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IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

ENGINEERING CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
JANE S. MALASADOR
Associate Professor V
Mindanao State University-General Santos

PURPOSES OF IRRIGATION:
1. To add water to soil to supply the moisture, essential for
IRRIGATION is the artificial plant growth.

application of water to soil for the

purpose of supplying the moisture
essential for plant growth.

PURPOSES OF IRRIGATION: PURPOSES OF IRRIGATION:

1. To add water to soil to supply the moisture essential for 1. To add water to soil to supply the moisture essential for
plant growth. plant growth.
2. To provide crop insurance against short duration 2. To provide crop insurance against short duration
droughts. droughts.
3. To cool the soil & atmosphere thereby making it more
favorable environment for plant growth.

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PURPOSES OF IRRIGATION: PURPOSES OF IRRIGATION:

1. To add water to soil to supply the moisture essential for 1. To add water to soil to supply the moisture essential for
plant growth. plant growth.
2. To provide crop insurance against short duration 2. To provide crop insurance against short duration
droughts. droughts.
3. To cool the soil & atmosphere thereby making it more 3. To cool the soil & atmosphere thereby making it more
favorable environment for plant growth. favorable environment for plant growth.
4. To soften tillage pans & clods. 4. To soften tillage pans & clods.
5. To wash out or dilute salts in the soil.

PURPOSES OF IRRIGATION: PURPOSES OF IRRIGATION:

1. To add water to soil to supply the moisture essential for 1. To add water to soil to supply the moisture essential for
plant growth. plant growth.
2. To provide crop insurance against short duration 2. To provide crop insurance against short duration
droughts. droughts.
3. To cool the soil & atmosphere thereby making it more 3. To cool the soil & atmosphere thereby making it more
favorable environment for plant growth. favorable environment for plant growth.
4. To soften tillage pans & clods. 4. To soften tillage pans & clods.
5. To wash out or dilute salts in the soil. 5. To wash out or dilute salts in the soil.
6. To delay bud formation by evaporative cooling. 6. To delay bud formation by evaporative cooling.
7. To reduce the hazard of frost.

IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

PURPOSES OF IRRIGATION:
Potential Service Area = 3.16 M hectares
1. To add water to soil to supply the moisture essential for Year Irrigated Area (has.) Percentage
plant growth. 1922-1930 80,130
2. To provide crop insurance against short duration 1946 201,481 6.44
droughts. 1950-1953 266,000
1957 400,000 12.80
3. To cool the soil & atmosphere thereby making it more
favorable environment for plant growth. 1964 541,000
1972 23.75
4. To soften tillage pans & clods.
1985 1.437 M 45.96
5. To wash out or dilute salts in the soil. 1986 1.458 M 46.06

6. To delay bud formation by evaporative cooling. 1987 1.487 M 47.07

1988 1.515 M 48.00
7. To reduce the hazard of frost.
1989 1.538 M 49.00
8. To reduce the hazard of soil piping. 2000 2.300 M

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THE PANTABANGAN DAM THE MAGAT DAM

Cost: P242 M
Inauguration Date: October 27, 1982
Inauguration Date: September 7, 1974
Storage Capacity: 1.25 billion cu. m.
Height: 107 m
Length: 1,615 m Length: 4,160 m
Base Width at Max. Section: 480 m Height: 114 m
Crest Width: 12 m Base: 102 m
Storage Capacity: 3 billion cu. m. Crest: 12 m
Type: Zoned-earthfill
Irrigable Area: 102,000 has.
Irrigable Area: 83,700 has. (wet
season) Type: Earth-rockfill
78,700 has. (dry Cost: P3.3 billion
season)

SOURCES OF WATER FOR PLANTS’ USE SOURCES OF WATER FOR PLANTS’ USE
1. Precipitation (rainfall, snow, hail, sleet) 1. Precipitation (rainfall, snow, hail, sleet)
2. Surface waters (rivers, lakes, ponds,
reservoirs, low lying areas)

SOURCES OF WATER FOR PLANTS’ USE SOURCES OF WATER FOR PLANTS’ USE
1. Precipitation (rainfall, snow, hail, sleet) 1. Precipitation (rainfall, snow, hail, sleet)
2. Surface waters (rivers, lakes, ponds, 2. Surface waters (rivers, lakes, ponds,
reservoirs, low lying areas) reservoirs, low lying areas)
3. Groundwater 3. Groundwater
4. Irrigation water

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DAM TYPES ACCORDING TO FUNCTION

SOURCES OF WATER FOR PLANTS’ USE 1. Diversion Dam – also called run-of-the-river type of dam
2. Reservoir Dam – also called storage type of dam
1. Precipitation (rainfall, snow, hail, sleet)
A diversion dam is used to control the flow of water from its source, like
rivers or any stream channels, by raising the head of water up to a
2. Surface waters (rivers, lakes, ponds, certain height and then diverting it to a diversion or main canal that is
reservoirs, low lying areas) constructed immediately at the upstream portion of the dam. It is
effective during the periods of high stream flows which normally
3. Groundwater occurs during the rainy or wet season. Thus, water flow from the
diversion dam is almost continuous, especially during the rainy
season. It could not store the excess amount of water flow for future
4. Irrigation water use.
Water level
5. Atmospheric water other than precipitation Upstream Downstream
▼
▼
Dam

DAM TYPES ACCORDING TO FUNCTION COMPONENTS OF AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

1. Diversion Dam – also called run-of-the-river type of dam
1. Water source (river, lakes, ponds, reservoir, groundwater)
2. Reservoir Dam – also called storage type of dam
A diversion dam is used to control the flow of water from its source, like
rivers or any stream channels, by raising the head of water up to a
certain height and then diverting it to a diversion or main canal that is
constructed immediately at the upstream portion of the dam. It is
effective during the periods of high stream flows which normally
occurs during the rainy or wet season. Thus, water flow from the
diversion dam is almost continuous, especially during the rainy
season. It could not store the excess amount of water flow for future
use.
A reservoir type of dam stores water during the rainy periods so that it
can be used during the dry periods of the year.
Two rice cropping seasons may be done in a year if there is a reservoir
dam, like the Pantabangan and the Magat dams.
It is most likely not possible to have 2 rice cropping seasons if there is
only a diversion dam due to lack of water during the dry months of
the year.

COMPONENTS OF AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

1. Water source (river, lakes, ponds, reservoir, groundwater) 1. Water source (river, lakes, ponds, reservoir, groundwater)
2. Conveyance Structures (Canal Network which consists of 2. Conveyance Structures (Canal Network which consists of
diversion or main canal, lateral canals, main farm ditches, diversion or main canal, lateral canals, main farm ditches,
supplementary farm ditches) supplementary farm ditches)
3. Control Structures (Dam, check, gates, turnout)

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COMPONENTS OF AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

1. Water source (river, lakes, ponds, reservoir, groundwater) 1. Water source (river, lakes, ponds, reservoir, groundwater)
2. Conveyance Structures (Canal Network which consists of 2. Conveyance Structures (Canal Network which consists of
diversion or main canal, lateral canals, main farm ditches, diversion or main canal, lateral canals, main farm ditches,
supplementary farm ditches) supplementary farm ditches)
3. Control Structures (Dam, culvert, check, gates, turnout) 3. Control Structures (Dam, culvert, check, gates, turnout)
4. Protective Structures (drop, chute, baffles, rip-rap, etc.) 4. Protective Structures (drop, chute, baffles, rip-rap, etc.)
Diversion or main canal is the biggest sized canal. It is
connected to the upstream portion of a diversion dam, or to
the main outlet of a reservoir dam. It supplies water to the
lateral canals.

COMPONENTS OF AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Diversion or main canal is the biggest sized canal. It is
River connected to the upstream portion of a diversion dam, or to
Lateral canal the main outlet of a reservoir dam. It supplies water to the
Supplementary Farm Ditch lateral canals.
Main (or Diversion) Canal
Lateral canals are connected to the diversion or main canal and
supplies water to the main farm ditches.
Main Farm Ditch
Dam Main farm ditches are connected to the lateral canals and
supplies water to the supplementary farm ditches.
Supplementary farm ditches are the smallest sized canals found
inside a farmer’s field. They are normally temporary in nature
and are constructed every now and then by the farmers
TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM themselves.

Research Work No.1 Research Work No. 2

1. Define irrigation. A. Define:

2. List six purposes for applying irrigation water to the soil. 1. Irrigation 2. Bulk Density

3. What are the four major sources of irrigation water? 3. Soil Texture 4. Apparent Specific Gravity

4. Is all of the precipitation that falls on cropland available to 5. Soil Structure

the crops? Explain. B. List five (5) sources of water for plant’s use
5. Does groundwater contribute directly to the water needs of C. Give five (5) purposes of irrigation
plants? When? When is it harmful?
D. What are the two (2) types of dam?
6. How does the need for irrigation in humid areas differ from
that in arid regions? E. Give two (2) components of an irrigation system.

7. What are the advantages of small ponds and reservoirs for F. What is the most important part of an irrigation system?
irrigation? G. Major Irrigation Systems in the Philippines under NIS
management

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IRRIGATION
HISTORY OF
Irrigation was first practiced in the great
IRRIGATION
◼
river delta of the Nile in Egypt (most likely)
because of the names of irrigation devices
still widely used today in that country and
many other parts of the world.
by:
◼ Ancient civilizations such as those in
ENGR. JANE S. MALASADOR, PhD
Babylon (later Mesopotamia, now Iraq),
Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Persia (now Iran), India and Cathay (now
Associate Professor V
China) flourished where irrigation was
Mindanao State University-General Santos
extensively practiced.

Nile’s
Watershed Biblical Scriptures
◼ Genesis 2:10 – reference to a river that
“went out of Eden to water the garden…”

◼ II Kings: 3:16 – “And he said, ‘Thus saith

the Lord, Make this valley full of ditches.’ For,
saith the Lord, ‘Ye shall not see wind, neither
shall ye see rain; yet the valley shall be filled
with water’…”

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

◼ Ancient Babylonians also practiced

river regulation and water storage for
irrigation domestic use by digging huge
depressions, covering 650 sq. miles and
25 feet deep when full of water.
◼ The famous Hanging Garden of
Babylon was deemed one of the
“Seven Wonders of the World”

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Primitive Irrigation Devices Shadoof

◼ Shadoof (called denkli or paecottah in
India)
Egyptian invention consisting of a long
crossbar pivoted between two posts, a
stone, ball or clay attached to the
shorter end of the crossbar while a
bucket is tied by a rope or long stick to
the end of the loner part.

Primitive Irrigation Devices Sakieh

◼ sakieh (also called sakia or harat in

Northern India)
Also invented by the Egyptians,
consists of a vertical wheel on a
horizontal axis couples to a horizontal
wheel with simple gears; with pots
attached to its outer rim, the vertical
wheel is partly submerged in the water

Archimedes screw
Primitive Irrigation Devices
◼ Archimedean screw – consists of a
hollow wooden cylinder with a helix
inside; apparatus is mounted slantwise
on posts so that the end of the
cylinder is submerged in the water;
water rushes up the helix when the
cylinder is rotated by a crank and
water flows out of the top of the
cylinder

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Pre-Spanish and Spanish

Period (17th-19th Century)

IRRIGATION IN
◼ The Banaue Rice Terraces

THE PHILIPPINES

Pre-Spanish and Spanish Period American Colonization

(17th-19th Century) (20th Century)
◼ The zanjeras (Spanish term for turnout, ◼ 1908 - The government became involved in
irrigation activities through the Irrigation
ditch or conduit) of Ilocos Norte Division of BPW.
◼ 1912 - The Irrigation Act 2152 authorized
the Irrigation Division to appropriate public
waters, investigate, construct, operate, and
maintain irrigation systems; collect ISF
(charged levied on the farmers for water
delivered and cost of delivery) from farmers;
and formalize the concept of irrigation
associations as legal entities.

American Colonization Japanese Regime

(20th Century) (1937-1945)
1916- Act 2652 authorized the granting of
◼
◼ No significant irrigation development
loans to private irrigation systems that were
owned and operated by organized has occurred.
associations of landowners that had service ◼ Most of the irrigation systems during
areas of not more than 25 ha. this period turned in poor condition.
◼ 1924 - The Irrigation Division was
downgraded to a mere section of the Design
Division of the BPW.

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Philippine Independence National Irrigation Administration

◼ 1945 - The Irrigation Division was ◼ The National Irrigation Administration (NIA) is a government-owned and controlled corporation primarily
responsible for irrigation development and management. It was created under Republic Act (RA)

reactivated. 3601 on 22 June 1963. Its charter was amended by Presidential Decree (PD) 552 on 11 September
1974 and PD 1702 on 17 July 1980. Both increased the capitalization and broadened the authority of
the Agency.
◼ 1963 - The Philippine Congress created ◼ NIA's forerunner was the Irrigation Division of the defunct Bureau of Public Works. NIA was placed
under the Office of the President (OP) upon its creation. It was attached to the Department of Public

the National Irrigation Administration Works, Transportation, and Communication under PD No.1, dated 23 September 1972. The issuance
also integrated all irrigation activities under the Agency. The Administrative Code of 1987, dated 25 July

through Republic Act 3601.

1987, attached NIA to both the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), and Department of
Agriculture (DA). But NIA remained attached to DPWH. It was transferred to OP pursuant to Executive
Order No. 22, dated 14 September 1992. Then, it was attached to DA under Administrative Order No.
17, dated 14 October 1992.
◼ Executive Order No. 165, Transferring the National Food Authority, National Irrigation Administration,
Philippine Coconut Authority, and Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority to the Office of the President, 5 May
2014. Memorandum Order No. 70, Providing for the functions of the Presidential Assistant for Food
Security and Agricultural Modernization, 5 May 2014.
◼ Memorandum from the Executive Secretary - Office of the President, the Secretary of the Office of
the Cabinet Secretary was designated Acting Chairperson of the NIA Board of Directors, 3
November 2016.

Philippine Independence Philippine Independence

◼ The NIA is the government agency ◼ 1974 - The Martial Law administration of
tasked to undertake planning, Pres. F.E. Marcos promulgated Presidential
development, implementation, and Decree (PD) 552 authorizing communal
maintenance of all irrigation irrigation systems to receive assistance from
projects/systems in the country (Mejia, NIA. However, IAs must pay back to NIA 10
1999). Its mission is to develop water percent of the direct cost of construction or
resources for irrigation and corollary physical rehabilitation of irrigation systems. PD 552
and technical services in line with the also implied that communal IAs must be
development program of the national viable and capable of collecting payments
government. from farmers.

Philippine Independence Philippine Independence

◼ 1975 - NIA entered into tie-up with the Farm ◼ 1976 - NIA launched the Participatory Pilot
Systems Development Corporation (FSDC). Projects in Laur, Nueva Ecija. The projects
Under this partnership, NIA would continue to were aimed at testing the effectiveness of the
construct communal irrigation systems and community organizing approach in eliciting
FSDC would organize the corresponding IAs.
But the partnership was short-lived. After active involvement of IAs in the physical
only a few years, it was terminated because rehabilitation of the two communal irrigation
of failures to coordinate the technical and systems (Bagting-Siclong and Pinagbaryuhan
institutional aspects of irrigation CIS).
development.

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Philippine Independence Philippine Independence

◼ 1979 - The NIA participatory program was ◼ 1991 - The Local Government Code (LGC)
expanded to two additional communal was promulgated, directing all national
irrigation systems (Aslong and Taisan) in agencies of government to devolve their
Camarines Sur. functions to the local government units
◼ 1980 - All communal irrigation system (LGUs). LGU was authorized to use their own
projects adopted the participatory approach. funds for infrastructure projects to develop
CIS, SWIP, and the like.

Philippine Independence
◼ 1997 - The Agriculture and Fisheries ◼ successful implementation of two
Modernization Act (AFMA) or RA 8435 was
large reservoir-type projects which
promulgated, directing NIA to hand over the
management of communal irrigation systems primarily provide year-round irrigation:
to LGUs. It aims to strengthen the agriculture ◼ Upper Pampanga River Integrated
and fisheries sectors through modernization, Irrigation System (UPRIIS) Project in
greater participation of smallholder farmers Nueva Ecija
and fisherfolk, food security and self-
◼ Magat River Multipurpose Project in
sufficiency, private sector participation and
Isabela
people empowerment.

Pantabangan Dam THE PANTABANGAN DAM

Cost: P242 M
◼ inaugurated on September
7, 1974; Inauguration Date: September 7, 1974
◼ construction started June Height: 107 m
11, 1971 and was
completed in August 1974; Length: 1,615 m
◼ 1st ever built by NIA for Base Width at Max. Section: 480 m
multi-purpose projects; Crest Width: 12 m
◼ also known as UPRIIS.
Storage Capacity: 3 billion cu. m.
◼ Cost: 242 Million;
Type: Zoned-earthfill
◼ Storage Capacity: 3 billion
cu.m. Irrigable Area: 83,700 has. (WS)
78,700 has. (DS)

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THE MAGAT DAM

Magat Dam
Inauguration Date: October 27, 1982
◼ inaugurated on
Storage Capacity: 1.25 billion cu. m.
October 27, 1982.
Length: 4,160 m
◼ Cost: 3.3 Billion; Height: 114 m
◼ Storage Capacity: Base: 102 m
1.25 billion cu.m. Crest: 12 m
Irrigable Area: 102,000 has.
Type: Earth-rockfill
Cost: P3.3 billion

Irrigation development status Status and Extent of Irrigation in the

(NIA Annual Report as of December 31, 2009) Philippines
(NIA Annual Report, December 31, 2009)
Category Area, hectares Percentage,
◼ National systems (NIA) - 764,977 hectares (50%)
% ◼ Communal systems - 557,631 hectares (36%)
Total Area Developed 1,539,937 49 ◼ Private systems - 217,329 hectares (14%)
National IS 764,977 50
Status of Irrigation Development
Communal IS 557,631 36
Private IS 217,329 14 217,329

Total Area 1,586,963 51 764,977

Undeveloped
Total Potential Area 3,126,340 100 557,631

Irrigation development status Status and Extent of Irrigation in the Philippines

(NIA Annual Report as of December 31, 2012) (NIA Annual Report, December 31, 2012)*
Category Area, hectares Percentage, % ◼ National systems (NIA)- 722,583.15 hectares (44.43%)
◼ Communal systems - 534,402.74 hectares (32.86%)
Total Area Developed 1,733,645.50 55.45 ◼ Private systems - 200,017.50 hectares (12.30%)
Converted/N-R Areas* 107,135.10 ◼ OGA-assisted systems - 169,506.97 hectares (10.41%)
FUSA** 1,626,510.36
National IS 722,583.15 44.43
Communal IS 534,402.74 33.86
Private IS 200,017.50 12.30
OGA-assisted IS*** 169,506.97 10.41
Total Area Undeveloped 1,392,694.50 44.55
Estimated Potential 3,126,340.00 100.00
Irrigable Area
* Areas converted to land use other than agricultural and others are
permanently non-restorable
** Firmed-up service areas * NIA Annual Report (www.nia.gov.ph)
*** Other gov’t. agencies

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National irrigation systems (NIS) Communal irrigation systems (CIS)

◼ are small-scale schemes and constructed with
◼ are large and medium irrigation the participation of farmer-beneficiaries thru
their IAs.
schemes
◼ The operation and maintenance (O&M) of CIS
◼ These are basically operated and is turned over to IAs upon project completion
maintained by NIA where beneficiaries subject to a cost recovery arrangement.
◼ Farmers amortize the chargeable cost for a
are charged irrigation service fee for the period not exceeding 50 years at 0 percent
services rendered in the delivery of interest.
water. ◼ The repayment scheme is pre-arranged and
acceptable to both NIA and the IA.

Comparison Between The National

Private irrigation systems (PIS) and Communal Irrigation Systems
National Irrigation Communal Irrigation
◼ are those constructed, operated and For Comparison
System System

maintained by private individuals or Area (ha) > 1,000 < 1,000

groups with or without technical Implementation

/construction
NIA
NIA with farmers'
participation
assistance by NIA or other government Operation and NIA and Irrigators Irrigators

agencies. maintenance Associations

Farmers pay
Associations

irrigation service Farmers pay

Water charges
fee per amortization
hectare/season/crop
Operation and
Purpose of water charges Capital cost recovery
maintenance

Small Water Impounding Projects (SWIPs) Small Water Impounding Projects (SWIPs)

Small Water Impounding Project (SWIP) is a water The service area is used for high value crops that
harvesting and storage structure consisting of an earth minimizes the use of water on a controlled basis.
embankment spillway, outlet works and canal facilities.
The farmer-beneficiaries of the irrigation water and those of
It is designed for soil and water conservation and the watershed are organized into an association.
flood control by holding as much water as possible during
the rainy season. They maintain the system and protect the watershed by
advocating sustainable agriculture.
The reservoir with its stored water is an important
supplemental source of water for agriculture and is also Source: wocat and bswm
used for fisheries.

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Small Water Impounding Projects Small Water Impounding Projects

(SWIPs) (SWIPs)

Small Farm Reservoir (SFR) Small Farm Reservoir (SFR)

The small farm reservoir (SFR) is a small water impounding earth dam
structure to collect rainfall and runoff, designed for use in a single farm,
and typically has an area of about 300-2,000 square meters.

The embankment height above ground level is less than 4 meters.

It can be easily constructed with a bulldozer or manual labor. Irrigation

is done with PVC siphon pipes or pumps.

SFR is used in rainfed-growing areas to provide supplemental irrigation

to a wet season crop and partial irrigation to a dry season crop.

Aside from irrigation and aquaculture, water in the reservoir could also
be used for small scale livestock watering, wallowing areas for animals,
e.g. ducks and picnic ground.

Source: wocat and bswm

Small Farm Reservoir (SFR)

Small Farm Reservoir (SFR)

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CURRENT PROBLEMS Other problems identified:

◼ performance of irrigation systems, ◼ competing uses of land water;
whether agency or community- ◼ increasing cost of irrigation development;
managed, have been dismally low - - - ◼ rapid deterioration of existing facilities;
crop yields, irrigated area, and ◼ water shortage and excess due to seasonality
cropping intensities continue to fall of supply;
short of projected levels. ◼ long gestation period for irrigation projects;
◼ pollution of freshwater ecosystems; and,
◼ watershed denudation.

