5.

Vibration Measurement

Vibration is a complex measurement containing many different parameters. Different

measurement technologies have advantages and disadvantages depending on the ultimate vibration
measurement goals. This Application Note addresses all of these areas.

Vibration Measurement

Vibration is a time-based (periodic/cyclic) displacement of an object around a center static

position. The following contributing factors have a complex relationship with the magnitude and
rate of the vibration:
• The object’s own natural frequencies and stiffness
• The amplitude and frequencies of any external energy source(s) inducing the vibration

Vibration measurement is complex because of its many components – displacement,

velocity, acceleration, and frequencies. Also, each of these components can be measured in
different ways – peak-to-peak, peak, average, RMS; each of which can be measured in the time
domain (real-time, instantaneous measurements with an oscilloscope or data acquisition system)
or frequency domain (vibration magnitude at different frequencies across a frequency spectrum),
or just a single number for “total vibration.”

Vibration measurement is sometimes used as an indirect measurement of some other value.

The final measurement goal determines the approach to the measuring vibration.
Often, condition monitoring– predicting or monitoring wear, fatigue, and failure – requires
vibration measurements meant to determine the kinetic energy and forces acting upon an object .
This is often called inertial vibration. Monitoring machinery motors (especially the bearings) in
critical applications is an example. In these cases, the measurement of acceleration provides an
easy conversion to units of force assuming the mass of the object is known.
 Other applications are concerned with the displacement of the object of interest because
unintended displacements degrade performance of a system. Hard-disk drives and machine tools
are examples of this type of vibration measurement, sometimes referred to as positional
vibration or relative vibration.

Impulse and Continuous Vibration Measurement

Two more scenarios for vibration are continuous and impulse vibration measurements.
Continuous vibration measurements are used for condition monitoring and operational testing. It
directly measures what happens to the object of interest under real operating conditions.
An impulse vibration measurement involves striking the object, often with a “calibrated
hammer” that measures impact force, and then measuring the resulting vibration of the object. This
type of test reveals resonances within the object to help predict its behavior in operating conditions.
It often leads to design considerations to either avoid or accentuate resonant frequencies depending
on the application.

Vibration Measurement Equipment and Vibration Sensor Technology

Vibration is measured as an acceleration, velocity, or displacement. Each has advantages
and disadvantages and each vibration measurement unit can be converted to the others although
with potentially adverse consequences from the conversion. Acceleration and displacement are the
most common methods of vibration measurement.

Measuring Vibration with Accelerometers

Accelerometers are small devices that are installed directly on the surface of (or within)
the vibrating object. They contain a small mass which is suspended by flexible parts that operate
like springs. When the accelerometer is moved, the small mass will deflect proportionally to the
rate of acceleration. A variety of sensing techniques can be used to measure the amount of
deflection of the mass. Because the mass and spring forces are known, the amount of deflection is
readily converted to an acceleration value. Accelerometers can provide acceleration information
in one or more axes.
Inertial vibration measurements in which the forces acting upon the object are the critical
factor are well served by accelerometers, but accelerometers are sensitive to frequency. Vibrations
at higher frequencies have greater accelerations than those at lower frequencies. For this reason,
accelerometers produce very low signal levels for low-frequency vibration and can have poor
signal to noise ratios. Also, using integration to derive velocity or double integration to derive
displacement values reduces high-frequency signals.
Attaching accelerometers to the object of interest changes the mass of the object which
changes its natural resonant frequencies. When the mass of the object is considerably larger than
the mass of the accelerometer, as is often the case, the effect is negligible. But it does limit the use
of accelerometers on smaller objects.
Accelerometers are a great choice for larger objects, vibrating at higher frequencies, in
which the inertial forces acting upon the object is what needs to be measured.
Measuring Vibration with Noncontact Displacement Sensors

Noncontact displacement sensors mount with a

small gap between the sensor (probe) and a surface of the
vibrating object. Capacitive and eddy-current displacement
sensors are best choices for high-resolution, high-speed
measurements. Because their outputs are displacement
measurements, they are perfect for relative vibration
(positional vibration) measurements. These measurements
are made when the physical location of the surface of the
vibrating object at any moment in time is a critical factor.
With frequency response over 10 kHz and as high as 80
kHz, and resolutions as low as nanometers, these sensors
indicate the precise instantaneous location of the object even
when it is moving at high speed.

