Larsen & Toubro Limited

General Concepts of
Electrical Engineering

By

K. K. Jembu Kailas
 Discussion Flow…
Basic Electrical Concepts

Transformers & Power distribution

Motors & Starters

Switchyard Equipments

DG Set

Ingress Protection
Ohm’s law (By George Simon Ohm)

Law: Current varies directly with the voltage and inversely with the
resistance.

An electrical circuit schematic

I

V
Ohm’s law Triangle

EASY WAY TO REMEMBER

 Power Triangle

Real Power = √3 x V x I x Cos ø (kW)

Reactive power = √3 x V x I x Sin ø (kVAR)

Complex power = √3 x V x I (kVA)

* Complex power also termed as Apparent

power.
Gear Analogy
 Theory of operation
 Transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one
circuit to another circuit thro‟ inductively coupled conductors.

According to faraday‟s law of induction,

Vs = Ns * (dø/dt) Similarly, Vp = Np * (dø/dt)

 Taking the ratio of two equation for Vs and Vp gives the basic equation for
step up/down the voltage,

Vs/Vp = Ns/Np

Ideal power equation, Input power is equal to output power.

Vp.Ip = Vs.Is Equals to Vp/Vs = Is/Ip

Hence, Vs/Vp = Ns/Np = Ip/Is

 Transformer Concepts

Transformer universal EMF equation:

E rms = 4.44 f N a B f - frequency
N - Number of turns
a – Core cross-sectional area
B – Peak magnetic flux density
 Transformer Concepts

 Equivalent Circuit:
 Three Phase Transformer

Capital Letter
Clock position
Corresponds to HV Small Letter corresponding to Phase
side (Not Primary) Angle Difference
Corresponds to LV side
(Not Secondary) between HV and LV

Legend
D – Delta (a) (b) (c)

Y - Star
Figure-1: (a) Different clock positions; (b) Clock position corresponding to Dy-11;(c)Clock position for Dy-1
3-Phase Transformer Connections

Yy0 Yy6
3-Phase Transformer Connections

Dd0 Dd6
3-Phase Transformer Connections

Dy1

Dy11
3-Phase Transformer Connections

Star-delta Connection

Yd1 Yd11
Transformer Auxiliaries

 OLTC
 Buchholz Relay
 Radiators
 Silica gel breather
 Pressure relief valve
 OTI & WTI
Transformer OLTC Types
 A). Linear Switching
 Not very common (~20%)
 Simple design trafo & OLTC
 Smallest regulating range
Selector
Switch
 Smallest losses
Coarse
Winding
 B). Plus/Minus Switching
K K
 Most common (~70%)
10
9 9
 Additive (+) & subtractive (-)
 Change Over Selector
Regulating Winding

Selector  C). Coarse/Fine Switching

Switch

 Least common (~10%)

 Coarse winding insertion
 Change Over Selector
 Small losses
A B C
Transformer Buchholz Relay

 Gas actuated Relay.

 Sensitive to dielectric faults inside

the equipment.

Installed in pipe between

conservator and tank.
Parallel operation of Transformers
Power transformers are usually working in
parallel in order to enable the connections
or disconnection of any number of
transformers according to their required
load :-

The following conditions must be fulfilled for

correct parallel operation :

1.The transformations ratios must be the

same
2.The vector group must be the same
3.The phase connection must be in same
sequence
4.Short circuit impendence ( Zeq ) must be
the same
 Typical Power Distribution
220KV SWITCHING STATION -
EB

220KV MRS

220kV/33kV
TRANSFORMER
33KV SWBD AT CPP

Steel
33KV SWBD AT MRS

Plants
33kV/6.6kV
TRANSFORMER

6.6KV SWBD AT SINTER 6.6KV SWBD AT RMHS 6.6KV SWBD AT COKE 6.6KV SWBD AT BLAST
PLANT LBSS-1 LBSS-1 OVEN BY PRODUCT LBSS-1 FURNACE LBSS-1

6.6kV/415V

M LCSS (5 NOS) M LCSS (4 NOS) M LCSS (6 NOS) M LCSS (5 NOS)