CURRENT TRENDS Current Trends …

◼ development of small- and medium-scale ◼ augmentation of irrigation water from shallow

irrigation projects; groundwater sources;
◼ rehabilitation/improvement of existing ◼ continuous involvement of the R&D sector;
irrigation and drainage facilities; and,
◼ crop diversification; ◼ education and training of personnel involved
in irrigation.
◼ use of micro-irrigation techniques;
◼ incorporation of sustainability and
environmental concerns;

IRRIGATION IRRIGATION
◼ is the artificial application of water to ◼ Due to uneven distribution of water
the soil necessary to supply the supply in the different parts of the
moisture to support crop growth. country and at different periods of the
year, irrigation water has to be
managed for efficient utilization and
conservation.

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Objectives of Irrigation Objectives of Irrigation

◼ To provide readily available moisture for ◼ To soften tillage pans and clods to make
plant growth. cultivation easier.
◼ To ensure proper soil aeration and
◼ To provide crop insurance against droughts movement of plant nutrients.
and extremely dry conditions. ◼ To prevent waterlogging or accumulation of
◼ To create a favorable physical and soil excess water which may become
atmosphere environment for plant growth. detrimental to plant growth and land
cultivation.
◼ To enhance the removal of excess salts or ◼ To apply chemicals and fertilizers through
other harmful chemicals from the soil. fertigation

Ways of accomplishing
irrigation Sources of water
◼ by flooding 1. Precipitation (rainfall)
◼ by means of furrows ◼ Amount should be sufficient to replace the
moisture depleted from the root zone.
◼ by applying water underneath the land
◼ Frequency should be often enough to
surface by sub-irrigation replenish the soil moisture before plants
◼ by sprinkling suffer from lack of moisture.
◼ by trickle systems ◼ Intensity should be low enough so that the
applied water can be absorbed by the soil.

2. Atmospheric water other than 3. Flood water

precipitation ◼ Similar to irrigation water but not supplied
◼ Dew by man.
◼ Atmospheric conditions: ◼ As flood pass over the surface of the land,
a) Considerable dew formation water is absorbed by the soil and stored for
subsequent use.
b) Fog and clouds
c) High humidity

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Sources of irrigation water

4. Groundwater ◼ Conventional sources
Rivers/streams – stream flow variability
◼ water beneath the soil surface where voids ◼

in the soil are substantially filled with water ◼ Springs – also serves domestic water needs
◼ Lakes – forms when runoff accumulation in low
lying areas or depressions.
5. Irrigation water – provided through an ◼ Reservoirs – store water for irrigation, power,
irrigation scheme fisheries and recreation.
◼ Groundwater – water that accumulates below
the unsaturated zone of the ground profile.

Sources of irrigation water Research Work 3

◼ Non-conventional sources ◼ Status and extent of irrigation system of
◼ Rainfall stimulation (cloud seeding) the Philippines (2013 – 2021)
◼ Saline water conversion (desalinization of ◼ Update data
sea water) ◼ Irrigation management systems

END OF SLIDES

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IRRIGATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

IRRIGATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT MAY BE DEFINED AS
THE IDENTIFICATION, MOBILIZATION AND
UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES WITH THE AID OF
APPROPRIATE POLICIES AND STRATEGIES TOWARD
THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF
IRRIGATION SYSTEM.

TO BE ABLE TO EFFICIENTLY MANAGE AN IRRIGATION

SYSTEM, APPROPRIATE POLICIES MUST BE
FORMULATED, STRATEGIES MUST BE SPELLED OUT
AND RESOURCES MUST BE IDENTIFIED AND
PROPERLY UTILIZED.

IRRIGATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS

IRRIGATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE TECHNICALLY MAY BE MANAGING AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM INVOLVES FOUR MAJOR
EVALUATED IN TERMS OF EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF ACTIVITIES WHICH TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION BOTH
WATER, EQUITY IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER AND THE SOCIAL AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS. THESE ARE:
EFFICIENCY IN TERMS OF YIELD. PERFORMANCE MAY
ALSO BE VIEWED IN TERMS OF ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF
- WATER ALLOCATION AND DISTRIBUTION
THE SYSTEM, I.E., THE INCOME MUST BE MORE THAN
THE EXPENSES. - SYSTEM REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE
- COLLECTION OF IRRIGATION FEES
- RESOLUTION OF CONFLICT

1. Water Allocation and Distribution 2. System Repair and Maintenance

- A VERY COMPLEX ACTIVITY WHICH ENTAILS ADEQUATE
PLANNING AND RETHINKING TAKING INTO
- THIS WILL DETERMINE NOT ONLY HOW EFFICIENT DELIVERY
ACCOUNT NOT ONLY THE PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES OF WATER COULD BE DONE BUT MOST IMPORTANT IS
OF THE SYSTEM BUT EQUALLY IMPORTANT IS THE THE LIFE SPAN OF THE SYSTEM
HUMAN DIMENSION OF THE PROJECT
- UNMAINTAINED SYSTEM WILL DETERIORATE FASTER AS
- INVOLVES THE PROBLEM OF HOW MUCH WATER IS COMPARED TO ONE THAT IS PROPERLY MAINTAINED
NEEDED IN THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE SYSTEM
AND HOW TO DISTRIBUTE EQUITABLY TO THE - NEGLECTING THIS FACTOR WILL MEAN LESS EFFICIENT
BENEFICIARIES NEEDING WATER UTILIZATION OF WATER AND LESSER BENEFICIAL LIFE
OF THE SYSTEM
- ONE HAS TO CONTENT WITH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE SYSTEM - - - PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL

1
 24/03/2022

3. Collection of Irrigation Fees 4. Conflict Management

- COLLECTION OF FEES FOR THE USE OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM - CONFLICT IS A NATURAL PHENOMENON THAT IS EXPECTED TO
MIGHT BE TABOO IN SOME COUNTRIES BUT IN THE ARISE WHERE SEVERAL PEOPLE ARE INTERACTING WITH
PHILIPPINES AND SEVERAL COUNTRIES, IRRIGATION ONE ANOTHER
FEE COLLECTION IS PART OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
MANAGEMENT
- IRRIGATION MANAGERS ARE EXPECTED TO TAKE READY
COURSES OF ACTION ONCE CONFLICTS WITHIN THE
- COUNTRIES NOT COLLECTING IRRIGATION FEES ARE NOT SYSTEM ARISE
CONSIDERING SERIOUSLY SOME FORM OF COST
RECOVERY MEASURES TO GET BACK, IF NOT ALL ITS - THE INGENUITY AND TACTFULNESS OF THE MANAGER IS AT
INVESTMENTS, OR AT LEAST THE OPERATION AND STAKE TO RESOLVE ANY CONFLICT WITHIN HIS
MAINTENANCE EXPENSES JURISDICTION

- THE GOVERNMENT IS FEELING THE HEAVY BURDEN OF - POLICIES AND STRATEGIES MUST BE FORMULATED, DEFINED AND
TOTALLY SUBSIDIZING IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT PROPERLY IMPLEMENTED

TYPES OF SYSTEMS 2. ACCORDING TO MANAGEMENT

1. ACCORDING TO SOURCE A) NATIONAL SYSTEMS – ARE UNDER THE MANAGEMENT OF
GOVERNMENT AGENCY WHICH PROVIDES FUNDS,
A) RESERVOIR-TYPE SYSTEM - IS BEING SERVED BY A STORAGE CONSTRUCTS, OPERATES AND MAINTAINS THE SYSTEMS
RESERVOIR USED TO STORE WATER THAT COULD BE MADE
AVAILABLE TO THE SYSTEM ON DEMAND B) COMMUNAL SYSTEMS – BEING MANAGED BY GROUP OF
FARMERS; TYPES OF COMMUNAL SYSTEMS IN THE
B) DIVERSION-TYPE OR RUN-OF-THE-RIVER – GETS WATER PHILIPPINES ACCORDING TO HOW THEY WERE BUILT:
DIRECTLY FROM A STREAM THE FLOW OF WHICH IS DIVERTED B.1 INDIGENOUS SYSTEMS – GROUP OF FARMERS BUILT
TO THE SERVICE AREA OF THE SYSTEM BY A DIVERSION DAM
ACROSS THE STREAM; AVAILABLE WATER IN THE STREAM HAS THE SYSTEM THEMSELVES WITHOUT THE ASSISTANCE
TO BE USED AS IT APPEARS OR ELSE IT WILL NO LONGER BE FROM THE GOVERNMENT
AVAILABLE FOR FUTURE USE
B.2 ASSISTED SYSTEMS – CONSTRUCTED WITH THE
GOVERNMENT’S ASSISTANCE BUT SYSTEM MANAGEMENT
C) PUMP-TYPE – WHILE THE FIRST TWO ARE GRAVITY TYPES, THIS IS LEFT ENTIRELY TO THE FARMERS AFTER
TYPE OF SYSTEM NEEDS A PUMP TO LIFT WATER FROM THE
CONSTRUCTION
SOURCE EITHER UNDERGROUND OR SURFACE WATER

B.3 TURNED-OVER SYSTEMS – CONSTRUCTED BY THE

GOVERNMENT AND USED TO BE UNDER ITS FUNCTIONS OF NIA RELATIVE TO THE 3 TYPES OF
MANAGEMENT BUT LATER WAS TURNED OVER TO SYSTEMS
THE FARMERS’ ASSOCIATIONS FOR THEM
TO OWN AND MANAGE 1. NATIONAL SYSTEMS:

- CONSTRUCT NEEDED FACILITIES

NATIONAL IRRIGATION ADMINISTRATION (NIA)
- MANAGE THE SYSTEM
THE GOVERNMENT AGENCY RESPONSIBLE FOR IRRIGATION
- COLLECT IRRIGATION FEES
DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES - - A SEMI-
AUTONOMOUS GOVERNMENT CORPORATION WHICH 2. COMMUNAL SYSTEMS:
IS DIRECTLY UNDER THE OFFICE OF THE - TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE IN THE FORM OF PLANNING AND
PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES; ESTABLISHED IN
CONSTRUCTION OF THE SYSTEMS
1964 HEADED BY AN ADMINISTRATOR AND POLICY
FORMULATION IS VESTED ON THE BOARD OF 3. INDIVIDUAL SYSTEMS:
DIRECTORS CHAIRED BY THE SECRETARY OF THE - TECHNICAL ADVICE WHEN REQUESTED
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS

2
 24/03/2022

MANAGEMENT OF NATIONAL SYSTEMS

3. WATERTENDERS/WATER MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT OF NATIONAL SYSTEMS IS THE RESPONSIBILITY TECHNOLOGIST – A DIVISION IS DIVIDED INTO
OF NIA. AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM IS BEING MANAGED BY SEVERAL SECTIONS AND A SECTION IS BEING
THE FOLLOWING SET OF PERSONNEL:
HEADED BY A WATERTENDER/WATER
1. IRRIGATION SUPERINTENDENT - IS THE EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIST
OFFICER OF THE SYSTEM AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE OVERALL SUPERVISION OF THE OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE OF THE SYSTEM
4. DITCHTENDERS – SUPERVISE PORTION OF A
2. SUPERVISING WATERMASTER OR SUPERVISING WATER
MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIST – A SYSTEM IS USUALLY SECTION
DIVIDED INTO SEVERAL DIVISIONS DEPENDING ON SIZE;
A DIVISION IS HEADED BY A SWM OR SWMT

FARMERS’ PARTICIPATION in
MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNAL SYSTEMS
IRRIGATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNAL SYSTEMS VARIES WITH DIFFERENT
ASSOCIATIONS. RULES AND REGULATIONS ARE BEING IRRIGATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT OF NATIONAL SYSTEMS IN
FORMULATED BY THE ASSOCIATION AND ARE EMBODIED IN THE PHILIPPINES IS HEAVILY SUBSIDIZED BY THE
THEIR CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. SOME COMMON GOVERNMENT. AMOUNT COLLECTED FROM IRRIGATION
FEATURES IN COMMUNAL SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT ARE: FEES IS VERY MUCH BELOW THE EXPENSES INVOLVED.
THIS BEING THE CASE, THE NIA THOUGHT OF INVOLVING
- OFFICERS ARE ELECTED THE FARMERS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE SYSTEMS.
- SEVERAL COMMITTEES WITH SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS ARE
FORMED IRRIGATORS’ ASSOCIATIONS (IAS) WERE FORMED AND THEIR
- REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE WERE DONE THROUGH CAPABILITY TO MANAGE THE SYSTEMS ARE BEING
DEVELOPED TO PREPARE THEM TO HANDLE THE
GROUP WORKS
SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PARTIALLY IF NOT TOTALLY.
- SANCTIONS ARE IMPOSED FOR DIFFERENT KINDS OF PARTICIPATION OF FARMERS IS DIVIDED INTO THREE
OFFENSES STAGES:

CONDITIONS OF SYSTEM TURNOVER

STAGE 1 – FARMERS’ PARTICIPATION IS LIMITED TO THE FEE
SOME OF THE CONDITIONS THAT ARE EMBODIED IN THE TURNOVER
COLLECTION CONTRACT BETWEEN THE IRRIGATORS’ ASSOCIATION (IAS) AND
THE NIA ARE THE FOLLOWING:
STAGE 2 – WATER DISTRIBUTION AND REPAIR ARE INCLUDED IN - REHABILITATION OF THE SYSTEM BY NIA

ADDITION TO FEE COLLECTION - REPAYMENT OF THE CONSTRUCTION COST FOR AN AGREED PERIOD
- THE IAS MUST BE REGISTERED WITH THE SECURITIES AND
EXCHANGE COMMISSION (SEC)
STAGE 3 – THE FARMERS TAKE OVER THE FULL MANAGEMENT OF
THE - PAYMENT BY IA OF THE DIRECT REHABILITATION COST OF A PERIOD
OF NOT MORE THAN 50 YEARS
SYSTEM AND THE OWNERSHIP IS GIVEN TO THEM WITH
- NIA SHOULD PROVIDE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO IA
THE CONDITION OF REPAYMENT OF REHABILITATION - MAJOR REPAIRS WITHIN SPECIFIED PERIOD STILL THE
COST RESPONSIBILITY OF NIA
TO NIA FOR NOT OVER 50 YEARS - CAPABILITY BUILDING OF THE IA MEMBERS TO BE PROVIDED BY NIA

3
 24/03/2022

DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNAL SYSTEMS

NIA IS NOT ONLY INVOLVED IN DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL
SYSTEMS BUT ALSO PROVIDES ASSISTANCE IN THE 1. DEPLOYMENT OF A COMMUNITY ORGANIZER (CO) IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNAL SYSTEMS FOLLOWING AREA TO SERVE AS CATALYZER IN THE
THE PARTICIPATORY APPROACH. FORMATION/STRENGTHENING OF IA
2. PREPARATION OF PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM
THE PROCESS IS FOR ANY GROUP OF FARMERS TO SUBMIT A
WRITTEN REQUEST TO NIA FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE 3. WALK-THROUGH OF THE SERVICE AREA TO CHECK THE
DEVELOPMENT OF AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN THEIR PRELIMINARY DESIGN
AREA. 4. REVISION OF THE DESIGN TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION THE
OBSERVATION DURING THE WALK-THROUGH
WITH THIS REQUEST AND AFTER A THOROUGH EVALUATION ON 5. INVOLVEMENT OF FARMERS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND
THE FEASIBILITY OF THE PROJECT, THE FOLLOWING INSPECTION ACTIVITIES
PROCEDURE IS BEING FOLLOWED WHICH IS KNOWN AS
THE PARTICIPATORY APPROACH:

PARTICIPATORY APPROACH EFFECTS OF FARMERS’ PARTICIPATION IN THE

IN REHABILITATION ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT/REHABILITATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

1. IN COMMUNAL IRRIGATION SYSTEMS:

NATIONAL SYSTEMS THAT ARE SCHEDULED TO BE TURNED OVER TO IRRIGATORS’ GROUP
ARE BEING REHABILITATED, THE COST OF WHICH IS TO BE REPAID BY THE A. STRONGER IA
ASSOCIATION.
B. READY ACCEPTANCE OF COMPLETED FACILITIES
INCLUDING
SINCE THE ASSOCIATION WILL PAY FOR WHATEVER BE THE COST OF REHABILITATION, IT IS
OBLIGATION FOR PAYMENT OF
BUT LOGICAL THAT THERE SHOULD BE A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ASSOCIATION CONSTRUCTION/REHABILITATION
IN ALL THE MAJOR ACTIVITIES.
COST
THESE ACTIVITIES ARE:
C. IMPROVED MAINTENANCE OF CANALS
D. INCREASED COUNTERPART CONTRIBUTION
- PROCUREMENT OF SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS
E. HIGHER IRRIGATION FEE COLLECTION
- INSPECTION OF COMPLETED FACILITIES
F. INCREASED AWARENESS OF NIA STAFF AND BETTER
- AUDITING OF EXPENSES RELATIONS
- RIGHT-OF-WAY NEGOTIATION WITH FARMERS

EFFECTS OF FARMERS’ PARTICIPATION IN THE

DEVELOPMENT/REHABILITATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

2. IN NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYSTEMS:

A. STRONGER IA
B. FARMERS INITIATE NEGOTIATION WITH NIA TURNOVER OF ENTIRE
OR PARTS OF THE NATIONAL SYSTEM TO THEIR ASSOCIATION
FOR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ALONG TERMS BENEFICIAL
TO BOTH ASSOCIATION AND NIA
C. BETTER CANAL MAINTENANCE
D. HIGHER IRRIGATION FEE COLLECTION
E. LOWER EXPENSES FOR NIA SO THAT NIA’S SHARE OF
END
COLLECTION EXCEED EXPENSES
F. SOME INCREASE IN IRRIGATED AREA
G. INCREASED AWARENESS OF NIA STAFF AND IMPROVED RELATION
WITH FARMERS

4
The Magat River Integrated Irrigation System (MARIIS)
Head Office
Total project cost is 3.4B pesos (yr. 1975). The irrigation facilities, including the reservoir, the
intake gates to the hydroelectric plant, and the dam itself, is owned and managed by the
National Irrigation Administration (NIA) while the hydroelectric plant was owned by the
National Power Corporation (Napocor). Under the Electric Power Industry Reforms Act of 2001
(Republic Act No. 9136), the Magat Dam hydroelectric plant underwent a privatization process.
As a result, the plant's ownership and operation was turned over to SN Aboitiz Power Inc.
(SNAP), a joint venture of a local company, Aboitiz Equity Venture (AEV), and the Norwegian
SN Power Invest (SN Power) in April 2007
At the time of its construction in the 1950’s, the Magat River Irrigation System Dam in Ramon,
Isabela is the primary source of irrigation water in the province. It irrigates around 50,000
hectares of rice land.
During the Magat River Multi-Purpose project, MARIS Dam was rehabilitated and became part
of the Magat River Integrated Irrigation System.
Currently it delivers irrigation water to the Maris Main Canal and North Diversion Canal which
serve 68,686 hectares of rice lands within the municipalities of Ramon, Santiago, San Isidro,
Cordon, Angadanan, Alicia, Echague, Cabatuan, San Mateo, Luna, Cauayan, Reina Mercedes,
Naguillian, Aurora, San Manuel, Roxas, Quirino, Burgos, and Gamu in Isabela Province and the
municipality of Alfonso Lista in Ifugao Province
Constructed in the 1980’s as part of the Magat River Multipurpose
Project, the Baligatan Dam delivers water to the South High Canal
and Oscariz Canal which serve high level areas in the system.

To date, it provides irrigation water to 9,386 hectares of rice lands

located within the municipalities of Ramon, Cordon, and Santiago
City in Isabela Province and the municipalities of Diffun,
Cabbaroguis and Saguday in Quirino Province.
The main feature of the Siffu River Irrigation System (SIFRIS), the
Siffu Dam is a run-off-the-river type dam constructed along the
Siffu River in Roxas, Isabela in the 1960’s .

Through the Siffu Dam, SIFRIS serves 5,905 hectares of ricelands

in the municipalities of Roxas and Gamu in the province of Isabela.
The 360 MW MAGAT Hydro - Electric
Plant in Ramon, Isabela

Constructed in the 1980s under the Magat River Multi-Purpose Project, the Magat Hydro
Electric Power Plant is one of the top hydro electric power plants in the country.
Water from the Magat Reservoir is released through the four penstocks going to the
MHEPP at 120 cms each. Through large turbines, this is used to generate electricity of up
to 360 MW. Water is then released and held at the Maris Dam for irrigation use.
The 6 MW Baligatan Hydro - Electric Plant in Ramon, Isabela

Through a spherical valve under the Baligatan Dam, water passes to the
Baligatan Power Plant and then discharges to the Baligatan Creek.

This water is then diverted at the Baligatan Diversion Dam to irrigate the
9,025 hectares of service area along the South High Canal and 2,681 hectares
of service area of the Oscariz Main Canal.
The MARIIS Pumping Station I in Angadanan, Isabela

Facility Features:
•Number of Pump Units 3
•Pump Capacity: 69 cu. m./min
•Length: 661 Hectares
•Expected Rice Production: 5,844
MT/a

Purposes ;To irrigate rice lands even at high elevation, pumping stations were
constructed in the MARIIS Service area.
Pumping Station I is located in Angadanan, Isabela under MARIIS-Division IV. It
provides irrigation to 661 hectares of rice lands within the municipality.
The MARIIS Pumping Station II in Burgos, Isabela

Facility Features:
•Number of Pump Units 5
•Pump Capacity: 199 cu.
m./min
•Length: 2,704 Hectares
•Expected Rice
Production: 23,904 MT/a

Pumping Station II is located in Burgos, Isabela under MARIIS-Division

III. It provides irrigation to 2,704 hectares of rice lands within the
municipality.
The MARIIS Pumping Station III in Gamu, Isabela

Facility Features:
•Number of Pump Units 5
•Pump Capacity: 88.8 cu. m./min
•Length: 2,885 Hectares
•Expected Rice
Production: 25,504 MT/a

Pumping Station III is located in Gamu, Isabela under MARIIS-Division III. It

provides irrigation to 2,885 hectares of rice lands within the municipality.
JICA funded mini-hydro power plant switched-on in Isabela
•Posted By NIA-MARIIS

•on November 7, 2014

•Under News and Updates

NIA Administrator Florencio Padernal, DOE Undersecretary Zenaida Monsada, and JICA
Representative Eigo Azukizawa during the switching-on of the 45kw mini-hydropower facility
in San Mateo, Isabela. The event was witnessed by all the NIA regional irrigation managers (in
green hard hats).
SAN MATEO, Isabela — A 45-kilowatt mini-hydro power plant along an irrigation canal here
was switched on November 4, 2014. Funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency,
the hydro-power facility is constructed along the Lateral B of the Maris Main Canal of the
National Irrigation Administration-Magat River Integrated Irrigation System here.
Department of Energy Under Secretary Zenaida Y. Monsada, NIA Administrator Florencio F.
Padernal, and JICA Senior Representative of the Economic Growth Section Eigo Azukizawa led
the switching on ceremony of the demonstration project.
 Latest Update from MARIIS Management.

