CHEMISTRY TABLES

1. SOLUBILITY
Salt or base Solubility in water Exceptions
Salts
Chlorides SOLUBLE AgCl is insoluble; PbCl2 is soluble in hot water but insoluble
in cold water
Sulphates SOLUBLE PbSO4 and BaSO4 are insoluble; CaSO4 is slightly soluble
Nitrates SOLUBLE
Carbonates INSOLUBLE K2CO3, Na2CO3 and (NH4)2CO3 are soluble
Potassium, SOLUBLE
sodium and
ammonium salts
Bases
Oxides INSOLUBLE K2O, Na2O and CaO react with water forming the
corresponding hydroxide
Hydroxides INSOLUBLE KOH, NaOH and NH4OH are soluble; Ca(OH)2 is slightly
soluble

2. COMMON INDICATORS
Indicator Colour in acidic solution Colour in alkaline solution
Litmus Red Blue
Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink
Methyl orange Pink/red Yellow
Screened methyl orange Red Green
Bromothymol blue Yellow Blue

3. REDOX RULES
Element Oxidation Notes
number
Hydrogen +1 Except in hydrides of metals, e.g. -1 in NaH and CaH2
Chlorine -1 Except when present in radicals, e.g. +1 in ClO- ; +3 in ClO2- ; +5 in ClO3-,
Bromine BrO3- and IO3-
Iodine
Oxygen -2 Except in peroxides, e.g. -1 in H2O2 and Na2O2
Sulphur -2 Except when present in radicals or covalent compounds, e.g. +4 in SO32- and
SO2; +6 in HSO4-, SO42- and SO3
Nitrogen -3 Except when present in radicals or covalent compounds, e.g. -3 in NH4+ and
NH3; +2 in NO; +3 in NO2-; +4 in NO2; +5 in NO3-
Carbon Varies e.g. -4 in CH4; +2 in CO; +4 in HCO3-, CO32- and CO2
Transition metals when Vary Oxidation number of metal appears in name of ion, e.g. Cr2O72- is the
present in radicals e.g. dichromate (VI) ion – oxidation number of chromium is +6
MnO4-, Cr2O72-
4. PREPARATION OF SALTS
Preparation Salts Starting Method Examples Starting materials and
prepared materials equation for examples
Ionic Insoluble Two solutions: 1. Mix solutions, PbCl2 Pb(NO3)2(aq) to provide Pb2+
precipitation salts one provides precipitate forms ions; NaCl(aq) to provide Cl-
(double cations, the 2. Filter to separate ions:
decomposition) other anions precipitate Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) → PbCl2(s)
3. Wash precipitate
with distilled
water
4. Dry precipitate

