Al-Israa University College

Computer Techniques Engineering Department

Workshops Report
First Stage (2019-2020)

Applications of electromagnetic induction

Supervised by
Assist. Lec. Karrar S. Faraj

‫أعداد الطالب‬
‫أمجد عالء شدهان شاهين‬

0202-0202
 Applications of electromagnetic induction

Abstract
I chose electromagnetic induction applications because there are many uses that
depend on the electromagnetic force in daily life, and among those uses is
communications where the electromagnetic force is used in inventions used in
communication, such as radio, telephone and the Internet in addition to television
channels, and it is one of the uses that depend on it Humanity in its daily life cannot
live without it in addition to lighting, as lighting and light depend on the electric
force and electromagnetic energy in the first place, through the manufacture of
lighting lamps, and even the natural light coming from the sun’s star is originally
composed of electromagnetic waves as well as medicine: interference Those waves
are also in the medical field and used to scan the rays of the organs of the body and
bones, as well as in the tomography, in addition to many devices that are used in
facilitating surgeries and diagnosing diseases, such as X-rays and gamma rays. As
for the military field: These waves are used in the manufacture of radars Which
helps the forces discover the borders and know the entry of any enemies easily
through radar imaging, Pala In addition to the manufacture of rockets that are
launched by some, which operate on electromagnetic waves.
Introduction
Electromagnetic induction is an incredibly useful phenomenon with a wide variety of
applications. Induction is used in power generation and power transmission, and it's
worth taking a look at how that's done. There are other effects with some interesting
applications to consider, too, such as eddy currents.

The Idea main of Roport

Eddy currents

An eddy current is a swirling current set up in a conductor in response to a changing

magnetic field. By Lenz零 law, the current swirls in such a way as to create a
magnetic field opposing the change; to do this in a conductor, electrons swirl in a
plane perpendicular to the magnetic field.

Because of the tendency of eddy currents to oppose, eddy currents cause energy to
be lost. More accurately, eddy currents transform more useful forms of energy, such
as kinetic energy, into heat, which is generally much less useful. In many
applications the loss of useful energy is not particularly desirable, but there are some
practical applications. One is in the brakes of some trains. During braking, the metal
wheels are exposed to a magnetic field from an electromagnet, generating eddy
currents in the wheels. The magnetic interaction between the applied field and the
eddy currents acts to slow the wheels down. The faster the wheels are spinning, the
stronger the effect, meaning that as the train slows the braking force is reduced,
producing a smooth stopping motion.

An electric generator

A electric motor is a device for transforming electrical energy into mechanical

energy; an electric generator does the reverse, using mechanical energy to generate
electricity. At the heart of both motors and generators is a wire coil in a magnetic
field. In fact, the same device can be used as a motor or a generator.

When the device is used as a motor, a current is passed through the coil. The
interaction of the magnetic field with the current causes the coil to spin. To use the
device as a generator, the coil can be spun, inducing a current in the coil.

An AC (alternating current) generator utilizes Faraday's law of induction, spinning a

coil at a constant rate in a magnetic field to induce an oscillating emf. The coil area
and the magnetic field are kept constant, so, by Faraday's law, the induced emf is
given by:

If the loop spins at a constant rate, . Using calculus, and taking the derivative of
the cosine to get a sine (as well as bringing out a factor of ), it's easy to show that
the emf can be expressed as:

The combination represents the maximum value of the generated voltage (i.e.,
emf) and can be shortened to . This reduces the expression for the emf to:

In other words, a coil of wire spun in a magnetic field at a constant rate will produce
AC electricity. In North America, AC electricity from a wall socket has a frequency
of 60 Hz.

A coil turning in a magnetic field can also be used to generate DC power. A DC

generator uses the same kind of split-ring commutator used in a DC motor. Unlike
the AC generator, the polarity of the voltage generated by a DC generator is always
the same. In a very simple DC generator with a single rotating loop, the voltage
level would constantly fluctuate. The voltage from many loops (out of synch with
each other) is usually added together to obtain a relatively steady voltage.

Rather than using a spinning coil in a constant magnetic field, another way to utilize
electromagnetic induction is to keep the coil stationary and to spin permanent
magnets (providing the magnetic field and flux) around the coil. A good example of
this is the way power is generated, such as at a hydro-electric power plant. The
energy of falling water is used to spin permanent magnets around a fixed loop,
producing AC power.

