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Biomass Energy: Types and Efficiency

Biomass refers to organic materials of plant or animal origin that can be used as an energy source through combustion. It is considered a renewable source of energy because plants absorb CO2 during photosynthesis. Biomass can be classified into different categories such as agricultural residues, forest residues, livestock waste, and energy crops.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
67 views17 pages

Biomass Energy: Types and Efficiency

Biomass refers to organic materials of plant or animal origin that can be used as an energy source through combustion. It is considered a renewable source of energy because plants absorb CO2 during photosynthesis. Biomass can be classified into different categories such as agricultural residues, forest residues, livestock waste, and energy crops.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biomass

Tecnologías del Medio Ambiente y Sostenibilidad II


Grado en Ingeniería Mecánica
2

Thermal biomass

Biomass is all raw material of organic character, of vegetable or animal origin, capable
of being used energetically through combustion.
It is considered renewable energy for the following reason: plants are known to fix
some of the CO2 in the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis. When we
use waste from these plants to generate energy, CO2 is released in combustion, but
since the plant already consumed CO2 initially, the overall balance of CO2 emissions
can be considered neutral.
Biomass can be classified into:
Agricultural residues
- Forest residues
- Livestock waste
- Municipal waste
- Industrial waste and by-products
- Energy crops (sugar cane, wheat, barley, sunflower, etc.)
3

Thermal biomass
Natural biomass

Natural biomass consists mainly of firewood from trees that grow spontaneously
(without being cultivated), which has traditionally been used by man for heating and
cooking. However, this type of biomass should not be used without control since its
ecosystems, which are of incalculable value, could be destroyed. We should use the
residues of the dead parts, remains of pruning and clearings, etc., since, in addition,
this way possible fires are avoided.

Residual biomass
That generated in human activities that use organic matter. It is produced on
agricultural holdings (arable and woody crops), forestry (pruning) or livestock (manure,
pig slurry, chickens); organic waste is also generated in industry (forestry, agricultural,
agri-food and in urban centers, called in the latter case MSW -Urban Solid Waste).
4

Types of biomass: examples


5

Choice of biomass

Parameter Influence on:


Low heating value (LHV) (PCI) Power
Humidity (%wt.) Combustion yield
Granulometry Transport
Density (kg/m3) Storage
Ash content Maintenance
Composition Emissions to the atmosphere
6

Choice of biomass
Calorific value, LHV (PCI in Spanish)

The purity of biomass is directly related to its calorific value (LHV) and properties for
combustion, as well as the degree of ash generation.
The LHV is the total amount of heat released in the complete combustion of 1 kg of
fuel without counting the part corresponding to the latent heat of the water vapor of
combustion.
The purpose of a fuel is to heat. The higher the LHV, the faster and with less fuel we
will reach the desired temperatures.
Higher LHV directly influences on the amount of biomass that needs to be stored in
the silo, reducing its size.

Biomass is a low-cost fuel but at the same time with low calorific value. In general, the
equivalence of 2 kg of pellets per liter of diesel is used.
7

Choice of biomass
Humidity
The humidity in the biomass is directly related to the performance in the combustion and emission of
volume of gases.
When the fuel is burned in the chamber of the boilers the first thing that is released is water vapor. If its
quantity is excessive, the combustion chamber becomes saturated and produces gas at a lower
temperature. Therefore, the lower the humidity, the greater the thermal use of the material.
It is considered a dry material when the percentage of humidity is less than 20%. Biomass above 40-50%
moisture should be rejected or used only for short periods of time to avoid damaging the equipment.
8

Types of biomass
Raw biomass
It mainly refers to agro-industrial waste or energy crops. It is a low-priced fuel that
often comes from industrial waste, such as almond shell, olive stone, etc.
Its calorific value, as well as its degree of humidity, varies greatly according to the
origin of the material and must be taken into account when selecting the boiler, since
not all biomass equipment allows the burning of this type of products.

Undensified biomass
These are wood chips or sawdust from wood processing industries or generated for
this purpose, including traditional wood logs.
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Types of biomass
Densified biomass
These are pellets created from the compaction of wood sawdust and dry shavings.
It has a high calorific value of around 4.9 kWh/kg, but still significantly lower than
traditional fuels (10.7 kWh/m3 for natural gas or 9.98 kWh/litre for diesel).
Its main advantage lies in the low degree of humidity conferred by its compaction,
which allows to make the most of its calorific value and improve the performance of
the boilers that use it.
This type of material is especially suitable for use in domestic installations of
residential buildings.
10

Biomass costs
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Operation of a boiler
1. Burner: The biomass is introduced into the combustion chamber and burned. The
light ashes generated will ascend through the combustion chamber and the heavier
ones are deposited in the lower ashtray by gravity. At the top of the combustion
chamber, high temperatures are reached, and light ash is removed.
2. Exchanger: The gases at high temperature reach the exchanger where they
exchange heat to the air or water that we want to heat.
3. Inertia accumulator: Biomass boilers take longer than other fuels to reach their
operating temperature and to cool. To avoid continuous starts and stops, the inertia
accumulator is used, which stores the energy and distributes it as needed.
12

Legislation

- CTE
- RITE
- Reglamento 2015/1189 de diseño ecológico aplicable a calderas de combustible sólido
- Real Decreto 809/2021, de 21 de septiembre, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento de equipos a
presión y sus instrucciones técnicas complementarias. ITC EP-1 sobre calderas.

