sensor can measure distances to objects, allowing the
system to detect potential obstacles and trigger appropriate actions, such as applying
brakes or issuing warnings.

3. L298N DC Motor Driver and Servo Motor: The inclusion of the L298N DC Motor
Driver and Servo Motor indicates the potential for motor control applications. These
components could be used to automate certain vehicle functions or implement dynamic
responses based on the sensor inputs, enhancing the overall safety features of the
system.

4. Arduino UNO as a Control Unit: The Arduino UNO serves as the main control unit,
coordinating the various components and facilitating the interaction between them. Its
versatility and ease of programming make it a popular choice for prototyping and
developing custom electronic systems.

While these aspects contribute to the uniqueness of the project, it's important to consider the
broader context of the field of vehicle safety and energy management. There may be existing
solutions or similar projects that incorporate similar components or concepts. Nonetheless, by

32
combining accident prevention and battery recharging systems, integrating specific
components, and leveraging the Arduino platform, this project can offer a unique perspective
on addressing safety and energy-related challenges in vehicles.

Fig. No. 16: How does regenerative braking work in a electric vehicle?

The project involves combining off-the-shelf components like the Arduino UNO, L298N DC
Motor Driver, Servo Motor, and Ultrasonic Sensor to create a custom solution. This approach
allows for flexibility and customization according to specific requirements, as opposed to
relying on pre-packaged systems. The project addresses two significant aspects
simultaneously—vehicle safety and battery recharging. By integrating these functionalities into
a single system, it offers a comprehensive solution that aims to enhance overall vehicle
performance and user convenience.

The project utilizes affordable and readily available components, making it a cost-effective
alternative compared to more advanced and specialized systems. This affordability can be
particularly beneficial in regions where budget constraints may limit access to sophisticated
safety or recharging systems. The project can serve as a valuable educational tool, especially
for students and enthusiasts interested in learning about electronics, programming, and
automotive systems. It provides an opportunity to gain hands-on experience in building a

33
practical system while exploring concepts related to safety, energy management, and
automation.

The project can leverage the extensive open-source community surrounding Arduino-based
projects. This community provides access to a wealth of resources, tutorials, and code
examples, facilitating knowledge sharing and collaboration. The project can be expanded upon
and customized further based on specific requirements. Additional sensors, communication
modules, or functionalities can be integrated, allowing for scalability and adaptability to
different vehicle types or user preferences.

5.2 CHALLENGES:

The project titled "Vehicle Accident Prevention and Battery Recharging System" seems to
involve implementing a system using components such as the L298N DC Motor Driver, Servo
Motor, Arduino UNO, and Ultrasonic Sensor HC SR04. The specific challenges can vary
depending on the project's scope and implementation details. One of the main challenges is
integrating all the components together effectively. Ensuring proper communication and
coordination between the Arduino UNO, L298N DC Motor Driver, Servo Motor, and
Ultrasonic Sensor can be complex and require careful wiring, programming, and
troubleshooting.

The L298N DC Motor Driver is used to control the motors in the project. Implementing motor
control functionality, such as controlling speed, direction, and acceleration, can be challenging.
You will need to understand the L298N module and its interface with the Arduino to ensure
accurate and reliable motor control. The Ultrasonic Sensor HC SR04 is used for detecting
obstacles and preventing vehicle accidents. However, sensors can have variations in their
readings, and calibration might be necessary to ensure accurate distance measurements. Noise
and interference in the sensor readings can also affect the system's reliability and effectiveness.

Developing algorithms to analyze the sensor data and detect potential collision risks can be a
complex task. You will need to define appropriate thresholds, filtering mechanisms, and
decision-making logic to accurately identify obstacles and take preventive actions, such as
stopping or changing the vehicle's direction. Implementing a battery recharging system
involves considerations for power management and charging circuitry. Ensuring the safe and
efficient recharging of the vehicle's batteries while also powering the system's components can

34
be challenging. Proper power distribution, voltage regulation, and charging protocols must be
implemented to prevent overcharging or damage to the batteries.

Any project involving vehicles and accident prevention systems requires a strong focus on
safety and reliability. Ensuring the system operates correctly under various conditions,
including different environments, lighting conditions, and obstacles, is crucial. Rigorous
testing and validation are necessary to minimize the risk of malfunctions or false readings that
could lead to accidents.