415V / 415V

M MLDB
Motors
 Type of Electric Motors

Classification of Motors
Electric Motors

Alternating Current Direct Current (DC)

(AC) Motors Motors

Synchronous Induction Separately Self Excited

Excited

Single-Phase Three-Phase Series Compound Shunt

 Electric Motors

AC Motors
• Electrical current reverses direction
• Two parts: stator and rotor
• Stator: stationary electrical component
• Rotor: rotates the motor shaft

• Speed difficult to control

• Two types
• Synchronous motor
• Induction motor
 Electric Motors

AC Motors – Synchronous motor

• Constant speed fixed by system frequency
• DC for excitation and low starting torque:
suited for low load applications
• Can improve power factor: suited for high
electricity use systems
• Synchronous speed (Ns):

f = supply frequency
Ns = 120 f / P P = number of poles
 Electric Motors

AC Motors – Induction motor

• Most common motors in industry
• Advantages:
• Simple design
• Inexpensive
• High power to weight ratio
• Easy to maintain
• Direct connection to AC power source
 Electric Motors

AC Motors – Induction motor

Components
• Rotor
• Squirrel cage:
conducting bars in parallel slots
• Wound rotor: 3-phase, double-layer
and distributed winding

• Stator
• Stampings with slots to carry 3-phase windings
• Wound for definite number of poles
 Electric Motors

AC Motors – Induction motor

How induction motors work
• Electricity supplied to stator
• Magnetic field generated that moves
around rotor
• Current induced in rotor
Electromagnetics

• Rotor produces second magnetic field

that opposes stator magnetic field
• Rotor begins to rotate

Rotor

Stator
 Electric Motors

AC Motors – Induction motor

• Single-phase induction motor

• One stator winding
• Single-phase power supply
• Squirrel cage rotor
• Require device to start motor
• 3 to 4 HP applications
• Household appliances: fans, washing machines, dryers
 Electric Motors

AC Motors – Induction motor

• Three-phase induction motor
• Three-phase supply produces magnetic field
• Squirrel cage or wound rotor
• Self-starting
• High power capabilities
• 1/3 to hundreds HP applications: pumps, compressors,
conveyor belts, grinders
• 70% of motors in industry!
 Electric Motors

3 Phase Induction motor:

Wound Rotor motor

 Electric Motors

AC Motors – Induction motor

Speed and slip
• Motor never runs at synchronous speed but lower “base speed”
• Difference is “slip”
• Calculate % slip:

% Slip = Ns – Nb x 100 Ns = synchronous speed in RPM

Ns Nb = base speed in RPM
 Electric Motors

Motor Slip:

 Percent difference between a motor‟s synchronous speed and rated

speed.

 Low Slip Motors

 “Stiff” ….high Efficiency motors

 High Slip Motors

Used for applications where load varies significantly…oil pump

jacks

Ns - Nr
Slip(%) = X 100
Ns
 Motor Heating
MOTOR TEMPERATURE

The temperature T at any instant = Tmax (1 - e-t/)

Tmax = Final steady
state temperature TMAX

or as temp rise  (current)2

Time
Rate of rise depend on
T = KIr2max (1 - e-t/) motor
Ir = current which produces Tmax thermal time constant 
 Motor Heating
I2

I22
T2
I12 T1
IR2 TMAX

Time
t2 t1
Time

t1
t2 Thermal
Withstand

Current
IR I1 I2
 Motor Cooling
COOLING EQUATION :

I2m' = I2m e-t/r Current2

Im
r = cooling time constant

I m'

0 t Time
After time „t‟ equivalent motor current is reduced from Im to Im‟.
Motor Thermal Characteristic

Voltage – 415V
Rating - 45kW
FLC - 76A
St. Current - 600%
St. Time - 0.39s
LR Current - 600%
Hot Time - 12 s
Cold Time - 24 s
Motor Starting Characteristic
 Electric Motors

AC Motors – Induction motor

Relationship load, speed and torque

At 80% of full
At start:
start:high
high speed: highest
current andlow
current and “pull-out”
low “pull-up”
“pull-up” torque torque and
torque current drops