Engr. Mariano G. Dancel, the 8th Operations Manager of the Magat River
Integrated Irrigation System has retired from government service effective
January 10, 2015.On January 8, 2015, MARIIS employees staged a
celebration dubbed “Salamat, Mabuhay! Engr. Mariano G. Dancel: A Salute
to 42 Years of Dedicated Service and Commitment to Excellence.”

Engr. Dancel joined MARIIS in 1973 as Civil Engineer Aide II, rose from the ranks
and became Irrigation Superintendent III at the helm of the MARIIS-Division IV
from 1997-2004.
MARIIS welcomes new chief
Posted By NIA-MARIIS

on January 28, 2015

Under News and Updates

Cauayan City, Isabela – The Magat River Integrated Irrigation System

welcomes a familiar face as its new operations manager.
After a thorough screening process, Engr. Wilfredo C. Gloria of the
Engineering and Operations Division was chosen as the Acting
Operations Manager of MARIIS in a memorandum dated January 27,
2015.
 to

National Irrigation Administration

Upper Pampanga River Integrated Irrigation Systems
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
 SERVICE MAP

It is approximately
150km North of Manila
Provinces Covered by UPRIIS
TARLAC
1,691 (1.41%) hectares
1 Municipality
4 Barangays

NUEVA ECIJA
119,639.78 hectares
106,537.97 (89.05%) hectares
19 Municipalities
4 Provinces
5 Cities
406 Barangays
23 Municipalities
5 Cities
452 Barangays
BULACAN
6,662.87 (5.57%) hectares
PAMPANGA 2 Municipalities
4,747.94 (3.97%) hectares 33 Barangays
1 Municipality
9 Barangays
PANTABANGAN DAM
Main Source of Irrigation
Reservoir Storage 3,000 MCM
Sediment 130 MCM
Reservoir Area at Top
Inactive 95 MCM 8,420 Hectares
of Surcharge pool
Irrigation & Power 1,757 MCM Watershed Area 90,900 Hectares
Flood Control Pool 330 MCM
Surcharge 688 MCM
 PANTABANGAN DAM

POWER PLANT

SPILL WAY

SPILLWAY

MASIWAY MASIWAY DAM

POWER PLANT
FUSED DYKE

MASIWAY DAM
 Pantabangan Dam

Masiway Dam

Rizal
Dam
ORGANIZATION & MANAGEMENT
SETUP
REYNALDO D. PUNO
Office of the Department Manager

ROSALINDA B. BOTE JASMIN D. VILLANUEVA CRISTINO C. CASTILLO

Engineering & Administrative and Dam and Reservoir
Operations Division Finance Division Division
 UPRIIS MANAGEMENT SET-UP
OFFICE OF THE DEPARTMENT MANAGER
REYNALDO D. PUNO

ENGINEERING & OPERATION ADMINISTRATIVE & FINANCE DAM AND RESERVOIR

DIVISION DIVISION DIVISION
ROSALINDA B. BOTE JASMIN D. VILLANUEVA CRISTINO C. CASTILLO

DIVISION I DIVISION II DIVISION III DIVISION IV DIVISION V

Freddie M. Toquero Santos B. Viernes Joselito A. Mangunay Eugenio O. Conde Jr. Carlito M. Gapasin

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
SECTION
Maridenise S. Cudia OPERATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE AND
MAINTENANCE SECTION FINANCE SECTION
Principal Engineer Administrative Officer
ENGINEERING SECTION
Alvin L. Manuel,Sr.
SUPERVISING ENGINEER SUPERVISING ENGINEER
FOR OPERATION FOR MAINTENANCE
OPERATIONS SECTION
Ireneo G. Pascual
SWRFT

EQUIPMENT SECTION
Reynaldo C. Martinez GATEKEEPER
DIVISION I
Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija
Potential Irrigable Area
Firmed up Service Area
31,785 ha
20,651.71 ha
Number of Farmers 15,701
Diversion Canal # I •QUEZON
•LICAB
•TALAVERA
•STO. DOMINGO
•SAN JOSE CITY
•MUṄOZ
•LUPAO
•LLANERA

Super Diversion Canal

(SDC)

Diversion Canal # 1 FREDDIE M. TOQUERO

(DC #1) Manager, Division I
DIVISION II
Talavera, Nueva Ecija
Potential Irrigable Area
Firmed up Service Area
23,651 ha
23,190.96 ha
Number of Farmers 16,847
PRIS Main Canal •TALAVERA
•ALIAGA
•LLANERA
•RIZAL
•CABANATUAN
CITY
•GEN.NATIVIDAD
Re – Use Dam Murcon Dam

Re – Use Dam VACA Dam

SANTOS B. VIERNES
Manager, Division II
DIVISION III
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Potential Irrigable Area
Firmed up Service Area
32,970.11 ha
32,970.11 ha
Number of Farmers 20,199

•ALIAGA ATATE DAM

•ZARAGOSA
•CABANATUAN
CITY
•GEN.NATIVIDAD
•STA. ROSA
•PALAYAN CITY
•PEṄARANDA
•SAN LEONARDO
•JAEN
•SAN ANTONIO

AULO DAM

JOSELITO A. MANGUNAY
Manager, Division III
DIVISION IV
Gapan City, Nueva Ecija
Potential Irrigable Area
Firmed up Service Area
27,000 ha
24,977 ha
Number of Farmers 14,823

•PEÑARANDA PENRIS DAM

•CABIAO
•GAPAN
•SAN ISIDRO
•SAN MIGUEL
•SAN ILDEFONSO
•CANDABA

EUGENIO O. CONDE, JR.

Manager, Division IV
DIVISION V Potential Irrigable Area
Firmed up Service Area
17,850 ha
17,850 ha
Number of Farmers 17,456

Super Diversion Canal •LICAB

(SDC) •GUIMBA
•TALUGTOG
•SAN JOSE CITY
•MUŃOZ
•LLANERA
Diversion Canal •RIZAL
# 1 (DC #1) •VICTORIA

CARLITO M. GAPASIN
Manager, Division V
 UPRIIS TOTAL CANAL LENGTH
Diversion Canal, km. 75.84
Length of Main
197.36
Canal, km.
Length of Lateral,
1,455.728
km.
Lined Canal, km. 467.14

Earth Canal, km 523.845

Length of Service
1,563.954
Road, km.

Length of Access
368
Road, km

Number of Turnouts 4,550

Potential Irrigable Area 130,754 has.
Firmed – Up Service Area 119,216.49 has.
Number of Farmers 85,581
Number of IAs 411
 PANTABANGAN DAM
WATER SITUATION
(as of November 10, 2014)

Elevation Main Dam 203.19 m.

Operation Rule Curve 212.06m.
Masiway IDR 0
Inflow 29 CMS
Rainfall 0 mm.
Available Volume for Irrigation 1,054.5400 MCM
Masiway Elevation 124.95 m.
 CY 2014 PROGRAMMED AREA

PARTICULAR DRY CROP WET CROP

Division I 18,600.66 19,222.00

Division II 22,861.28 22,991.00
Division III 33,067.11 31,509.05
Division IV 24,613.00 21,220.00
Division V 15,348.00 15,695.00
UPRIIS 114,490.05 110,637.05
CMIPP Phase II 2,463.00 2,463.00
TOTAL 116,953.05 113,100.05
STATUS OF FARMING ACTIVITIES
As of October 31, 2014

FIRMED- IRRIGATION FOR RICE , ha. FISH TOTAL

PROGRAM-
UP MED AREA, ORCHARD POND IRRIGATED
DIVISION
SERVICE ha.
AREA, ha. AULS AULP ACMV ACMR AUTD AH ha. Ha. ha.

I 20,651.71 19,222.00 - - - - 1,196.16 18,025.84 - - 19,222.00

II 23,190.96 22,991.00 - - - - - 22,897.18 - - 22,897.18

III 32,970.11 31,509.05 - - - 14,910.22 5,675.81 10,125.58 705.31 92.13 31,509.05

IV 24,977.00 21,220.00 - - 195.00 1,628.00 5,778.00 13,508.71 - - 21,109.71

V 15,291.00 15,695.00 - - - - 1,074.00 13,451.00 - - 14,525.00

CMIPP
2,559.00 2,463.00 - - - - - 2,372.00 - - 2,372.00
II
UPRIIS 119,639.78 113,100.05 - - 195.00 16,538.22 13,723.97 80,380.31 705.31 92.13 111,634.94

Percentage Accomplishment, % - - 0.17 14.62 12.13 71.07 0.62 0.08 98.70

 CY ISF (CA + BA) COLLECTION
As of October 31, 2014

Particulars Current Account Back Account CA + BA

Division I 45,011,545.26 10,332,990.89 55,344,536.15

Division II 63,999,067.32 10,851,226.98 74,850,294.30

Division III 56,928,096.72 18,467,158.69 75,395,255.41

Division IV 43,185,272.77 12,862,170.55 56,047,443.32

Division V 47,950,717.39 6,848,428.39 54,799,145.78

UPRIIS 257,074,699.46 59,361,975.50 316,436,674.96

 ESTIMATED
POTENTIAL
IRRIGATION MUNICIPALITY/ HEAD DISCHARGE
POTENTIAL SITES POWER STATUS/REMARKS
SYSTEM BARANGAY (MTRS) (CMS)
GENERATION
IN KW
Div I Macanae Dam,LUPAO LUPAO 20 4 600
Div I Chute at TRIS MC, SN. JOSE SN. JOSE 20 6 900 Under final stage of FS
Div I RG 3 OF DC1 LLANERA/ SN ANDRES 3 27 600 by PNOC RC dated
September 9, 2014
LLANERA/ STA.
Div I RG 4 OF DC1 3 22 500
BARBARA
SAN JOSE CITY/
Div I RG 5 OF DC1 3 20 400 For evaluation
TONDOD
Head Works of SDA SCIENCE CITY OF
Div I 3 15 300 For evaluation
Supply,DC-1 MUNOZ/ VILLA CUIZON
Div I COJUANGCO Dam Munoz 6 4 150 For evaluation
On going construction -
Div II PRIS MC Poblacion,Rizal 3 30 1,000
PNOC
Barangay Mangahan,
Div III AULO Dam Outlet conduit 6 8 300
Palayan City
40 TO 50 WS Under initial stage of FS
PBRIS MC Down stream of Barangay Singalat,
Div III 1 & 5 to 10 cms 300 by PNOC RC dated July
Intake Gates Palayan City
DS 25, 2013 advance copy
Pambuan, Ginandusan, Gapan 28 Actual- report.
Div III Pambuan,Gapan City 2.5 250
City 10cms only
Div IV Maburak,Penaranda Maburak, Gapan City 3 18 200
Linlingay,Science City of
Div V Lateral E,SDC (St.0+400) 4.74 17.67 600 For evaluation
Munoz,N.E.
FS is in final stage of
Div V Lateral C, SDC Radial Gate Science City of Munoz 5 40 500 complition by the PNOC
RC
For initial evaluation
OMS Brgy Sampaloc Sampaloc Rizal. NE 6 120-150 9,000 Sept.10, 2014 by PNOC-
RC
TOTAL 15,600

Expected income per month – 1,797,120.00

Expected income per year - 21,565,440.00
Parcellary Mapping Activities
(GPS and Topographic Survey)
Engineering
Section
 Status of
Institutional
Development
Program
As of October 31, 2014
IA ORGANIZED IA REGISTERED
411 411
118,184.17 118,184.17
85,581 85,581

IA WITH TIN
410
IA O&M CONTRACTING Model 1
- 337
- 86,604.4577
- 59,659
393 Model 2
Total - 36
IMT = 113,661.8857 - 23,471.650
- 21,914
83,879
Model 4
- 22
- 4,038.744
- 2,608
 IA AREA FBs
383 393

113,661 83,879
82,760
111,927

1,119
10 1,734

2013 EO
EO 2013 EO
EO 2013 EO
EO
October
August October
August October
August
2014
2014 2014
2014 2014
2014
 Under IMT as of October 31, 2014
PARTICULARS TOTAL Remaining
MODEL 1 MODEL 2 MODEL 4 TOTAL PERCENT
Area for IMT
DIVISION I
No. of IAs 80 62 15 3 80 100
No. of Farmers 15,701 11,500 3,852 442 15,794 100.59
Service Area, Ha. 20,711.81 15,865.96 4,033.24 740.41 20,639.61 99.65 72.2
DIVISION II
No. of IAs 79 70 9 79 100.00
No. of Farmers 16,847 15,546 1,726 17,272 102.52
Service Area, Ha. 23,162.96 20,878.14 2,282.41 23,120.64 99.99 2.41
DIVISION III
No. of IAs 138 127 127 92.03 11
No. of Farmers 20,499 19,303 19,303 94.17 1,196
Service Area, Ha. 31,157.85 28,683.60 28,683.60 92.06 2,474.25
DIVISION IV
No. of IAs 91 78 8 86 94.51 5
No. of Farmers 14,964 13,312 1,122 14,434 96.46 530
Service Area, Ha. 24,611.55 21,196.7577 1,895.60 23,092.35 93.83 1,519.20
DIVISION V
No. of IAs 23 12 9 21 91.30 2
No. of Farmers 17,570 16,336 740 17,076 97.19 494
Service Area, Ha. 18,540.00 17,156.00 929.7715 18,085.77 97.55 454
UPRIIS
No. of IAs 411 337 36 20 393 95.62 18
No. of Farmers 85,581 59,661 21,914 2,304 83,879 98.01 1,702
Service Area, Ha. 118,184.17 86,624.4577 23,471.65 3,565.778 113,661.8857 96.17 4,522.28
Model I = 337 IAs
Model 2 = 36 IAs
Model 4 = 20 IAs

Remaining Area
for IMT = 18 IAs
4,562.28 ha.
DIVISION NAME OF IAs REMARKS

1 Nagkakaisang Magsasaka sa Panabingan

2 MAMAMIA
3 Bagona
4 Maka Kabukiran
5 Masambong Panabingan
III-11 IAs 6 Compra Valeriana, Caingin Newly Registered IAs
7 Mataladtad Farmers IA, Inc.
8 Pinagpala Farmers IA, Inc.
9 Mangalinao IA
10 Walang Iwanan IA
11 Valeriana IA
12 Penaranda IA Pump
13 Mahipon Kapalangan
IV - 5 IAs 14 Maburak Pumping Newly Registered IAs
15 SanJosapma (Pump Area)
16 Maganaka IA
17 Sta Barbara Cruz Balayang Pump Newly Registered IAs
V= 2 IAs
18 San Andres Caanawan (Pump Area)
ACCOMP REMAINING

Division IV – 1 IA
4 4 Division V - 3
(50%) (50%)
ACCOMP REMAINING

Division IV – 1 IAs
6 4 Division V - 3
(60%) (40%)
ACCOMP REMAINING

Division IV – 1 IA
6 4 Division V - 3
(60%) (40%)
ACCOMP REMAINING
6
(1%)

402
(99%)
 ACCOMP
TARGET
14 10
71%
TARGET ACCOMP
48

33
28
25 24
21
19
14 15
10

I II III IV V
 9
8
7 7 7
6
5
4 4
3

I II III IV V
TARGET ACCOMP
 *5 Environmental
Awareness
TARGET ACCOMP * 5 SPPF
22 10
* 1 Mid-year IDP RPW
* 1 PSD
 376 IAs (91%)
Without
Environmental
Trainings
Awareness Seminar
35 (9%)
9 (2%)
SPPF
29 (7%)
Level 3
55 (13%)

Level 1
277 (67%)

Level 2
197 (48%)
1. LEVEL 1 – Leadership Capability
Enhancement Training
A two-day live-in training design
intended for leaders of Irrigators’
Associations with inadequate
leadership capability and knowledge
in operation and maintenance. The
training modules consist of skills,
knowledge and attitude focused on
organizational management and
operation and maintenance of their
system.
2. LEVEL 2 – Seminar-Workshop on Records
and Financial Management
A two day live-in seminar-
workshop intended for Irrigators’
Associations under Model 1 IMT and
Type II contracts that are receiving
incentive from ISF collection. It aims
to develop the capability of the IA
leaders on the proper management
of the different kinds of administrative
and financial records. The IA leaders
are also expected to acquire higher
knowledge on the enhancement of
their financial resources.
3. LEVEL 3 – Seminar-Workshop on
Sustainable System
Management for IAs
A two-day live-in seminar for
Irrigators Associations with Model 2
IMT contract. Leaders for this type of
training are expected to be more
analytical on organizational leadership
to sustain their capability on system
operation, maintenance, ISF collection
and strengthen their entrepreneurial
activities and developmental linkages.
4. SPPF – Strategic Planning and Policy
Formulation
A three-day live-in
activity designed to
strengthen and enhance
capability of farmer leaders
in the conceptualization of IA
Vision, formulation of
Mission, Objectives, Policies
and identify programs and
projects that can be
extended to members.
5. Environmental Awareness Seminar
A two-day live-in seminar
designed for Irrigators’
Associations aimed to educate
farmers on the impact of global
warming and climate change,
inculcate consciousness
regarding their roles as
stakeholders of an irrigation
community and help them
formulate appropriate steps to
cushion the negative effects of
environmental changes.
 AMOUNT OF
NO. OF
CROPPING NO. OF IAs LOANS INCENTIVE TO IA
FARMERS
GRANTED

Wet Crop 2012 3 17 1,230,837.60 12,308.38

Dry Crop 2013 35 143 14,904,720.00 125,967.20

Wet Crop 2013 87 581 57,330,800.00 405,723.80

Dry Crop 2014 132 1231 129,412,350.00

Wet Crop 2014 * 106 857 132,722,950.00

TOTAL 335,601,657.60 543,999.38

*Releases for Wet Crop 2014 is still on going

1. Rehab / Repair & Install control gates to
improve Water Management.
2. Construction of CHB Lining for better water
distribution.
3. Dredging of silted canals to make water
flow continuous.
4. Raising of low canal embankment to avoid
overflowing / wash-out and to increase canal
capacity.
5. Monitor the flow of irrigation water for
equitable distribution.
6. Installation of Staff Gauge to properly measure the
right amount of water delivered to the canal.
7. Orient farmers to adopt controlled irrigation/
alternate wetting & drying technology to increase
water use efficiency.
8. Coordination
Meeting with
concerned
stakeholders to
successfully
implement the
Program on
Early Wet, Third
Crop
and Rice
Ratooning
1. Strict Implementation of Cropping Calendar
to avoid pest and diseases.
2. Encourage
farmers to
utilize high
yielding
varieties such
as hybrid or
certified
seeds to
increase their
yield.
3. Conduct
Usapang
Palay Rice
Technology
Updates for
farmers to
improve
their
farming
practices.
4. Issuance of
demand
letters to
delinquent
farmers
(Legal
Procedures).
5. Creation of
Collection Task
Force, Field
Deployment of Office
Personnel with
pleasing personality
during collection
period to distribute
farmers’ Statement of
Account and
campaign for ISF
payment.
6. Recognition of Top 3 ISF Collectors per Division
7. Strong NIA –IA Partnership.
8. Strong NIA and LGU linkages.
Supplies year
round irrigation
to 119,639.78
hectares of
riceland in
Nueva Ecija,
Bulacan
Pampanga
and Tarlac.
 Particulars Dry 2013 Dry 2014 Increment
Average Yield
In Cavans 126.25 134.17 7.92
In Tons 6.31 6.71 .40
Price per kilo of palay, P 17.00 24.00 7.00

Gross Income per Hectare, P 107,312.50 161,004.00 53,691.50

Average Production Cost per
Hectare including Irrigation 51,221.46 53,108.21 1,886.75
Service Fee, P
Net Income 56,091.04 107,895.79 51,804.75
 Boosts the palay
production to an
average of 5 to 10
tons per hectare per
cropping season,
contributing to the
country’s harvest
from previous
200,000 tons to now
more than 1,000,000
tons per year.
 UPRIIS MILLED RICE PRODUCTION vs.
POPULATION REQUIREMENT
(Within UPRIIS Service Area)
Province 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Population 2,412,024 2,472,325 2,534,133 2,597,486 2,662,423 2,728,984 2,797,208

Breakdown :
Nueva Ecija 1,996,397 2,046,307 2,097,465 2,149,901 2,203,649 2,258,740 2,315,208
Bulacan 250,137 256,390 262,800 269,370 276,104 283,007 290,082
Pampanga 104,016 106,616 109,282 112,014 114,814 117,684 120,626
Tarlac 61,474 63,011 64,586 66,201 67,856 69,553 71,291
Milled Rice Requirement,
tons 297,885 305,332 312,965 320,789 328,809 337,030 345,456
UPRIIS Irrigated Area, Ha. 223,677 246,162 251,817.46 258,037 262,857 266,951 269,943
UPRIIS Milled Rice
production, tons 699,074 790,233 843,539.62 905,151 965,137 1,026,344 1,088,669

UPRIIS Surplus, tons 401,189 484,901 530,574.62 584,361 636,328 689,314 743,214
 UPRIIS MILLED RICE PRODUCTION vs.
POPULATION REQUIREMENT
(Within UPRIIS Service Area)
Province 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Population 2,412,024 2,472,325 2,534,133 2,597,486 2,662,423 2,728,984 2,797,208

Breakdown :
Nueva Ecija 1,996,397 2,046,307 2,097,465 2,149,901 2,203,649 2,258,740 2,315,208
Bulacan 250,137 256,390 262,800 269,370 276,104 283,007 290,082
Pampanga 104,016 106,616 109,282 112,014 114,814 117,684 120,626
Tarlac 61,474 63,011 64,586 66,201 67,856 69,553 71,291
Milled Rice Requirement,
tons 297,885 305,332 312,965 320,789 328,809 337,030 345,456
UPRIIS Irrigated Area, Ha. 223,677 237,668 260,619 251,750 266,461 266,951 269,943
UPRIIS Milled Rice
production, tons 673,951 651,416 843,540 789,295.27 965,137 1,026,344 1,088,669

UPRIIS Surplus, tons 376,066 346,084 530,575 468,506.27 636,328 689,314 743,214

Note :
1. Actual data - CY 2010 to CY 2013; Projected - CY 2014 to CY 2016.
2. CY 2011 - Typhoon Pedring & Quiel which severely hit Nueva Ecija affecting 29,141 hectares.
3. CY 2013 - Typhoon Santi which severely hit Nueva Ecija affecting 11,047 hectares.
 Generates
power of:
120 megawatts
Generates
power of:
12 megawatts
✓ FLOOD CONTROL
✓ FISH CONSERVATION
✓ ENHANCEMENT OF TOURISM
✓ WATER SUPPLY FOR DOMESTIC AND
INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES
ACTIVITIES
 WATER SUMMIT (OCTOBER 15, 2014 )
TO MITIGATE THE EFFECT OF EL NIÑO PHENOMENON
CLOUD SEEDING OPERATION (JULY 11, 2014 TO AUGUST 29, 2014)
EL NIÑO MITIGATION
HARVEST FESTIVAL
Inauguration of Murcon Dam
SEMINAR & WORKSHOP ON
CONTROLLED IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY
&

CONTROLLED IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY

 NIA – IA – LGU LINKAGES
Division I Division II

Division III

Division IV Division V

Technical briefing on rice ratooning with Municipal Agricultural Officers.

