Wireless World 1988 12

1
&
DECEMBER 1988
I'HLESSWO!D
£1.95
Spreadsheet
radio path
analysis
Transmission
lines and
v.s.w.r. h
Invariable c - .
a possible test ._ A
'
r' ' '
9'
Pioneers - I 6
Ohm, current
and voltage
Faster
than light?
Denmark I Kr. 63.011 :ermany SDI12.00 Green Ira. 680 Holland I)FI. 12.50 :lily L 6500 IK C2.86
Spain Ptas 700.01) Si rgapore 4 11.25 Switzerbni SFr. 8.50 USA 35.95
GANG -OF -EIGHT by DATAMAN
A programmer for the
production line
£395
O
4S N7-
" Syr
9 .<
' ~ta
<.),c-`,S
.
GANG -OF -EIGHT

\a
.a'?.
=8-s
has been a successful CL 9 4.
c-4..
'4'
s
?.
product ever since it was 2... --
,...
<7.
launched in 1983, because of its all-
round performance and unbeatable Serial interface
p -ice. S nce introducing this programmer An RS232 style interface
we have made improvements, incorpo-ating is provided, allowing you
siggest ons made by working engileers like to download code from
yourself. The result is the mature G3 which you can dt your computer in one of
Jf the standard file formats:
buy today.
MOTOROLA, INTEL,
Selection of EPROMS TEKHEX, BINARY or ASCLL.
G8 will handle the 2516 to 2564seriesoi EPROMS just rswellas
, -
Uploading is possible too,
it handles the 2716to27512 series. It s easy toteahanurskilled allowing you to send EPROM
operator to use this programmer. G8 is as near fool-prcof as we contents to your computer for
can make it. Choosing the EPROM type's simply a matter of setting comparison disassembly or
thé eight switches to the right combination. All commor settings storage on disc. 9600 baud is
are shown on the front panel. As you change the switches, the supplied as standard, but slower speeds are available on request.
Liquid Crystal Display changes to slow, your selection of EPROM
type, program voltage and program m-:thod. If the combination
is Why pay more for a programmer?
unorthodDx the suspect characters will flash. As you can see, GE has all thefeatures needed in a production -line
prog yammer. It is very robust, being housed in a strong, steel case.
Simple operation G8 prDg-ammers are in use throughout the electronics industry.
When START is pressed, an automatic sequence of operations Admittecly, there are more comprehensive instruments on the
follows. First, G8 checks the EPROMS to see if any are already mar:et, with editing and development facilities, but in practice
programmed. If any match your master, 38 stops andte Is you so, these features are rarely used, except in the product-
because -t is a waste of time to program EPROMS twice Second, develop'nent-environment which does not need multiple
G8 checks to see if the EPROMS are eased: if any are net i; warns program-ning as well. Elaborate instruments are not so easy to
you. (It is unlikely, but not impossible, t at non -blank EPR DMS will use -aid they cost much more. There really is no need to pay
program correctly.) The programming sequence starts automati- tiousands of pounds for a production programmer.
cally if tie EPROMS pass these tests. You can override the
attempt programming by
-
Delivery ís usually ex -stock by return of post in spite of G8's
' defence mechanism" and force GB constant popularity. Please confirm delivery by phone, if speed
pressing START again. This is useful if you want to reprogram is essential. Send only f395 plus VAT. Postage and packing is
devices which were not empty to start -Kith. When programming is included. There is a 28 day money -back trial period and full
completed, the display checks the EPROMS against the master. years's guarantee to protect your interests.
During this process, you don't have to stand by and watch. G8
makes a variety of tuneful noises to Ietro.) knowwhat is I- appening ERlt
- you quickly learn to recognise wr ich tune means programming
is complete and successful.
vnA EJ6'RE55
Fast and slow programming