OCG = Compuestos orgánicos gaseosos


Para calderas de biomasa de Potencia nominal < 500 kW
13

Biomasa
Ejercicios
Ejercicio 1: Calcular la energía calorífica liberada al quemar 5 kg de madera cuyo poder calorífico es
2800 kcal/kg, si el rendimiento es del 65%.

Ejercicio 2: Una caldera de acero es alimentada con 100 l/h de agua a 18 ºC y la transforma en vapor a
150 ºC Para producir el calor necesario, se utiliza un horno de carbón de hulla, de tal forma que la
transmisión de calor del horno a la caldera tiene un rendimiento del 80%. Calcula el consumo diario de
hulla en kg. Considerar que no hay pérdidas de calor con el exterior y que el vapor de agua se calienta a
presión constante en la caldera. Datos: PC(Hulla)= 7000 kcal/kg, Cp (Agua líquida) = 1 kcal/ kg·ºC Cp
(Vapor de agua a P cte.) = 1,92 kJ/ kg·ºK; LV (Calor latente de vaporización del agua)= 2 45 kJ/kg

Ejercicio 3: Para calentar una vivienda unifamiliar durante un mes de invierno se estima que es
necesario aportar 15000 kcal /d. Teniendo en cuenta que la caldera es de gas ciudad con un
rendimiento del 75% y que el poder calorífico del gas es de 9960 kcal/m3 ¿Cuál será el volumen mensual
de gas consumido (m3) y el coste de éste si su precio es de 0,047 €/kWh.

Ejercicio 4: Una industria dedicada al trabajo con madera de pino produce diariamente, en forma de
desechos, 250 kg de serrín. Para aprovechar esta biomasa residual, se instala un horno generador de
vapor que mueve un alternador para producir energía eléctrica. El fabricante de este sistema de
reciclaje energético garantiza un rendimiento total del 45%. Averiguar el ahorro económico mensual
que supone esta instalación si los gastos de mantenimiento ascienden al 20% de la energía producida, El
kWh se paga a 0,1 euros y se trabajan 25 días al mes. Datos: Pc Serrin 4320 kcal /kg
14

Biomasa
Ejercicios
Ejercicio 5: Calcular la cantidad de petróleo que es necesario quemar para calentar 1000 litros de agua
desde 25 ºC hasta 85 ºC, sabiendo que el 40 del calor producido en la combustión del petróleo se
pierde. Datos: Cp agua 4181 J/kgºC; Pc Petróleo: 40000 kJ/kg

Ejercicio 6: Calcular la cantidad de carbón que es necesario quemar para calentar 500 litros de agua
desde 20 ºC hasta 80 ºC, sabiendo que sólo se aprovecha el 45 del calor producido en la combustión del
Carbón. Datos: Cp agua: 4181 J/ kgºC; Pc carbón: 30000 kJ/kg.

Ejercicio 7: Calcule el consumo de biomasa (poder calorífico 2250 kcal/kg y humedad 25%) de una
instalación con un 80% de rendimiento y una potencia de 120 kW (1 kW 860 kcal/h).
a. ¿Cuánto consumiría la instalación con un η= 90%?
b. ¿ Y si la humedad fuese del 10%?

Ejercicio 8: El coste de la caldera de 120 kW con un η= 80% cuesta 15000 € y la que posee un η= 90%
cuesta 17500€. El coste de la biomasa al 25% de humedad a pie de instalación es de 62 €/t y al 10% de
humedad 78 €/t. El régimen histórico de funcionamiento de esta instalación es de 660 horas anuales
¿Qué opción elegiría en su instalación?
15

Biomasa
Ejercicios
Ejercicio 9: Dados los siguientes datos correspondientes a una caldera de biomasa para usos finales
térmicos correspondiente a una vivienda unifamiliar, se pide:

a. Calcular la energía útil demandada por la vivienda en kWh /año


b. La energía necesaria aportada por el combustible
c. El consumo anual y diario de combustible
d. Calcular la energía del combustible y el consumo anual si se utilizara gasóleo de calefacción en lugar
de biomasa (PCI gasóleo C: 9,643 kWh/kg)
e. Si el coste de la biomasa fuese de 0,048 €/kg y el del gasóleo 0,6 €/kg ¿cuánto se ahorraría con el
sistema de biomasa?

Datos:
Potencia útil de la caldera: 25 kW
Rendimiento: 85%
PCI biomasa: 4003 kcal /kg en base seca
Días de funcionamiento anuales: 150
Horas diarias de funcionamiento: 8
16

Biomasa
Ejercicios
Ejercicio 10: Se pretende instalar una caldera en una vivienda aislada rural con una superficie útil de
200 m2 y una capacidad máxima de ocupación de 6 personas. Dicha caldera debe cubrir las necesidades
de calefacción y de agua caliente sanitaria y para ello consideraremos el ratio de 100 W/m2 para
calefacción y 28 L/persona y día de ACS y un salto térmico de 35 ºC y tiempo de confort de 30 minutos.

a. Calcular la potencia de la caldera a instalar


b. Suponemos que la caldera funciona 300 días al año con una media de 8 h/d y un coeficiente de
intermitencia del 85% para calefacción, calcular la demanda total y el consumo energético de la caldera
sabiendo que el rendimiento es del 90%.
c) Calcular el consumo de biomasa (con un poder calorífico de 2000 kcal/kg y humedad del 18%) (1 kWh
= 860 kcal)
d) Si la humedad fuese del 25%, ¿cuál sería el consumo de biomasa?

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