A REPORT ON

EVALUATION OF NOISE POLLUTION

BY

Mr. SOURAV PAUL

DIPLOMA 3rd YEAR 5th OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT

T.T.A.A.D.C POLYTECHNICE INSTITUTE TRIPURA

KUMULWNG AGARTALA-799045, TRIPURA

Thesis submitted to

T.T.A.A.D.C POLYTECHNICE INSTITUTE TRIPURA

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 For the award of Diploma Engineering
by
SOURAV PAUL (ROLL No:2063020162)
Supervisor
(MAJOR PROJECT)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

T.T.A.A.D.C POLYTECHNICE INSTITUTE

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis/dissertation/report entitled “Assessment of land use changes in Tripura using Geo-
Spatial Technique” by sourav paul is approved for the Master of Technology in Civil
Engineering.

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Examiners
__1______________________
__2______________________
__3______________________
__4______________________
__5______________________
__6______________________

Supervisor :
______________________
______________________
Chairman:
________________________
________________________
Date:
Place:

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 DECLARATION

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others'
ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original
sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity
and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my
submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action
by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been
properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

(Signature)
Name of the student: SOURAV PAUL
Roll No.: 2063020162
Date:

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 CERTIFICATE

It is certified that the work contained in the thesis titled “Assessment of land use changes in
Tripura using Geo-Spatial Technique” by SOURAV PAUL” has been carried out under my
supervision and that this work has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree*

Signature of Supervisor

(Assistant Professor)
Department of Civil Engineering

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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I would like to express sincere gratitude to my mentor, especially to Sir, Sandip Deb
Department of Civil Engineering, F/O Science & Technology, ICFAI University Tripura for
his exceptional helping hand in completing this research paper project in time & motivating
students in every possible way.

Mr. SOURAV PAUL

ROLL NO:2063020162

List of figures

1. LULC map of INDIA

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2. Tripura map

3. Locating point to download DEM

4. Process showing to download DEM file

5. Tripura map (Study area)

6. LULC map of 1990

7. LULC map of 2000

8. LULC map of 2010

9. LULC map of 2020

10. Changes of labels

CONTENTS

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Title Page 1-2

Certificate of Approval 3
Declaration 4
Certificate 5
Acknowledgements 6

List of Figures 7

Chapter 1 Introduction 10-37

1.1 Effects of land use land cover change

1.2 Advantage of land use land cover
1.3 Tools use in land use land cover
1.4 Geographic information system
1.5 What is Arc--GIS
1.6 Digital elevation model

Chapter 2: Literature Review 38-57

Chapter 3: Study Area 58-61
Chapter 4: Methodology 62-67
4.1Elements of the work:-
4.2 Satalite image
4.3 Image enhancement
4.4 Selection of study area
4.5 Decoding of colours zoning
4.6 Classification of land-sat data
4.7 Calculation of land-sat data
4.8 Exporting the results in excel

Chapter 5: Results and discussion 68-75

Chapter 6: Conclusion 76
Chapter 7: References 77-80

CHAPTAR: 1. INTRODUCTION

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Noise, defined as ‘unwanted sound’, is perceived as an environment stressor and nuisance. Hearing
impairments due to noise are a direct consequence of the effects of sound energy on the inner ear.
It is generally believed that noise disturbs activities and communication, causing annoyance.
Basically, noise pollution is considered to be any unwanted or disturbing sound that affects the
health and well-being of humans and other organisms. Noise pollution, or sound pollution, is the
propagation of noise with ranging impacts on the activity of human or animal life, most of them are
harmful to a degree. High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans and an
increased incidence of coronary artery disease.  In animals, noise can increase the risk of death by
altering predator or prey detection and avoidance, interfere with reproduction and navigation, and
contribute to permanent hearing loss. Noise pollution affects both health and behaviour. Unwanted
sound (noise) can damage physiological health. Noise pollution is associated with several health
conditions, including cardiovascular disorders, hypertension , high stress levels, hearing loss, sleep
disturbances, and other harmful and disturbing effects. The Noise Observation and Information
Service for Europe (NOISE) suggest that the majority of the noise affecting the exposure of the
population is being generated by road vehicle traffic . the material building blocks used for the
construction of building infrastructure as well as building and street design at the nearby vicinity and
neighbourhood quality are correlative .