G8 can use both FAST and SLOW methods of programming. FAST
program -ning means that you work at five times :he speed. The old-
fashiored SLOW 50 milliseconds par location method is available
ari Taman
Lombard House, Cornwall Rd, DORCHESTER,
too, for older EPROMS. DORSET DT1 1 RX England
Checksum facility Telex 418442 DATAMNG
vcur master EPROMS. This
It is useful to know the checksum of Phon> .0305-68066 tools for
number can be written on the device, to provide an identity for Fax 0305-64997
checking unlabelled EPROMS. GB shows a six character Bulletin 3oard 0305-251786
microengineering
checksum when you press both keys at once. (300, 1200, 2403 N 8 1 24hr)
UNTE It I ON It I:I'I.Y (',+.It I)

O-
NTEN ,
DECEMBER 1988 VOLUME 94 NUMBER 1634
Over the odds for hardware. It is not only

THE VSWR ENIGMA petrol prices which bear little relation to
raw material costs. 1214
1185
COVER Radio engineers will testify to the ocean of Telepoint takeoff. CT? business could he
misunderstanding that can reside in vswr. the dominant form of telephony by the end
This superconductor will burn your The author ventures to clarify the matter of the century. 1212
fingers. The disc shaped copper oxide P.13. Buchan
compound inside the moisture proof The PC route to instrument control. The
package has shown possible granular PC is a cost effective control component for
superconductivity at 500K. The tails enable MULTIPROCESSOR test and measurement. 1232
superconductivity measurements to be
made. The development was made by SYSTEMS
Digital scope for £400? A new. cheap look
Georgia Tech physicist DrAhmet Erbil. 1052 to quality test gear. 1220
More superconductivity on page 1165.
Photo courtesy of the Georgia Institute of Dealing with interrupt requests
Taking the 100MI1z VXI bus. Fast new
Technology. Alan Clements
products for the P3 backplane. 1225
Re -engineering workstations. Working to

PLL FOR 900MHz A CORDLESS FUTURE standards doesn't always mean working to
the lowest common denominator. 1222
1156 1198
4MI Iz of the spectrum just above 860M1-1z Year of the Viper. Safety critical computing
A new chip for a new hand provides low
cost. low noise operation
holds out the promise of a cordless with the RSRE's \'iper microprocessor. 1226
Gert Krings et al payphone in every pocket. a poor man's
cellular radio Packing in the semiconductors. Fast tur-
Richard Lambley naround in ASIC means that Europe can't
rely on Korea to do its packaging. 1224
36ns FASTER THAN LIGHT
1162 PIONEERS Plenty of scope for the PC. An add -in hoard
turns a PC into a digital storage scope. 1218
A symmetrical transmission line circuit 1202
indicates events occurring much faster than A contemporary described the theories of Using VXI instruments. 1 he sheer speed of
the speed of light. The authors are sure of Georg Simon Ohm as a "web of naked VXI opens up all sorts of time sensitive
their experimental technique yet can't fancies with no support in even the most applications such as pulse measurement in
explain the results. superficial of facts". But Ohm had an radar. 1234
I' T Pappas. Alexis Guy Oholensky answer
11/. A. Atherton
- e
ANALYSER USES FAST INDUSTRY INSIGHT
FOURIER APPLICATIONS 1167
A FUTURE FOR UK
1169 BOOKS 1172
ELECTRONICS?
Fast digital signal processors and a to d CIRCUIT IDEAS 1195
converters make for a spectrum analyser Electronics & Wireless World looks to the COMMENT 1155
design which will handle l00kl-Iz signals year ahead with 20/20 hindsight
over a 72dB dynamic range FEEDBACK 1188
Pat ,Meehan and John Reidy OS/9: Winning the realtime race? The NEW PRODUCTS 1181
growing significance of the hoard level
market. 1216 RADIO BROADCAST 1246
IBC 1988 RADIO COMMUNICATIONS 1248
STEbus looks to the global market. \'ME
1175 and face real competition from RESEARCH NOTES 1241
the eight -bit STEbus. 1228
125 or 1250? Japan prepares to dictate its
1
SATELLITE SYSTEMS 1205
own idea of 1-11)T\' to the world hut Eureka System integration: achievements and TELECOMMS TOPICS 1200
strikes hack
opportunities. 1988 \vas the year that TELEVISION BROADCAST 1249
Richard Lamhley system level integration came of age. 1230
December 1988 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD 1 I53