 NIA – IA LGU LINKAGES

Coordination Meeting with Hon. Gov. A. M. Umali

Re: Proposed Dredging of Rio-Chico River
SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
STRATEGIC PLANNING & POLICY
FORMULATION FOR GLORYA SBM IA, INC.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
THEN

NOW
 VACA DAM
(Division II)

THEN

NOW
 RIZAL DAM
(Division II)
THEN

NOW
 ATATE DAM
(Division III)

THEN

NOW
 PENRIS DAM
(Division IV)

THEN

NOW
NIA-UPRIIS GUESTHOUSE AND
TRAINING CENTER

THEN NOW
NIA-UPRIIS GUESTHOUSE AND
TRAINING CENTER
PROFILE
The NIA-UPRIIS Guesthouse and Training Center was
constructed in January 2010 through the effort and initiative
of then UPRIIS Department Manager and past NIA
Administrator Antonio S. Nangel, completed under past
UPRIIS Department Manager Reynaldo D. Puno. Named as
“Benigno S. Aquino Sr. Farmers’ Training Center, it serves as
a venue for various seminars, workshops and other events
which symbolize our unfailing commitment to our farmers
who are craving for excellent service towards the
attainment of rice self-sufficiency. The training center has
high-quality and comfortable rooms where the visitors can
relax and spend the night safely. It has six deluxe rooms and
three suites. Conveniently located at NIA-UPRIIS
compound, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, the farmers
could now enjoy its excellent and classy facilities at a
nearer location.
NIA-UPRIIS HEAD OFFICE BUILDING

THEN
NIA-UPRIIS HEAD OFFICE BUILDING

NOW
NIA-UPRIIS DIVISION II

NOW
THEN
NIA-UPRIIS DIVISION III

NOW
THEN
 NIA-UPRIIS DRD

NOW
THEN
 NIA-UPRIIS DRD

NOW
THEN
THANK YOU !
 24/03/2022

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

CHAPTER 2
ENGINEERING
JANE S. MALASADOR BASIC SOIL-PLANT-WATER
Associate Professor V RELATIONS
MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY-GENERAL SANTOS
Fatima, General Santos City

SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFFECTING STORAGE &

MOVEMENT OF WATER IN THE SOIL
SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFFECTING
STORAGE & MOVEMENT OF WATER IN THE
1. Soil Texture – refers to the size of the soil particles SOIL
3 Major Soil Textural Classification
1. Soil Texture – refers to the size of the soil particles
Coarse - - - Sand
The ISSS Soil Textural Classification
Medium - - - Silt
Fine - - - - Clay Soil Texture Diameter range (mm)
Clay <0.002
Soil Texture Storage Water Movement Silt 0.02 – 0.002
Coarse Lowest Fastest Fine Sand 0.20 – 0.02
Medium Moderate Moderate
Coarse Sand 2.00 – 0.20
Fine Highest Slowest

SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFFECTING…

3. Soil Bulk Density – ratio of oven-dry mass of soil to its bulk volume
ρb = (OD)/(Vb)
SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFFECTING STORAGE &
ρb = soil bulk density (g/cm3, kg/m3, lbs/ft3)
MOVEMENT OF WATER IN THE SOIL
OD = soil oven dry mass (g, kg, lbs)
2. Soil Structure – refers to the shape and arrangement Vb = soil bulk volume (cm3, m3, ft3)
of the soil particles and voids Vb = Vs + Va + Vw
Soil Texture Shape Arrangement Vs = volume of soil particles (cm3 , m3 , ft3)
Va = volume of air in the soil (same units as above)
Coarse Granular/Spherical Rhombic/Cube
Vw = volume of water in the soil (same units as above)
Medium Blocklike Columnar The more compact the soil, the higher the bulk density.
Fine Platelike Like sheets of The finer the soil texture, the higher the bulk density.
paper placed on Bulk density is lowest at the top and highest at the bottom of a soil column.
top of each other Soil Texture Bulk Density
Coarse Lowest
Medium Moderate
Fine Highest

1
 24/03/2022

SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFFECTING STORAGE &

SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFFECTING STORAGE & MOVEMENT OF WATER IN THE SOIL
MOVEMENT OF WATER IN THE SOIL
5. Soil Particle Density – ratio of oven-dry mass of a single soil particle
4. Soil Apparent Specific Gravity – ratio of soil bulk density to the to the volume of that single soil particle
density of water
ρp = (oven-dry mass of a single soil particle)/(volume of
As = (ρb/ρw) that single soil particle)
As = soil apparent specific gravity (unitless) ρp = soil particle density (g/cm3, kg/m3, lbs/ft3)
ρb = soil bulk density (g/cm3, kg/m3, lbs/ft3) The more compact the soil, the higher the particle density.
ρw = water density (g/cm3, kg/m3, lbs/ft3) The finer the soil texture, the lower the particle density.
The more compact the soil, the higher the As. Particle density is lowest at the top and highest at the bottom of a soil
The finer the soil texture, the higher the As. column.

As is lowest at the top and highest at the bottom of a soil column. Soil Texture Particle Density

Soil Texture As Coarse Highest

Coarse Lowest Medium Moderate

Medium Moderate Fine lowest

Fine Highest

SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFFECTING STORAGE SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFFECTING

& MOVEMENT OF WATER IN THE SOIL STORAGE & MOVEMENT OF WATER IN
THE SOIL
6. Real Specific Gravity – ratio of soil particle density to
the density of water 7. Soil Depth – the soil column where
water is applied and where
Rs = (ρp/ρw)
plant roots grow.
Rs = real specific gravity of the soil (unitless)
Soil Texture Soil Depth
ρp = soil particle density (g/cm3, kg/m3, lbs/ft3)
Coarse Deepest
ρw = water density (g/cm3, kg/m3, lbs/ft3)
Medium Moderate
Fine Shallowest

SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFFECTING STORAGE &

MOVEMENT OF WATER IN THE SOIL
8. Soil Porosity – the space between soil particles that are SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFFECTING STORAGE &
occupied by air and water. MOVEMENT OF WATER IN THE SOIL

Kinds of Pore Spaces 8. Soil Infiltration – the downward movement of water from
the soil surface into the soil
Micropores – dominant in fine-textured soils
9. Infiltration Rate – the time rate at which water will percolate
Macropores – dominant in coarse-textured soils from a level soil surface into the soil.
10.Intake Rate – the rate of infiltration from a furrow into the
Soil Texture No. of Micropores No. of Macropores soil.

Coarse Lowest Highest Soil Texture Infiltration Depth/ Infiltration Rate/

Medium Moderate Moderate Intake Depth Intake Rate

Fine Highest Lowest Coarse Lowest Highest

Medium Moderate Moderate
Fine Highest Lowest

2
 24/03/2022

SOIL MOISTURE CONSTANTS SOIL MOISTURE CONSTANTS

1. Wilting Point – moisture content that is left in the soil when the all plant 4. Available Moisture – the difference between field capacity and wilting
organs are wilted or virtually dead. point of the soil

2. Field Capacity – moisture content that is left in the soil when all - moisture content that is present in the soil and
gravitational or excess water has been drained. is available for plant’s use.

- moisture content that is left in the soil 2 to 3 days after - also called available water
a heavy rain or application of water. A. M. = F.C. – W.P.
3. Saturation Point – moisture content that is present in the soil when A.M. = available moisture or water (%, depth, volume)
almost all, if not all, the soil pore spaces are filled
with water. F.C. = soil field capacity (%, depth, volume)

4. Available Water – the difference between field capacity and W.P. = soil wilting point (%, depth, volume)
wilting point of the soil 5. Readily Available Moisture – 75% of available moisture
- moisture content that is present in the soil R.A.M. = 0.75(A.M.)
and is available for plant’s use.
= 0.75(F.C. – W.P.)
- also called available moisture
6. Hygroscopic Water – moisture content at wilting point and is
unavailable for plant’s use

SOIL MOISTURE CONSTANTS

SOIL MOISTURE TENSIONS
7. Gravitational Water – water in excess of, or above, field
capacity At Field Capacity = -1/10 to -1/3 atmosphere
At Wilting Point = - 40 to -15 atmosphere
- also called superflous water, excess
water, gravitational or drainage water
SOIL MOISTURE EXPRESSIONS
Gravitational Water
1. Percent Moisture Content by Weight, P w

Superflous (F.W. – O.D.)

Water Saturation Point Pw = -------------------- X 100 (unit in %)
O.D.
Field Capacity

F.W. = fresh weight of soil sample, g

Available Readily Available Moisture
O.D. = oven dry weight of soil sample, g
Moisture
2. Moisture Content by Volume, Pv
Pv = (Pw/100)•As
Wilting Point
As = apparent specific gravity of the soil

SOIL MOISTURE EXPRESSIONS SOIL MOISTURE TENSION

3. Depth of Water, d σ= surface tension
d Fu σ
d = (Pw/100)•As•D = (Pv)D
D = soil depth that is used to store soil moisture
Fd α = contact angle
4. Volume of Water, V h α
water surface
V = A•d α
A = irrigated area
5. Discharge of Water, q
q = (A•d)/t h = height of rise of water in the capillary tube at equilibrium
t = irrigation water application time Fu = 2πrσcosα σ = 75.6 dynes/cm and its specific

6. qt = Ad Fd = ρg(πr2h) weight is 980 dynes/cm3

At equilibrium, Fu = Fd
d = 2r
2πrσcosα = ρg(πr2h)
d = diameter of capillary tube
h = 2σcosα/ρgr
r = radius of capillary tube
r = 2σcosα/ρgh

3
 24/03/2022

QUESTIONS QUESTIONS
1. Distinguish between the real and the apparent specific 6. Are irrigated soils that are naturally well-drained ever
gravity of a soil. completely saturated? Explain.
2. What substances occupy the pore spaces of a soil? Is the 7. How can the concept of field capacity be determined and
percentage pore space of a soil influenced by its water used even though there is no point on the moisture drainage
content? curve that uniquely defines field capacity?
3. Why is the rate of water-flow into soils of importance in 8. A sharp-edged cylinder 150 mm in diameter is carefully
irrigation practice? driven into the soil so that negligible compaction occurs. A
4. For a soil of given texture and structure, will a 1.4 meter 200-millimeter column of soil is secured. The wet weight is
depth of well-drained root zone soil hold twice as much 5525 grams and the dry weight is 4950 grams. a) What is the
irrigation water as one of 0.7 meter depth? Assume that the percent moisture on a dry weight basis? b) What is the
water table is 10 meters or more below the land surface. apparent specific gravity of the soil?

5. What properties of the soil determine the percentages of

these three classes of moisture in the soil: hygroscopic,
capillary and gravitational?

QUESTIONS QUIZ
9. A cylinder was carefully pushed into the soil without
compressing or disturbing the soil. The cross-sectional area A cylinder was carefully pushed into the
of the cylinder was 0.025 m 2. The length of the column
within the cylinder was 0.30 m. The weight of the soil within soil without compressing or disturbing
the cylinder was 9.5 kg when it was dried. The weight of the the soil. The cross-sectional area of the
soil before drying was 11.4 kg. Determine P w, As, Pv.
cylinder was 0.025 m2. The length of
10. A stream of 115 lps is used to apply 130 hectare-mm of
water per hectare to a 3.5-hectare field. How long will it take the column within the cylinder was 0.30
to irrigate the field? m. The weight of the soil within the
11.An irrigator uses a stream of 100 lps for two days (48 hours) cylinder was 9.5 kg when it was dried.
to irrigate 12 hectares of sugar beets. What is the average
depth of water applied? The weight of the soil before drying was
11.4 kg. Determine Pw, As, Pv.

QUESTIONS QUESTIONS
12. A farmer desires to irrigate a border which is 12 meters 14.Soil samples indicate an average moisture and apparent
wide and 150 meters long. He wants to apply an average of specific gravity in the soil as follows:
75-mm depth of water to the area with a stream of 60 lps.
Depth P(dry wt) A
How long will it take him to irrigate this border?
0-300 mm 14.7 1.34
13.The soil moisture at field capacity is 27.2% and the moisture
content at the time of irrigating is 19.0%. The apparent 300-600 mm 15.3 1.36
specific gravity is 1.3 and the depth of soil to be wetted is 1
600-900 mm 17.6 1.32
meter. a) How many hectare-mm/hectare of water must be
applied? b) How long will it take to irrigate the 5 hectares 900-1200 mm 18.2 1.30
with a 115 lps stream?
Compute the depth of water held in the first 1.2 meters.

4
 05/04/2022

MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE

Methods of Measuring Soil Moisture:
1. Feel and Appearance Method
Wet soils – dark in appearance
Dry soils – light in appearance
MEASUREMENT OF SOIL Clay soils – sticky when wet, forms clods together with other soil
particles when moist, serves as a binder to other

MOISTURE soil particles making up the soil

Medium-textured soils – powdery when dry, crumbles when dry
JANE S. MALASADOR, PHD Coarse-textured soils – granular, particles do not cling to each
other even when wet, crumbles
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department when dry
College of Agriculture, Mindanao State University Feel and Appearance method could not quantify the amount of
Fatima, General Santos City soil moisture. It can only say if the soil is wet, moist or dry.

MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE

Methods of Measuring Soil Moisture: Methods of Measuring Soil Moisture:
2. Resistance of Soil to Penetration 4. Soil Tensiometer Method
Hard objects like steel rod, shovel, hoe, soil auger, etc. can be used to Soil tensiometer measures soil moisture tension.
test the resistance of soil to penetration.
The higher the soil moisture tension, the lower the soil moisture
Dry soils are relatively difficult to penetrate than wet soils. and vice versa
Like the Feel and Appearance Method, the Resistance of Soil to It makes use of a capillary tube (transparent plastic pipe) of about one
Penetration could not quantify the amount of moisture that is present inch in diameter and varies in length. The lower end of the tube is
in the soil. It can only tell if the soil is wet, moist or dry. plugged with a porous cup while its upper end is used to fill the tube
with water. A vacuum gage pressure is attached to the upper end of
3. Oven-drying or Gravimetric Method
the tube. The gage is calibrated from zero to 100. Gage readings
Soil sample of at least 200 grams should be collected from the towards the zero mark corresponds to high soil moisture. The porous
field. cup serves as passageway for water into or out of the tube.
The fresh weight of the soil sample is determined before it is oven- When the soil is dry, water from the tensiometer will be emitted by
dried for 12 to 24 hours at a temperature of about 105 oC, after which passing through the porous cup and then absorbed by the soil. The
the soil oven-dry weight is determined. Moisture content is then gage of the tensiometer registers the corresponding soil moisture
computed by tension.
(F.W. – O.D.) When the soil is wet, water from the soil enters the tensiometer
through the porous cup. The gage registers the corresponding soil
Pw = ------------------ x 100
moisture tension.
O.D.

MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE

Methods of Measuring Soil Moisture: Methods of Measuring Soil Moisture:
4. Soil Tensiometer Method 4. Soil Tensiometer Method
Soil tensiometer is calibrated against the oven-drying method before it Soil tensiometer is calibrated against the oven-drying method before it
could be used. could be used.

• Vacuum Gage
• Soil Surface

•
Pw
•
• Capillary tube
• •
•
Porous Cup ∙ ∙∙
∙∙ ∙∙
Tensiometer Reading

Typical Installation of Tensiometer in the Field

1
 05/04/2022

MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE

Methods of Measuring Soil Moisture: Methods of Measuring Soil Moisture:
4. Soil Tensiometer Method 5. Electrical Resistance Method
It is relatively easy and simple to use. One end of two lead wires are imbedded and molded in a porous
block, made of gypsum of plaster of Paris. The porous block is
Cheap.
installed at the required soil depth. It serves as a passageway for
Needs calibration. moisture that is present in the soil. The other end of the two lead
wires are connected to an electrical resistance meter.
5. Electrical Resistance Method
The higher the soil moisture, the lower is the corresponding electrical
An electrical resistance meter, sometimes called Bouyoucous meter,
resistance.
measures the amount of electrical resistance present in the soil.
One end of two lead wires are imbedded and molded in a
Switch Electrical Resistance Meter
porous block, made of gypsum of plaster of Paris. The porous block
is installed at the required soil depth. It serves as a passageway for Soil Surface
moisture that is present in the soil. The other end of the two lead
wires are connected to an electrical resistance meter.
Lead wires
The higher the soil moisture, the lower is the corresponding electrical
resistance.
Porous Block

Typical installation of an electrical resistance meter and porous block in the field.

MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE

Methods of Measuring Soil Moisture: Methods of Measuring Soil Moisture:
4. Soil Tensiometer Method 6. Neutron Scattering Method
Electrical Resistance Method A neutron source (e.g. Am/Be) is used to measure the amount of
It is relatively easy and simple to use. moisture present in the soil. The neutron source is imbedded in the
Cheap. soil at the required soil depth where moisture is to be measured. The
Needs calibration. neutron source emits fast neutrons. Some fast neutrons will then
collide with the hydrogen molecules that are present in the soil which
• will then be slowed down. Hydrogen molecules will be present in the
• soil if there is water or moisture in it.
•
The number of slowed neutrons will be counted by the neutron
•
scattering device. The higher the moisture content present in the soil,
Pw • • the higher will be the number of hydrogen molecules present in the
•
• • soil and the higher will be the number of slowed down neutrons.
• •

Resistance Meter Reading

Sample electrical resistance calibration curve.

MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE

MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE
Methods of Measuring Soil Moisture:
6. Neutron Scattering Method Methods of Measuring Soil Moisture:
Digital Counter of No. of
Slowed Neutrons 6. Neutron Scattering Method
Switch
Soil Surface It is the most accurate method of soil moisture
measurement.
Connecting Cable PVC or Aluminum Pipe (Shield) It is the most expensive method of soil moisture
measurement.
Pre-Amplifier Section
It needs calibration.
Neutron Source

Typical installation of a Hydroprobe, a neutron scattering device for

soil moisture measurement.

2
 05/04/2022

MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE

Methods of Measuring Soil Moisture:
7. Use of Thermal Properties (Thermocouple)
Thermocouple is used to measure temperature.
Soil temperature changes according to the change in
soil moisture content. The wetter the soil, the lower
is its temperature and vice versa.
However, soil temperature also varies with depth.
The deeper the soil, the lower is the temperature.
Change in depth affects soil moisture measurement.

3
 05/04/2022

CHAPTER 4. FLOW OF WATER INTO AND

THROUGH SOILS
Water has energy.
FLOW OF WATER INTO AND Energy of Flowing Water.

THROUGH THE SOIL 1. Potential Energy, P. E. = (P/γ) + y

(P/γ) = pressure head
JANE S. MALASADOR, PHD
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department γ = specific weight of water
College of Agriculture, Mindanao State University
Fatima, General Santos City
y = elevation head

1
CHAPTER 4. FLOW OF WATER INTO AND 2
Piezometers
THROUGH SOILS Water table
Ground surface
Energy of Flowing Water.
2. Kinetic Energy, K. E. = (v2/2g) (P1)/γ

v2/2g = velocity head (P2)/γ

k = soil hydraulic conductivity
Combined Energy H = P.E. + K.E.
y1 Direction of water flow
y2
or H = (P/γ) + y + v2/2g Impermeable layer

This is also known as Bernoulli’s equation. L

Hydraulic head, h = (P/γ) + y

h1 = p1/γ + y1 Hydraulic gradient, i 1 = h1/L, i2 = h2/L i = Δh/L
h2 = p2/γ + y2 Hydraulic head loss, hl = h1 – h2 = Δh

1 Example:
2
Piezometers
Water table
At Piezometers 1 and 2:
Ground surface h1 = (p1/γ) + y1 = 50 m
(P1)/γ h2 = (p2/γ) + y2 = 40 m
h1 (P2)/γ
h2 Flow distance, L = 100 m
k = soil hydraulic conductivity
i = (Δh/L) = (h1 – h2)/L = (50 – 40)/100 = 10/100
y1 Direction of water flow
y2
Impermeable layer i = slope or hydraulic gradient
k = 350 m/year
L
A = 1000 m wide, 20 m deep
h1 = p1/γ + y1 Hydraulic gradient, i 1 = h1/L, i2 = h2/L i = Δh/L Q = Aki = (1000 x 20)(350)(10/100) = 700,000 m 3/yr
h2 = p2/γ + y2 Hydraulic head loss, hl = h1 – h2 = Δh
Q = flow through the section 1000 m wide, 20 m deep

1
 05/04/2022

1 2 1 2
Piezometers Piezometers
Water table Water table
7m
Ground surface Ground surface

(P1)/γ (P1)/γ 1m
16 m (P2)/γ 2m
h1 (P2)/γ h1
h2 h2
y2
y1 Direction of water flow y1 Direction of water flow
y2 Impermeable layer

Impermeable layer h1 = p1/γ + y1 = 23 + y1 hL/L = 6/(16-2) = 0.43

h2 = p2/γ + y2 = 3 + y2 If k = 2 m/yr & A = 1 ha, then
y2 = y1 + 14 v = khL/L = 2(0.43) = 0.86 m/yr
h1 = p1/γ + y1 Hydraulic gradient, i 1 = h1/L, i2 = h2/L i = Δh/L
h2 = 3 + y1 + 14 = 17 + y 1 Q = Av = 1ha x 0.86 m/yr
h2 = p2/γ + y2 Hydraulic head loss, hl = h1 – h2 = Δh
hL = h1 – h2 = (23 + y1) – (17 + y 1) = 6 = 0.86 ha-m/yr

CONSTANT HEAD PERMEAMETER

v = ki = khL/L
water
hL A = πd2/4
soil L d = diameter of permeameter
Q = Av = AkhL/L
Graduated cylinder
k = QL/(AhL)

Example:

2
 05/04/2022

3 MAJOR CONSIDERATIONS THAT

INFLUENCE THE TIME AND AMOUNT
OF WATER TO BE APPLIED:
1. Water needs of the crop
WHEN TO IRRIGATE
2. Availability of water
HOW MUCH WATER TO APPLY
3. Capacity of the root-zone soil to store
IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES water

AMD = ALLOWABLE MOISTURE DEPLETION

MAD = MANAGEMENT ALLOWED DEFICIT
AM = AVAILABLE MOISTURE

Field Capacity AMD is a certain portion of AM or MAD. It

Allowable moisture depletion varies from crop to crop (e.g. AMD for
corn is 40% and for peanut is 60%).
(Management allowed deficit)
AMD = MAD = Inet = ETa
Inet = net amount of water to be applied
Wilting point
ETa= actual crop evapotranspiration

If we can predict ETa then we can also Ig = (Inet)/Ea = ETa/Ea

predict the amount of water to be
applied, the crop water requirement, the Ig = gross amount of water to be applied
irrigation requirement, the daily water Ea = water application efficiency
releases, and the seasonal water
requirement. It is also the basic data
that is used in designing the capacity of CWR = ETa + S + P
a reservoir of a dam for storing annual
needs of the crops. It is also used to CWR = crop water requirement
determine the area that could be planted S = seepage losses
to different crops at a given time. It is
also used in irrigation scheduling. P = percolation losses

1
 05/04/2022

IR = CWR - ER IRRIGATION SCHEDULING (Farm Level)

IR = irrigation water requirement Given:
ER = effective rainfall Depth of rootzone = 90 cm
FWR = IR/Ea Average ET of corn = 6 mm/day
DR = FWR/Ec Field capacity = 22%
DR = diversion requirement Wilting point = 10%
Ec = water conveyance efficiency Apparent specific gravity = 1.4
Furrow irrigation efficiency = 65%

Determine irrigation amount & frequency Gross amount of water to be applied, Ig

for a 50% depletion of the available Ig = (Inet /Application Efficiency)
moisture. = 7.56/0.65 = 11.63 cm
Solution:
Irrigation Interval, i = Inet /ET
AM = ((FC-WP)/100) x As x D = 7.56/0.60 = 12.6
Use 12 days interval
= ((22-10)/100) x 1.4 x 90 = 15.12 cm
In = 12 x .6 = 7.2 cm
Net amount of water to be applied, Inet Ig = In /.65 = 11.1 cm
Inet = 0.50 x AM = 0.5 x 15.12 = 7.56 cm.