At full speed:
torque and
stator current
are zero
 Electric Motors

Efficiency of Electric Motors

Motors loose energy when serving a load
• Fixed loss
• Rotor loss
• Stator loss
• Friction and rewinding
• Stray load loss
 Electric Motors

Efficiency of Electric Motors

Factors that influence efficiency
• Age
• Capacity
• Speed
• Type
• Temperature
• Rewinding
• Load
 Electric Motors

Motor Load
Input power measurement

Pi = Three Phase power in kW

V x I x PF x 3 V = RMS Voltage, mean line to line
Pi  of 3 Phases
1000 I = RMS Current, mean of 3 phases
PF = Power factor as Decimal
 Cooling methods for motors

S No Description IP Classification
1 Self ventilated with integral fan cooling IP-21 – IP-23
(DP)
2 Separate ventilation with radial fitted IP-21 – IP-23
fan unit (FV)
3 Single pipe ventilated (FV) IP-21 – IP-23
4 Totally enclosed non ventilated (TENV) IP-44 – IP-55
5 Totally enclosed fan cooled (TEFC); IP-44 – IP-55
Fan mounted on the shaft
6 External surface cooling (TEFV); IP-44 – IP-55
Separately excited fan
7 Double pipe ventilated (TEPV) IP-44 – IP-55
IEC MOTOR DUTY CYCLE RATINGS

Duty Type of Duty Cycle ( Period of Running Rest Period Reach of Others
Cycle With Constant Load) Temperature
Equilibrium
S1 Continuous Duty Continous - Yes

S2 Short-time Duty Not long enough Long enough to No

reach Ambient
Temp
S3 Intermittent periodic duty Sequential, Identical run Sequential, Never reached Starting current
Identical Rest little effects on
cycles Temp Rise

S4 Intermittent periodic duty Sequential, Identical Start, Sequential, Not reached Starting current
with starting Run Identical Rest affects Temp
cycles Rise
S5 Intermittent periodic duty Sequential, Identical Start, Electric braking & Not reached
with Electric Braking Run rest
S6 Continuous operation with Sequential, Identical run with No Rest period -
Intermittent Load constant load & running with
no load.
S7 Continuous operation with Sequential, Identical Start, Electric Braking & -
Electric Braking Run No Rest period
S8 Continuous operation with Sequential, Identical start, No Rest period -
periodic changes in load run with constant load &
and speed given speed and run at other
constant load & speed
 Insulation Class

S No Class Temp (Deg C)

1 A 105
2 E 120
3 B 130
4 F 155
5 H 180

• Life of insulation is halved for every 11 deg. C increase in

operating temperature over it’s rated value.
 Types of Brakes
A) External: Mechanical or friction braking

 Solenoid operated brakes

- Brake shoe operated by external supply, mounted on extended shaft at the NDE of the
motor.
- Applicable for small motors (15 – 20 hp).

 Electro magnetically operated brakes

- Similar to solenoid operated brakes
- Applicable for higher rated motors also (5 – 800 kW).

 Magnetic particle brakes (Powder brakes)

- Space between the drive cylinder and the rotor filled with powder (small granules of steel
in the form of powder).
- When magnetized condenses into solid mass between drive cylinder & rotor and provides
required braking effect.
- Applicable for motors (0.1 – 60 kW).
 Types of Brakes
B) Internal type braking

 Electro dynamic or DC electrical braking

- DC voltage produces steady flux (since f=0) in motor. When this flux cut by the rotor
conductors, as the rotor rotating, it induces a steady (dc) emf, which produces required
braking effect.
- Independent DC source or single phase transformer with rectifier bridge.

 Plugging
- By changing any two phase of the motor will develop the reverse torque, which provides
necessary braking.
- At the instant of plugging, voltage is twice the rated voltage and slip is 2S for the changes
magnetic field.