Direct Anhydrous Appropriate 1. Heat the two FeCl3 Fe(s) to provide Fe3+ ions;
combination binary salts metal to elements together; Cl2(g) to provide Cl- ions:
provide in case of 2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2FeCl3(s)
cations. chlorides, pass
Appropriate chlorine gas over
non-metal to the metal
provide
anions.
Titration Potassium, Two solutions: 1. Determine volume Na2SO4 NaOH (aq) to provide Na+ ions;
sodium or one an alkali of acid, from a H2SO4(aq) to provide SO42-
ammonium or carbonate to burette, needed to ions:
salts provide K+, neutralise a fixed 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) →
Na+ or NH4+ volume of alkali or Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) … (1)
ions; one an carbonate solution,
acid to provide measured in a NaHSO4 NaOH(aq) to provide Na+ ions;
anions pipette, by H2SO4(aq) to provide HSO4-
repeated ions:
titrations using an NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) →
indicator until two NaHSO4(aq) + H2O(l) … (2)
volumes of acid
are the same Comparing equations (1) and
2. Add volume of (2), half the volume of alkali or
acid determined twice the volume of acid is
above to find needed to make an acid salt
volume of acid or
carbonate solution
without indicator
3. Evaporate some of
the water
4. Leave to
crystallise
5. Rinse and dry
crystals
4. PREPARATION OF SALTS continued
Preparation Salts Starting Method Examples Starting materials and
prepared materials equation for examples
Metal + acid Soluble Appropriate 1. Add metal to acid, MgCl2 Mg(s) to provide Mg2+ ions;
salts of the metal to warming if HCl(aq) to provide Cl- ions:
reactive provide necessary, until Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) →
metals, cations. effervescence MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
magnesium, Appropriate stops and excess
aluminium, acid to provide metal is present
zinc and anions. 2. Filter to remove
iron excess metal,
collect filtrate
3. Evaporate some
water
4. Leave to crystallise
5. Rinse and dry
crystals
Insoluble base Soluble Appropriate 1. Add base to acid, CuSO4 CuO(s) to provide Cu2+ ions;
+ acid salts, except insoluble base stirring and H2SO4(aq) to provide SO42-
sodium, to provide warming, until ions:
potassium cations. excess base is CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) →
and Appropriate present CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
ammonium acid to provide 2. Filter to remove
salts anions. excess base, collect
filtrate
3. Evaporate some
water
4. Leave to crystallise
5. Rinse and dry
crystals
Insoluble Soluble Appropriate 1. Add carbonate to Ca(NO3)2 CaCO3(s) to provide Ca2+ ions;
carbonate + salts except insoluble acid until HNO3(aq) to provide NO3-
acid sodium, carbonate to effervescence ions:
potassium provide stops and excess CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) →
and cations. carbonate is Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) +
ammonium Appropriate present CO2(g)
salts acid to provide 2. Filter to remove
anions. excess carbonate,
collect filtrate
3. Evaporate some
water
4. Leave to crystallise
5. Rinse and dry
crystals
5. IDENTIFICATION OF GASES
Gas Colour/odour Effect on moist litmus Method of identification
Oxygen, O2 Colourless/odourless Neutral – no effect Relights a glowing splint
Hydrogen, Colourless/odourless Neutral – no effect Lighted splint ‘pops’ if air is also present
H2
Carbon Colourless/odourless Weakly acidic – blue A white precipitate forms in limewater
dioxide, to slightly red Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
white precipitate
CO2
Precipitate redissolves on continued bubbling:
CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) → Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
Ammonia, Colourless/ pungent Alkaline – red to blue Turns moist red litmus blue.
NH3 smell (the only common Forms dense white fumes with hydrogen chloride gas:
alkaline gas) NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s)
white

Hydrogen Colourless, forms Acidic – blue or red Forms dense white fumes with ammonia (as above)
chloride, whitish fumes in
HCl moist air/ sharp, acid
smell
Sulphur Colourless/ choking Acidic – blue to red Turns acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution from
dioxide, smell purple to colourless
SO2 Turns acidified potassium dichromate (VI) solution from
orange to green
Hydrogen Colourless/ bad egg Weakly acidic – blue Forms a black precipitate with lead (II) ethanoate or lead
sulphide, smell to slightly red (II) nitrate solution:
H2S Pb2+(aq) + H2S(g) → PbS(s) + 2H+(aq)
black

Chlorine, Yellow-green/ Acidic – blue to red, Turns moist blue litmus red and then bleaches it –
Cl2 choking smell then bleached dissolves in moisture forming HCl(aq) and the bleaching
agent, HClO(aq)
Bromine, Red-brown/ choking Acidic – blue to red, Red-brown colour and turns moist blue litmus red, then
Br2 smell then bleached bleaches it
Nitrogen Red-brown/ Acidic – blue to red Red-brown colour and turns moist blue litmus red but
dioxide, irritating smell does not bleach it
NO2
Water Colourless/ Neutral – no effect Turns anhydrous cobalt (II) chloride from blue to pink
vapour, odourless Turns anhydrous copper (II) sulphate from white to blue
H2O
6. ACTION OF HEAT ON SALTS
Metal Metal compound
Nitrate Carbonate Hydroxide
K Decompose forming metal nitrite Stable, not decomposed by heat Stable, not decomposed by heat
Na and oxygen, e.g.
heat
2NaNO3(s) → 2NaNO2(s) +
O2(g)
Ca Decompose forming metal Decompose forming metal oxide Decompose forming metal oxide
Mg oxide, nitrogen dioxide and and carbon dioxide, e.g. and water (as steam),
Al oxygen, e.g. heat heat
Zn heat CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) Zn(OH)2 → ZnO(s) + H2O(g)
Fe 2Pb(NO3)2(s) → 2PbO(s) +
Pb 4NO2(g) + O2(g) Ease increases down series Ease increases down series
Cu
Ease increases down series
Ag Decomposes forming metal, Unstable No hydroxide exists
nitrogen dioxide and oxygen:
heat
2AgNO3 → 2Ag + 2NO2(g) +
O2(g)
7. REACTIONS OF METALS WITH ACIDS
Metal Description of reaction Equation
Potassium All these metals react with acid 2K + 2HCl → 2KCl + H2
Calcium Ca + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2
Sodium The ones at the top react violently but 2Na + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2
Magnesium the vigour of the reactions decreases as Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
Aluminium you go down the series. 2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2
Zinc The reaction with lead is very slow. Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Iron Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2
Lead Pb + 2HCl → PbCl2 + H2
Hydrogen Metals below this point have no reaction with hydrochloric acid.