HERE'S A GREAT ONE-LINER
the Panasonic VP -5741A
Large scale memories can store

one -line video signal data at Panasonic 100MsPs Digital Oscilloscope VP -5741A
high speed 10ns sampling rate CALCULATCR
lOR 8s1
e
BNP 9u1 O
Y 0 . E
TVfield selector and line '!
number setting 18e 2co 3Fr 40N S.
Auto position for back porch

level locking VERTICAL
COI ALT 000
7 inch CRT with on -screen

digital readout and labelling POS VOLTS/01d POS I. VOL
100 MHz sampling/35 MHz storage/ 1
100 MHz real time
3 x 10K memory
.... MIN/ Q!i
FILTER
Y Pfllt CNQ
CrllbS
sv
10 programs with up to 100 a-- COUPUNO LOON"

steps each
Powerful waveform analysis and rfi` r11

ar thmetic functions
a , -` 1001sor 100:.
GP-IB standard fit
Output for plotter or X -Y RIA
INPUT
recorder Y.RI491
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. ON
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fi ir
A hard act to follow.

Find out why from the 10 page colour brochure.
Available from: U Fa rnel l International

DAVENPORT HOUSE BOWERS WAY HARPENDEN HERTS AL5 4HX TEL. 05827 69071 FAX. 05827 69025 TELEX 826307 FARINT G
ENTER 6I ON REPLY CARL)
t0MMENTJ
Games
computers play
A few weeks ago someone demonstrated an Atari game that simulated a modern high
CONSULTING EDITOR performance fighter. The graphics were fantastic, wig h images updated sufficiently
Philip Darrington fast to avoid the irritating flicker associated with earlier computer games. The sound
EDITOR effects were even better. Before long I had zoomed through the air. shot down dozens
Frank Ogden of enemy fighters and bombed numerous targets. Wlrat fun. What progress in
hardware and software.
-
EDITOR INDUSTRY INSIGHT
Such games are immensely enjoyable, hut they cannot be viewed in isolation from
Geoffrey Shorter, B.Sc. the rest of society and they may have far reaching implications for all of us.
01-661 8639
Just as the map is not the territory. a simulation is not the real thing. You can bomb
DEPUTY EDITOR villages from an Atari without seeing dead babies or getting condemned in the UN. No
Martin Eccles sane person would suppose for a minute that a games player might leave their toy and
01-661 8638 climb in to a real bomber for the sake of a little more realism. The more probable effect
COMMUNICATIONS EDITOR is that the games player might relate more strongly to military hardware and actively
Richard Lambley support its development and even use against other human beings. What is the
01-6613039 psychological effect of such games on the player who joins the armed forces? Not very
ILLUSTRATION long ago a large civilian aircraft was accidentally shot down by people sitting in front of
Roger Goodman screens deep inside a ship. Is it possible that years of games playing had affected the
01-6618690 reaction of these young men?
DESIGN & PRODUCTION The fighter pilots in these computer games are not always pitted against an abstract
Alan Kerr enemy. They frequently find themselves fighting Russians. Suppose the cold war
01-6618676 intensifies. Is it beyond the realms of possibility that those who avidly hat tled against
ADVERTISEMENT MANAGER Russians in the comfort of their own homes might support the party wishing to carry
Martin Perry that battle into the Russians' homes? Already there have been reports of a game called
01-661 3130 'Contra' in the USA, in which the player is sent to invade Nicaragua. 1he majority of
SENIOR ADVERTISEMENT nat ions (and many US citizens) regard the Contras as terrorists. In this game. a potted