 Regenerative braking
- When motor runs beyond synchronous speed by some external means, works as a
generator. In such condition, motor exerts counter torque.
- Such braking may occur automatically in downhill conveyors, lifts & Hoists, etc.,
 Starting methods

• Direct on-line starter

• Star-delta starter

• Auto-transformer starter

• Soft Starter
CRITERIA FOR CHOICES OF HT MOTORS, SOFT STARTER & VFD

Motor Rating Voltage DOL Star-Delta Soft Starter VFDs

(Squirrel Level
Cage)
Generally up to LT Motors Up to 160kW To Restrict For Specific For Speed
160 Kw (in provided Transformer the Starting Requirement Variation
specific case up should withstand the current to to restrict the and also
to 200Kw) Starting Current (6 58% Starting for Closed
Times FLC) current 2.5 Loop
times the FLC Control
Generally above HT Motors Up to 2000kW - Above 2000 -do-
160 Kw (3.3 / 6.6 / Kw
11kV)

The Feeders for Electrical Motors shall be selected to suit the Motor Duty Cycle
 DOL starter
Advantages: Line

• Low cost
Fuses
• No limit for number of starts
• Reduced space at installations
Contactor
Disadvantages:

í High starting current Thermal

Relay
• Drop voltages
• Protecting components must be oversized
(cables, contactors)
• Produce torque peak
M Motor
• Increase maintenance and mechanical
damages
 Star-delta starter
Advantages:

• Low cost
• No limit for number of starts
• Reduced space at installations
• Starting current reduced to 1/3 nominal
starting current (Is/In)

Disadvantages:

• 6 terminals box is required

• Line voltage = phase voltage in star
configuration
• Motor must reaches at least 90% its rated
speed in the start M
• High current spike when switching from star
to delta
• Starting torque reduced to 1/3 nominal
starting torque (Ts/Tn)
 Auto-transformer starter

Advantages:

• The motor is not disconnect when the auto-

transformer is passing by. The “second spike”
is low.
• Variable (changeable) starting voltage
(transformer “taps”) - 65 to 90% line voltage

Disadvantages:

• Number of starts is quite limited

• High cost due to the auto-transformer
• High weight and size due to the auto-
transformer
M
 Soft-Starter
Soft-starters use SCRs to regulate the amount of voltage applied to the motor. It
provides the minimum amount of voltage necessary to develop the required starting
torque.

That voltage is then increased via a programmable ramp thereby providing the motor
with a smooth starting torque and stepless ramp (maintaining V/f ratio) to full speed
while still providing constant torque up to 500% of the motors full rated current.

Advantages:

• Smooth start - electrically and mechanically - reduction of shock and wear on the
mechanical components
• Local (keypad) or remote human-machine-interface
• Full motor protection
• Provides electrical and mechanical soft starts to a load
• No moving parts to break
• No contacts to wear out
• No arcing contacts or large coils to induce spikes
• The systems productivity and uptime can be greatly increased by reducing the
costs associated with maintenance, downtime and parts replacement!
 Types of Switchgears

 Open Type
- Used in outdoor switchyard or mounted on a pole like gang operated
switch.

 Metal enclosed type

- Enclosed all sides by sheet steel
- Further classified in to two types
a) Fixed type
b) Draw out type

 Intelligent Type
- Intelligent units for supervise and control operation
 Types of Switchgears
 Fixed Type  Typical Arrangement:
- All the feeders in the switchboard, are securely
mounted in the assembly and rigidly connected
to the main bus.
- If one feeder is fault, shutdown of entire bus is
required.
- Further classified in to two types as Industrial
and Cubicle type.

a) Industrial Type:
- Good for very hard use such as construction
power.
- rarely used due to availability o better cubicle
designs.

b) Cubicle Type:
- Feeders mounted one above the other up to
permissible height.
- Optimum utilization of vertical space and saves
floor area.
- Further classified in to two types as
compartmentalized and non-compartmentalized
type.
 Types of Switchgears

 Draw out Type

- Each feeder is mounted in a with draw able
chassis.
- In the event of maintenance, can be rack-
out and rack-in with out disconnecting
incoming and outgoing power connections.
- Further classified in to two types as semi
and Fully draw out type.

a) Semi Draw out Type:

- I/C and O/G power contacts are draw out
but Control terminals are plug in type.
- Normally fully draw out type is preferred
over this type.