IRRIGATION SCHEDULING SCHEME I I I I

F.C.
(FARM LEVEL)
20

1. FIX TIME INTERVAL, VARIABLE AMOUNT 15 MAD

2. FIX AMOUNT, VARIABLE TIME INTERVAL

3. VARIABLE AMOUNT, VARIABLE TIME INTERVAL 10
W.P.

0 7 14 21 28
FIX INTERVAL, VARIABLE AMOUNT

2
 05/04/2022

I I I I I I I I I
F.C. F.C.
20 20

15 MAD 15 MAD

10 10
W.P. W.P.

5 5

0 7 14 21 28 0 7 14 21 28
FIX AMOUNT, VARIABLE INTERVAL VARIABLE AMOUNT, VARIABLE INTERVAL

400 4

300 3
ETa
ΣETa mm/day
200 2

100 1

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

DAYS DAYS

IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES Water Application Efficiency, Ea

Ea = (Ws/Wf)100 - - - (2)
Water Conveyance Efficiency, Ec
Ws = water stored in the soil root zone
Ec = (Wf/Wr)100 - - - (1) Wf = water delivered to the farm
Wf = Ws + R + P, or
Wf = water delivered to the farm Ws = Wf – (R + P)
Wr = water diverted from the river or Ea = 100[Wf – (R + P)]/Wf - - (3)
reservoir R = surface runoff from the farm
Farm
P = deep percolation
Soil Surface
Wf
Wf Ws R
Ws
Reservoir P
Under Irrigated Case, Ea = 100% Complete & Over Irrigated Case, Ea <
100%

3
 05/04/2022

Water Storage Efficiency, Es Water Distribution Efficiency, Ed

Es = 100(Ws/Wn) - - (4) Ed = 100[1- (Σ|xi - x|/xn)] - - (5)
Wn = water needed in the root zone prior Σ|xi - x| = sum of deviation in depth of water stored
to irrigation x = ave. depth of water stored during irrigation
d = soil sample depth for moisture content
determination

Ws = A
B } Soil Root Zone Soil Surface
Water Above the Soil

Wn = A + B
d1 d2 d3 dn

Water Distribution Efficiency, Ed

di xi yi = |xi – x |

Ed = 100[1- (y/d)] - - (5) d1 x1 y1 = |x1 – x |

d2 x2 y2 = |x2 – x |
y = average deviation in depth of water stored . . .
x = ave. depth of water stored during irrigation
. . .
d = soil sample depth for moisture content
. . .
determination (d1 = d2 = d3 = … = dn)
dn xn yn = |xn – x |

Soil Surface (Σxi)/n = x y = (y1 + y2 + … + yn )/n

xn-1

d1 x1 d2 x2 d3 x3 dn

Reservoir Storage Efficiency, Er Farm Irrigation Efficiency, Ef = the product of

the component of the terms, expressed as
Ratio of water available from the reservoir for
ratios:
irrigation,War, to the water delivered to the
storage reservoir, Wdr Ef = Er x Ec x Eu x 100 - - - (8)
Wdr
Er = (War/Wdr) x 100 (6) War
The overall irrigation efficiency for a project
or a river basin can be expressed in a similar
Unit Irrigation Efficiency, Eu
manner.
Ratio of water required for beneficial use in
the specified area, Wbu, to the water delivered
to the area, Wda
Eu = Wbu/Wda - - - (7)

4
 05/04/2022

Effective Irrigation Efficiency, Ee of a farm, Irrigation Water Use Efficiency, Eiw, is a

project, or river basin is based on the measure of the increase in the production of
assumption that irrigation efficiency is the the marketable crop component relative to the
ratio of water consumed by the agricultural increase in water consumed when irrigated,
crop on a farm project, Wc, to the water over the consumption under non-irrigated
diverted from a natural source into the farm or conditions.
project canals and laterals, Wnc. It can be
expressed in two ways:
Ee = Ef + Er(1 – Ef) - - - (9)
Ee = Wc/Ww) + Er(Wnc/Ww) - (10)
Where Ww is water diverted to a farm or
project that is not consumed by the crops.

Three m3/sec are diverted from a river Ec = 100(Wf/Wr) = 100(2.25/3) = 75%

into a canal. Of this amount, 2.25 m3
Ea = 100[Wf – (R + P)]/Wf
/sec are delivered to the farms. The
surface runoff from the irrigated area = 100[2.25 – (.45 + .3)]/2.25 = 66.7%
averages 450 lps. The contribution to
the groundwater is 300 lps.
a.What is the water-conveyance
efficiency?
b.What is the water-application
efficiency?

Problem 1. A farmer irrigates 2 hectares of corn the first week in July Problem 2. Determine the water-application efficiency, the water storage
when the average depth of rooting was 0.55 m. Two days after irrigation efficiency, and the water distribution efficiency for the following
he takes a soil auger to the field and by boring holes into the soil conditions:
determines that the average depth of penetration in each ¼ hectare of the
Stream of 85 liters per second delivered to the field for 5 hours. Runoff
2 hectares is as follows:
averaged 40 liters per second for 2.5 hours. Depth of root zone is 1.8 m.
Ave. Depth of Penetration (m) Depth of penetration varied linearly from 1.8 m at one end to 0.6 m at the
other end of the field.
0.41
0.48 Problem 3. A stream of 175 liters per second was diverted from the river
0.55 and 105 liters per second was delivered to the field. An area of 2 hectares
0.61 was irrigated in hours. The root-zone depth was 1.8 m. The runoff
0.54 averaged 50 liters per second for 3 hours. The depth of water penetration
0.45 varied linearly from 1.8 m at the head of the field to 1.2 m at the end of the
0.42 field. Determine the water-conveyance efficiency, the water-application
0.55 efficiency, the water-storage efficiency, and the water-distribution
efficiency.
(a) What is the water distribution efficiency?
(b) What is the water storage efficiency?

5
 05/04/2022

Start
Problem 4. The soil of an irrigated farm is a clay loam of comparatively
uniform texture to a depth of 1.8 m, below which there is a coarse gravel Enter Crop Data: Type, rooting depth, length of growing
season, management allowed deficit
to a great depth. Moisture determinations before irrigation and again 48 Enter Soil Data: Field capacity, Wilting point, Apparent
specific gravity, Elevation
hours after irrigation showed an average of 115 hectare-millimeter/hectare
irrigation water stored in the soil from an irrigation in which the irrigator
used a stream of 85 liters per second continuously for 24 hours on a 4 Enter Day of Growing Season; daily maximum and
minimum temperature, solar radiation, rainfall, irrigation
hectare corn. Neglecting consumptive use between completion of depth, beginning soil moisture
irrigation and the taking of samples for moisture determinations, what
Compute Daily ETp
was the water-application efficiency? What was the efficiency considering
Compute Daily Kc
that 7.5 millimeters per day was used on each of the two days between
irrigation and sampling? Compute Daily ETa

Compute Daily Ending Soil Moisture

Problem 5. The average apparent specific gravity of the soil of the farm in
Compute Daily DP/WS
Problem 4 is 1.3. Provided the mean increase in moisture content to a
depth of 1.8 meters equal 5.35 percent, what is the water application Compute Daily Accumulative TWA

efficiency? End of Growing No

Season?
Yes
Compute Yield

Output: TWA, Yield

End

6
 GENERAL TOPICS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEM
DESIGN
FARM IRRIGATION SYSTEM 3. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM
DESIGN EVALUATION
4. DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN
& EVALUATION
5. SEMI-PRESSURIZED IRRIGATION
SYSTEM

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN
DESIGNING AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Farm Farm River
Farm
Lateral canal
1.Water source (kind & location,
Supplementary Farm Ditch
Main (or Diversion) Canal quantity, quality)

Farm Main Farm Ditch

2.Soil-water-plant relations (drainage,
Dam fertilization, crop, soil & water
properties)
3.ET, Water requirement
TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

General Objective of Irrigation:

To supply the essential
moisture for plant growth Gravitational Water

Superflous
Water Saturation Point

Field Capacity

Available Readily Available Moisture

Moisture

Wilting Point

1
DESIGN PARAMETERS TO BE QUANTIFIED:
AM = FC – WP
1.Soil Texture Data – soil depth, field capacity,
wilting point, available moisture, infiltration As = ρb /ρw
rate
ρb = soil bulk density
2.Crop Data – root depth, ET
ρw = water density
3.Water Data – water source location, kind
and quantity; irrigation application time, ρb = OD/Vb
frequency, & period
Vb = soil bulk volume
4.Management Data – moisture allowed deficit
= Vs + Vw + Va

Vb = soil bulk volume dAM = depth of water at AM

= Vs + Vw + Va dAM = (AM/100)•As•D
Vs = volume of soil particles dnet = dmd = dcu
Vw = volume of water in the soil dmd = depth of moisture depletion
Va = volume of air in the soil dcu = depth of consumptive use
d = (AM/100)•As•D dnet = net depth of water to be applied
D = soil root depth or soil depth where dnet = ((FC - CSM)/100)•As•D
water will be stored
CSM ≤ MAD (moisture allowed deficit)

Depth of water applied

dg = (dnet )/Ea
dg = gross depth of water to be applied G.S.

Ea = irrigation application efficiency Depth of water applied by sprinkler irrigation system

Depth of water applied by drip irrigation system

2
head head
G.S. end G.S. end

Runoff

Under irrigated

Deep percolation

Depth of water applied by surface irrigation system Depth of water applied by surface irrigation system

I = mtn
I,z Intake depth, z = kta or kta + ct
z = ∫Idt = ∫mtndt = mt(n+1)/(n+1)
k = m/(n+1)
m Intake rate, I = mtn or mtn + c
a = n+1
c
z = kta
k Find z when I = mtn + c
Irrigation application time, t

m & k = intercept, n & a = slope, c = basic intake rate

Time (min) Intake (mm)

initial water level Difference Cumulative Depth Cumulative

meter stick
1 1 11 11
2 3 7 18
water ring infiltrometer
Soil surface 4 7 8 26
8 15 11 37
18 33 14 51
soil 14 47 8 59
27 74 14 73
31 105 10 83
29 134 11 94
28 162 9 103

3
 Cumulative Time (min) Cumulative Depth (mm)
1 11
Irrigation Application Time (min) vs
Cumulative Depth (cm)
3 18
7 26

Cumulative Depth (cm)

120
15 37
100
33 51 80
47 59 60 Series1
74 73 40
105 83 20
134 94 0
162 103 0 50 100 150 200
Irrigation Application Time (min)

SPXY = (x1y1 + x2y2+…+xnyn) - (x1+x2 +…+xn)(y1+y2+…+yn)/i

z = kta
SSX = (x1)2 + (x2)2 +…+(xn)2 – (x1+x2+…+xn)2/i
ln(z) = ln(k) + a•ln(t) a’ = y – ax
y = ln(z); a’ = ln(k); x = ln(t) y = mean of y; x = mean of x
a’ = ln(k)
y = a’ + bx (linear equation)
k = ea’
b = SPXY/SSX = a
SPXY = Σ(xy) – Σ(x)•Σ(y)/i
i= number of observations or data points

Time (t) x = ln(t) Depth (D) y = ln(D)

1 0 11 2.40
3 1.10 18 2.89
7 1.95 26 3.26
15 2.71 37 3.61
33 3.50 51 3.93
SELECTING AN IRRIGATION METHOD
47 3.85 59 4.08
74 4.30 73 4.29
105 4.65 83 4.42
134 4.90 94 4.54
162 5.09 103 4.65

4
Advantages of Surface Irrigation Disadvantages of Surface Irrigation
1.Low capital investment 1.High labor requirement
2.Need no expensive & complicated 2.Low application efficiency
equipment
3.Requires well-graded fields
4.Requires large flow rates

Types of Surface Irrigation Systems or

Methods
1.Basin
2.Border Dry irrigation head ditch

3.Furrow
4.Wild flooding

Main line
lateral line

Overhead irrigation, set sprinkler: Portable pipes (pipes do not

Moveable pipe irrigation lines, watering bare soil
move whilst irrigating). Moveable pipe irrigation lines in California, USA

5
Furrow irrigation. Note the water coverage of the entire furrow, and the
broken earthen bund (foreground) that permits water to enter.
Release of water from gated pipe, for furrow irrigation of maize

Drainage from end of furrow.

Note the wetting front along
the dry soil of the furrow; low
water flow from furrow into
drain; and the use of mulch to
minimise evaporative losses.

Use of siphon tubes to deliver water to furrows (or borders).

http://www.worldbank.org/html/cgiar/photo/rice.html Note the different water levels of the main ditch,
for slides of rice paddys and tubes in the background

6
 Basin Irrigation – irrigation of small
areas of flat, level surface, enclosed by
dikes
-Favored by moderate to slow intake
soils, deep root, closely spaced crops
-Needs accurate land leveling, well
maintained dikes
- Difficult to use modern farm machinery

Irrigation Siphon in head ditch

Border Irrigation – mostly rectangular or

contoured field shapes
- needs large stream size per unit
width
- either with open end or not

Furrow Irrigation – construction of small channels in MODELS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEM

the field DESIGN
- can be used in conjunction with basin and 1.Hydrodynamic model
border irrigations
2.Zero inertia model
- needs low flow rates per unit width
3.Kinematic wave model
- can be used for steep slopes
- potential salinity hazards between furrows 4.Volume balance models

- higher end losses if no dikes at the end a. Recursive approach

- limited machinery mobility b. Kernel Function approach
- needs one extra tillage practice c. Laplace Transform approach
- increased erosion potential
d. Power Advance approach

7
MODELS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEM VOLUME BALANCE MODELS
DESIGN Head End

1.Hydrodynamic model Q0 y0

2.Zero inertia model s

z
3.Kinematic wave model ∆x

4.Volume balance models

a. Recursive approach Q0
Field

b. Kernel Function approach

c. Laplace Transform approach
d. Power Advance approach

VOLUME BALANCE MODELS VOLUME BALANCE MODELS

Head End Head End

Q0 y0 Q0 y0

s s
z z

∆x ∆x
Q0 = inflow (assumed constant) Volume of inflow = Volume of outflow
y0 = water depth at the head of the field Q0t = Vy + Vz
z = infiltration depth at any given irrigation Vy = volume of surface flow
time, t
Vz = volume of subsurface flow
s = field length (∆x, L)
Q0t = σyA0∆x + w∫z(t-ts)ds

VOLUME BALANCE MODELS VOLUME BALANCE MODELS

w w

y0 y0

∆x
Q0∆t = σyA0∆x + w∫z(t-ts)ds
t = irrigation application time
A0 = wy0 A0 = wy0
w = width of field, equal to unity for border & σy = surface area shape factor
basin irrigations, equal to the furrow spacing
≈ 0.77
for furrow irrigation
σy = surface area shape factor

8
VOLUME BALANCE MODELS VOLUME BALANCE MODELS
w
1.Recursive Approach
y0

2.Kernel Function Approach

z
3.Laplace Transform Approach
Q0t = σyA0∆x + w∫z(t-ts)ds 4.Power Advance Approach
Vy(t) = σy A0∆x

Vz(t) = w∫z(t-ts)ds

RECURSIVE APPROACH RECURSIVE APPROACH

Head End Head End

Q0 y0 Q0 y0

s s

z1 z1

z2 z2
z3 z3
z4 z4
∆x1 ∆x2 ∆x3 ∆x4 ∆x1 ∆x2 ∆x3 ∆x4

Q0∆t = σyA0∆x1 + jwz1∆x1 Q0∆t = σyA0∆x2 + jwz1∆x2 + ½((z1 – 0) + (z2 – z1))w∆x1

j = 1/(1 + a); z1 = k∆ta or z1 = k∆ta + ct j = 1/(1 + a); z = k∆ta or z = k∆ta + ct
j = subsurface shape factor

w = 15 m L = 200 m Q0 = 0.35 m3/sec S0 = 0.002

Chezy’s coefficient, C = 16 z(t) = 0.0874t0.385 + 0.0005t
POWER ADVANCE APPROACH
σy = 0.77 Q0t = σyA0L + Vz
Q0 y0
Vz = σzz0’wL or
s
Vz = σzz0’wL + z0’’ wL/(r+1)
z = kta + ct
z1
z0’ = kta
z2
z0’’ = ct
z3
z4
∆x1 ∆x2 ∆x3 ∆x4 Q0tL = σy A0L + σzz0’wL + z0’’wL/(r+1)
Q0∆t = σyA0∆x2 + jwz1∆x2 + ½((z1 – 0) + (z2 – z1))w∆x1 Q0tL/2 = σyA0(L/2) + σzz0’w(L/2) +
j = 1/(1 + a); z = k∆ta or z = k∆ta + ct
z0’’w(L/2)/(r+1)

9
 L = distance covered by the advancing
(a - (a - 1)r + 1) irrigation water in the field at time t L
σz =
(a + 1)(r + 1) p = intercept
r = slope of the power advance equation
To estimate the initial value of r, use
L = p(tL)r
x = p(tx)r r = exp(-0.6a) 0<r<1
L
where a is the slope of the intake depth
equation
(L/2) = p(tL/2)r t

Given:
1. The advance, recession, inflow, outflow, and furrow length data from
Figures 5.3 and 5.4 were derived such that: L = 625 m, S o = 0.0045, w =
With the given data in Assignment No. 2, use 1.542 m, Qo = 1.16 li/sec, Qe = 0.38 li/sec, y o = 2.5 cm (average)
the Power Advance Approach to establish the 2. The furrow cross-section shown below.
3. c = (Qo – Qe)/wl and A0 = A1y0 A2
relation between x and t, and between z and x.
Find: Values of a, k, and c of the infiltration function z = kt a + ct

Compare the x vs t curves of the Recursive and

the Power Advance Approach by plotting both 4 cm

curves in one graphing paper. Establish the 3

correlation between the two methods and
determine if there is a significant difference 2

between the two data sets using the statistical t- 1

test for correlation analysis. Discuss the result
of your comparison. 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 cm

SURFACE IRRIGATION EVALUATION Application Uniformity (UCC)

1.Application Uniformity ΣIyi – yI

UCC = 1 -
ny
2.Application Efficiency yi = individual applied depth
y = average applied depth
3.Deep Percolation Ratio
n = number of depth samples
4.Tailwater Ratio
5.Water Requirement Efficiency
6.Conveyance Efficiency

10
Top View of Irrigated Field

Sampling site

Head
n yi yi – y
1 y1 y1 – y
2 y2 y2 – y
. . .
. . .
End
. . .
i yi yi - y

11
Water Requirement Efficiency, Er Volume or depth stored in root zone
Ea = Volume or depth applied to field
Er = Volume or depth of actual root zone moisture stored
Volume or depth of potential root zone moisture stored Volume or depth of deep percolation
DPR =
Total applied depth

Water Conveyance Efficiency, Ec TWR =

Volume or depth of field runoff
Total applied depth

Volume or depth delivered to the field Ea = water application efficiency

Ec =
Volume or depth diverted from source DPR = deep percolation ratio
TWR = tailwater ratio

Furrow Irrigation Evaluation o L ℓ x

L ℓ A3
o x A1

A1 A3 D
A2
D I
A2 A1
Ea (CI) = A + A + A
I 1 2 3
A2
L = field length
DPR (CI) =
A1 + A2 + A3
ℓ = advance distance during irrigation
A3
I = depth of infiltration TWR (CI) =
A1 + A2 + A3
= root zone soil moisture content COMPLETE IRRIGATION CASE, CI

L ℓ xD L ℓ
o x o x
A3 A5 A3
A1 A1
D

A2 D A4
A2
I I
A1 A1 + A5
Ea (CI) = A + A + A Ea (UI) = A + A + A + A
1 2 3 1 2 3 5
A2 A2
DPR (CI) = DPR (UI) =
A1 + A2 + A3 A1 + A2 + A3 + A5
A3 A3
TWR (CI) = TWR (UI) = A + A + A + A
A1 + A2 + A3 1 2 3 5
OVER IRRIGATION CASE, OI UNDER IRRIGATION CASE, UI

12
 o L ℓ x o L ℓ x
A3
A1

D
A2
I I
zo’’wl
Vz = σzzo’wl + Vz(P) = A1 + A2 of the CI and OI cases
r+1
r
Vz(P) = βi(P)z ‘ wl + z “wl(1 - P)
r+1
zo = zo‘ + zo“ = k(tℓ – tx)a + c(tℓ – tx)
P = tL /tℓ
ra ra(a-1) 2
βi(P) = Pr(1 - P+ P)
r+1 2(r + 2)

tL, tℓ, tx = advance times over the field o

xD L ℓ x
lengths L, ℓ, and x, respectively
A5 A3
A1
Advance time – the time which an
advancing water front moves down the
D A4
field. A2
I
Recession time – the time which a
VZ(µ) = A1 + A2 + A5 of the UI case
receding water edge moves down the VZ(µ) = βi(µ)zo‘wl + zo“wl(1 -
r
µ)
field following inflow cutoff. (r + 1)
µ = tD/tℓ
tD = advance time over a distance XD

o L ℓ x
Border Irrigation Evaluation
Same concept as in furrow irrigation evaluation except for
A3
the following discussions: A1
Water Surface Profile at Cut-off (Start of Depletion Phase)
D z(tco - tL)
yo
A2 z(te - tL)
Water Surface Profile at Start of Recession Phase z(tco)

y1
z(tR) = z(te)
S0 L
Water is introduced to the border at time zero, reaches the
end at time tL, and is allowed to continue until cutoff time, t co. D•L
Then water begins to drain from the field until the surface just Ea =
exposes the upper end until time tR(depletion time), and then Vz
recedes from the entire surface until t e (time of complete
recession).

