Revision no.

: PPT/2K403/02

Basic Script Elements

(Control Structures)
 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Basic Script Elements (Control Structures)

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• Simple Branching with if.

• Multiple Branches with case.

• Iterations and Loops.

• Exiting from a Loop.

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Simple Branching with if

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– Simple Branch within a Script

• if condition
• then
• commands
• fi
– if statement can be extended with an optional else :
• if condition
• then
• command1
• else
• command2
• fi

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Simple Branching with if (contd.)

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– Branch created with if,represented in program flow chart :

start

no
command

yes

command1 command2

stop

– A branch of this type must begin with if and end with fi.
– The exit status of first command decides whether the command
introduced by then will executed. (exit status is Zero or not)
– If the status is not zero, shell goes to the end of the branch or, if
present to else

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Short Forms of if
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– Various ways of executing several commands in sequence,this

includes the separators “&&” and “||”
• command1 && command2
• command || command2
– This separators can also be used as short forms of an if branch
Therefore, the structure
• if test –e file
• then
• .file
• fi
– can be condensed into the following command line:
• test –e file && .file
– Therefore you can replace the complex if –then –fi structure with
command line that uses “&&” or “||” to chain commands.

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Multiple Branches with case

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– Apart from simple branches with if, it is possible to create multiple

branches with case.

– In case statement each variable is compared with expressions ,

for each matched expression a command is executed .

– A case statement as following structure:

• case $ VAR in

• expression1) command 1 ;;

• expression2) command2 ;;

• …

• esac

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Multiple Branches with case (contd.)

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• Flow Chart for Multiple Branching with case:

start

Variable?

Value 1 Value 2 Value 3

command1 command2 command3

stop

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Iterations and Loops

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• Looping with while and until

– The purpose of a loop is to test a condition and execute given
command “while” the condition is true (while loop) or “until” the
condition becomes true(until loop) .

while condition until condition

do do
commands commands
done done

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Iterations and Loops (contd.)

• Structure of a while or until loop

start

operation

terminating
condition B

– These loops actually rely on the exit status of terminating

conditions: while loop is operative as long as condition's exit
status is zero(path B in flow char)
– until loop is terminated if status is zer0(path A in flow chart)while
loop terminates when status is non-zero.
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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Iterations and Loops (contd.)

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• Processing a List with for

– The purpose of for loop is to process a list of elements,syntax is ;
• for variable in element1 elment2 elment3
• do
• commands
• done
– A for loop executes commands once for every element of the list
and value of the variable matches one list element with each loop
iteration.
– A command separator must immediately precede the “do” and
“done” parts of the for loop.
• for ex:
• for i in 1 2 3 4 5 6; do ping –c1 earth$i; done

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Exiting From a Loop

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• Exiting From the current loop iteration with continue and

break.
– The continue command makes it possible to exit from the current
iteration of a loop (while,until,for, and select)to resume with the
next iteration of the loop.

– continue command allows exiting from the current iteration of a

loop if the condition is true.

– With break command, a loop can terminated altogether according

to given condition.

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 Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

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