b) Fully Draw out Type:

- Here control terminals are of sliding type.
- Normally all MCC/PCC are this type only.
- Further classified in to two types as single
and double front type.
 Types of Switchgears
 Intelligent Type
- Intelligent electronic devices used for control, protection, metering of
individual feeders.
- Data concentrator used for collecting data from all intelligent units and
integrates them with high level automation like DCS.
- By doing continual power management, switching-off feeders operating at
no load, rationalizing loads connected to different sources.
- The intelligent equipments can play a vital role in contributing towards
energy savings too.
 MCC – PLC Interface

 From MCC to PLC  From PLC to MCC

Hardwired: Digital Inputs Hardwired: Digital Outputs
• ON feedback • ON command
• OFF feedback • OFF command
• Trip feedback • Local/Remote selection
• Healthy feedback

• For Intelligent MCC‟s, soft link (Profibus)

is used for data transmission.
Switchyard Equipments
 Circuit Breaker

 CB is defined in ASNI standards as a mechanical switching device,

capable of making, carrying and breaking currents under normal
circuit conditions. Also capable of making and carrying for a specified
time and breaking currents under specified abnormal circuit
conditions such as those of a short circuit

 Used to open and close the circuit on load

 Used to open a circuit to isolate the faulty circuit
 Used to Close the circuit whenever fault is cleared.

 Nowadays SF6 circuit breakers have replaced all other circuit

breakers at EHV levels
 Why SF6???

 Outstanding arc quenching properties

 Provides good electrical insulation (2.5 times than air)

 Under high pressure electrical insulation is 10 times better than air

 Can be cleaned and used again

Breaking Technique
 Isolators

An Isolator is used to open or close a circuit on No load or very small load.

 Isolators
Pantograph Isolator

Features

 Open & close in vertical plane

 Bridge the vertical isolating distance

between two busbars in different
horizontal levels

 This gives flexibility for tandam functions

where diagonal positions of isolators are
required

 Saves space
 Instrument Transformer

Why an “Instrument Transformer”?

 To provide isolation between the main primary circuit and the

secondary control and measuring circuits.

 This isolation is achieved by magnetically coupling the two circuits.

 In addition to isolation, levels in magnitude are reduced to safer

values.
 Instrument Transformer

 Current & Voltage Transformers are called Instrument Transformers.

 The Relays and meters can handle only very low voltage (0-415V
approx) & Current (0-10A approx). Whereas the actual voltage &
current to be measured are much more than that.

 We use these instrument transformers to reduce the very high

current & voltage to a level that can be handled by the Relays and
Meters.

 1000/5A CT, reduces the current from 1000A to 5A

 110kV/110V PT, reduces the voltage from 110,000V to 110 Volts

Typical wiring and Single line diagram
 PTs & CVTs

 Potential Transformer operates on the principle of Transformer

(N1/N2 = V1/V2),

 CVT operates on the principle of Voltage Divider.

 Capacitors are used as Potential Dividers to reduce the voltage from

large value to an intermittent value and that voltage is again stepped
down using conventional Potential Transformer (In-Built).

 CVTs are Cheaper at EHV levels

 They are also used for PLCC system

Current Transformer
 Current Transformer

Metering CT
Accuracy Limit Factor
Burden Current up to which
Error limit is
guaranteed
Protection CT
Amplitude & Phase angle Error
Maximum Current limit for the above
Burden
5P10
Combined Error in
Percentage
Special Class (PS)
Vk > volts
Imag < mA at Vk or Vk/2 or Vk/4
Rct < ohms
Potential Transformer
CVT
 Wave Trap

Wave traps are used to isolate the power

frequencies from communication signal
frequencies
 Lightning/Surge Arresters

 Divert the transient overvoltage

surges to earth and protect the
substation equipment from
lightning and switching
overvoltage surges

 Types

 Gapped arresters (SiC arresters)

 Metal-Oxide arresters (ZnO)
 Lightning/Surge Arrester
How MOA are Advantages of superior than SiC arresters?

