ENERGY – stored work

 Whenever work is done on a body, the body gains energy that is if

 The ability or capacity of a physical system to perform work
 The reason why some perform the same work at different rate
 It exists in several forms such as:
1. Potential – energy processed by a body by virtue of its position, gravitational potential energy
PE = mgh
Where: PE = Energy (in Joules)
m = mass (in kilograms)
g = gravitational acceleration of the earth (9.8 m/sec2)
h = height above earth's surface (in meters)
2. Kinetic – energy processed by a body in motion
KE = (1/2)mv2
Where: m=mass of the object
V=velocity of the object
The greater the mass or velocity of a moving object, the more kinetic energy it has.
The greater the mass or velocity of a moving object, the more kinetic energy it has.

THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Law of Conservation of Energy- Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Energy is always changing from
one kind to another. The total energy of an object never changes.

Potential energy + Kinetic energy = Total energy

Total energy – Kinetic energy = Potential energy
Total energy – Potential energy = Kinetic energy

Example: Drop 1 kg ball from 10 m

 starts out with mgh = (1 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(10 m) = 98 J of gravitational potential
energy
 halfway down (5 m from floor), has given up half its potential energy (49 J) to
kinetic energy
 ½mv2 = 49 J  v2 = 98 m2/s2  v  10 m/s
 at floor (0 m), all potential energy is given up to kinetic energy
 ½mv2 = 98 J  v2 = 196 m2/s2  v = 14 m/s

FORMS OF ENERGY
1. RADIANT ENERGY
Radiant energy is also called electromagnetic energy. Radiant energy is the movement of photons. All life on earth is
dependent on radiant energy from the sun. Examples of radiant energy include radio waves (AM, FM, TV), microwaves,
X-rays, and plant growth. Active solar energy uses photovoltaic panels and light to turn radiant energy into chemical
energy.
2. CHEMICAL ENERGY
Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. This a form of potential energy until the
bonds are broken. Fossil fuels and biomass store chemical energy. Products that contain chemical energy include: TNT,
baking soda, and a match. Biomass, petroleum, natural gas, propane and coal are examples of stored chemical energy.
3. ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Electrical energy is the movement of electrons. Lightning and static electricity are examples of electrical energy that
occur naturally. Science hasn't found a way to use natural forms of electrical energy, like lightning. Instead, we use
different energy sources to create electrical energy by using generators and turbines.
4. NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom. Nuclear energy is unusual in that it can give off
energy in the form of light or heat, but it is the change in the atom's makeup that produces the energy. Submarines, power
plants, and smoke detectors all use nuclear energy. Nuclear power plants use uranium, a radioactive element, to create
electricity.
5. THERMAL ENERGY
Thermal energy is the internal energy in substances-the vibration and movement of atoms and molecules within
substance. Thermal energy is created in the movement of atoms. Boiling water, burning wood, and rubbing your hands
together really fast are all examples of heat energy. Geothermal and passive solar are sources of heat energy, but biomass
(a type of chemical energy) can be burned to produce heat energy.
6. SOUND ENERGY
Sound energy is the movement molecules in the air that produces vibrations. Alarms, music, speech, ultrasound
medical equipment all use sound energy. VCR tapes change sound energy into electrical energy. The electrical energy
records the sound using magnetic tape. Speakers read the magnetic tape and change it back into sound.
7. MECHANICAL ENERGY

