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Function PDF

This document discusses key concepts related to limits, derivatives, and logarithmic and exponential functions. Some key points covered include: - Common indeterminate forms that arise with limits, such as 0/0, ∞/∞, and how to evaluate them using l'Hopital's rule or factoring. - The definitions of vertical, horizontal, and oblique asymptotes for functions. - How to find tangent lines, points of intersection, inflection points, axes of symmetry, and inverse functions. - Properties of logarithmic functions like ln(a) + ln(b) = ln(ab) and derivatives of ln(x) and exponential functions. -

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Dany Dw
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
21 views

Function PDF

This document discusses key concepts related to limits, derivatives, and logarithmic and exponential functions. Some key points covered include: - Common indeterminate forms that arise with limits, such as 0/0, ∞/∞, and how to evaluate them using l'Hopital's rule or factoring. - The definitions of vertical, horizontal, and oblique asymptotes for functions. - How to find tangent lines, points of intersection, inflection points, axes of symmetry, and inverse functions. - Properties of logarithmic functions like ln(a) + ln(b) = ln(ab) and derivatives of ln(x) and exponential functions. -

Uploaded by

Dany Dw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Functions

𝐤 𝐤 ∞
=𝟎 =∞ =∞
∞ 𝟎 𝟎

∞ 0
or  Apply L’Hopital’s Rule
∞ 0
u u′
Which means lim = lim
v v′

∞− ∞ indetermined form
take the stronger common factor.
Lnx<<< x <<< ex

0. ∞ indetermined form
∞ ∞
1 = then apply L’Hopital’s Rule
∞
0

∞+ ∞= ∞ −∞ − ∞ = −∞
0 1
k. ∞ = ∞ =0 . =0
∞ ∞

 lim f(x) = ±∞ x = k is vertical asymptote.


𝑥→𝑘

 𝑥→∞
lim f(x) = k  y = k is horizontal asymptote.
 To prove (d): y = ax + b is oblique asymptote
lim  f(x) – y  =0
𝑥→∞

 To study the relative position of (C) and (d):


 Check the sign of f(x) – y
- f(x) – y > 0  (C) is above (d).
- f(x) – y < 0  (C) is below (d).
- f(x) – y = 0  (C) intersects (d).

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 equation of the tangent to (C) at x = a:
y = f (a) + (x-a). f(a)

 To find the point of intersection between 2 curves, put f(x) = g(x) then find
x.
 Point of inflection  f (x) = 0 and f  changes sign.
 I (a,b) is a center of symmetry then, f(2a-x) + f(x) = 2b
 (d): x = a is an axis of symmetry:
f (2a – x) = f (x).
𝑢 𝑢𝑣−𝑣𝑢
 ( ) =
𝑣 𝑣2
(u.v) = uv + vu
(un) = n.un-1.u

 To prove f admits an inverse function:


f is defined, continuous and strictly monotonic (  or  ), then f admits an
inverse function whose graph is symmetric w.r.t the line y = x.

- Df-1= Rf
- f and f  have the same variation.
- To find the point of intersection between the function and its inverse, put
f(x) = x and solve to find x.
- To prove g(x) in the inverse of f (x), then f (g(x) ) = x.

 Tangent parallel to the x-axis  f  (x) = 0.


 Slope of the tangent = f  (point of tangency).
1
- (f -1) (y0) =
𝑓(𝑥0 )

* To prove A(a,b) belongs of f-1 (x), prove f(b) = a


- Sign of f (x):
* If the graph of f (x) is above the x-axis, then f(x) > 0.
* If the graph of f (x) is below the x-axis, then f(x) < 0.
* If the graph of f (x) intersects the x-axis, then f(x) = 0.

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 To prove f(x) = 0 admits a unique root ∝ ∈  𝐚, 𝐛  :
1- f is defined, continuous and strictly monotonic.
2- f(a) . f(b) <0
- odd function: f (-x) = - f (x)  symmetric
w.r.t. O (0,0)
- even function: f (-x) = f (x)  symmetric
w.r.t. y- axis.
- If the graph of f admits maximum of minimum at x = a ,
then f (a) = 0.

 lim 𝑙𝑛𝑥= -∞ lim 𝑙𝑛𝑥= +∞


x 0+ x +∞

 ln 1= 0 ln 𝑒= 1
1 𝑈′
(ln x) = (ln u) =
𝑥 𝑢
ln (a.b) = ln a + ln b
𝑎
ln ( ) = lna – lnb
𝑏
Ln (an) = nln a
Ln ex = x elnx =x
 e0 = 1 𝑒 +∞ = +∞ 𝑒 −∞ = 0
ex.ey = ex+y ex> 0 for any real number x.
𝑒𝑥
= ex-y
𝑒𝑦
(ex) = ex
(eu) = u . eu

 lnx = k  x = ek
ex = k  x = lnk

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