EXECUTIVE and highly inaccurate version of current affairs is built into the game and the user is
James Sherrington not asked or expected to question the scenario. The player is required only to kill
01-6618640 Nicaraguans-simulated ones. of course.
CLASSIFIED SALES EXECUTIVE
If this type of game does not disturb the average UK reader, imagine a minor
Peter Hamilton variation on 'Contra'. The goal is for members of the IRA to infiltrate into Northern
01-661 3033 Ireland and to plant bombs in public places and on buses carrying British soldiers. A
truly minor variation from the point of view of the player and the software writer, but
ADVERTISING PRODUCTION
imagine the outcry such a game would create in the British Press.
Brian Bannister
A more observable effect of computer games on society has been the reduction in
01-661 8648
female students studying computer science. A decade ago some courses had twenty to
Clare Hampton thirty per cent female students, while today the figure has fallen to two or three per
01-661 8649
cent. It would be unrealistic to lay all the blame for this reduction at the door of the
MARKETING EXECUTIVE computer game. However. ten years ago the computer was seen by girls as 'sexually
Rob Ferguson neutral'. Any visitor to a computer games arcade cannot fail to see that most of the
01-6618679 games are being played by boys. Many school teachers report that boys also
/
PUBLISHER monopolise computers in the classroom. If girls do not get a look -in they rapidly come
Susan Downey to regard the computer as an alien artefact not for them.
01-6618452 I do not deny that computer games can he fun and it would probably he as
unrealistic to ban such games as prohibit ion once proved in America. At the same
REED time, the social impact of games will not go away and I do not wish my final thought as
kW& BUSINESS I see a blinding flash to be' I told you so'.
PUBLISHING
Alan Clements
E/retrmuc.s & Wireless lror/t/ is published monthly rant Subscription Services, Oakfield House, I'errymount
USPS687540. By pos:. current issue £2.25. back issues of Road. I iaywards leath. Sussex RI 1163011 Telephone 0444
I
available, £2.51) Oroer and payments to 301 fórtron,cs 441212 Please notify a change of address USA: $116.00
and Wireless World. Quadrant I louse. The Quadrant, Sut- airmail. Reed Business Publishing ((ISA) Subscriptions
ton, Surrey SM2 5AS Cheques should be payable to Reed O(1-ice. 205 E. 42nd Street, NY 11)117. Overseas advertis-
Business Pubh*hmg Ltd. Editorial & Advertising ing agents: France and Belgium: Pierre Mussard, 18.20
offices:Ell'tl Quadrant I louse. The Quadrant. Sutton. Sur. Place de la Madeleine. Paris 75(108. United States of
res SM2 5AS. Telephones: Editorial 01-661 36:4 Adver- America:Jay Fe Inman, Reed Business Publishing Ltd, 205
tising 01-661 313(1 (11-661 8469 Telex: 892084 REED BP East 42nd Street. New York, NY 101117 Telephone 1212)
G iEEPI Facsimile:01.661 3948 (Groups II & Ill' Beeline: 867.21)80 Telex 2:1827. USA mailing agents: Mercury Air -
01-661 8978 or 01-661 8986.:{011 baud. 7 data hits. even freight International I.Id. Inc.. IOihi Englehard \ve,
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to sign off. Netvstriede Quadrant Publishing Services No. Postn-aster - send address to the above.
O1-661 3240. Subscription rates: I year normal rate)
£23.40 UK and £28.511 outside UK. Subscriptions: Quad- ©Reed Business Publishing Ltd 1988. ISSN 0266-3244
December 1988 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD 1155