13
 yn(qo)L ka(tR)a-1 + ka(tR - tL)a-1
tR = tco + 2qo I=
2

Sy q1 = q0 - I L
te = t R + R(C2/3)L
IC3/2 1 y15/3
q1 =
I = constant infiltration rate over the field n S01/2
during recession by letting t – tx = tR
Sy = y1/L
(So½)(Sy)5/3
C=
nI
(C2/3)L d∂
R(C2/3)L = ∫ 1 + ∂2/3
0

o L ℓ x
A3
A1
D z(tco - tL)
A2 z(te - tL)
z(tco)
z(tR) = z(te)

D•L
Ea =
qotco

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 20/05/2022

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, ET
POTENTIAL ET (ETp) – ET that
ET = SUM OF EVAPORATION & occurs when water is not limiting (or
TRANSPIRATION when there is sufficient water in the
EVAPORATION COMES FROM soil)
ADJACENT SOIL, WATER SURFACES,
FROM LEAF SURFACES
TRANSPIRATION COMES FROM WATER ACTUAL ET (ETa) – ET that is ≤ ETp
ENTERING PLANT ROOTS & USED TO
BUILD PLANT TISSUES THEN OUT TO
THE ATMOSPHERE THROUGH
STOMATA

FACTORS AFFECTING ET (ETa or FACTORS AFFECTING ET

ETp) (ETa or ETp)
TEMPERATURE, SOLAR IRRIGATION PRACTICES
RADIATION, WIND SPEED, LENGTH OF GROWING SEASON
VAPOR PRESSURE, SUNSHINE
(INTENSITY & DURATION) PRECIPITATION
STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE
CROP
TYPE OF FOLIAGE

MEASUREMENT OF ETa
TANK & LYSIMETER METHOD plant

Tank w/ soil
manometer
Rubber or canvass
container w/ water

Weighing type lysimeter Weighing type lysimeter

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Rain or irrigation water

SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION METHOD
ETa
Irrigation ETa Rainfall

BSM ESM
Tank w/ soil Outlet for
excess water
BSM – ESM = ETa
Container for excess water
BSM = BEGINNING SOIL MOISTURE
Non-weighing type lysimeter ESM = ENDING SOIL MOISTURE

Climatic variables as index

(temperature, solar radiation, wind
speed, vapor pressure, % sunshine,
pan evaporation) ETp EQUATIONS
ETp Equations: 1. MODIFIED PENMAN METHOD
Penman, Jensen-Haise, Hargreaves
Blaney-Criddle, SCS, …

ETp= [Δ/(Δ+γ)](Rn+ G) G=soil heat flux, cal/cm2/day

+[γ/(Δ+γ)]15.36(w 1 +w 2u2)(es-ea) u2=wind speed at height 2 m, km/day
ETp=reference ET for a well-watered es=saturated vapor pressure at mean air
grass, langleys/day temperature, mbar
Δ= slope of saturation vapor pressure ea=saturated vapor pressure at mean
curve, mbar/oC dew point temperature, mbar
γ= psychrometric constant, mbar/oC w 1 ,w 2 = wind term coefficients
Rn=net radiation, cal/cm2/day w 1 = 1.00 and w 2 = 0.0062

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 20/05/2022

Δ=33.86(0.05904(0.00738T+0.8072)7- 0.0000342 Rn=0.77Rs – Rb

γ=cpP/(0.622λ); cp = 0.24 Rb = Rbo[(αRs /Rso) + b]
P=1013 - 0.1055EL Rso = clear day solar radiation,
langleys/day (Table 7.1)
λ=595.9 – 0.55T
Rbo = [a1+b1(ea)½ x 11.71 x 10-8(Ta4 + Tb4)/2
P=estimated atmospheric pressure,
mbar Ta = maximum daily temperature,oK
EL=elevation, m Tb = minimum daily temperature,oK
T=mean air temperature, oC Rs = 0.1Rso(S)½
α = 0.23

a b a1 b1 Location e = 6.108exp[17.27T/(T+273.3)]
1.20 -0.20 0.39 -0.05 Arid T = Tmax , Tmin , Tdewpoint
1.10 -0.10 0.39 -0.05 Semihumid es = (eTmax + eTmin)/2
1.00 0.00 0.39 -0.05 Humid eTmax = 6.108exp[17.27Tmax /(Tmax +273.3)]
G = (Tpr - Tc)9.1 eTmin = 6.108exp[17.27Tmin /(Tmin +273.3)]
Tpr =mean air temperature, usually the ea = 6.108exp[17.27Tdewpt /(Tdewpt +273.3)]
previous 3 days
Tc = mean air temperature for the day
which ETp is required.

2. JENSEN-HAISE METHOD
ETr = Ct(T – Tx )Rs CH = 5.0/(e2 – e1)
e2 , e1 are the saturation vapor
ETr = reference ET of alfalfa pressure at Tmax and Tmin,
T = mean air temperature, C respectively

Rs = solar radiation, langleys/day Tx =-2.5 – 0.14(e2 – e1) – EL/550

Ct = 1.0/(C1 + 7.3CH) e2 = 6.108exp[17.27Tmax/(Tmax + 273.3)]

C1 = 38 - (2EL/305) e1 = 6.108exp[17.27Tmin/(Tmin + 273.3)]

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3. HARGREAVES EQUATION 4. BLANEY-CRIDDLE METHOD

(MODIFIED SCS METHOD)
ETg = 0.0135(T + 17.78)Rs
u = 25.4ktp/100
ETg = reference crop potential ET of
t = mean temperature, oF
well-watered grass, ly/day
p = percentage of daytime hours of the
T = average daily temperature, oC
year occurring during the period
Rs = incident solar radiation, ly/day
k = kckt
ETp = 1.2ETg
kt = 0.0173t – 0.324 subject to kt ≥ 0.30
where t is in oF

Tave = (36 + 22)/2 = 29o C

Example: Compute the average daily ETp
for June 16 using the Penman equation. Δ=33.86[(.05904(.00738T+0.8072)7- 0.0000342]
Assume the following data: =33.86[(.05904(.00738(29)+.8072)7-.0000342]

Tmax = 36oC, Tmin = 22 oC, Tdewpoint = 9 oC, =2.32 mbar/oC

wind speed at 2 m = 80 km/day,
= 0.232 kPa/oC
%possible sunshine = 94%, elevation =
50 m, latitude = 35o North. P = 1013 - 0.1055EL
= 1013 – 0.1055(50) = 1007.72 mbars
λ = 595.9 – 0.55T
= 595.9 - 0.55(29) = 580 cal/g

γ = cpP/(0.622λ) ea = 6.108exp[17.27(9)/(9+273.2)]
= 0.24(1008)/[(.622)(580)] = 0.671 = 3.13 mbars
eTmax=6.108exp[(17.27T max)/(T max+273.2)]
Rbo = (a1 + b1)(ea)½11.71 x 10-8(Ta4 + Tb4 )/2
= 6.108exp[17.27(36)/(36 + 273.2)]
=(.39-.05)(3.13)½11.71x10-8(3094+2954)/2
= 61.36 mbars
= 54.35
eTmin=6.108exp[(17.27)(22)/(22 +273.2)]
Rs = 0.1(800)(94)½ = 775.63 cal/cm2/day
= 14.17 mbars
Rb=Rbo(αRs/Rso+b)
es=(eTmax+eTmin)/2 = (61.36+14.17)/2 =
=54.35[(.23)(775.63)/800 + 0] = 12.12
37.77

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 20/05/2022

Rn= 0.77Rs – Rb=.77(775.63)-12.12=585.12 USE JENSEN-HAISE METHOD TO SOLVE

THE PREVIOUS PROBLEM
ETp = [2.32/(2.32+.671](585.12)
CH = 50/(e2 – e1)
+[.671/(2.32+.671)]15.36[1+.0062(80)]
= 50/(61.36-14.17)= 1.06
x(37.77-3.13)
C1=38-(2EL/350)= 38-[(2)(50)/350)] = 37.71
= 633.15 langleys/day x10/580
C2 = 7.6
= 10.92 mm/day
Ct=1/(C1 + C2CH) = 1/[(37.71)+(7.6)(1.06)
ET = (langleys/day)(10/λ)= mm/day
= .022

Tx = -2.5 – 0.14(e2 – e1)- EL/550 USE HARGREAVES EQUATION TO

SOLVE THE PREVIOUS PROBLEM
= -2.5 - .14(61.36-14.17)-50/550
ETg = .0135(Tave +17.78)Rs
= -9.20
=.0135(29+17.78)(775.63)= 489.83 ly/day
ETp = Ct (Tave -Tx)Rs
ETp = 1.2ETg
= .022(29+9.2)(775.63) = 647.45 ly/day
= 1.2(489.83) = 587.8 ly/day
= 647.45 x 10/580 = 11.16 mm/day
= 587.8(10/580) = 10.13 mm/day

USE BLANEY-CRIDDLE EQUATION TO Δ/(Δ+γ) = 0.232/(0.232 + 0.0675) = 0.774

SOLVE THE PREVIOUS PROBLEM γ/(Δ+γ) = 0.0675/(0.232 + 0.0675) = 0.226
u = 25.4ktp/100 At 35 N latitude, R = 33.34 MJ/m/day
t = 1.8oC+32 = 1.8(29)+32 = 84.2 oF
kt =.0173T-.314 =(.0173)(84.2)-.314 =1.14
k = kckt
u = 25.4(84.2)(94/100) = 2010.36 mm/mo.
= 67 mm/day

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 20/05/2022

Field Capacity
IMPORTANCE OF ET Allowable moisture depletion
(Management allowed deficit)

Wilting point

AMD = ALLOWABLE MOISTURE DEPLETION If we can predict ETa then we can also
predict the amount of water to be
MAD = MANAGEMENT ALLOWED DEFICIT
applied, the crop water requirement, the
AM = AVAILABLE MOISTURE irrigation requirement, the daily water
AMD is a certain portion of AM or MAD. It releases, and the seasonal water
varies from crop to crop (e.g. AMD for requirement. It is also the basic data
corn is 40% and for peanut is 60%). that is used in designing the capacity of
a reservoir of a dam for storing annual
AMD = MAD = Inet = ΣETa needs of the crops. It is also used to
Inet = net amount of water to be applied determine the area that could be planted
to different crops at a given time. It is
ΣETa= actual crop evapotranspiration also used in irrigation scheduling.

ETa = kcETp
kc = crop coefficient Crop coefficient

1.2

1
0.8
kc

0.6 Series1

0.4

kc 0.2

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Growing Season (days)

Crop coefficient for small grains

Days of growing season

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 20/05/2022

Crop coefficient curve for beans

Crop coefficient of potato
1.2

1 1

0.8 0.8
Kc

0.6 Series1
0.6

Kc
0.4 Series1
0.4
0.2

0 0.2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
Days of Growing Season
0 50 100 150
Days of grow ing season

Crop coefficient of corn

Crop coefficient of peas

1.2
1.2
1
1
0.8
0.8
Kc

0.6 Series1
Kc

0.6 Series1
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 50 100 150 0 20 40 60 80 100
Days of growing season Days of growing season

Ig = (Inet)/Ea = ΣETa/Ea IR = CWR - ER

Ig = gross amount of water to be applied IR = irrigation water requirement
Ea = water application efficiency ER = effective rainfall
FWR = IR/Ea
CWR = ETa + S + P DR = FWR/Ec
CWR = crop water requirement DR = diversion requirement
S = seepage losses Ec = water conveyance efficiency
P = percolation losses

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 20/05/2022

IRRIGATION SCHEDULING (Farm Level)

Given:
T
ET Depth of root zone = 90 cm
Y W.R. Average ET of corn = 6 mm/day
Field capacity = 22%
Wilting point = 10%

WR, ET, T Apparent specific gravity = 1.4

Furrow irrigation efficiency = 65%

Determine irrigation amount & frequency Gross amount of water to be applied, Ig

for a 50% depletion of the available Ig = (Inet /Application Efficiency)
moisture. = 7.56/0.65 = 11.63 cm
Solution:
Irrigation Interval, i = Inet /ET
AM = ((FC-WP)/100) x As x D = 7.56/0.60 = 12.6 days
Use 12 days interval
= ((22-10)/100) x 1.4 x 90 = 15.12 cm
Inet 12 x 0.6 = 7.2 cm
Net amount of water to be applied, Inet Ig = 7.2/0.65 = 11.08 cm
Ans.: Irrigate every 12 days at 11 cm
Inet = 0.50 x AM = 0.5 x 15.12 = 7.56 cm.
gross depth of application/irrigation

Ymax

Yield, Y Optimum TWA

Total water applied, TWA

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 20/05/2022

CONVEYANCE OF IRRIGATION AND 2. Cross-sectional area, A

DRAINAGE WATER
Channel Shapes:
1.Canal Capacity, Q
Rectangular, Square, Trapezoidal
Q = AV
Circular, Semi-circular, Parabolic
A = cross-sectional area of stream
Triangular
V = velocity of flowing water that is
perpendicular to A

VELOCITY EQUATIONS Hydraulic Radius, R

1.Manning’s Velocity Equation R = A/P
V= (1/n)(R)2/3(S)1/2 A = cross-sectional area of the flow
V = velocity of flowing water, m/s P = wetted perimeter of the flow
n = Horton’s values of roughness
coefficient (Table 12.1, pp. 238-239)
R = hydraulic radius, m
S = slope of the water surface or
piezometric head line (in decimal)

2. Chezy’s Velocity Equation Stream Cross-sectional Areas, Wetted

Perimeter and Hydraulic Radius
V = (C/1.8)(RS)1/2
1. Rectangular
V = velocity of flow, m/s
C = Chezy’s roughness coefficient d
(C/1.8) = (1/n)R1/6 b
A = bd
S = same as in Manning’s equation
P = b + 2d
R = A/P = (bd)/(b + 2d)

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 20/05/2022

2. Square 3. Circular
d

d
b A =(πd2/4); P = (πd)
b = d; A = bd = b2 = d2 R = A/P = d/4
P = b + 2d = 3b = 3d 4. Semi-circle
R = A/P = (bd)/(b + 2d) A = (πd2/8); P = (πd/2)
= b2/3d = d2/3b R = d/4

5. Trapezoidal
b x x

d V d L
H
b b
t = b + 2x; x/d = H/V; x = (H/V)d = zd L = √x2 + d2 = √(zd)2+d2 = √d2(z2 + 1)
where z = H/V (channel side slope) P = b + 2L = b + 2d√(z2 + 1)
A = d(b + t)/2 = d(b + b + 2x)/2 R = A/P = (bd + zd2)/(b + 2d√z2 + 1)
= d(2b + 2x)/2 = d(b + x) = d(b + zd)
A = bd + zd2

6. Triangular 7. Parabolic or Irregular Shape

x
x
V d A1
L d1 d2 A4 dn An
H

A1 = xd1/2; A2 = x(d1 + d2 )/2 ;…; An =xdn/2

x = zd; A = (dx/2)2 = zd2
ΣA = AT = A1 + A2 + … + An
L = d√z2 + 1
ΣP = PT = P1 + P2 + … + Pn
P = 2L
P1 = √x2 + (d1)2 ; P2 = √x2 + (d2 – d1)2
R = A/P = zd/2√ z2 + 1
R = ΣA/ΣP

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 20/05/2022

For Best Hydraulic Cross Section Design Velocity Criteria

d 1.Design for the maximum permissible

θ
b velocity that will prevent scouring and
excavation.
b = 2dtan(θ/2) 2.Design for the minimum permissible
θ = channel side slope angle velocity that will prevent silting and
If θ = 900 , then b = 2d sedimentation.

For earth canals, the maximum Disadvantages of Earth Canals

permissible velocity is 1.5 m/s (average). 1.Excessive seepage losses
For minimum limiting velocities, see 2.Low velocities & therefore large cross-
Table 12.3 for details. sectional areas
3.Danger of breaks due to erosion and
burrowing of animals.
4.Favorable conditions for growth of
mass and aquatic weeds w/c retard the
velocity and cause high maintenance
costs.

Purposes of lining canals: Canal Lining Materials:

1.Decrease conveyance-seepage losses 1.Concrete
2.Provide safety against breaks 2.Rock masonsry
3.Prevent weed growth 3.Brick
4.Retard moss growth 4.Bentonite-earth mixtures
5.Decrease erosion from high velocities 5.Clay
6.Cut down maintenance costs 6.Rubber
7.Reduce drainage problems 7.Plastic
8. Increase canal capacity 8.Asphalt

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 10/06/2022

TRICKLE IRRIGATION – the slow application of water to the soil through

emitters or applicators along a water delivery line

Trickle Types
Drip Irrigation – the slow application of water through small emitter
openings to the soil surface (discharge < 3 gph)

TRICKLE IRRIGATION Subsurface Irrigation – application of water below the soil surface through
emitters that have rates of discharge in the same range as drip
Bubbler Irrigation – application of a small stream or fountain of water to
the soil surface from an emitter with discharge > drip & bubbler (<
60 gph)
Spray Irrigation – application of water to the soil surface by a small spray
or mist (discharge < 30 gph)

Advantages Water Applicators – small dispensing devices used to control the

discharge of water in a trickle irrigation system
1. Water and cost savings
Types of Water Applicators
2. Easier field operation
Emitter – used in drip, subsurface, or bubbler
3. Use of saline water
Long path emitter, Orifice emitter, Vortex emitter, flushing emitter,
4. Use on rocky soils and steep slopes
continuous flushing emitter, compensating emitter
Emission Point – a point on or beneath the ground surface where water is
Disadvantages discharged from an emitter
1. Clogging Point-source applicators, line-source applicators
2. Disruption of uniformity Line Source Tubing
3. Salt accumulation Single chamber tubing, double chamber tubing, porous wall tubing
4. Hazards Sprayers – also called aerosol emitters, foggers, spitters, misters, or
miniature sprinklers (used in spray irrigation)

Basic Components
Control Head Unit – includes the pump station, filtering equipment,
fertilizer and chemical injection equipment, controllers, main
pressure regulators, valves, and water-measuring devices
BUTTON DRIPPER
Mainline – transfers water from the source to the manifolds which are
connected to the mainline through control valves
Manifolds – connect and supply water to laterals which branch from the
manifold on one or both sides
Headers – connected to and run parallel with the manifold, often used on
steep slopes to serve 2 to 5 laterals

DRIP TAPE Lateral line – supplies water to the emitters

Accessories
Pressure controllers, valves, secondary filters – located at the
entrance to the manifolds, headers, or lateral lines

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 10/06/2022

Percentage Area Wetted, Pw - is the average horizontal area wetted in the

top 6 to 12 inches of the crop root zone as a percentage of the total
crop area. P > 33%
Emitter Spacing Se – is the spacing between emitters or emission points
along a line.
Optimum Emitter Spacing, S’e – is the drip emitter spacing which is 80% of
the wetted diameter estimated from field tests or from Table 7-3.1.
Wetted width, w – is the width of the strip that would be wetted by a row of
emitters spaced at S’e apart (or closer) along a single lateral line. It
is also equal to the diameter of the circular area wetted by a single
emitter. It can be estimated from field tests or from Table1.
Lateral Spacing, Sl – is the spacing between trickle irrigation laterals.
Plant Spacing, Sp – is the distance between plants in the row.
Row Spacing, Sr – is the distance between plant rows.
e – is the number of emission points per plant (e = Sp/Se)

Sp
Sp Tree

Sr Sw

Sl = Sr
Se C. Pigtail with 4 emitters per D. Multi exit 6 outlet emitter with distribution
Lateral with Emitters tree (Pw ≈ 40%) tubing (Pw = 60%)
Ps = percent area shaded which is the average horizontal area shaded by
A. Single lateral for each row of trees (3 emitters/tree, P w = 30%, Ps = 55% the crop canopy as a percentage of the total crop area
Sp Pw = percent wetted area which is the average horizontal area wetted in
the top part of the crop root zone as a percentage of the total
crop area
Sr
Se = emitter spacing which is the spacing between emitter or emission
points along a line
Sl = lateral spacing
B. Double laterals for each C. Zigzag lateral for each tree Sp = plant spacing in the row
tree row (Pw ≈ 30%) row (P ≈ 40%) Sr = row spacing
Sw = width of the wetted strip

Table 1. Estimated wetted areas for different soil textures, rooting or soil depths, and degree of soil For straight single lateral systems with S e ≤ S’e
stratification from a 1.0 gph drip emitter operating under normal field conditions.
Np Se w
Degree of soil stratification2 and equivalent wetted soil area (ft x ft)3 Pw = ------------- x 100 (1)
Soil or root depth Homogeneous Stratified Layered4
Sp Sr
and soil texture1
Depth 2.5 ft Np = number of emitters per plant (e = Np = Sp/Se)
Coarse 1.2 x 1.5 2.0 x 2.5 2.8 x 3.5 w = average wetted width
Medium 2.4 x 3.0 3.2 x 4.0 4.0 x 5.0
If Se > Se’ then Se in equation (7.3.1) must be replaced by S’ e.
Fine 2.8 x 3.5 4.0 x 5.0 4.8 x 6.0
Depth 5 ft For double lateral systems the two laterals should be placed S’ e apart to maximize the
Coarse 2.0 x 2.5 3.6 x 4.5 4.8 x 6.0 wetted area without leaving extensive dry areas between the lines.
Medium 3.2 x 4.0 5.6 x 7.0 7.2 x 9.0
Fine 4.0 x 5.0 5.2 x 6.5 6.4 x 8.0 For zigzag, pigtail, and multi exit layouts, the emitters or emission points should be
1Coarse
spaced to maximize the wetted area per outlet.
includes coarse to medium sands: medium includes loamy sands to loams; fine includes
sandy clay loam to clays (if clays are cracked, treat like coarse to medium soils) The estimated Pw for the optimum spacing is
2Almost all soils are stratified or layered. Stratified refers to relatively uniform texture but having

some particle orientation or some compaction layering which gives higher horizontal than Np Se’ (Se’ + w)/2
vertical permeability. Layered refers to changes in texture with depth as well as particle Pw = ----------------------------- (2)
orientation and modern compaction. Sp Sr
3The equivalent wetted rectangular area dimensions, S ’ and S , are 0.8 times the wetted diameter
e w
and the wetted diameter, respectively.
4For soils that have extreme layering and compaction that causes extensive stratification the S ’ and
e
Sw may be as much as twice as large.