8. REACTIONS OF METALS WITH WATER

Metal Description of reaction Equation
Potassium As soon as a piece of potassium is put 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → H2(g) + 2KOH (aq)
on water, it melts, rushes around on the
surface, getting smaller as it reacts. The
heat of the reaction sets fire to the
hydrogen which is evolved. It burns
with a lilac flame. After a few seconds,
the potassium has gone, and an alkaline
solution of potassium hydroxide is left.

Sodium Sodium reacts in a similar way to 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → H2(g) +

potassium. It melts and rushes around 2NaOH (aq)
on the surface of the water but the
reaction is not hot enough to ignite the
hydrogen. The sodium reacts with the
water, leaving a solution of sodium
hydroxide.

Calcium Although calcium is higher in the Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → H2(g) +

Series than sodium, its reaction with Ca(OH)2(aq)
water is less vigorous, because the
calcium hydroxide formed is not very
soluble. It forms a protective coating
on the calcium which slows the
reaction down. The calcium sinks,
bubbles but does not melt. The solution
goes cloudy because of the insoluble
alkali.

Magnesium Magnesium ribbon hardly reacts with Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) → H2(g) +

cold water at all. One or two bubbles Mg(OH)2(aq)
 may form on the surface, but you
would have to wait several days to
collect a test tube of hydrogen. The
reaction is a little quicker with hot
water, but becomes very vigorous if
steam is used. The magnesium glows Mg(s) + H2O(g) → MgO(s) + H2(g)
very brightly as it reacts with the
steam, and white magnesium oxide is
formed. the hydrogen which is formed
is often ignited by the heat of the
reaction.

Aluminium Aluminium will react with steam, but 2Al(s) + 3H2O(g) → Al 2O3(s) + 3H2(g)
the reaction is much less vigorous than
that with magnesium.

8. REACTIONS OF METALS WITH WATER continued

Metal Description of the reaction Equation
Zinc Zinc reacts with steam, but the reaction Zn(s) + H2O(g) → ZnO(s) + H2(g)
is even less vigorous that that with
aluminium.

Iron Although iron rusts, its reaction with 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
water alone is very slow. It will just
react with steam, but a very high
temperature is needed.

Tin The reaction of these elements with

Lead steam is very, very slow, but they
eventually form a coating of the metal
oxide.
Hydrogen At this point, hydrogen is put into the series as a reference. Metals below
hydrogen do not react with water or steam at all.