Factors responsible for determining the level of noise . Within the foregoing context, this
study investigates the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on changes in sound levels in Dublin,
Ireland. After the imposition of a societal lockdown, traffic volume have reduced
substantially and social events have been restricted considerably; therefore, a reduction in
sound levels (and hence noise pollution) across the city might be expected. The noise
problems of the past pale in significance when compared with those experienced by modern
city dwellers noise pollution continues to grow in extent, frequency, and severity as a result
of population growth, urbanization, and technological developments . Due to exposure of
noise people are suffering from difference kinds of diseases like Hearing Impairment,
Interference with spoken communication, Sleep disturbances, cardiovascular disturbances,
Annoyance etc. The WHO has documented seven categories of adverse health effects of
noise pollution on humans. It interferes with the ability to comprehend normal speech and
may lead to a number of personal disabilities, handicaps, and behavioral changes. These
include problems with concentration, fatigue, uncertainty, lack of self-confidence, irritation,
misunderstandings, decreased working capacity, disturbed interpersonal relationships, and
stress reactions. Some of these effects may lead to increased accidents, disruption of
communication in the classroom, and impaired academic performance. Environmental noise
is one of the major causes of disturbed sleep. When sleep disruption becomes chronic, the
results are mood changes, decrements in performance, and other long-term effects on
health and well-being. Much recent

research has focused on noise from aircraft , roadways , and trains. A growing body of evidence
confirms that noise pollution has both temporary and permanent effects on humans (and other
mammals) by way of the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems. It has been postulated that
noise acts as a nonspecific biologic stressor eliciting reactions that prepare the body for a fight or
flight response. For this reason, noise can trigger both endocrine and autonomic nervous system
responses that affect the cardiovascular system and thus may be a risk factor for cardiovascular
disease. Noise pollution is not believed to be a cause of mental illness, but it is assumed to
accelerate and intensify the development of latent mental disorders. Noise pollution may cause or
contribute to the following adverse effects: anxiety, stress, nervousness, nausea, headache,
emotional instability, argumentativeness, sexual impotence, changes in mood, increase in social

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conflicts, neurosis, hysteria, and psychosis. Population studies have suggested associations between
noise and mental-health indicators, such as rating of well-being, symptom profiles, the use of
psychoactive drugs and sleeping pills, and mental hospital admission rates. Children, the elderly, and
those with underlying depression may be particularly vulnerable to these effects because they may
lack adequate coping mechanisms. Children in noisy environments find the noise annoying and eport
a diminished quality of life.

CHAPTAR:2. LITERATURE REVIEW

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A literature review is an overview of the previously published works on a specific topic.it
is the process of summarizing the Literature found as a result of literature reseArc-h.it
may be used as a background or base for a primary resear-h project.

1.1Noise Pollution and Urban Planning

Noise pollution distribution in each city around the world is necessarily influenced by its own
design. A lot of factor associated to urban planning have a considerable effect on volume of
traffic, vehicles distribution, traffic conditions, etc. And it is know that, from a temporal and
spatial point of view, the most important source of noise in cities is road traffic. For that, good
relationships between urban planning and different factors such as urban density, urban
morphology, urban land use, street distribution, street environment and green spaces are being
founded. In this way, the fact of finding a sustainable city could be closer, at least with respect to
noise pollution. A good knowledge of these relationships would allow better prediction, analysis
and prevention of such pollution through an effective design of urban environments. However,
although in the first decade of XXI century these relationships were treated in some works, only
some aspects of these problems were considered, essentially focused on street functionality. In
the last years, this topic has reached more important development and more studies focused on
the analysis of the relationships between the distributions of pollution and urbanism. This work
makes a revision of spatial sampling methodologies for noise pollution assessment in relation
with urban planning and a review of studies that have analysed the relationships between urban
noise and different specifics aspects of urban design.