 Don‟t require series gaps

 Have high ohmic resistivity

 Since V/I characteristic is flat, protection level of equipment can be

precisely selected

 Energy dissipation level is high

 SALIENT PARAMETERS TO BE CHECKED IN ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENTS SPECIFICATION

CIRCUIT BREAKERS ISOLATORS

Type VCB / SF6 Type Centre Break /

Execution Of Poles 3/1 Double Break

Rated Current Operating Mechanism Manual /

& Control Voltage Motorised
Auto Reclosing Y/N
Rated Current
Making Current KA (Peak)
Earth Switch With /
Operating Pneumatic / Without
Mechanism & Spring Creepage Distance mm / kV
Control Voltage Charge
Application Indoor /
Application Indoor / Outdoor
Outdoor
Valid Test Reports
Creepage Distance mm / kV
Valid Test Reports
 SALIENT PARAMETERS TO BE CHECKED IN ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENTS SPECIFICATION

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS

Type Outdoor / Type Outdoor /
Indoor Indoor
No. Of Cores & Ratio No. Of Cores & Ratio

Accuracy Class Accuracy Class

Creepage Distance mm / kV
Construction Live Tank /
Dead Tank Class of Insulation
Creepage Distance mm / kV System Neutral
Grounding
Class Of Insulation
Valid Test Reports
Valid Test Reports
SALIENT PARAMETERS TO BE CHECKED IN ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENTS SPECIFICATION

POWER TRANSFORMERS LIGHTNING ARRESTORS

Rating Type of Arrestor
Tap Changer OLTC / OCTC System Earthing
Vector Group
Discharge Class
Type of Cooling ON-AN-OF-AF
Creepage Distance mm / kV
Construction Conservator /
Valid Test Reports
Hermitically
Sealed
Application Indoor / Outdoor
HV / LV Bushing mm / kV
Creepage Distance
Guaranteed Losses
Valid Test Reports
DIESEL ENGINE – Introduction

• Diesel engine is the prime mover, which drives an alternator to produce

electrical energy.
• In the diesel engine, air is drawn into the cylinder and is compressed to a high
ratio (14:1 to 25:1). During this compression, the air is heated to a temperature
of 700–900°C.
•A metered quantity of diesel fuel is then injected into the cylinder, which ignites
spontaneously because of the high temperature. Hence, the diesel engine is
also known as compression ignition (CI) engine.
DG set as a system
Diesel Engine – Classification
Diesel Engine can be classified according to cycle type as

 Two stroke
 Four stroke.

The bulk of IC engines use the four stroke cycle.

Schematic Diagram of 4 Stroke Diesel Engine

 Engine – Specification
 Rated Engine Capacity / Speed: KW
RPM : 1500 / 1000 (Typical Values)
Starting : Electric / Pneumatic
 Cooling System : a) Air Cooled (Radiator / Remote Radiator)
b) Water Cooled
 Type of Fuel : HSD / LFO
Noise Level : < 75 dBA at 1 mtr surrounding
 Day Tank Capacity : Max up to 990 ltrs
 Aspiration : Natural / Turbo Charged
Governor : Mechanical / Electronic
Ambient Temperature (deg C) : Design Ambient Typically 40 / 50
Altitude : 1000 Mtr
 Types of Excitation

Three types of excitation systems:

a) Shunt – Self / Separately Excited

b) AREP – Aux winding Excitation Principle

c) PMG – Permanent Magnet Generator

81
 ALTERNATOR – INTRODUCTION
Self Excited Brushless Alternator Schematic

Exciter Stator (DC) Main Stator (AC)

Exciter Rotor (AC) Rectifier Main Rotor (DC)

Exciter Stator (DC) Main Stator (AC)