9. REACTIONS OF METALS WITH OXYGEN

Metal Description of reaction and equation
Potassium Potassium is a soft metal, kept under oil to try to protect it from air and moisture;
when heated, it melts very easily and buns with a lilac flame to leave a white
powder.
K(s) + O2(g) → KO2(s)
Sodium This is very similar in appearance to potassium. When heated it melts at a slightly
higher temperature, and burns vigorously with a yellow flame to leave a pale
yellow solid.
2Na(s) + O2(g) → Na2O2(s) (sodium peroxide)
Calcium This metal comes in small granules. It does corrode, but is not kept under oil.
When heated it does not melt, but burns with a brick red flame to leave a white
solid.
2Ca(s) + O2 → 2CaO(s) (calcium oxide)
Magnesium This silver metal comes in ribbon form and corrodes slightly in air. When heated
it melts just before it burns. It does so with a blinding white flame, to leave a
white salt.
2Mg(s) + O2 → 2MgO(s) (magnesium oxide)
Aluminium When silver aluminium powder is heated in oxygen it glows with a white flame
that is less bright than that of magnesium, to leave a white powder.
4Al(s) + 3O2 → 2Al2O3(s) (aluminium oxide)
Zinc Grey zinc powder burns slowly with a dull red flame to produce wispy
yellow/green flakes which are white when they cool.
 2Zn(s) + O2 → 2ZnO(s) (zinc oxide)
Iron Grey iron filings sparkle when sprinkled into a flame. A pile of them will only
just glow to leave a black solid. Steel wool burns with a bright sparkle leaving
solid black lumps.
3Fe(s) + 2O2 → Fe3O4(s) (iron (II) iron (III) oxide)
Copper Pink copper turns orange as it corrodes in the air. When heated it immediately
becomes coated with black powder.
2Cu(s) + O2 → 2CuO(s) (copper oxide)
Mercury Silvery coloured liquid. Mercury becomes covered with red oxide; this coating
disappears if it is heated more strongly.
2Hg(l) + O2 → 2HgO(s) (mercury (II) oxide)
Silver Does not oxidise.
Gold Does not oxidise.

10. REACTIONS OF NON-METALS WITH OXYGEN

Non-metal Description of reaction Equation
Carbon This black solid burns slowly with a C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
yellow-white flame to form a colourless gas. Carbon dioxide
Phosphorus This yellow solid, kept under water because it P4(s) + 5O2(g) → P4O10(s)
catches fire in air at room temperature, burns Phosphorus (V)
very brightly to produce clouds of white smoke oxide
which settle out as a white solid.
Sulphur This yellow solid melts and catches fire, burning S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
with a blue flame. Produces misty gas with Sulphur dioxide
chocking smell.

11. CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Hydrocarbons Reactions
Alkanes (CnH2n + 2) 1. Combustion
e.g. methane, CH4 CH4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g) ΔH = -ve

2. Substitution: methane + chlorine

CH4(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g)
chloromethane
CH3Cl(g) + Cl2(g) → CH2Cl2(g) + HCl(g)
dichloromethane
CH2Cl2(g) + Cl2(g) → CHCl3(g) + HCl(g)
trichloromethane
CHCl3(g) + Cl2(g) → CCl4(g) + HCl(g)
tetrachloromethane
Alkenes (CnH2n) 1. Combustion
e.g. ethene, C2H4 C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) ΔH = -ve

2. Addition:
Hydrogenation

Ethane
C2H6

Halogenation
 Hydration

Addition of hydrogen halides

11. CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS continued

Hydrocarbons Reactions
Alkenes Oxidation

Polymerisation – when ethene is heated to 2000C at high pressure (2000 atm), or

subjected to low pressure (25 atm) and a suitable catalyst, polyethene is formed.
(Other alkenes form corresponding
polyalkenes.)

Alcohols (CnH2n + 1OH) 1. Combustion

e.g. methanol C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g) ΔH = -ve
Ethanol

2. Reaction with sodium

2C2H5OH(l) + 2Na(s) → 2C2H5ONa(alc. soln.) + H2(g)
Sodium ethoxide

3. Dehydration
conc. H2SO4
C2H5OH(l) → C2H4(g) + H2O(l)
1700C

4. Oxidation
C2H5OH(aq) + 2[O] → CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l)
from
oxidising
agent
Alkanoic acids 1. Combustion
(CnH2n + 1COOH) CH3COOH(l) + 2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) ΔH = -ve
e.g. methanoic acid, Ethanoic acid
HCOOH
 2. Reaction with reactive metals
2CH3COOH(aq) + Mg(s) → (CH3COO)2Mg(aq) + H2(g)
Magnesium ethanoate

3. Reaction with metal oxides and hydroxides

2CH3COOH(aq) + CuO(s) → (CH3COO)2Cu(aq) + H2O(l)
Copper (II) ethanoate

4. Reaction with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates

2CH3COOH(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → 2CH3COONa + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Sodium ethanoate

Esters 1. Formation of esters: esterification

(CnH2n + 1COOCxH2x + 1)

2. Hydrolysis:
Acid hydrolysis
H+(aq)
CH3COOC2H5(l) + H2O(l) ↔ CH3COOH(aq) + C2H5OH(aq)
Ethyl ethanoate Ethanoic acid Ethanol