1.2 Noise Pollution & Human Health

Noise pollution is a major problem in cities around the world. Noise is defined as unwanted
sound. Environmental noise consists of all the unwanted sounds in our communities except that
which originates in the workplace. Environmental noise pollution, a form of air pollution, is a
threat to health and well-being. It is more severe and widespread than ever before, and it will
continue to increase in magnitude and severity because of population growth, urbanization, and
the associated growth in the use of increasingly powerful, varied, and highly mobile sources of
noise. It will also continue to grow because of sustained growth in highway, rail, and air traffic,
which remain major sources of environmental noise. In factory workplace workers are exposed
to high noise due to machinery in routine. The potential health effects of noise pollution are
numerous, pervasive, persistent, medically and socially significant. Noise produces direct and
cumulative adverse effects that impair health and that degrade residential, social and working

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 environment with corresponding real (economic) and intangible (well-being) losses. Noise
represents an important public health problem that can lead to hearing loss, sleep disruption,
cardiovascular disease, social handicaps, reduced productivity, negative social behaviour,
annoyance reactions, absenteeism and accidents. It can impair the ability to enjoy one's
property and leisure time and increases the frequency of antisocial behaviour. Noise adversely
affects general health and well-being in the same way as does chronic stress. It adversely affects
future generations by degrading residential, social, and learning environments with
corresponding economic losses. The aim of enlightened governmental controls should be to
protect citizens from the adverse effects of airborne pollution, including those produced by
noise. People have the right to choose the nature of their acoustical environment; it should not
be imAquatic noise pollution: implications for individuals, populations, and ecosystemsposed by
others.

1.3 Aquatic noise pollution: implications for individuals, populations,

and ecosystem,

Anthropogenic ally driven environmental changes affect our planet at an unprecedented

scale and are considered to be a key threat to biodiversity. According to the World
Health Organization, anthropogenic noise is one of the most hazardous forms of
anthropogenic ally driven environmental change and is recognized as a major global
pollutant. However, crucial advances in the rapidly emerging research on noise pollution
focus exclusively on single aspects of noise pollution, e.g. on behaviour, physiology,
terrestrial ecosystems, or on certain taxa. Given that more than two-thirds of our planet is
covered with water, there is a pressing need to get a holistic understanding of the effects
of anthropogenic noise in aquatic ecosystems. We found experimental evidence for
negative effects of anthropogenic noise on an individual's development, physiology,
and/or behaviour in both invertebrates and vertebrates. We also found that species differ
in their response to noise, and highlight the potential underlying mechanisms for these
differences. Finally, we point out challenges in the study of aquatic noise pollution and
provide directions for future research, which will enhance our understanding of this
globally present pollutant.

1.4 Evaluation of Noise Pollution in Urban Parks

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The present study provides an evaluation of noise pollution in six Urban Parks located in the city of
Curitiba, Brazil. Equivalent noise levels (L eq) were measured in 303 points (each point measured
during 3 min) spread throughout the Parks. Measured values were confronted with local legislation
(Law 10625) allowed limits, and the Parks were thus classified as “acoustically polluted or
unpolluted”. Measured values were also evaluated according to international legislation: Decree no.
12 of the City Council of Rome, DIN 18005 for German cities, the World Health Organization, and the
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Urban parks in the downtown area of Curitiba,
surrounded by roads of heavy traffic and in the midst of intense commercial activities, do not satisfy
any of the standards used. The most noise-polluted parks in Curitiba were the Public Walk Park and
the BotaniPhysiological and Physical Impact of Noise Pollution on Environment cal Garden Park, with
measured L eq of 64.8 dB(A) and 67 dB(A).

