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SQL - Syntax

SQL follows a set of rules called syntax. All statements start with keywords like SELECT and end with a semicolon. SQL is case insensitive for keywords but case sensitive for table names in some databases. The document then describes the syntax for common SQL statements like SELECT, WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. It also covers DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE statements for working with databases, tables, indexes and altering table structure.

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Anurag Sarangi
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60 views

SQL - Syntax

SQL follows a set of rules called syntax. All statements start with keywords like SELECT and end with a semicolon. SQL is case insensitive for keywords but case sensitive for table names in some databases. The document then describes the syntax for common SQL statements like SELECT, WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. It also covers DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE statements for working with databases, tables, indexes and altering table structure.

Uploaded by

Anurag Sarangi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5/22/23, 12:10 PM SQL - Syntax

SQL - Syntax

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Decathlon Phulnakhara
SQL is followed by a unique set of rules and guidelines called Syntax. This tutorial gives you a
quick start with SQL by listing all the basic SQL Syntax.

All the SQL statements start with any of the keywords like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE,
ALTER, DROP, CREATE, USE, SHOW and all the statements end with a semicolon (;).

The most important point to be noted here is that SQL is case insensitive, which means SELECT
and select have same meaning in SQL statements. Whereas, MySQL makes difference in table
names. So, if you are working with MySQL, then you need to give table names as they exist in
the database.

Various Syntax in SQL

All the examples given in this tutorial have been tested with a MySQL server.

SQL SELECT Statement


SELECT column1, column2....columnN
FROM table_name;

SQL DISTINCT Clause


SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2....columnN
FROM table_name;

SQL WHERE Clause


SELECT column1, column2....columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE CONDITION;

SQL AND/OR Clause


SELECT column1, column2....columnN
FROM table_name

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5/22/23, 12:10 PM SQL - Syntax

WHERE CONDITION-1 {AND|OR} CONDITION-2;

SQL IN Clause
SELECT column1, column2....columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (val-1, val-2,...val-N);

SQL BETWEEN Clause


SELECT column1, column2....columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN val-1 AND val-2;

SQL LIKE Clause


SELECT column1, column2....columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE { PATTERN };

SQL ORDER BY Clause


SELECT column1, column2....columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE CONDITION
ORDER BY column_name {ASC|DESC};

SQL GROUP BY Clause


SELECT SUM(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE CONDITION
GROUP BY column_name;

SQL COUNT Clause


SELECT COUNT(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE CONDITION;

SQL HAVING Clause


SELECT SUM(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE CONDITION
GROUP BY column_name
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5/22/23, 12:10 PM SQL - Syntax

HAVING (arithematic function condition);

SQL CREATE TABLE Statement


CREATE TABLE table_name(
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
.....
columnN datatype,
PRIMARY KEY( one or more columns )
);

SQL DROP TABLE Statement


DROP TABLE table_name;

SQL CREATE INDEX Statement


CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name
ON table_name ( column1, column2,...columnN);

SQL DROP INDEX Statement


ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP INDEX index_name;

SQL DESC Statement


DESC table_name;

SQL TRUNCATE TABLE Statement


TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

SQL ALTER TABLE Statement


ALTER TABLE table_name {ADD|DROP|MODIFY} column_name {data_ype};

SQL ALTER TABLE Statement (Rename)


ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME TO new_table_name;

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5/22/23, 12:10 PM SQL - Syntax

SQL INSERT INTO Statement


INSERT INTO table_name( column1, column2....columnN)
VALUES ( value1, value2....valueN);

SQL UPDATE Statement


UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2....columnN=valueN
[ WHERE CONDITION ];

SQL DELETE Statement


DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE {CONDITION};

SQL CREATE DATABASE Statement


CREATE DATABASE database_name;

SQL DROP DATABASE Statement


DROP DATABASE database_name;

SQL USE Statement


USE database_name;

SQL COMMIT Statement


COMMIT;

SQL ROLLBACK Statement


ROLLBACK;

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