Hydrocarbons Reactions
Esters Alkaline hydrolysis
OH-(aq)
CH3COOC2H5(l) + H2O(l) ↔ CH3COOH(aq) + C2H5OH(aq)
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
Excess
alkali
Overall reaction:
CH3COOC2H5(l) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + C2H5OH(aq)

3. Saponification
C17H35COOH + C3H5(OH)3 → (C17H35COO)3C3H5 + H2O
Stearic acid Glycerol Glyceryl tristearate

(C17H35COO)3C3H5(l) + 3NaOH(aq) → 3C17H35COONa(aq) + C3H5(OH)3(aq)

Sodium stearate

12. FORMULAE OF ESTERS

Acid Alcohol Formula and name of ester
HCOOH C2H5OH HCOOC2H5
methanoic acid ethanol ethyl methanoate
C3H7COOH CH3OH C3H7COOCH3
butanoic acid methanol methyl butanoate
C2H5COOH C4H9OH C2H5COOC4H9
propanoic acid butanol butyl propanoate
13. OXIDISING AGENTS
Oxidising agent Visible change when it act as Explanation of visible change
oxidising agent
Acidified (H2SO4) potassium Purple to colourless Purple MnO4- ion forms
manganate (VII), KMnO4/H+ colourless Mn2+ ion
Acidified (H2SO4) potassium Orange to green Orange Cr2O72- ion forms green
dichromate (VI), K2Cr2O7/H+ Cr3+ ion
Iron (III) salts, Fe3+ Yellow to pale green Yellow Fe3+ ion forms pale
green Fe2+ ion
Dilute or concentrated nitric Brown gas evolved NO2 produced – a brown gas
acid, HNO3
Concentrated sulphuric acid A pungent gas evolved SO2 produced – a pungent gas
(usually hot), H2SO4
Sodium chlorate (I) (bleach), Depends on other reagent – Many dyes, when oxidised, lose
NaClO turns many dyes colourless their colour
Others: oxygen, O2; chlorine, Cl2; manganese (IV) oxide, MnO2

14. REDUCING AGENTS

Reducing agent Visible change when it acts as Explanation of visible change
reducing agent
Potassium iodide, KI Colourless to brown I2(s) formed – dissolves in
KI(aq) to form brown iodine
solution
Hydrogen sulphide, H2S Yellow precipitate formed S(s) produced – yellow and
insoluble
Iron (II) salts, Fe2+ Pale green to yellow Pale green Fe2+ ion forms
yellow Fe3+ ion
Concentrated hydrochloric acid, Yellow-green gas evolved Cl2 produced – a yellow-green
HCl gas
Others: hydrogen, H2; carbon, C; carbon monoxide, CO; reactive metals

15. THE APPEARANCE OF SUBSTANCES

Observation Indication
Black in colour Oxide (O2-) or sulphide (S2-)
Blue or blue-green in colour Copper (II) (Cu2+) salt
Pale green in colour Iron (II) (Fe2+) salt
Yellow-brown in colour Iron (III) (Fe3+) salt
Ammonia smell Ammonium (NH4+) salt
Deliquescent (absorbs water, eventually Chloride (Cl-) or nitrate (NO3-)
dissolving)

16. FLAME TESTS

Flame colour Ion indicated
Lilac K+
Persistent orange-yellow Na+
Brick red Ca2+
Bluish Pb2+
Blue-green Cu2+

17. EFFECT OF DILUTE SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION

Effect of dilute sodium hydroxide solution Cation
Dropwise Excess
White precipitate Precipitate insoluble Ca2+
White precipitate Precipitate soluble – dissolves forming Al3+, Pb2+,
colourless solution Zn2+
Blue precipitate Precipitate insoluble Cu2+
Dirty green precipitate Precipitate insoluble Fe2+
Rusty brown precipitate Precipitate insoluble Fe3+
No precipitate – NH3(g) evolved on - NH4+
warming

18. EFFECT OF DILUTE AMMONIA SOLUTION

Effect of ammonia solution Cation
Dropwise Excess
No precipitate - Ca2+
White precipitate Precipitate insoluble Al3+, Pb2+
White precipitate Precipitate soluble – dissolves forming Zn2+
colourless solution
Blue precipitate Precipitate soluble – dissolves forming Cu2+
deep-blue solution
Dirty green precipitate Precipitate insoluble Fe2+
Rusty brown precipitate Precipitate insoluble Fe3+