1.5 Physiological and Physical Impact of Noise Pollution on Environment

Environment pollution is a major problem of the world and it is mainly influence to the health of
human, animals and ecosystem. This paper provides the brief view about the affects of noise as
environment pollution in the perspective of noise pollution on human by diseases and problems
among living organisms. Study finds that these kinds of pollutions are not only seriously affecting
the human by diseases and problems but also the biodiversity. Still time left in the hands of
worlds institutions, local bodies and government to use the advance resources to balance the
environment .With the promotion of science and technology at a unique tempo, the urban
points of the world have evolved not just in size but also in terms of the living situation. This
brings about new awareness about the noise pollution, which is the part of our day-to-day lives.
It is conducted by studies that trace the amount of damage caused by the noise from various
natural as well as anthropogenic sources, especially traffic. Noise is associated with the physical,
mental, emotional and psychological to all the individuals be it human beings or even animals.
This is a potential risk to the requirements of sound living conditions and needs to be checked at
judicial level.

1.6 Assessment of Noise Pollution Indices in the City of Kolhapur, India

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.Noise pollution, in the recent times, has been well recognized as one of the major trepidations that
impact the quality of life in urban areas across the globe. Kolhapur, an ancient city of India, is rapidly
emerging as industrialized and urbanized city and has started facing severe noise pollution problems.
Day-time urban noise quality assessment was studied in Kolhapur for five critical zones viz.
Educational, Commercial-cum-residential, Industrial-cum-residential, Recreational and Silence zone.
Noise pollution indices viz. L10, L50, L90, noise climate (NC), equivalent continuous noise level (Leq),
noise pollution level (Lnp) and noise exposure index (NEI) were computed for all zones. Results
indicated that the highest Leq of 72.25 dBA was observed in industrial-cum-residential zone followed
by 64.47 dBA in commercial-cum-residential zone, 63.71 dBA in educational zone, 53.26 dBA in
recreational zone and 42.84 dBA in silence zone. For educational zone, Leq observed were above the
statutory limits, while for other zones it was marginally below. The noise assessment study clearly
revealed the alarming condition of noise pollution in Kolhapur.

1.7 Noise Pollution-Sources, Effects and Control

The study examines the problem of noise pollution in the wake of its ill effect on the life

of the people. A crosssection survey of the population in Delhi State points out that

main sources of noise pollution are loudspeakers and automobiles. However, female

population is affected by religious noise a little more than male population. Major

effects of noise pollution include interference with communication, sleeplessness, and

reduced efficiency. The extreme effects e.g. deafness and mental breakdown neither is

ruled out. Generally, a request to reduce or stop the noise is made out by the aggrieved

party. However, complaints to the administration and police have also been accepted as

a way of solving this menace. Public education appears to be the best method as

suggested by the respondents. However, government and NGOs can play a significant

role in this process.

1.8 Noise Pollution Levels in Visakhapatnam City (India)

Visakhapatnam is an industrial and sea port city located on the east coast of India. A hospital (RCD
hospital), residential area (Lawson’s Bay Colony), traffic zone (Jagadamba junction, Andhra Pradesh
State Road Transport Corporation Complex junction and Seethammadhara junction) and industrial
zone (Sea port) were chosen to monitor the noise levels. The observed noise level at RCD hospital
was more than 10dBA in any time. The background noise at Santhi Ashram was approximately 3dBA
less at night time and 2dBA less at day time compared to ambient air quality noise standards

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(AAQNS) for silent zone. The ambient air quality noise levels (AAQNL) at traffic junctions were 5dBA
or more than those prescribed by AAQNS for commercial zone and most of the values were found in
the range of 80+10 dBA, among which 75% values were found in the range of 110 + 10 dBA. AAQNL
near port were found in the range of 5 to 10 dBA positive shifts on AAQNS due to conveyor
operation. The AAQNL were alarming even in the absence of conveyor system, indicating the impact
of vehicular traffic. Remedial measures were suggested separately for each situation.