1
 Mechanical energy is the movement of machine parts. Mechanical energy is also the total amount of kinetic and
potential energy in a system. Wind-up toys, grandfather clocks, and pogo sticks are examples of mechanical energy.
Wind power uses mechanical energy to help create electricity.
Potential energy + Kinetic energy = Mechanical energy
8. MAGNETIC ENERGY
Magnetic energy is the attraction of objects made of iron. Medical equipment, compass, refrigerator magnets are all
examples of magnetic energy. Any type of energy source that uses a generator in the process to make electricity uses
magnetic energy.
SOURCES OF ENERGY
1. Renewable - able to be sustained or renewed indefinitely, either because of inexhaustible supplies or because of
new growth
 Water/Hydroelectric – Flowing rivers have kinetic energy. This energy can be collected and used. Hydroelectric
power is generated by the falling of water through a turbine.
 Wind –When the Earth is irradiated by the Sun the ground absorbs some of this radiation. This heated ground
warms the air above it. Hot air rises in what are called convection currents. The uneven heating of the earth's surface causes winds.
For example, if the Sun's rays fall on land and sea, the land heats up more quickly. This results in the air above the
land moving upwards more quickly than that over the sea (hot air rises).
As a result the colder air over the sea will rush in to fill the gap left by the rising air. It is processes like these that
give rise to high and low pressure areas, and thus to winds.
 Biomass - Biomass is material from living things. This could be plant material, animal material or even bacteria.
Organic matter can be burned to provide heat, or fermented to produce gas.
 Solar – Every year the Earth receives about 300,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kJ of energy. This energy drives
processes in the atmosphere that cause the wind and waves.
Some energy is absorbed by green plants and used to make food by photosynthesis. So ultimately, the Sun is the source of most
energy resources available to us, including fossil fuels.
Scientists also try to use the energy of the Sun directly. This we call solar energy. 'Solar' means 'sun'.
 Geothermal - Geothermal energy is the natural heat of the Earth's crust. The temperature at the Earth's core is over
70,000C. The rocks not too far below the surface are also quite hot, perhaps 500C about 1 km down.
In some areas there are 'hotspots' where the temperature below the surface is higher. This is usually near where the earth's
tectonic plates meet. The existence of hot springs, geysers and volcanoes point to evidence of hot rocks below the surface.
 Tidal -Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon, and to a lesser extent the Sun, on the oceans around
the world. The difference between high tide and low tide can be many meters, and the energy of the tidal movement can be used to
generate electricity.
 Wave -Waves are caused by the action of winds on the sea. Waves can be many meters in height and contain a
great deal of energy. This energy can be harnessed to drive turbines that generate electricity.

2. Non-renewable - Not sustainable or renewed indefinitely, there is a limit to the supplies

 Fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas, together with uranium are the main primary energy sources consumed
to produce electricity and consumed for transportation.

 Nuclear - Nuclear fuel makes use of the radioactivity of some elements. The nucleus in the atom may
spontaneously break down to release energy and produce fast-moving particles, atoms of other elements. The fast-moving particles
that are ejected can also strike other atoms, causing them to break down.

 Crude Oil & Natural Gas - Placing the atoms close together in a fuel rod means that atoms are more likely to be
struck by these particles, and so produce more nuclear reactions. As the reactions proceed heat is produced. The task of a nuclear
reactor is to control the reaction so that a steady flow of heat is produced.
Crude oil & Natural gas Oil and gas are chemicals made from molecules containing just carbon and hydrogen. All living
things are made of complex molecules of long strings of carbon atoms. Connected to these carbon atoms are others such as hydrogen
and oxygen. A simple molecule, called methane (CH4), is the main component of natural gas.
Crude oil (oil obtained from the ground) is a sticky, gooey black stuff. It contains many different molecules, but all are made
of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

 Coal -Coal mainly consists of carbon atoms that come from plant material from ancient swamp forests. It is a black
solid that is reasonably soft. You can scratch it with a fingernail. It is not as soft as charcoal, however, and is quite strong. It can be
carved into shapes. There are different types of coal. Some contain impurities such as sulfur that pollute the atmosphere further when
they burn, contributing to acid rain.

2
Energy Use
 We divide our energy use among four economic sectors: residential (21%), commercial (18%), transportation
28%, and industry and manufacturing (33%) .

Major Energy Sources

1. Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Oil and Petroleum Products Natural Gas Propane Diesel Fuel
Gasoline Coal Nuclear
2. Renewable Energy Sources
Hydropower Biomass Wind Biodiesel
Ethanol Solar Geothermal
3. Secondary Energy Sources - Electricity
POWER – the rate at which work is done
 Work can be done very quickly, whereas at other times work is done slowly.
 To calculate the consumption of an electrical appliance in kWh, you have to take into account three factors:
1. the capacity of your electrical appliance, expressed in watt.
2. the number of hours that the appliance is in use in one day.
3. the number of days per year when the appliance is in use.