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 10/06/2022

For spray emitters Computing and comparing percentage wetted areas for different emitter
configurations.
Np As + (Se’ + PS)/2
Pw = ----------------------------- (3) Given: An orchard with a tree spacing of SP = 3.0 m and SR = 5.0 m planted
Sp Sr on a deep, medium-textured homogeneous soil. Three emitter
configurations are being considered:
As = soil surface area directly wetted by the sprayer (ft 2)
PS = perimeter of the area directly wetted by the sprayers (ft) 1. A single row emitter of 4 lph emitters
Np = number of sprayers per tree 2. A zigzag layout like in Figure C with four 4 lph emitters per tree; and
Se’ = taken from Table 7-3.1 for a homogenous soil (ft) 3. A small sprayer that directly wets a surface area with a radius of 1.0 m.
Sp x Sr = tree spacing (ft x ft)
Find: The percentage area wetted by each emitter configurations, and
recommend which to select.
From Table 1, for the deep-rooted crop on a medium-textured
homogeneous soil, S’e = 1.0 m and w = 1.2 m. So the spacing between
emitters should be Se = 1.0 m, which would give N = 3 emitters per tree

For single row emitter, Where MAD is the management allowed deficit (%), Wa is the available
water capacity of the soil (in/ft), Z is the soil root depth (ft).
3 x 1.0 x 1.2
PW = ----------------- X 100 = 24% Average Peak Daily Rate of Transpiration, T d – under trickle irrigation is a
3.0 X 5.0 function of the average daily consumptive use rate during the peak use
month and a parameter related to the plant canopy.
For zigzag configuration, Np = 4 and
Td = Ud [0.1(Pd)0.5 ]
4 x 1.0(1.0 + 1.2)/2
Pw = -------------------------- x 100 = 29% Ud = the average daily consumptive use rate during the peak use month for
3.0 x 5.0 a crop, in/day.
Pd = the ground area shaded by the crop canopies at midday as a
For spray emitter that wets a circular area with a 1.0 m radius would
percentage of the total field area (percentage). It can be estimated
directly wet a surface area of A = 3.14 m with a perimeter PS = 6.28 m.
by marking off the area allocated to a tree in the field and
1[3.14 + (1.0 x 6.28)/2] observing the percentage area shaded. A matured orchard usually
Pw = ------------------------------- x 100 = 42% has a maximum Ps ≈ 100π/4 = 80%.
3.0 x 5.0
Use spray emitter since P w = 42% (Pw > 33%)

Seasonal Transpiration, Ts = computed by replacing Ud with the total Table 2. Guide for selecting management allowed deficit, MAD, values for
estimated seasonal consumptive use, U. various crops
Ts = U [0.1(Pd)0.5] ________________________________________________________________
MAD, % Crop and Root depth
Seasonal Water Deficit, Dn
25-40 Shallow-rooted, high value fruit and vegetable crops
Dn = (U – Rn – Ms)[0.1(Pd)0.5]
40-50 Orchards, vineyards, berries and medium-rooted row crops
Rn = effective rain during the growing season, mm 50 Forage crops, grain crops, and deep-rooted row crops
Ms = residual stored moisture from off-season precipitation, mm ________________________________________________________________
Maximum Net Depth of Irrigation, d x – is the depth of water that will replace
the SMD when SMD = MAD.
dx = (MAD/100)(Pw/100)WaZ
dx = maximum net depth of water to be applied per irrigation, mm
MAD = management allowed deficit, %
Wa = available water-holding capacity of the soil, mm
Z = plant root depth, m

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Net Depth of Water to be Applied per Irrigation, d n , to meet the Emission Uniformity, EU – is a measure of the uniformity of emissions
consumptive use requirements: from all emission points within the entire trickle system.
dn = Td f’ For field tests:
and EU’ = 100 q’n/qa
fx = dn/Td EU’ = field test emission uniformity, %
q’n = average rate of discharge of the lowest one-fourth of the field data
dn = net depth of water to be applied per irrigation to meet consumptive
emitter discharge readings, lph
use requirements, mm
qa = average discharge rate of all the emitters checked in the field, lph
f’ = irrigation interval or frequency, days
fx = maximum irrigation interval, days Seasonal Irrigation Efficiency, Es,represents the percentage of the gross
Td = average daily transpiration during peak-use period, mm water applied that is beneficially used to meet crop consumptive use and
leaching requirements.
For design purposes, the T d for the mature crop (maximum expected Pd)
should be used for sizing the pipe network. Furthermore, assume f’ = 1
day, so that dn = Td , simplifies the design process. The actual irrigation
frequency to be used is a management decision. But f’ should be chosen
so that dn ≤ dx.

Table 1. Recommended ranges of design emission uniformities, EU Application Efficiency of the Low Quarter, Eq – the average low quarter
volume of irrigation water per unit area infiltrated or stored in the root zone
Emitter type Emitters per Topography EU Range, %
plant or required for leaching divided by the gross volume of system discharge
Point-source ≥3 Uniform* 90 to 95 per unit area.
Point-source <3 Uniform 85 tp 95
Point-source ≥3 Undulant** 85 to 95 Eq = EU’ when the low quarter volume is equal to or less than the
Point-source <3 Undulant 80 to 90 soil moisture deficit plus leaching requirements and minor
Spray All Uniform 90 to 95 losses are negligible.
Spray All Undulant 85 to 90
Line-source All Uniform 80 to 90 Es = Eq when potential average seasonal losses due to
Line-source All Undulant 70 to 85
unavoidable deep percolation and irrigation scheduling
*Uniform with slopes ≤ 2% problems are less than the leaching requirements.
**Undulant or steep with slopes > 2%
Peak Use Period Transpiration Ratio, Tr – is the depth of irrigation water
transmitted to exactly satisfy Tr divided the depth of water actually
transpired, Tr . It represents the extra water that must be applied even
during the peak-use period to offset unavoidable percolation beyond the
root zone.

Gross Depth per Irrigation, d Table 3. Peak period transpiration ratios, Tr, for different soil textures and
rooting depths.
when Tr ≥ 1/(1.0 – LRt ) or LRt ≤ 0.1,
________________________________________________________________
d = dnTr/(EU/100)
Crops’ root depth Soil Texture
when Tr < 1/(1.0 – LRt) and LRt > 0.1,
Very coarse Coarse Medium Fine
d = dnTr/[(EU/100)(1.0 – LRt)]
Shallow
where Tr = peak use period transpiration ratio < 0.8 m (2.5 ft) 1.10 1.10 1.05 1.00
EU = emission uniformity (%)
Medium
LRt = the leaching requirement under trickle irrigation (ratio)
0.8 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 ft) 1.10 1.05 1.00 1.00
Tr is the ratio of the depth of water applied to the area where T is exactly
Deep
satisfied to the depth of water transpired.
> 1.5 m (5 ft) 1.05 1.00 1.00 1.00
Leaching Requirement, LRt
LRt = ECw/2(max ECe)
See Table 5 for max ECe values.

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Table 5. MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM VALUES OF ECe for VARIOUS CROPS

Table 4. Seasonal transpiration ratios, T R, for arid and humid regions with
Crop ECe , dS/m Crop ECe , dS/m
different soil textures and rooting depths.
Min1 Max2 Min1 Max2
________________________________________________________________
Field Crops
Climate zone & root depth Soil Texture Cotton 7.7 27 Corn 1.7 10
Sorghum 6.8 13 Cowpeas 1.3 8.5
Very coarse Coarse Medium Fine
Soybean 5.0 10 Beans 1.0 6.5
Arid Sugarcane 1.7 19
< 0.8 m (2.5 ft) 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.05 Fruit Crops
0.8 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 ft) 1.10 1.05 1.00 1.00 Orange, Lemon, Apple 1.7 8 Grape 1.5 12
> 1.5 m (5 ft) 1.05 1.00 1.00 1.00 Strawberry 1.0 4 Avocado 1.3 6
Humid Vegetable Crops
< 0.8 m (2.5 ft) 1.35 1.25 1.15 1.10 Squash 4.7 15 Sweet corn 1.7 10
0.8 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 ft) 1.25 1.20 1.10 1.05 Broccoli 2.8 13.5 Sweet potato 1.5 10.5
> 1.5 m (5 ft) 1.20 1.10 1.05 1.00 Tomato 2.5 12.5 Pepper 1.5 8.5
Cucumber 2.5 10 Lettuce 1.3 8
TR represents the minimum excess water that must be applied to offset the Cantaloupe 2.2 16 Radish 1.2 9
unavoidable deep percolation on a seasonal basis. Cabbage 1.8 12 Onion 1.2 7.5
Potato 1.7 10 Carrot 1.0 8

Seasonal Irrigation Efficiency, Es , is a function of application uniformity; Gross Depth of irrigation water, d
losses due to runoff, leaks, line flushing and drainage; unavoidable
d = (dnTr)/[EU/100]
losses from deep percolation due to the soil wetting pattern and to
untimely rainfall; and avoidable losses resulting from poor scheduling. or d’ = TdTr/[EU/100]
when TR ≤ 1/(1.0 – LRt) and when LRt > 0.1 or Tr < 0.9/(1.0 – LRt)
Es (1.0 – LRt) = EU(1.0 – LRt) and Es = EU d = (100dn)/[EU(1.0 – LRt)]
when TR > 1/(1.0 – LRt) and the minor and scheduling losses are or d’ = (100Td)/[EU(1.0 – LRt)
negligible:
d’ = maximum gross daily irrigation requirement, mm
Es(1.0 – LR ) = EU/TR Tr = peak-use period transpiration ratio
EU = emission uniformity, %
Since part of the loss due to T R is needed to satisfy the leaching
LRt = leaching requirement
requirement:
The EU in all the equations above can be the field test emission
EU(1.0 – LRt) EU
uniformity for existing systems or the design emission uniformity EU for
Es = ---------------------- ≈ ------------------
systems in the planning stages.
TR – TRLRt – LRt TR(1.0 – LRt)
TR = seasonal transpiration ratio

Gross Volume of Water Required per Plant/Day, G (li/day) Gross Seasonal Volume of Water Required, Vs (ha-m)
G = K(d/f)SpSr Vs = DgA/K
K = conversion constant, which is 1.0 for metric units and 0.623 for A = area irrigated (has)
English units. K = conversion constant, 1000 for metric units and 12 for English unit
Gross Seasonal Depth of Irrigation Required to Satisfy Uniformity,
Leaching, and Unavoidable Losses, D g (mm) Dn
Dg =
(1.0 – LRt)EU/100
Dg = (100Dn)/[Es(1.0 – LRt)
when TR > 1.0/(1.0 – LRt)
Dn = (U – Rn – Ms)[0.1(P )0.5]
Dg= DnTR /(EU/100)
when TR ≤ 1.0/(1.0 – LRT)
Dg = (100Dn)/[EU(1.0 – LRt)
Dn = net seasonal depth of irrigation water required

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Emitter Selection and Design Criteria Orifice Emitters include many drip and spray emitters and also single
chamber line source tubing. In a nozzle or orifice emitter, water flows
Length of path needed for a given loss of head at a known discharge for through a small diameter opening or series of openings where most of
Long Path Emitters, lc the pressure head is lost. The flow regime is fully turbulent and the
lc = (H g D4 π)/(K q v) discharge of the emitter, q is:

lc = length of flow path in the emitter, m q = K a’ Kq √2gH

H = the working pressure head of the emitter, m a’ = flow cross-sectional area, mm2
g = the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/sec 2) Kq = coefficient of discharge for an outlet that depends on the
D = cross-sectional diameter of the flow path, mm characteristics of the orifice or nozzle and ranges from 0.6 to 1.0
q = emitter discharge, l/hr K = conversion constant, 3.6 for metric units, 187 for English units
v = kinematic viscosity of the water which is 1.0x10 -6 m2/sec
K = conversion constant, 3.56 x 107 for metric units, 98.6 for English Twin Chamber Tubing. The discharge from the inner orifice can be
units computed by:
q = K a’ Kq √2g(H – H’)
H’ = working pressure head in the secondary chamber, m and other
variable definitions are the same as in orifice emitters.

Twin Chamber Tubing. The discharge from the inner orifice can be Vortex Emitter and Sprayer – has an orifice containing a circular cell that
computed by: causes vortical flow. The vortical motion is achieved by entrance of
water tangential to the inner wall. This produces a fast rotational motion
q = K a’ Kq √2g(H – H’)
of the water that results in the vortex being in the center of the cell.
H’ = working pressure head in the secondary chamber, m and other
q = K a’ Kq√2g H 0.4
variable definitions are the same as in orifice emitters.
K = conversion constant, 3.6 for metric units (187 for English units)
H’ can be computed by
Compensating Emitter - is constructed to yield a nearly constant
H’ = H/(1 + n20)
discharge over a wide range of pressures. Long-path, short-path and
so q for twin chamber tubing can be orifice types can be made compensating emitters too.
q = K a’ Kq √2gHn /(1 + n20) q = K a’ Kq√2g Hx
n0 = number of secondary orifices for each main orifice K = conversion constant, 3.6 got metric units (187 for English units)
x varies from 0.5 to 0.0 depending on the characteristics of the flow
section and of the resilient material used.

Flushing Emitters are of two types, self-flushing or on-off flushing emitters Emitter Discharge Exponent, x
and the continuous flushing emitters. On-off flushing emitters flush for
q = K d Hx
only a few moments each time the system starts operating then shut
off; they are typically of the compensating type. Kd = a constant of proportionality (discharge coefficient) that
characterizes each emitter.
For continuous flushing emitters (constructed so that they can eject
relatively large particles during operation. They do this by using a x = emitter discharge exponent that is characterized by the flow regime
series of relatively large diameter flexible orifices to dissipate
To determine Kd and x, the discharge from an emitter at two different
pressure).
operating pressures must be known. From q and H and q and H , the
q = K a’ Kq√2g (H/n’)0.7 exponent x may be determined by:
n’ = the number of orifices in series. log(q1/q2)
x = --------------
For the on-off flushing emitters,
log(H1/H2)
q = K a’ Kq √2g (H/n’)

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Example: Determine the discharge exponent and discharge coefficient Emitter Coefficient of Manufacturing Variation, v
from discharge pressure head data for a vortex emitter and find the √q12 + q22 + … + qn2 – n(qav)2 /n-1
head required to produce any given discharge. v= --------------------------------------------------
Emitter discharges, q1 = 3 lph at H1 = 5 m qa
q2 = 4 lph at H2 = 10 m or v = sd/(qav)
Find: Discharge exponent (x), discharge coefficient (K d), and pressure q1, q2 … qn = individual discharge rate values, lph
head (H) at which q = 5 lph n = number of emitters in the sample
log(3/4) qa = average discharge rate of the sample, lph
x = -------------- = 0.42 sd = standard deviation of the discharge rates of the sample, lph
log(5/10) System Coefficient of Manufacturing Variation, vs
K = q/Hx = 4/(10)0.42 = 1.52 vs = v/√N’p
Check: q1 = 1.52 x (5.0)0.42 = 3 lph N’p = number of emitters per plant (or 1 if one emitter is shared by more
H3 = (q3/Kd)1/x = (5/1.52)1/0.42 = 17 m than one plant)
Line source systems may have only one outlet per plant; however
because of the close spacing of outlets, each plant may receive water
from 2 outlets in which case Np = 2.

Irrigation Application Time Required During the Peak Use Period, Ta, Average Emitter Pressure Head, Ha
(hrs/day)
Ha = H(qa/q)1/x or Ha = H(qa/Kd)1/x
Ta = G/(Npqa)
Emission Uniformity, EU (%)
G = gross volume of water required per plant during the peak use
period, (l/day) EU = 100 (1.0 – 1.27v/√Np’)(qn/qa)
Np = number of emitters per plant or EU = 100 (1.0 – 1.27vs)(qn/qa)
qa = the average emitter flow rate (lph)
v = emitter coefficient of manufacturing variation
The maximum number of hours of operation per day should not exceed vs = system coefficient of manufacturing variation
90% of the available time (i.e. 21.6 hrs/day) to allow some margin of safety e’ = minimum number of emitters each plant can receive water from
in the event the system failure or other unexpected down time. qn = minimum emission rate computed from the minimum pressure in the
1. If Ta ≈ 21.6 hrs/day, use a one-station system, N = 1, select Ta ≤ 21.6 system, based on the nominal flow rate vs pressure curve (lph)
hrs/day, and adjust qa accordingly. qa = average or design emission rate (lph)
2. If Ta ≈ 10.8 hrs/day, use N = 2, select Ta ≤ 10.8, and adjust qa accordingly.
3. If 12 < Ta < 18, it maybe desirable to use another emitter or a different
number of emitters per plant in order to operate closer to 90% of
the time and thereby reduce investment costs.

Allowable Pressure Head Variation, ΔH (ft) Allowable Pressure Head Variation, ΔH (ft)
ΔHs = (Hm – Hn) (ΔHs)a = 2.5(Ha – Hn)
∆Hs = change in operating pressure head at a subunit (ΔHs)a = allowable variation in subunit pressure head
Hm = manifold inlet pressure
Hn = minimum pressure head that will give the q n in the subunit required to
satisfy the EU equations

(ΔHm)a = (∆Hs – ∆Hℓ)

(ΔHm)a = allowable pressure head variation along a manifold

∆Hℓ = change in pressure head along a lateral
ΔHℓ = (Hℓ – H’n)
Hℓ = pressure head along the lateral inlet
H’n = minimum pressure head along a lateral
Hn = (Hm – ∆Hm – ∆Hℓ)

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Example: Determine emission characteristics and EU in a subunit where: Total System Capacity, Qs (lps)
qa = 0.95 gph at Ha = 40.0 ft For any emitter layout
ΔHs = 10 ft and Hn = 37.5 ft, therefore,Hx = 47.5 ft = Hm
Qs = K(A/Ns)(Npqa/SpSr)
x = 0.72 and v = 0.033
For uniformly spaced laterals that supply uniformly spaced
Kd = 0.95/(40)0.72 = 0.067
emitters:
qn = 0.067(37.5)0.72 = 0.91 gph
Qs = K(A/Ns)(qa/SeSl)
qx = 0.067(47.5)0.72 = 1.08 gph = qm
A = field area, ha
EU = 100(1.0 – 1.27[0.033/(√1)](0.91/0.95) = 0.92 Ns = number of operating stations
K = conversion constant, 2.778 for metric units (726 for English
Net design q = qa EU/100 = 0.95 X 0.92 = 0.87 gph
units)
For line-source tubing where the discharge per 100 ft of tubing is
given (rather than qa per outlet), replace qa/Se in the total system
capacity equation with (Qa per m).

Pump Operating Time per Season, Ot (hrs) Net Application Rate, In (mm/hr) = is the application rate to the plants that
receive water at the lowest application rate.
Ot = K(Vs/Qs)
In = K(EU/100)(Npqa)/(SpSr)
or approximated by:
Minimum Expected Emitter Discharge Rate, q n, lph
Ot ≈ 1.1Ta(Dn/Td)
qn = qa(Hn/Ha)x
K conversion constant, 2778 for metric units (5430 for English
units) Hn in subunits or systems where the friction head loss is greater than the
Vs = volume of irrigation water required per season head gain due to elevation drop is computed by:
Net Application Rate, In (mm/hr) = is the application rate to the plants that Hn = (Hm – ΔHm – ΔHl)
receive water at the lowest application rate.
Hm = manifold inlet pressure head, m
In = K(EU/100)(Npqa/SpSr) ΔHm = difference in pressure head along the manifold, m
ΔHl = difference in pressure head along the laterals, m
K = conversion constant, 1.0 for metric units (1.604 for English
units)

Injectors – used to apply fertilizer, algaecides, other liquid materials

N PUMP & CONTROL HEAD

Automatic controllers – provide signal to actuate the main pump,

automatic manifold valves or both
10 trees

437 ft

Filters – remove debris that might clog emitters or sprayers

17 trees

Screen filters – least expensive and most efficient means of

27 trees
1111 ft

Tree spacing
54 trees

Sm = 648 ft

filtering water
2086 ft

24 ft x 24 ft

Gravel and graded sand filters – cylindrical tanks that have fine
gravel and sand of selected sizes placed inside
54 rows + 24 ft road 54 rows + 24 ft road
SLOPE 0.5%

758 ft
54 trees

ORCHARD LAYOUT FOR A DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Lm = 648 ft

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 10/06/2022

DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN PROCEDURE 2. Friction head loss gradient, J’(m/100m)
J’ = J(Se + fe)/Se
I. Requirements
1. Field Size: Length and width Se = drip spacing along the lateral, m
2. Location of Water Source fe = emitter (drip) connection loss equivalent, m
3. Field Slope
3. Lateral friction head loss, hfl (m)
4. System Layout
5. Lateral: length and diameter hfl = J’FL/100
6. Manifold: length and diameter
F = reduction coefficient for lateral pipe with multiple outlets
7. Mainline: length and diameter
L = length of lateral pipe with multiple outlets
8. Dripper: Type, average discharge and average operating
J’ = friction head loss gradient along lateral (m/100m)
pressure (see sample dripper specification)
4. Manifold friction head loss, h fm (m)
II. Equations to be Used:
Hfm = JFL/100
1. Friction head loss gradient, J (m/100m)
F = reduction coefficient for manifold with multiple outlets
J = 7.89 x 107(Q/C)1.75D-4.75
L = length of manifold with multiple outlets (m)
Q = pipe discharge, li/sec; D = pipe inside diameter, mm J = friction head loss gradient along manifold (m/100,)

2. Friction Losses in Pipe with Outlets

hf = JFL/100
hf = head loss in pipe with uniformly spaced
outlets
J = Friction head loss gradient, (m/100m)
F = reduction coefficient for multiple outlets
L = pipe length, m
No. of Outlets F No. of Outlets F
(end)1 (mid)2 (end)1 (mid)2
1 1.00 1.00 8 0.42 0.38
2 0.64 0.52 9 0.41 0.38
3 0.54 0.44 10 – 11 0.40 0.37
4 0.49 0.41 12 – 15 0.39 0.37
5 0.46 0.40 16 – 20 0.38 0.36
6 0.44 0.39 21 – 30 0.37 0.36
7 0.43 0.38 ≥ 31 0.36 0.36
1Where the first outlet is full space from the pipe inlet, i.e. at the end of the first pipe
2Where the first outlet is one-half space from the pipe inlet, i.e. at the middle of the first
pipe.