AVR

AC Output
 Alternator - Specification
 Rated Voltage : 415 / 6600 / 11000 Volts
 Frequency : 50/ 60 Hz
 Rated output : KVA
Speed : 1500 / 1000 RPM
Allowable over load : 10% for 1 hour at every 12 hours
 Insulation class : H/F
 Max Temp rise : B/F
 Degree of Protection : IP 23 / IP 54
 Type of Excitation : Self Excited (Brush / Brushless)
Short Ckt Capability : 300% of rated Current at its terminals
 Non-linear loads : % to be specified (shall be upto 40%)
Ambient Temperature : 40 / 50 deg C (Typically)
DG set as a system
DG set as a system
DG set as a system
 Combined DG set – Specification
Conformance Standards:
 IS 4722
 BS 5000 & 5514
 IEC 34 / 1
 ISO 8528 & 3046
Rating Definition as per ISO 3046 & BS 5514
 Prime Power – Applicable for supplying power to varying Electrical load for
unlimited hours.
 Continuous – Applicable for supplying power continuously to a constant
Electrical load for unlimited hours.
 Standby - Applicable for supplying power to varying electrical load
for the duration of power interruption of a reliable utility source.
 Project specific requirement

 Requirement of Acoustic Enclosure

 Requirement of Fuel Tank (Main Reserviour)
 AMF Control Panel
 Auto synchronising control system
 Mobile DG set
 Whether Parallel Operation Reqd.
Site condition effects on performance derating
91
 Ingress Protection
This system outlined in I.S.10322 (Part I) 1982 is designed to indicate the standard
degree of protection:
a) From ingress of solids
b) From ingress of liquids

Ingress of Solid Ingress of Liquid

 Ingress Protection

1st Degree of protection

characteristics
numeral
0 No protection against contact with live or moving parts inside the enclosure.
No protection of equipment against ingress of solid foreign bodies
1 Protection against accident or inadvertant contact with live or moving parts inside the enclosure by a
large surface of the human body, for example, a hand, but no protection against deliberate access to
such parts.
Protection against ingress of large foreign bodies
2 Protection against contact with live or moving parts inside the enclosure by fingers.
Protection against ingress of medium size solid foreign bodies
3 Protection against contact with live or moving parts inside the enclosure by tools, wires or such objects of
thickness greater than 2.5mm. Protection against ingress of small solid foreign bodies
4 Protection against contact with live or moving parts inside the enclosure by tools, wires or such objects of
thickness greater than 1mm. Protection against ingress of small solid foreign bodies
5 Complete protection against contact with live or moving parts inside the enclosure.
Protection against harmful deposits of dust. The ingress is not totally prevented but dust cannot enter in
an amount sufficient to interfere with satisfactory operation of equipment enclosed
6 Complete protection against contact with live or moving parts inside the enclosure.
Protection against ingress of dust
 Ingress Protection
2nd Degree of Protection
characteristics
numeral
0 No protection against water drops
1 Protection against drops of condensed water:
Drops of condensed water falling on the enclosure shall have no harmful effect
2 Protection against drops of liquid :
Drops of falling liquid shall have no harmful effect when the enclosure is tilted at any angle upto 15
degree from vertical
3 Protection against rain :
Water falling in rain at an angle 60 degree with respect to the vertical shall have no harmful effect

4 Protection against splashing :

Liquid splashed from any direction shall have no harmful effect
5 Protection against water-jets :
Water projected by a nozzle from any direction under stated conditions shall have no harmful effect.

6 Protection against conditions on ships, decks (deck watertight equipment) :

Water from heavy seas shall not enter the enclosure under prescribed conditions.

7 Protection against immersion in water :

It must not be possible for water to enter the enclosure under stated condition of pressure and time

8 Protection against indefinite immersion in water under specified pressure :

It must not be possible for water to enter the enclosure
 Ingress Protection

Ingress of Solid Ingress of Liquid

Complete protection against Protection against water-jets :
contact with live or moving parts Water projected by a nozzle from
inside the enclosure. any direction under stated
Protection against harmful deposits conditions shall have no harmful
of dust. The ingress is not totally effect.
prevented but dust cannot enter in
an amount sufficient to interfere
with satisfactory operation of
equipment enclosed
 Standards

IS : Indian Standards
IEC : International Electro-Technical Commission
IEEE : The Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers
ISO : The International Organization for Standards
DIN : German Standards
BS : British Standards
ANSI : American National Standards Institute
NFPA : National Fire Protection Association (US)
NEC : National Electric Code (NFPA 70 - US)
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