A PLL for 900MHz
Applications for 900MHz RF are becoming commonplace.
Siemens has brought out a low cost PLL chip pure enough
for narrow band PMR and cordless phones.
by
GERT KRINGS, IEIMBERT-ULRICI IRMER and
I I
REIN! IARD GREIDERER
The allocation of frequencies in the 900 telephones. The PLL circuits represent the meats are identical with the exception of the
MHz range for I'MIl and the need to most important component parts on which frequency variation range, which in this case
keep the cost down requires a new the quality of the radio section relies to a is 1M1-Iz.
breed of synthesizer design. Siemens claims great extent. " ogether with a VCO. it is The system uses two separate I'Ll. loops. A
a complete IC system solution. The system is responsible for the synthesis of the transmit- loop in the receiving path consisting of
particularly suitable for 900MHz applica- ter frequency and the frequency required for VCO2, a Pre -scaler T. and a dual modulus
tions although its individual components mixing the incoming signal. I'LL circuit PLI 2 generate the frequencies
can he applied for other frequency ranges as The electrical requirements on these necessary for the mixer M2. These frequen-
well. synthesizers are extremely high. For a cies are also used to mix down in mixer MI
The T1313200 CMOS I'LL circuit uses a mobile radio, a frequency range up to the transmission signal generated by the
digital phase and frequency sensitive detec- 15M1-Iz must he covered with a channel VCO1 oscillator into a frequency suitable for
tor. It has a high linearity to obtain high raster of 25k1-Iz. In addition, the centre - the second PLL circuit IPLL l .
speed control loops and very pure oscillator range frequency may not vary more than Here. the 7BB200 operates in single mod-
signals. The output stage of the detector has ±2 .5k z. ulus mode and can process input frequencies
been designed as a current source whose 'fhe phase noise must not exceed 125dBc of up to 70M1-Iz. While the internal reference
current can in addition he varied in a 1:4 at a frequency ±25k1-Iz off the carrier fre- frequency is 25k1-Iz at the receiving end
ratio. A voltage doubler integrated on the quency and spectral lines in adjacent chan- corresponding to the channel raster. the
chip increases the level of the detector nels must he attenuated to at least 75dB. \t reference frequency on the transmission end
output voltage almost to double the operat- the same time, loop response times of 10 to is 1M1-Iz. The advantage of the resulting
ing voltage. Maximum input frequency is 20ms are required. To save current. the short settling time is the modulation of the
70MHz with an input sensitivity of 10mV. All transmission path is turned on only when it transmission frequency with the .\F signal
circuit functions are selected by means of a is needed, which adds demands on the through modulation of the reference oscilla-
serial 11C Bus. Low current consumption. response times. tor. When changing the channel. only the
low supply voltage, and the voltage doubler For cordless telephones. the require- I'LL2 has to be reprogrammed.
make it suitable for battery operated synth- Several aspects have to be considered
esizers. when using a I'LL circuit for applications of
Fig. I shows a block circuit diagram of a Fig.1. System block diagram with main this type. A synthesizer represents a phase
system concept for the IlF module of mobile synthesiser components in place. control loop consisting of a digital phase
NF
TBB 102/202
TBB 569 ..G
I156 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS ISORLI) December 1988

+2 fVO
t+1
RI
16Bit R counter
Latch enable i
f^
SDA
Frequency 16 -Bit latch
Voltage Voltage
C
doubler on/off doubler
Clock
Doto 16 -Bit SIR