 The calculation is as follows:

1. [number of  hours’ use] x [number of days’ use] x ([capacity of appliance expressed in watt] / 1,000) =
number of kWh
2. The capacity should be divided by 1,000 to convert the number of watts into the number of kilowatts.
This finally gives us the number of kWh (kilowatt hours).
 Example of calculation for the energy consumption of a radio alarm
1. A radio alarm is on all the time and therefore uses energy continuously.
hours / day 24 hours
days / year 365
Capacity of radio alarm 10 watts
Annual energy consumption of radio alarm: 24 x 365 x (10 watts / 1,000) = 87.6 kWh
 Example of calculation for the energy consumption of a vacuum cleaner
1. In the table below we assume that the vacuum cleaner is used for two hours once a week.
hours / day 2 hours
days / year 52 days
Capacity of vacuum cleaner 2000 watts
Annual energy consumption of vacuum cleaner: 2 x 52 x (2,000 watts / 1,000) = 208 kWh

Energy consumption
1. World Energy Consumption refers to the total energy used by all of human civilization.
 Typically measured per-year, it involves all energy harnessed from every energy source we use, applied towards
humanity's endeavors across every industrial and technological sector, across every country. Being the power
source metric of civilization, World Energy Consumption has deep implications for humanity's social-economic-
political sphere.
2. Domestic Energy Consumption is the amount of energy that is spent on the various appliances used within housing.
The amount of energy used per household varies widely depending on the standard of living of the country, climate, and
the age and type of residence. Such as Space Heating (47%), Lighting & Appliances (24%), Water heating (17%), air
conditioning (6%), Refrigeration (5%).
3. Electrical Energy Consumption - Electric/Electronics devices consume electric energy to generate desired output (i.e.
light, heat, kinetic etc.), while its operation some part of energy are consumed in unintended output.

 WHITE'S LAW, named after Leslie White and published in 1943, states that: other factors remaining constant,
"culture evolves as the amount of energy harnessed per capita per year is increased, or as the efficiency of the
instrumental means of putting the energy to work is increased."
 He believed that culture – meaning the sum total of all human cultural activity on the planet – was evolving.
 White differentiated between three components of culture: technological, sociological and ideological, and argued
that it was the technological component which plays a primary role or is the primary determining factor responsible
for the cultural evolution.
 In his own words: “the basic law of cultural evolution” was “culture evolves as the amount of energy harnessed per
capita per year is increased, or as the efficiency of the instrumental means of putting the energy to work is
increased.” Therefore "we find that progress and development are affected by the improvement of the mechanical
means with which energy is harnessed and put to work as well as by increasing the amounts of energy employed."
 White’s argument on the importance of technology goes as follows:
3
1. Technology is an attempt to solve the problems of survival.
2. This attempt ultimately means capturing enough energy and diverting it for human needs.
3. Societies that capture more energy and use it more efficiently have an advantage over other societies.
4. Therefore, these different societies are more advanced in an evolutionary sense.

 ENERGY CONSERVATION refers to reducing energy through using less of an energy service.

◦ Energy conservation differs from efficient energy use, which refers to using less energy for a constant
service.
 For example, driving less is an example of energy conservation. Driving the same amount with a
higher mileage vehicle is an example of energy efficiency.
◦ Energy conservation and efficiency are both energy reduction techniques.
 EFFICIENT ENERGY USE, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is the goal to reduce the amount of energy
required to provide products and services.
◦ For example, insulating a home allows a building to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve and
maintain a comfortable temperature.
 There are many motivations to improve energy efficiency. Reducing energy use reduces energy costs and may
result in a financial cost saving to consumers if the energy savings offset any additional costs of implementing an
energy efficient technology. Reducing energy use is also seen as a solution to the problem of reducing carbon
dioxide emissions.
◦ According to the International Energy Agency, improved energy efficiency in buildings, industrial
processes and transportation could reduce the world's energy needs in 2050 by one third, and help control
global emissions of greenhouse gases.
 Energy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the twin pillars of sustainable energy policy and are high
priorities in the sustainable energy hierarchy.

ENERGY TAXES
 Some countries employ energy or carbon taxes to motivate energy users to reduce their consumption. As
detailed in the book, Green Illusions, carbon taxes can allow consumption to shift to nuclear power and other
alternatives that carry a different set of environmental side effects and limitations.

