Revision no.

: PPT/2K403/02

Basic Script Elements(Input, Output)

 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Basic Script Elements (Input,Output)

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• Program Flow Charts.

• General Considerations.

• Producing Output From a Script.

• Reading User Input.

• Simple Operations with Variables.

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Program Flow Charts

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– Program through a flow chart provides following benefits :

– They force the author to lay down steps the script should
perform to achieve the desired goal.
– They provide a clear symbolic outline of the algorithm, which can
be used as guide during programming process
– These are typical symbols used to create flow charts

operation

subroutine module

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Program Flow Charts (contd.)

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Input output

working

Boundary(start,stop)

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

General Considerations
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– A shell script is basically an ASCII file containing commands that

should be executed in sequence.

– It can also run the script from another shell, with

command like sh script.sh .

– The directory where script is located must be actually in the

users’s search path for executable.

– When giving a file name generally append the “.sh” suffix to

it,this ensures that the file can be easily recognized as shell
scripts.

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Producing Output from the Script

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– Script contains three elements, the program start , the action, and
the program stop.
– General rules for creating a Script.
– Start
• The first line of any script should be the shebang (e.g # ! /bin/bash).
• This line specifies the shell program to call to execute the script.
– Commands
• Shell scripts in general rely on the echo command as the most
common solution to produce output.
– Stop
• At last it defines the script exit status with exit value , which informs
parents how the script was terminated.

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Reading User Input

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– One way to write script which accept user input is to use

command read.
– The user input is stored in a variable, which is then supplied to
read as an argument:
• read VARIABLE

start

output Please enter …

input read VARIABLE

output echo $VARIABLE

A Simple Script stop
Reading User Input
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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Simple Operations with Variables

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• Basic String Operations

start

output echo enter first name

read First name

input

echo enter Last name

output

read Last name

input

Name name=“$FIRSTNAME $LASTNAME”

output echo name is $name

stop
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A script performing Simple string Operation

 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Arithmetic Operations
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– The Bourne shell is limited in arithmetic operations ,but can

perform such operations relying on external command(such as
expr)
– The Bash shell comes with a built in support for arithmetic
operations,but some limitations are there :
• Only operations with Whole numbers can be performed.
• All numbers are 32-bit values with no overflow check.
– Followings shows all possible methods and formats of arithmetic
operations.
– Example: A=B+10

– Using the external command expr(Bourne shell compatible)

• A=‘expr $B + 10’

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Arithmetic Operations (contd.)

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– With the expr command only five operators are available ”+”,”-”,
”*”,”/”, and “%”.
– Using the Bash built –in let :
• let A =“$B + 10”

– Arithmetic expressions inside parentheses or brackets:

• A=$((B + 10))
• A+$[B + 10]

– Using the built-in declare to declare a variable as integer:

• declare –i A
• declare –i B
• A=B+10

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

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