Back EMF in electric motors

You may have noticed that when something like a refrigerator or an air conditioner
first turns on in your house, the lights dim momentarily. This is because of the large
current required to get the motor inside these machines up to operating speed. When
the motors are turning, much less current is necessary to keep them turning.

One way to analyze this is to realize that a spinning motor also acts like a generator.
A motor has coils turning inside magnetic fields, and a coil turning inside a
magnetic field induces an emf. This emf, known as the back emf, acts against the
applied voltage that's causing the motor to spin in the first place, and reduces the
current flowing through the coils. At operating speed, enough current flows to
overcome any losses due to friction and to provide the necessary energy required for
the motor to do work. This is generally much less current than is required to get the
motor spinning in the first place.

If the applied voltage is V, then the initial current flowing through a motor with coils
of resistance R is I = V / R. When the motor is spinning and generating a back emf,
the current is reduced:

Mutual inductance

Faraday's law tells us that a changing magnetic flux will induce an emf in a coil. The
induced emf for a coil with N loops is:

Picture two coils next to each other, end to end. If the first coil has a current going
through it,a magnetic field will be produced, and a magnetic flux will pass through
the second coil. Changing the current in the first coil changes the flux through the
second, inducing an emf in the second coil. This is known as mutual inductance,
inducing an emf in one coil by changing the current through another. The induced
emf is proportional to the change in flux,which is proportional to the change in
current in the first coil. The induced emf can thus be written as:

The constant M is the mutual inductance, which depends on various factors,

including the area and number of turns in coil 2, the distance between the two coils
(the further apart, the less flux passes through coil 2), the relative orientation of the
two coils, the number of turns / unit length in the first coil (because that's what the
magnetic field produced by the first coil depends on), and whether the two coils
have cores made from ferromagentic material. In other words, M is rather
complicated. What's far more important in the equation above is that the emf
induced in the second coil is proportional to the change in current in the first.

This effect can be put to practical use. One way to use it is in a transformer, which
we'll discuss below. Another is to use it in an ammeter. Conventional ammeters are
incorporated directly into circuits, but ammeters don't have to be placed in the
current path for alternating current. If a loop connected to a meter is placed around a
wire with an AC current in it, an emf will be induced in the loop because of the
changing field from the wire, and that will produce a current in the loop, and meter,
proportional to the current in the wire.

Self inductance

Coils can also induce emf's in themselves. If a changing current is passed through a
coil, a changing magnetic field will be produced, inducing an emf in the coil. Again,
this emf is given by:

As with mutual inductance, the induced emf is proportional to the change in current.
The induced emf can be written as:

The constant L is known as the inductance of the coil. It depends on the coil
geometry, as well as on whether the coil has a core of ferromagnetic material.

We've already discussed resistors and capacitors as circuit elements. Inductors,

which are simply wire coils, often with ferromagnetic cores, are another kind of
circuit element. One of the main differences between these is what happens to
electrical energy in them. Resistors dissipate electrical energy in the form of heat;
capacitors store the energy in an electric field between the capacitor plates; and
inductors store the energy in the magnetic field in the coil. The energy stored in an
inductor is:

In general, the energy density (energy per unit volume) in a magnetic field is:
Results of Report

The bottom line is that electromagnetic induction and its applications in life are
numerous after scientists interpreted the occurrence of induction as a result of the
emergence of energy due to a physical effect, so the electric and magnetic energy
creates that effect.

References

1. Poyser, A. W. (1892). Magnetism and Electricity: A Manual for Students in Advanced Classes.
London and New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. p. 285.

2. ^ Jump up to:a b Giancoli, Douglas C. (1998). Physics: Principles with Applications (Fifth ed.).
pp. 623–624.

3. ^ Ulaby, Fawwaz (2007). Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics (5thed.).

Pearson:Prentice Hall. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-13-241326-8.

4. ^ "Joseph Henry". Distinguished Members Gallery, National Academy of Sciences. Archived

from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2006-11-30.

5. ^ Errede, Steven (2007). "A Brief History of The Development of Classical

Electrodynamics" (PDF).

6. ^ "Electromagnetism". Smithsonian Institution Archives.

7. ^ Michael Faraday, by L. Pearce Williams, p. 182–3

8. ^ Michael Faraday, by L. Pearce Williams, p. 191–5

9. ^ Jump up to:a b Michael Faraday, by L. Pearce Williams, p. 510