19. FURTHER CONFIRMATORY TESTS

Test Observation Cation
Add potassium iodide solution Bright yellow precipitate (PbI2) Pb2+
No precipitate Al3+
Add dilute hydrochloric acid White precipitate, dissolves on heating, Pb2+
re-precipitates on cooling
No precipitate Al3+
Add potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) Dark blue precipitate Fe2+
solution
Add potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) Dark blue precipitate Fe3+
solution Red-brown precipitate Cu2+
White precipitate Zn2+
Add potassium or ammonium Deep red solution Fe3+
thiocyanate solution

20. EFFECT OF HEAT

Observation Anion Explanation
Carbon dioxide evolved CO32- (or HCO3-) not of K or Na heat
CO32-(s) → O2-(s) + CO2(g)
Oxygen evolved NO3- of K or Na heat
2NO32-(s) → 2NO2-(s) + O2(g)
Oxygen and nitrogen dioxide NO3- of Ca and below in heat
evolved reactivity series 4NO32-(s) →2O2-(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
Sulphur dioxide evolved SO3- heat
SO32-(s) → O2-(s) + SO2(g)

21. EFFECT OF DILUTE ACID

Observation Anion Explanation
Carbon dioxide evolved CO32- (or HCO3-) CO32-(s) + H+(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Sulphur dioxide evolved SO32- SO32-(s) + H+(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2(g)

22. EFFECT OF CONCENTRTATED SULPHURIC ACID

Observation Anion Explanation
Carbon dioxide evolved CO32- (or HCO3-) Carbonic acid is formed, which then
decomposes releasing CO2
Sulphur dioxide evolved SO32- Sulphurous acid is formed, which then
decomposes releasing SO2
Hydrogen bromide (colourless) Br- 2Br-(s) + H2SO4(l) → SO42-(s) + 2HBr(g)
and brown bromine vapour HBr is then oxidised by conc. H2SO4 to Br2
evolved
Hydrogen chloride evolved Cl- 2Cl-(s) + H2SO4(l) → SO42-(s) + 2HCl(g)
Black iodine present and purple I- 2I-(s) + H2SO4(l) → SO42-(s) + 2HI(g)
iodine vapour evolved HI is immediately oxidised by conc. H2SO4 to
I2

23. EFFECT OF SILVER NITRATE SOLUTION FOLLOWED BY AQUEOUS AMMONIA

Effect of silver nitrate Anion Explanation Effect of aqueous ammonia
solution
White precipitate – Cl- Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s) Precipitate soluble
turns purple in sunlight white
Cream precipitate – Br- Ag+(aq) + Br-(aq) → AgBr(s) Precipitate slightly soluble
turns yellow-green in cream
sunlight
Pale yellow precipitate I- Ag+(aq) + I-(aq) → AgI(s) Precipitate insoluble
pale yellow

24. EFFECT OF BARIUM NITRATE OR CHLORIDE SOLUTION FOLLOWED BY DILUTE

ACID
Effect of Ba(NO3)2(aq) or Effect of HCl(aq) or Anion Explanation
BaCl2(aq) HNO3(aq)
White precipitate Precipitate insoluble SO42- Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → BaSO4(s)
white
BaSO4 does not react with dilute
acids
White precipitate Precipitate soluble – CO2 CO32- Ba2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → BaCO3(s)
evolved white
BaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) →
BaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
White precipitate Precipitate soluble – SO2 SO32- Ba2+(aq) + SO32-(aq) → BaSO3(s)
evolved on warming white
BaSO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) →
BaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g)

25. FURTHER TESTS FOR NITRATE (NO3-) IONS

Test Observations
Add concentrated sulphuric acid and copper Blue solution forms and nitrogen dioxide is
turnings to solid. Warm gently. evolved
Brown ring test: make a solution of the solid. Add Sulphuric acid sinks, brown ring forms between
saturated iron (II) sulphate solution and mix. Add the two liquid layers
concentrated sulphuric acid down side of test
tube.

26. LABORATORY PREPARATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN