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Algorithms and Flowcharts

The document discusses algorithms and flowcharts, explaining that algorithms are step-by-step solutions to problems while flowcharts provide a graphical representation of algorithms. It provides examples of pseudocode algorithms and corresponding flowcharts for problems like calculating a student's grade and converting between units of length. The document also outlines common symbols used in flowcharts to represent tasks, selection, repetition, input/output and flow of logic.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
100 views28 pages

Algorithms and Flowcharts

The document discusses algorithms and flowcharts, explaining that algorithms are step-by-step solutions to problems while flowcharts provide a graphical representation of algorithms. It provides examples of pseudocode algorithms and corresponding flowcharts for problems like calculating a student's grade and converting between units of length. The document also outlines common symbols used in flowcharts to represent tasks, selection, repetition, input/output and flow of logic.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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ALGORITHMS AND

FLOWCHARTS
ALGORITHMS AND FLOWCHARTS
A typical programming task can be divided into
two phases:
Problem solving phase
produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe
solution of problem
this sequence of steps is called analgorithm
Implementation phase
implement the program in some programming language
STEPS IN PROBLEM
SOLVING
First produce a general algorithm (one can
usepseudocode )
Refine the algorithm successively to get
step by step detailedalgorithm that is very
close to a computer language.
Pseudocode is an artificial and informal
language that helps programmers develop
algorithms. Pseudocode is very similar to
everyday English.
PSEUDOCODE &
ALGORITHM
Example 1: Write an algorithm to determine a student’s final

grade and indicate whether it is passing or failing. The final

grade is calculated as the average of four marks.


PSEUDOCODE &
ALGORITHM
Pseudocode:
1.Input a set of 4 marks
2.Calculate their average by summing and
dividing by 4
3.if average is below 50
Print “FAIL”
else
Print “PASS”
PSEUDOCODE &
ALGORITHM
Detailed Algorithm
Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 2: GRADE  (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
Step 3: if (GRADE < 50) then
Print “FAIL”
else
Print “PASS”
endif
THE FLOWCHART
(Dictionary) A schematic representation of a
sequence of operations, as in a manufacturing
process or computer program.
(Technical) A graphical representation of the
sequence of operations in an information system or
program.
• Information system flowcharts show how data flows from
source documents through the computer to final distribution
to users.
• Program flowcharts show the sequence of instructions in a
single program or subroutine. Different symbols are used to
draw each type of flowchart.
THE FLOWCHART

A Flowchart

shows logic of an algorithm

emphasizes individual steps and their interconnections

e.g. control flow from one action to the next


FLOWCHARTS
Flowcharts is a graph used to depict or show a step by step
solution using symbols which represent a task.

The symbols used consist of geometrical shapes that are


connected by flow lines.

It is an alternative to pseudocoding; whereas a pseudocode


description is verbal, a flowchart is graphical in nature.

9
FLOWCHART SYMBOLS
Basic
FLOWCHART SYMBOLS
Terminal symbol - indicates the beginning and
end points of an algorithm.

Process symbol - shows an instruction other than


input, output or selection.

Input-output symbol - shows an input or an output


operation.

Disk storage I/O symbol - indicates input from or output to


disk storage.

Printer output symbol - shows hardcopy printer


output.

11
FLOWCHART SYMBOLS
CONT… Selection symbol - shows a selection process
for two-way selection.

Off-page connector - provides continuation of a logical


path on another page.

On-page connector - provides continuation


of logical path at another point in the same
page.

Flow lines - indicate the logical sequence of


execution steps in the algorithm.

12
FLOWCHART – SEQUENCE CONTROL
STRUCTURE

Statement 1

Statement 2

Statement 3

13
FLOWCHART – SELECTION CONTROL
STRUCTURE

No Yes
Condition

else- then-
statement(s) statement(s)

14
FLOWCHART – REPETITION CONTROL
STRUCTURE

yes Loop
Condition
Statement(s)

no

15
EXAMPLE
START
Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 2: GRADE  (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
Input
M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 3: if (GRADE <50) then
Print “FAIL”
else
GRADE(M1+M2+M3+M4)/4 Print “PASS”
endif
N IS Y
GRADE<50

PRINT PRINT
“PASS” “FAIL”

STOP
EXAMPLE 2
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to convert the length
in feet to centimeter.
Pseudocode:
Input the length in feet (Lft)
Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by multiplying LFT with 30
Print length in cm (LCM)
EXAMPLE 2
Flowchart

Algorithm START

Step 1: Input Lft


Input
Step 2: Lcm  Lft x 30 Lft

Step 3: Print Lcm


Lcm  Lft x 30

Print
Lcm

STOP
EXAMPLE 3

Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart


that will read the two sides of a rectangle
and calculate its area.
Pseudocode
Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a
rectangle
Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L with
W
Print A
EXAMPLE 3
Algorithm
START
Step 1: Input W,L
Step 2: A  L x W Input
W, L
Step 3: Print A

ALxW

Print
A

STOP
FLOWCHART – EXAMPLE 1
Begin

Read birth date

Calculate
Age = current year – birth date

Display
age

End

21
FLOWCHART – EXAMPLE 2
Begin

Read age

YES Age > 55? NO

print “Pencen” print “Kerja lagi”

End

22
FLOWCHART – EXAMPLE 5
Begin

sum = 0
current_number = 1

NO
current_number <= 10? print sum

YES
End
sum = sum + current_number
current_number = current_number + 1

23
EXERCISES: ALGORITHM & FLOWCHART

1. 1.) Create an algorithm and a flowchart that will accept/read two

numbers and then display the bigger number.


EXERCISES: ALGORITHM &
FLOWCHART
2.) Create an algorithm and a flowchart that will compute the area of a
circle.
EXERCISES: ALGORITHM &
FLOWCHART
3.) Create an algorithm and a flowchart that will compute the sum of

two numbers. If the sum is below or equal to twenty, two numbers will

be entered again. If the sum is above 20, it will display the sum.
LAB ACTIVITY: ALGORITHM &
FLOWCHART
4) Create an algorithm and a flowchart that will output the largest

number among the three numbers.


Assignment 1

1. Create an algorithm and a flowchart that will output for g.c.d.

2. Create an algorithm and a flowchart that will output the factorial of a

given number.

3. Create an algorithm and a flowchart that will output the Fibonacci

series up to a given number.

4. Create an algorithm and a flowchart that will output all the prime

numbers between 2 numbers.

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