Because the sensors are not mounted on the object, they

do not change the object’s mass or its resonant characteristics.
These sensors have a flat frequency response from DC to near
their rated frequency response. Because the output is not
affected by the frequency of the vibration, measurements are
more accurate across the frequency spectrum.
Displacement data from these sensors can be
differentiated to provide velocity information and differentiated
a second time to obtain acceleration information. The
differentiation process will limit low frequency signals and emphasize higher frequency signals.
This will result in lower signal-to-noise ratios in the higher frequencies.

Instantaneous and Total Vibration

Displacement sensors produce outputs that can be observed

in real-time on an oscilloscope or with a data-acquisition
system. This real-time, instantaneous data provides precise
vibration data which can be used to determine a machine’s
performance as a function of time or angular location of a
rotating part.
In other applications, a simple “total vibration”
number is required. To obtain such a number, the sensor
output will need to be processed. If you are using Elite
Series capacitive displacement sensors, the MM190 Signal
Processing and Meter module can derive a total vibration
measurement. The peak capture functions include a TIR
(Total Indicator Reading) option which displays the difference between the most negative and
most positive measurements. A Reset button clears those captured values so new values can be
captured. This single peak-to-peak (peak-to-valley) measurement is an indication of total vibration.
If the vibration value is expected to change over time, perhaps
during an adjustment to the mechanical system, the Tracking
TIR option can be used. Tracking TIR displays the peak-to-
peak value, but the peak values are allowed to slowly decay
toward zero. In this way, the indicator shows the current TIR
value after a few seconds, even if the value has decreased.
This function facilitates experimentation with the object’s
environment to determine what may reduce total vibration
without the necessity of manual resets of the peak values.

Displacement Sensor Probe Mounting

When measuring vibration, it is likely that the displacement sensors will also be exposed
to a vibration. To minimize the effects of vibration on the sensors themselves, they must be rigidly
mounted. Probes with threaded bodies tightened into a rigid mount should provide the rigidity
needed to minimize vibration effects.

Smooth, cylindrical probes which are clamp mounted require careful consideration as they
are more likely to be affected by a vibrating environment. There are different clamp mounting
methods for cylindrical style probes; some are better than others. When measuring at high
resolutions, mounting design begins to play an important role in measurement quality.
A common mounting method is a thru hole with a set screw to secure the probe. For
measurements in a stable, non-vibrating environment not measuring at the sub-micron levels, this
method is often sufficient. But this system only secures the probe at two points (the set screw and
the point opposite the set screw) which allows it some freedom of motion in at least one axis. For
high-resolution measurements in a vibrating environment, a better system is required.
A “pinch clamp” mount in which a thru hole is tightened on the cylindrical probe is a better
solution. The full circumference clamp engages more of the surface of the probe and will provide
a more stable mount. However, any out-of-roundness of the probe or the thru-hole can begin to
function like the two point clamp of a set screw.
The most stable clamping method uses a pinch clamp that clamps the probe at three or four points
rather than the full circumference. This method remains stable in spite of roundness errors of the
probe body or the clamp’s thru-hole.

Additional Capacitive Displacement Sensor Mounting Considerations

Capacitive displacement sensors have a measurement “spot size” about 130% of the
diameter of the sensing area of the probe. If the measurement target area is smaller than this it will
be susceptible to errors and may require special calibration.

Multiple Capacitive Probes

When multiple capacitive probes are used with the same target, their drive electronics must
be synchronized. Lion Precision multi-channel capacitive sensor systems (Elite Series and
CPL230) use synchronized electronics. Capacitive sensors require no minimum distance between
adjacent probes.

Environmental Considerations for Capacitive Sensors

Capacitive sensors require a clean, dry environment. Any change in the material between
the probe and target will affect the measurement.
All sensors have some sensitivity to temperature, but Lion Precision capacitive sensor systems are
compensated for temperature changes between 20°C and 35°C with a drift of less than
0.04%F.S./°C.
Ordinary changes in humidity have no effect on capacitive displacement measurements.
Humidities into the 90% range can begin to affect the measurement; any condensation in the
measurement area will render the measurement invalid.

References:
https://www.lionprecision.com/vibration-measurement-and-sensors/