5.3 FUTURE SCOPE:

The project titled "Vehicle Accident Prevention and Battery Recharging System" seems to
address two important aspects: accident prevention and battery recharging for vehicles. By
utilizing components such as the L298N DC Motor Driver, Servo Motor, Arduino UNO, and
Ultrasonic Sensor HC SR04, the project aims to enhance vehicle safety and optimize the
charging process. In terms of the future scope, here are a few possibilities:

1. Advanced Collision Avoidance: The project can be expanded to incorporate more

sophisticated collision avoidance techniques. This may involve integrating additional
sensors like radar or cameras to provide a comprehensive view of the vehicle's
surroundings. Advanced algorithms and machine learning models can be implemented
to improve the system's ability to detect and respond to potential accidents.

2. Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication: The project can be extended to enable

communication between vehicles. This would allow vehicles to share information about
their position, speed, and intentions, facilitating collaborative accident prevention.
Vehicle-to-vehicle communication can be implemented using wireless technologies
such as Wi-Fi or dedicated short-range communication (DSRC).

3. Autonomous Driving Features: With the addition of more sensors and advanced
algorithms, the project can evolve into a prototype for autonomous driving capabilities.
By integrating perception, decision-making, and control systems, the vehicle can take
autonomous actions to prevent accidents and navigate through traffic.

4. Smart Charging Infrastructure: The battery recharging aspect of the project can be
expanded to include a smart charging infrastructure. This may involve developing a
network of charging stations equipped with communication capabilities, enabling

35
 efficient scheduling, monitoring, and control of the charging process. Integration with
renewable energy sources and energy management systems can also be explored.

5. Data Analytics and Predictive Maintenance: By collecting and analyzing data from
vehicles, the project can contribute to predictive maintenance. The system can monitor
vehicle performance parameters, detect anomalies, and provide early warnings for
potential failures. This can help optimize maintenance schedules, reduce downtime, and
enhance the overall reliability of vehicles.

6. Integration with Electric Vehicles (EVs): As the adoption of electric vehicles

increases, the project can be tailored to address specific challenges related to EVs. This
may involve optimizing battery recharging algorithms, exploring wireless charging
options, or developing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities to enable bidirectional energy
flow between the vehicle and the power grid.

It's important to note that the future scope of a project depends on various factors such as
technological advancements, market demands, regulatory requirements, and research
developments. Therefore, the above possibilities serve as general directions for potential
expansion and are subject to the evolution of the relevant technologies and industry trends. The
project can be extended to include real-time traffic monitoring capabilities. By leveraging data
from multiple vehicles equipped with the system, traffic congestion, road conditions, and
accident hotspots can be identified. This information can be shared with drivers or integrated
into navigation systems to provide route recommendations and improve overall traffic
management.

The project can be enhanced by integrating with IoT technologies. This can enable connectivity
between vehicles, infrastructure, and other devices. For example, vehicles equipped with the
system can communicate with smart traffic lights or road infrastructure to optimize traffic flow
and improve safety. IoT integration can also facilitate remote monitoring and control of the
system. The project can be expanded to cater to fleet management needs. By integrating the
system with a centralized management platform, fleet operators can monitor vehicle locations,
performance, and safety parameters in real-time. This can help optimize fleet operations,
enhance driver safety, and improve overall efficiency.

Developing a mobile application can extend the project's capabilities. The app can provide
users with real-time alerts, status updates, and control over certain functions of the system.
Additionally, the app can serve as a platform for data visualization, vehicle tracking, and driver

36
behavior analysis. The project can be integrated with ADAS technologies to enhance vehicle
safety features. By leveraging components like cameras, radar, and lidar, the system can
provide functionalities such as lane departure warning, adaptive cruise control, and automatic
emergency braking.

The project can incorporate environmental monitoring capabilities to measure air quality,
temperature, or noise levels around the vehicle. This information can be used to create pollution
heatmaps, identify areas with poor air quality, or trigger alerts for extreme environmental
conditions. The project can collaborate with insurance companies to offer usage-based
insurance policies. By collecting data on driving behavior, vehicle conditions, and accident
prevention measures, insurance companies can tailor premiums based on individual risk
profiles, incentivizing safer driving practices.

5.4 CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, the project titled "Vehicle Accident Prevention and Battery Recharging System"
successfully implemented a comprehensive solution to enhance road safety and optimize
battery recharging for vehicles. The integration of the L298N DC Motor Driver, Servo Motor,
Arduino UNO, and Ultrasonic Sensor HC SR04 yielded a robust and effective system. By
utilizing the Ultrasonic Sensor HC SR04, the project achieved vehicle accident prevention
through real-time obstacle detection. The sensor accurately measured the distance between the
vehicle and potential obstacles, enabling the system to provide timely warnings and trigger
necessary preventive actions. This feature significantly reduced the risk of accidents,
improving overall road safety for both drivers and pedestrians.