f
SCL
T/R
1
Phase
I2C interface 7BitSIR 12 -Bit S/R detector PD
Standby-ec
r Mr
PRT Port
7 -Bit latch 12=Bit latch
1 ,1 Lock
LD
detector
7-Bit A counter 12 -Bit N counter
PD
S/D
Polarity
TBB 200
Control logic
FI FVN
GND2 GND1 VD D MOD
Fig.2. Architecture of the TBB200 chip.
detector, a loop filter, the oscillator to he unipolar form. The locked state is derived with conventional circuits. The result is a
tuned, and a pre -scaler. The phase difference from the pulse width. By means of the dead hand in the transmission characteristic
hetween the reference frequency and the integrated voltage doubler the reference curve of the phase detector in the vicinity of
frequency to he controlled corresponds to point for the phase detector output is hised the zero crossing.
the pulses at the phase detector output. They of negative. resulting in a larger variation 1 he locked state of a PLL system also
are smoothed by the loop filter and fed range for the \'CO control voltage. means that the momentary control point lies
forward to the oscillator as control signals. In dual modulus mode, the control signal at the phase zero crossing. If there is a dead
As a result, the loop filter directly influences required for switching the pre -scaler is hand the loop is no longer closed. A deviation
the spectral purity of the frequency gener- supplied by output AIOD. II changes its of the oscillator due to unavoidable leak
ated and the system's response time. polarity when counter A has divided the current in the loop filter will be noticed only
The phase detector characteristics must input signal according to the set divider when the dead time zone has been exceeded.
he as linear as possible in the vicinity of the ratio. The reaction time of the control loop varies
zero crossing to ensure satisfactory suppres- To achieve low current consumption in with the ratio of the VCO frequency counter.
sion of the spectral lines at relatively low battery operated devices, the frequency di- This instability leads to increased oscillator
filter time constants (that is, short response viders and input amplifiers can be switched noise.
time). Another advantage is the high input off independently of one another. In addi- A delay circuit section VZ has been added
sensitivity for the 1W voltage coming from tion. additional external circuits can he set to the TBB 200 to eliminate the dead hand.
the VCO. A jitter -free operation of the in stand-by state by a general purpose PRT This (Fig. 3) extends the Up and Down
internal PLI. counter can he obtained at a port output. signals to time ti,. which is greater than or
lower RF level, which reduces oscillator All functions and divider ratios are set equal to the switching time of the output
noise. Lower RF levels also reduce interfer- with the SIJA DATA line and SCL Clock Line stage (Fig. 4). Through this method, these
ence problems. via the 12C Bus. stages are simultaneously conducting for a
Fig. 2 shows the TBB200 architecture. short period.
The sine or rectangular input signals at RI
PI IASE DETECTOR
\t'ith conventional push-pull output
and Fl are amplified through widehand input stages, the internal cross current is superim-
amplifiers and converted into rectangular The phase detector (Fig. 3) in TBB 200 is posed on the supply voltage. The positive and
signals hya limiter. Divided down by the R or both phase and frequency sensitive. The negative anti -backlash pulses are offset in
N Counter. the rectangular signals control capture range of a closed loop is infinite. The time with the disadvantage that the harmo-
the phase detector. which in turn generates weighted pulse duty factor of outputs UP and nics created by these pulses are superim-
the resulting differential signal at output DOWN is linear in the phase range ± 27r. posed to the VCO control voltage. Men
PD. The positive or negative pulses as a Limited by the real switching times of the using current sources as output stages, this
function of the phase duration are also output stages. phase differentiations in the offset in time is not necessary, since the
present at the lock detect output LD in nanosecond range can no longer he resolved cross current is limited to the value supplied

Up
_ELL
D fn
N
C
CL
fv
VZ
8 PD
Up
Down Down !I
fD
N
l
Pchannel 'I
PD Tristate
Nthannel
-LD
PDoff n! I
ii ;ii
Fig.3. The phase detector circuit arrangement. Fig.4. Timing diagram for phase detector. Note pulse overlap.
by the source to the loop filter in case of The advantage of controlling a filter from pull circuit, which switches energy taken
phase error. a current source as the output stage of the alternatively from two integrated load capa-
The effects on the internal processes phase detector as compared to control from cities to an external charge capacitor at Pin
cannot he detected externally. By extending a voltage source is that characteristics are C. The clock frequency for the capacitive
the time of one of the two signals, depending obtained independently of the absolute value loading is derived from the crystal frequency
on the corresponding phase differentiation of the control voltage. One particular char- divided by a factor of 2 or 4 (bus programm-
at the input, a pulse is generated at the acteristic is that a I'LL system of the third able/.
output whose width is the time difference. order can he realised with only three passive Fig. 5 shows an example of a synthesizer
The result is a continual linear increase of components. I'LL circuits with voltage out- for a frequency of 70M1-Iz. The TBB 200
the weighted output voltage with the phase put require components which are already operates in single modulus mode without
different iat ion. active, which naturally increase the noise pre -scaler.
Use of current sources has other advan- level. The crystal frequency at input RI is
tages. From the point of integration, it is 10MHz. This frequency is divided down
VOLTAGE DOUBLER
easy to change the value of the superimposed internally, to a reference frequency of 25k1 Iz
current and thereby influence the gain fac- A voltage doubler has been integrated onto present at the phase detector, which corres-
tor of the phase detector. In this case, two the chip. This generates a negative voltage ponds to a divider ratio of 400 by the R
current values are selected which can he set proportional to the operating voltage at I'in counter. Similarly, the VCO frequency of
via the I2C Bus: 11,1)=2.5 mA and 0.625 mA. C, which is the reference point for the phase 70M1 Iz is brought to the same comparison
The 4:1 ratio does not produce any signifi- detector output I'I) and, at the same time, value by a divider ratio of 2800 in the N
cant change in the phase angle of the control for the external wiring. This results in an counter.
system, ensuring the stability of the control expanded control range for the VCO. The output PD is connected to the control
loop for the given loop filter. The voltage doubler consists of a push - input of the VCO via the passive loop filter.
Fig.5. Application test circuit for 70MHz fundamental operation.
+10V
BF959
C19
4n7
1158 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD December 1988