1.9 Evaluation of Noise Pollution: A Case Study ofUdaipur, Tripura, India

- Noise pollution is considered to be one of the biggest problems in any urban livelihoods.
Unplanned urbanization coupled with rapid growth of vehicular population causes increasing trend
of noise pollution problem. Industrial activity, construction activity, use of loud speakers & public
addressing systems, vehicular horns and other mechanical devices etc. in and around the town are
the various noise sources have contributed deleterious effect on human health. The present study is
an evaluation of present trend of noise in the Udaipur town areas. Equivalent noise levelis
monitored in nine different stations in different parts of the town area and observed that the noise
level is much above the statutory limits of Central Pollution Control Board. This study reveals that
some areas of Udaipur town are highly exposed to the noise pollution.

1.10 ASSESSMENT OF NOISE POLLUTION AND MITIGATION

MEASURES INBODHJUNGNAGAR INDUSTRIAL GROWTH CENTRE

According to the report of World Health Organisation noise pollution is one of the three most
hazardous types of environmental pollution. With the rapid growth in the industrial activities the
noise pollution level is also increasing with an alarming rate. The impact of noise pollution on human
health and other biological creatures is a matter of serious concern in the present day’s world. The
results of analysis of noise pollution levels measured in different parts of Bodhjungnagar Industrial
Growth Centre situated in the proximity of Agartala, the capital town of Tripura are recorded. The
Equivalent sound pressure level within the industrial area ranges between 43.7 dB(A) to 68.9 dB(A)
in the day time and 36.5 dB(A) to 48.9 dB(A) in the night time. Sound pressure level data of some
commercial and residential areas are also included in the literature. Further some mitigation
measures are also incorporated in the study report and a brief discussion regarding the green belt
development to minimize the noise pollution impact is added in the study. Thus this study may act
as a useful literature in predicting the Environmental Impact of the Bodhjungnagar Industrial Growth
Centre and development of Environmental management plan in future

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 CHAPTAR :3. STUDY AREA

 MAHARAJA BIR BIKRAM AIRPORT:-

 GOVIND BALLABH PANT HOSPITAL:-

 TTAADC POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE:-

MOTOR STAND , AGARTALA:-

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AGARTALA RAILWAY STATION:-

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CHAPTER 5: RESULTS & DISCUSSION

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Table 1:NOISE READING AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS ALL OVER AGARTALA.
*ALL THE READINGS BELOW ARE IN DECIBALS.

LOCATION READING AT READING AT

READING AT
POINT 1 (9-10am) POINT 3(11-12am)
POINT 2(10-11am)
MAHARAJA 82.3 dB 74.0 dB 73.8 dB
BIR BIKRAM
AIRPORT
GOVIND 88.4 dB 71.9 dB 69.8 dB
BALLABH
PANT
HOSPITAL
OLD MOTOR 101.1 dB 94.3 dB 93.3 dB
STAND ROAD
AGARTALA
BADARGHAT 77.2 dB 70.7 dB 69.7 dB
RAILWAY
JUNCTION
TTAADC 74. dB 73.9 dB 72.9 dB
POLYTECHNI
C INSTITUTE

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 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE TABLE ABOVE.

ALL THE READINGS BELOW ARE IN DECIBALS

Chart Title
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
Maharaja Birbikram Govind Ballabh Pant Old Motorstand Badarghat Railway Ttaadc Polytechnic
Airport Hospital Road Agartala Junction Institute

Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3

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 CHAPTAR:7 REFERENCE

 Hiral J. Jariwala1* , Huma S. Syed2 , Minarva J. Pandya3 , Yogesh M. Gajera4

 BidrohaBasuabEndaMurphyaAnnaMolteracArunimaSarkarBasuaSrikantaSannigrahiaMigu
elBelmontedFrancescoPillaa

 Paulo Henrique Trombetta Zannin, Andressa Maria Coelho Ferreira & Bani
Szeremetta

 Malik Muhammad Anees1, Muhammad Qasim2, Aroj Bashir3

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