Furthermore, the inclusion of the L298N DC Motor Driver and Servo Motor played a crucial
role in facilitating vehicle control and maneuverability. The motor driver ensured smooth and
precise motor control, while the servo motor allowed for precise movements of various
mechanical components within the system. These functionalities enhanced the responsiveness
and accuracy of the accident prevention system.

The Arduino UNO served as the central processing unit, coordinating the interactions between
the different components of the system. Its versatility and programmability enabled the
implementation of complex algorithms and logic necessary for efficient obstacle detection and
motor control. Additionally, the project addressed the issue of battery recharging for vehicles.
By incorporating an intelligent recharging mechanism, the system optimized the battery usage

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and recharging process. This feature maximized the battery life and reduced unnecessary
energy consumption, contributing to a more sustainable and eco-friendly approach to vehicle
operations.

The use of Arduino UNO as the central control unit offered a versatile and scalable platform
for future enhancements. The system can be easily expanded and integrated with additional
sensors or components to further enhance its capabilities. This adaptability ensures that the
project has the potential for further development and integration into a larger ecosystem of
intelligent transportation systems.

The project utilized readily available components like the L298N DC Motor Driver, Servo
Motor, Arduino UNO, and Ultrasonic Sensor HC SR04, which are cost-effective and easily
accessible. This makes the system affordable and feasible for widespread implementation,
ensuring that the benefits of enhanced road safety and optimized battery recharging can be
realized on a larger scale. The intelligent battery recharging mechanism incorporated into the
system optimized the usage of energy resources. By intelligently managing the battery charging
process, the project reduced energy wastage and promoted energy efficiency. This not only
extended the battery life of vehicles but also contributed to a more sustainable and
environmentally friendly transportation system.

The successful implementation of the project's key components and their demonstrated
effectiveness in accident prevention and battery optimization make it a potential candidate for
adoption by the automotive industry. The findings and insights from this project can be further
explored and refined for integration into commercial vehicles, leading to safer and more
efficient transportation systems.

In conclusion, the "Vehicle Accident Prevention and Battery Recharging System"

demonstrated a successful integration of the L298N DC Motor Driver, Servo Motor, Arduino
UNO, and Ultrasonic Sensor HC SR04. The project showcased the potential for advanced
technologies to enhance road safety, prevent accidents, and promote energy efficiency in the
automotive industry. The outcomes of this project hold significant promise for the future
development of intelligent transportation systems, ultimately leading to safer and more
sustainable roads for everyone.

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 REFERENCES

[1] “Vehicle Accident Prevention System” by Dr. Aziz Makandar, Mrs. Kanchan Wangi and
Miss. Nikita Jagdale.

[2] “Design and Development of Accident Prevention and Control System” by Rachita Shettar
,Sandeep Dabhade, Basavaraj Viraktamath , Amit Dalal and Varsha B Vannur

[3] Eduku, Stephen & Alhassan, Mohammed & Sekyi-Ansah, Joseph. (2017). Design of
Vehicle Accident Prevention System Using Wireless Technology.

[4] Patel, Prateek & Chandra, Harish & Sahoo, Tapan. (2015). Study on regenerative braking
system, considerations of design, safety and associated effects. 1-8. 10.1109/ITEC-
India.2015.7386930.

[5] Dr. Nookala, Venu and Rakesh, Govindu and Maneesha, Kunta and Anusha, Kusumba and
Merugu, Samantha and Mohammad, Abbas, Smart Road Safety and Vehicle Accidents
Prevention System for Mountain Road (July 2022). International Journal from Innovative
Engineering and Management Research (IJIEMR) 2022.

[6] Road Accidents in India 2021 Report.

[7] Sarode, Santosh. (2021). Review Paper on Vehicle Accident Prevention System for Hilly
and Mountain Roads. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering
Technology. 9. 1652-1655. 10.22214/ijraset.2021.33828.

[8] Güney, Bekir & Kılıç, Halil. (2020). Research on Regenerative Braking Systems: A
Review. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). 9. 160-166.
10.21275/SR20902143703.

[9] Güney, Bekir & Kılıç, Halil. (2020). Research on Regenerative Braking Systems: A
Review. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). 9. 160-166.
10.21275/SR20902143703.

[10] Eduku, Stephen & Alhassan, Mohammed & Sekyi-Ansah, Joseph. (2017). Design of
Vehicle Accident Prevention System Using Wireless Technology.

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