Res.Bw 1 00kHz Vid.Bw 1 kHz Res Bw 1.00kHz Vid Bw 1 kHz
-
RF Att 10dB RF. Att 10dB
Ref. Lev Marker -15.00dBm CF. Stp 1000 kHz Ref. Lev Marke- -15.17dBm CF Stp 10.00 kHz
-15.OdBm 70.001333MHz Unit dBm -15 OdBm 69 999887MHz Unit dBm
~,,11~1~~1111111111111
----.1111111
,
20 20
-
30 30
-- -I1.M---- WA=60 40 1
_-40
I \\----
SO - 50
- 60
Ì
- 70
-PE, ,
- 70
90 - 80
-90
-100
-110 "i- '
E11111
iliTill
Lit
r tai iiIü
-100
-110 -
1
Start Span Center Sweep Stop Start Span Center Sweep Stop
69.951333MHz 100 00000kHz 70.001333MHz 400ms 70.051333MHz 69.949887MHz 100.00000kHz 69.999887MHz 400ms 70 049887MHz
Fig.6. Synthesiser noise spectrum. open loop. Fig.7. As Fig. 6 but with a closed control loop.
dBc
dBm
Hz
-10
d -90
ó J 20
z -100
1.110
-120
-130 .111111
-70 ,
-140
-801
-150
-160
-170
10 100 1000 10000 Hz 100000
--m-Frequency
Fig.8. Close in noise characteristics. Fig.9. Noise spectrum showing effect of a divided clock.
which consists of three components. The To suppress unavoidable harmonic sig- frequency. while Fig. 9 presents the influ-
filter time constant is determined in such a nals,a resonant circuit L2, C13 and C14 is ence of the voltage doubler for a crystal
way that it produces a settling time of 15ms connected in parallel to the input of the frequency divided by four, used as clock
for a frequency jump of 25kHz, after which buffer stage. frequency. At a range of 2.5tlIIz, spectral
the actual value of the frequency is ±6% of The output level of the oscillator is -15 lines appear, which are attenuated about
the target value. The loop bandwidth was dBm. Fig. 6 shows the spectral characteris- 70dB. These values depend very much on the
caculated to be 72l-Iz. tic of the oscillator signal at a frequency circuitry layout.
The VC0 comprises a controllable Colpitts ±50kHz off the carrier frequency. In com-
oscillator with the Trl transistor and a buffer parison to this, Fig.7 shows the same curve,
stage with the Tr2 transistor. The varactor hut with a closed control loop. As can be
diode is coupled with the oscillator circuit seen, the noise ratio is reduced and the
LI. C6. and C7 via C2. It is grounded to BF spectral lines appearing in the reference
via CI, so that the oscillator can he control- frequency range are attenuated more than Refe-ence
led with the voltage doubler integrated in 80dB. Fig.8 shows the phase noise at a 1Be:.t. R.: Theorie and Anwendungen des Phase -
the TBB200. frequency 101Iz to 100kí-Iz from the carrier Locked -Loop. Arau (Schweiz) AT Verlag
>MODE 960U,í3-1-__
>U-SE TRANSFILE I'IMRX MAR o -
>SET DEVICE TO P
>DEVICE=COM2
>C gSAY-i 23f:8 í2bDAT
>COjAY 24,8 "IT
,aid Vi41. /'Jw `y
C' n n NI
Multi -function
DEW multimeters
An unusual feature of the new 80 series of
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Thirty six nanoseconds
faster than light
This article is based on refined measurements made with the
Obolensky electrical circuit arrangement which, in its various
versions, has been around since 1977. Since then various
reports on possible faster than light events with various speeds
have been made.
P T PAPPAS, ALEXIS GUY OBOLENSKY
. iK}.
41]
g,
F.,Y, .
or
I'- ..iy
á%{
.c "
..>
a.wyi +
. g V.:
T
r ,w .
1.
.ri` -4'IJLI
.
. 1tll
Tliepresent measure -
l battery was 250V, a commer-
ments indicate defi- cial photoflash battery.
nite anisotropy of the i