ENERGY CRISIS
 An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy.
 It often refers to one of the energy sources used at a certain time and place, particularly those that supply
national electricity grids or serve as fuel for vehicles.

CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISIS

 Market failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A crisis can develop due to industrial
actions like union organized strikes and government embargoes.
 The cause may be over-consumption, aging infrastructure, choke point disruption or bottlenecks at oil
refineries and port facilities that restrict fuel supply. An emergency may emerge during unusually cold winters
due to increased consumption of energy.
 Large fluctuations and manipulations in future derivatives can have a substantial impact on price. Large
investment banks control 80% of oil derivatives as of May 2012, compared to 30% only a decade ago. Kuwaiti Oil
Minister Hani Hussein stated that "Under the supply and demand theory, oil prices today are not justified," in an
interview with Upstream.
 Pipeline failures and other accidents may cause minor interruptions to energy supplies. A crisis could possibly
emerge after infrastructure damage from severe weather. Attacks by terrorists or militia on important
infrastructure are a possible problem for energy consumers, with a successful strike on a Middle East facility
potentially causing global shortages.
 Political events, for example, when governments change due to regime change, monarchy collapse, military
occupation, and coup may disrupt oil and gas production and create shortages. Fuel shortage is due to the excess
and useless use of the fuels.
 “Peak oil” is the period when the maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is reached, after which the rate of
production enters terminal decline. It relates to a long term decline in the available supply of petroleum. This,
combined with increasing demand, significantly increases the worldwide prices of petroleum-derived products.
Most significant is the availability and price of liquid fuel for transportation.

MITIGATION EFFORTS
 To avoid the serious social and economic implications a global decline in oil production could entail, the 2005
Hirsch report emphasized the need to find alternatives, at least ten to twenty years before the peak, and to phase
out the use of petroleum over that time.
 Such mitigation could include energy conservation, fuel substitution, and the use of unconventional oil.
Because mitigation can reduce the use of traditional petroleum sources, it can also affect the timing of peak oil
and the shape of the Hubbert curve.

ENERGY POLICY

4
  Energy policy is the manner in which a given entity (often governmental) has decided to address issues of  energy
development including energy production, distribution and consumption. The attributes of energy policy may
include legislation, international treaties, incentives to investment, guidelines for energy
conservation, taxation and other public policy techniques.
 Energy policy may be reformed leading to greater energy intensity, for example in Iran with the 2007 Gas
Rationing Plan in Iran, Canada and the National Energy Program and in the USA with the Energy and Security
Act of 2007. Another mitigation measure is the setup of a cache of secure fuel reserves like the United
States Strategic Petroleum Reserve, in case of national emergency. Chinese energy policy includes specific targets
within their 5-year plans.

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
 Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of energy that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
 Technologies that promote sustainable energy include renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar
energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, artificial photosynthesis, and tidal power, and also
technologies designed to improve energy efficiency.
 Energy efficiency and B are said to be the twin pillars of sustainable energy. Some ways in which sustainable
energy has been defined are:
 "Effectively, the provision of energy such that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs. ...Sustainable Energy has two key components: renewable energy
and energy efficiency." – Renewable Energy and Efficiency Partnership (British)
 "Energy which is replenishable within a human lifetime and causes no long-term damage to the
environment." – Jamaica Sustainable Development Network

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT

 This sets sustainable energy apart from other renewable energy terminology such as alternative energy by
focusing on the ability of an energy source to continue providing energy. Sustainable energy can produce some
pollution of the environment, as long as it is not sufficient to prohibit heavy use of the source for an indefinite
amount of time. Sustainable energy is also distinct from low-carbon energy, which is sustainable only in the sense
that it does not add to the CO2 in the atmosphere.
 Green Energy is energy that can be extracted, generated, and/or consumed without any significant negative
impact to the environment. The planet has a natural capability to recover which means pollution that does not go
beyond that capability can still be termed green.
 Green power is a subset of renewable energy and represents those renewable energy resources and technologies
that provide the highest environmental benefit. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency defines green power
as electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric
sources. Customers often buy green power for avoided environmental impacts and its  greenhouse gas reduction
benefits.