5. Lateral inlet pressure, HL (m) 8. Total Dynamic Head, TDH (m)

HL = Ha + 0.75(hfl) + 0.5(ΔEl) TDH = Hs + Hm + HfM
Ha = average dripper operating pressure Hs = suction head, m; Hm = manifold inlet pressure head, m
ΔEl = difference in elevation between the closed and inlet ends, HfM = head loss due to friction along the mainline plus other
which is (+) for lateral running uphill from the inlet and (-) sources of head loss, m
for downhill laterals, m
9. Water Horsepower, WHP
hfl = head loss due to pipe friction in the lateral, m
Q x TDH x 62.4 x 3.28
6. Manifold inlet pressure, Hm (m)
WHP = ------------------------------------
Hm = HL + 0.75hfm + 0.5ΔEl 33,000 x 7.48
hfm = head loss due to pipe friction in the manifold, m 10. Brake horsepower, BHP
ΔEl = manifold slope, decimal
BHP = WHP/Ep
7. Total system capacity, Qs (gal/min)
Ep = pump efficiency
Qs = (ql/lateral) x (No. of laterals)
ql = qa x no. of drippers/lateral (qa = average emitter discharge)

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Sample Design No. 1

A. Given:
1. Field size: 10 m x 100 m = 1,000 sq. m.
2. Drip Spacing = 0.40 m along lateral (Se)
= 0.40 m between lateral (SL)
3. On-line Dripper: qa = 1.0 li/hr, Ha = 10 m
4. Water source location: Middle (center) of the field
5. Field slope: flat
6. Laterals are laid along the length and manifold along the width of
the field, two manifolds per side (see Figure 1)
B. Design the Drip Irrigation System for the given field.
C. Solution:
1. Total drippers/lateral = 50/0.4 = 125 drippers
2. Discharge/lateral = 125 x 1 = 125 li/hr
3. Friction head loss along lateral
lateral diameter = 16 mm
lateral discharge = 125 li/hr
From figure 20.8, for on-line drippers with small barb, and for lateral
diameter = 16 mm, fe = 0.2 ft or 0.06 m
Friction head loss gradient, J
J = 7.89 x 107(Q/C)1.75/D4.75) = 7.89 x 107(125/3600)1.75/(16)4.75 = 0.42 m/100 m

J = 7.89 x 107(Q1.75/D4.75) = 7.89 x 107(125/3600)1.75/(16)4.75 = 0.42 m/100 m 6. Manifold inlet pressure, Hm = HL + 0.75hfm + 0.5EL
Manifold diameter = 25 mm
Friction head loss gradient, J’ = J(Se + f e)/Se
Manifold discharge = 12 laterals/manifold x 125 drippers/lat x 1
= 0.42 (0.40 + 0.06)/0.40
li/hr/dripper = 1,500 li/hr
= 0.483 m/100 m
J = 7.89 x 107 (1500/3600)1.75 /(25)4.75 = 3.90 m/100 m
Friction head loss along the lateral, h fL = J’FL/100
Friction head loss along the manifold, h fm = (3.9/100)(.39)(5) = 0.08 m
From Table 7-5.1, with 125 drippers, F = 0.36
Hm = 10.06 + 0.75(0.08) + 0 = 10.12 m
hfL = J’FL/100 = (0.483 m/100m) x 0.36 x 50 m= 0.08 m
7. Total System Capacity, Q = No. of drippers/lateral x no. of laterals
4. Lateral inlet pressure, H
= 125 x 48 = 6,000 li/hr
Hl = Ha + 0.75(Hfl) + 0.5(ΔEL) = 10 + 0.75(0.08) + 0 = 10.06 m
8. Mainline inlet pressure, HM = Hm + 0.75hfM + 0.5EL
5. Manifold Design
Number of laterals per manifold = 5/0.4 = 12.5; Use 12 laterals J = 7.89 x 107(6,000/3600)1.75/(50)4.75 = 1.64 m/100m
hfM = (1.64/00)(0..49)(10) = 0.08 m
6. Manifold inlet pressure, Hm = HL + 0.75hfm + 0.5EL
HM = 10.12 + 0.75(0.08) + 0 = 10.18 m
Manifold diameter = 25 mm
Manifold discharge = 12 laterals/manifold x 125 drippers/lat x 1 9. Total Dynamic Head, TDH = Hs + HM
li/hr/dripper = 1,500 li/hr Suction head, Hs = 10 m (Given)
J = 7.89 x 107 (1500/3600)1.75 /(25)4.75 = 3.90 m/100 m Friction head due to elbows, gate valves, and other connectors assumed 10% of
Friction head loss along the manifold, h fm = (3.9/100)(.39)(5) = 0.08 m the sum of suction and discharge heads
Hm = 10.06 + 0.75(0.08) + 0 = 10.12 m TDH = 1.1)(Hs + HM)
= 1.1(10 + 10.18) = 22.20 m

10. Water Horsepower, WHP 11. Specifications:

WHP = (Q x TDH x 62.4 x 3.28)/(33,000)(7.48) Lateral:
Diameter = 16 mm
= (6,000 li/hr)(m3/1000 li)(3.283 ft3/m3)(62.4 lbs/ft3)(hr/3600 sec)(22.2m x 3.28 ft/m)
Length = 50 x 12 x 4 2,400 m
= (267.23 ft-lbs/sec)/550 ft-lbs/sec-hp = 0.49 hp Manifold:
Diameter = 25 mm
11. BHP = WHP/Ep = 0.49/0.7 = 0.7 hp
Length = 10 m
12. Specifications: Main:
Diameter = 50 mm
Lateral:
Length = 10 m
Diameter = 16 mm
Drippers:
Length = 50 x 12 x 4 2,400 m
Total number = 6,000 drippers
Manifold:
qa = 1 li/hr
Diameter = 25 mm
Ha = 10 m
Length = 10 m
Pump:
Main:
Type = Centrifugal
Diameter = 50 mm
TDH = 22.2 m
Length = 10 m
Q = 6,000 li/hr
Drippers
(Select nearest TDH and Q as per manufacturer’s specifications)
Total number = 6,000 drippers
Power Unit:
qa = 1 li/hr
Electric Motor, 220 V, 1 hp, three phase
Ha = 10 m

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Q
hd discharge pipe
Pump
hs suction pipe
▼
PUMPS
H = hs + hd + hf H = total dynamic head
hs = suction head = static head +
drawdown
hd = discharge head
hf = friction head

gate valve
elbow Q
check valve
hd
Power Unit
Pump hs Pump
coupling ▼
water level ▼
water level
strainer
foot valve WHP = γQH/c
c = conversion constant
Friction head sources:
1 hp = 550 ft-lbs/sec = 33,000 ft-lbs/min
Elbow, coupling, foot valve, strainer,
Q = pump discharge
gate valve, check valve, pump casing,
transition, intake & discharge pipes γ = specific weight of water = 62.4 lbs/ft3

Q PUMP POWER UNIT

hd
1.Engine (diesel or gasoline)
Power Unit
hs 2.Electric motor
Pump
▼ water level
3.Wind

WHP = QH/c 4.Solar

BHP = WHP/Ep 5.Water

Ep = pump efficiency

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CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
TYPES OF PUMP:
Water is drawn into the pump axially and
1.Reciprocating or piston type
leaves radially.
2.Centrifugal
Advantages:
3.Turbine
Efficient, simple in construction, low
4.Axial flow cost, easy to install, capable of high
speeds
Disadvantages:
Limited suction lift, susceptibility to
losing prime

DEEP-WELL TURBINE PUMP SUBMERSIBLE TURBINE PUMP

Impeller is suspended vertically on the A deep-well turbine pump that is coupled
drive shaft within a long discharge pipe. to a submersible electric motor.
Advantages: Advantages:
Used when water surface is below the lift Can be used in very deep wells,
of centrifugal pumps, high head, excellent in crooked wells, can be
requires no priming installed in flooded areas
Disadvantages: Disadvantages:
Low efficiency, inaccessible parts, parts Same as the deep-well turbine pump
are difficult to inspect

PROPELLER & MIXED-FLOW PUMP

1.Used for low-head, high discharge
operation.
2.Advantages:
Wide range of head-capacity operation, can
be used in multiple stages to obtain a higher
head
3.Disadvantages:
Difficult to install, prone to cavitation &
formation of vapor bubbles thereby
reducing efficiency, tendency to overload

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SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM Two Basic Groups of Sprinkler Systems

DESIGN
1.Set Systems – operate with sprinklers set in a
SPRINKLER – the application of water fixed position
above the soil in the form of a spray
2.Continuous-move Systems – operate while the
somewhat resembling raindrops
sprinkler is moving through the field

Types of Set Systems Hand-move Lateral System – composed of either

portable or buried main line pipe with valve
1.Periodic-move systems: Hand-move, end tow,
outlets at intervals for attaching the portable
and side roll laterals; side-move laterals with or
laterals.
without trail lines; and gun and boom
sprinklers. - used to irrigate more area than any other
type of set system, used on almost all crops and
2.Fixed systems – either small or big gun
on all types of topography
sprinklers mounted at stationary positions
- it has high labor requirement

End-tow Lateral System – similar to hand-move Side-Roll Lateral System – lateral pipes are rigidly
except that it consists of rigidly coupled lateral coupled, each joint of lateral pipe is supported by
pipe connected to a buried main line positioned at a large wheel. The lateral lines forms the axle for
the center of the field for convenience of the wheels & when it is twisted, the line rolls
operation. Laterals are towed lengthwise over the sideways.
main line from one side to the other in an “S”
- works well in low-growing crops,
fashion.
rectangular fields with uniform topography and
(1 ) no physical obstructions
(2 )
(3 )

(4 )
PUMP@ CENTER OF THE FIELD

BURIED MAIN

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Side-Move Laterals – periodically moved across Gun and Boom Sprinklers

the field in a manner similar to side-roll laterals
Gun Sprinklers are rotated by rocker arm
but the pipes are carried above the wheels on
drives
small “A” frames instead of serving as the axle.
Boom Sprinklers have rotating arms
- suitable for most field and vegetable crops
- both are well-adapted to supplemental
irrigation and to use on irregularly shaped fields
or fields with obstructions.

Fixed Sprinkler System – has enough lateral pipe Portable solid-set systems – can be moved from
and sprinkler heads so that none of the laterals field to field as the crop rotation or irrigation plan
need to be moved after being placed in the field. is changed.
To irrigate the field, the sprinklers (or laterals)
Permanent buried laterals - placed underground
need only to be cycled on and off.
with only riser pipe and sprinkler head above the
Three Types of Fixed Sprinkler System surface
1.Solid-set portable, hand-move laterals Sequencing-valve lateral – maybe buried, placed
on the soil surface, or suspended on cables
2.Buried, or permanent, laterals
above the crop. The heart of the system is a valve
3.Sequencing-valve laterals on each sprinkler riser that turns the sprinkler on
or off when a control signal is received.

CONTINUOUS MOVE SYSTEMS: Traveling (gun or Linear-Moving Lateral – it combines the structure
boom) sprinklers, center-pivot, linear-moving and guidance system of center-pivot lateral with a
laterals. traveling water-feed system similar to a traveling
sprinkler.
Traveling sprinklers – a high capacity sprinkler
fed with water through a flexible hose. It is
mounted on a self-powered chassis and travels
along a straight line while watering.
Center-Pivot – it sprinkles water from a
continuously moving lateral. The self-propelled
lateral is fixed at one end and rotates to irrigate a
large circular area.

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SPRINKLER DESIGN PROCEDURE SPRINKLER DESIGN PROCEDURE

1. Make an inventory of available resources and operating conditions. Include 8. For periodic move and fixed sprinkler systems:
information on soils, topography, water supply, source of power, crops, and farm d. Make necessary final adjustments to meet layout conditions.
operation schedules. e. Determine required sizes of lateral line pipe.
f. Compute maximum total pressure required for individual lateral lines.
2. Determine the depth or quantity of water to be applied at each irrigation.
9. For continuous move sprinkler systems:
3. Determine the peak period average daily consumptive use rates and annual irrigation
a. Select the type of sprinkler nozzle desired.
requirements for the crops under consideration.
b. Set the minimum allowable nozzle pressure.
4. Determine the design-use frequency of irrigation or shortest irrigation period. c. Determine the desired system flow rate.
d. Select the type of system drive, i.e., electric, hydraulic.
5. Determine capacity requirements of the system.
e. Determine the maximum elevation differences which will be encountered
6. Determine the optimum water-application rate. throughout the movement of the system.
f. Select the system pipe diameter based on economic considerations.
7. Select the type of sprinkler system.
g. Calculate the system inlet pressure required to overcome friction losses,
8. For periodic move and fixed sprinkler systems: elevation differences, and give the desired minimum nozzle pressure.
a. Determine the sprinkler spacing, discharge, nozzle sizes, and operating
10. Determine required sizes of mainline pipe.
pressure for the optimum water-application rate.
b. Estimate the number of sprinklers, operating simultaneously, required to meet 11. Check mainline pipe sizes for power economy.
system capacity requirements.
12. Determine maximum and minimum operating conditions.
c. Determine the best layout of main and lateral lines for simultaneous operation
of about the required number of sprinklers.

SPRINKLER DESIGN PROCEDURE PRELIMINARY SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN FACTORS

13. Select pump and power unit for maximum operating efficiency within range of I. CROP (TYPE)
operating conditions.
(a) Root depth (mm)
14. Prepare plans, schedules, and instructions for proper layout and operation.
(b) Growing season (days)
(c) Water use rate (mm/day)
The first six steps of the design procedure outlined above are often referred to as the
(d) Seasonal water use (mm)
preliminary design factors. See next slides for the organization of the information and
data in order to carry out these steps. II. SOILS [Area (has.)]
(a) Surface texture depth (cm)
(b) Subsurface texture depth (cm)
(c) Moisture capacity (mm)
(d) Allowable depletion (mm)
(e) Intake rate (mm/hr)

III. IRRIGATION V. SYSTEM CAPACITY

(a) Interval (days) (a) Application rate (mm/hr)
(b) Net depth (mm) (b) Time per set (hrs)
(c) Efficiency (%) (c) Settings per day
(d) Gross depth (mm) (d) Days of operation per interval
IV. WATER REQUIREMENT (e) Preliminary system capacity (lps)
(a) Net seasonal (mm) Capacity Requirements
(b) Effective rain (mm)
Q = 453Ad/FH
(c) Stored moisture (mm)
Q = system discharge capacity, gpm
(d) Net irrigation (mm)
A = design area, acre
(e) Gross irrigation (mm) d = gross depth of application, in.
(f) Number of irrigations F = time allowed for completion of one irrigation, days
H = actual operating time, hrs/day

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Sample Calculation 1. Computing capacity requirements for a single crop in the design Sample Calculation 2. Computing capacity requirements for a crop rotation
area.
Given:
Given: Design area of 90 acres with crop acreages as follows:
40 acres of corn (A) 10 acres of Crop A, last irrigation May 31.
Design moisture use rate: 0.20 in/day 2.6-in. application lasts 12 days in May (peak period)
Moisture replaced in soil at each irrigation: 2.4 in. 30 acres of Crop B, last irrigation August 20.
Irrigation efficiency: 70% 2.9-in. application lasts 12 days in May
Gross depth of water applied (d): 2.4/0.70 or 3.4 in at 70% efficiency 3.4-in. application lasts 12 days in July (peak period)
Irrigation period (F): 10 days in a 12-day interval 50 acres of Crop C, irrigated through cold weather period
System to be operated 20 hrs/day (H) 3.6-in. application lasts 12 days in May.
4.3-in. application lasts 12 days in July (peak period).
Q = (453 x 40 x 3.4)/(10 x 20) = 308 gpm
Irrigation period is 10 days in 12-day irrigation interval.
Sample Calculation 2. Computing capacity requirements for a crop rotation System is to be operated 16 hrs/day
Given: Capacity requirements for May when all three crops are being irrigated.
Design area of 90 acres with crop acreages as follows:
Crop A Q = (453 x 10 x 2.6)/(10 x 16) = 74 gpm
10 acres of Crop A, last irrigation May 31.
Crop B Q = (453 x 30 x 2.9)/(10 x 16) = 246 gpm
2.6-in. application lasts 12 days in May (peak period)
Crop C Q = (453 x 50 x 3.6)/(10 x 16) = 510 gpm
30 acres of Crop B, last irrigation August 20.
Total for May 839 gpm
2.9-in. application lasts 12 days in May
3.4-in. application lasts 12 days in July (peak period)

Sample Calculation 2. Computing capacity requirements for a crop rotation SPRINKLER HEAD SELECTION
Capacity requirements for July when Crop A have been harvested but Crops B and C are 1. According to Characteristics
using moisture at a the peak rate
General characteristics – special thrust springs or reaction type arms, single nozzle
Crop B Q = (453 x 30 x 3.4)/(10 x 16) = 289 gpm oscillating, dual nozzle, stream trajectories below fruit and foliage lowering the nozzle
Crop C Q = (453 x 50 x 4.3)/(10 x 16) = 609 gpm angle, portable irrigation pipe with small perforations
Total for July 898 gpm
Range of wetted diameters – example: 6 – 15 m
Although only two of the three crops are being irrigated, the maximum capacity
Recommended minimum application rate – example: 10 mm/hr
requirement of the system is in July.
Jet characteristics (with proper pressure & nozzle size) – example: water drops are
large due to low pressure, water drops are fairly well-broken, water drops are well-
broken over entire wetted diameter, water drops are extremely well-broken
Water distribution with proper spacing, pressure & nozzle size – example: fair, fair to
good at upper limits of pressure range, very good, good except where wind velocities
exceed 6.4 kph, acceptable in calm air, severely distorted by wind, pattern is
rectangular, etc.
Adaptations and limitations for periodic-move or fixed systems – example: for small
areas and soils with intake rates exceeding 13 mm/hr; for field crops, vegetables and
undertree sprinkling in orchards, for all field crops and most irrigable soils, well
adapted to overtree sprinkling, for odd-shaped areas, limited to soils with high intake
rates or good cover, etc.

2. According to Type of Sprinkler Head and Operating Pressure Range

SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Impact or spray – low pressure (5-20 psi)
Impact or gear – moderate pressure (15 – 30 psi)
DESIGN
Impact or gear – medium pressure (30 – 60 psi)
Classification:
Impact or gear – high pressure (50 – 100 psi)
Rocker arm gun or giant – (50 – 100 psi) 1.Sprinkler heads are operated
Spinner or spray undertree – (80 – 120 psi)
individually (gun or boom sprinklers)
Fixed perforated pipe – (4 – 20 psi)

PRECIPITATION PROFILES & RECOMMENDED SPACINGS 2.Sprinkler heads are operated as a

group along a lateral
3.According to how the sprinkler heads
are moved (or cycled) to irrigate the
entire field

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Sprinkler laterals can be: 4. Continuously moved along a closed or

open channel water supply
1.Periodically moved from one set
(traveling lateral) to irrigate a large
(irrigation) position to another by hand
rectangular area
of mechanically until the entire field is
irrigated Solid Set Systems (Permanent Systems)
2.Set so closely together (solid set) that 1.Reduces labor
the field can be irrigated without
2.Expensive
moving them
3.It is the trend nowadays, especially in
3.Continuously moved around a pivot
small areas
point (center pivot) to irrigate a large
circular area

SOLID SET SOLID SET

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Pump
All sprinkler heads operating Pump Only red sprinklers operating
simultaneously

water source

water source lateral

x x x x x x x x

sprinkler head
Traveling gun

CENTER PIVOT SYSTEM

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water source

SYSTEM LAYOUT

Traveling lateral

x x x x x x x x

Mainline
Water source
Lateral line

Periodic move system with 2 laterals Periodic move system with 4 laterals

Periodic move system with 2 laterals Periodic move system with 4 laterals

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Solid set system Periodic move system with 4 laterals

Solid set system Solid set system

Periodic move system with 1 lateral Periodic move system with 2 laterals

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Periodic move system with 2 laterals Periodic move system with 4 laterals

Sprinkler heads

Ground surface

Solid set system Wetting pattern of 2 sprinkler heads

Sprinkler heads

Ground surface

Wetting pattern of 2 sprinkler heads

CENTER PIVOT SPRINKLER SYSTEM

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LINEAR MOVE SPRINKLER SYSTEM TRAVELLING GUN SPRINKLER SYSTEM

SIDE MOVE OR LINEAR MOVE SPRINKLER SYSTEM SIDE MOVE OR LINEAR MOVE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

SPRAY TYPE SPRINKLER HEAD

SOLID SET SPRINKLER SYSTEM

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SPRAY TYPE SPRINKLER HEAD SIDE MOVE OR SIDE ROLL SPRINKLER SYSTEM

SIDE MOVE OR SIDE ROLL SPRINKLER SYSTEM SIDE MOVE OR SIDE ROLL SPRINKLER SYSTEM

SOLID SET SPRINKLER SYSTEM SOLID SET SPRINKLER SYSTEM

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SOLID SET SPRINKLER SYSTEM SOLID SET SPRINKLER SYSTEM

SOLID SET SPRINKLER SYSTEM SOLID SET SPRINKLER SYSTEM

SOLID SET SPRINKLER SYSTEM

IMPACT TYPE SPRINKLER HEAD

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SIDE MOVE OR LINEAR MOVE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

CENTER PIVOT SPRINKLER SYSTEM

GUN SPRINKLER SYSTEM

SIDE ROLL OR SIDE MOVE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

12