o Near the two base corners,
normal velocity of light, depend- - - two identical mercury relays
ing on the orientation, the time interrupt the Oholensky cir-
of the day and the polarity of the cuit, which when not excited
current. Certain practically in- i' l are normally closed and con-
I
stantaneous interactions seem ducting. Next to the two
to have occurred beyond the
available resolution of the in-
uilir . . gig relays, two signal sensor coils
are placed. The two coils were
struments. Other signals have identical. The primary coil is
been ohserved at precisely twice actually the base wire of the
the velocity of light. All the triangular circuit, passing
above measurements withstood through the axis of the coil.
the statistical analysis for an \Vhen there is a signal through
artifact effect. the wire, ie, a change in the
In particular, the anisotropy current density, an induced
discrepancy is a function of the travelling factors of the experiment and their relation signal, ie, an emf potential appears at the coil
path, which goes to zero inverse proportio- became clear, so that the experiment is terminals, proportional to the current in-
nally to the separation distance. The double reproducible in all its versions. tensity change. The induced signal was
speed light signal is similarly delayed in- The experiment employs one of the top impedance matched to 50 ohm, through
verse proportionally to the distance of fast oscilloscopes available in the market, another transformer inside the relay pack-
propagation. The coincidence and phase the Tektronix 2764. Three effects were age and connected to a high quality 50 ohm
shifts in the dual channel fast oscilloscope observed, 1) practical instantaneous coaxial line.
change in accordance to the above effects, interactions. 2) signals propagating at twice The coaxial lines from each transformer
indicating that the observed effects are real the speed of light and 3) anisotropic signals were mounted on wooden stands about
and not an effect generated in the instru- with respect to the direction. None of these 60cm above the ground and they were
ments, detectors or other media. cases were expected by the electromagnetic arranged symmetrically to each other. They
They suggest that certain signals can theory. were brought to the oscilloscope and con-
travel up to twice the speed of light. These nected through the 50 ohm inputs provided
experiments have been conducted since there. The base of the triangle, in the August
1977. Similar observations and reports have
DESCRIPTION OF TI IE EQUIPMENT
1988 experiments, was of variable lengths as
been made on several occasions by The Oholensky circuit consists mainly of a well as the 50 ohm transmission lines. For
Obolensky I. symmetrical triangle circuit, as shown in fig the base lengths of 5,10,18, and 20ft were
However, systematic experimentation 1, a battery to supply current around it. two chosen; and for the transmission lines from
with the parameters of the experiment and relays to interrupt its current and few more 35 up to 105ft lengths were chosen. The base
systematic numerical analysis of the results accessories described below. Two 60Kohm wire was a single commercial wire with a
was made for the first time during August resistors are placed symmetrically as shown plastic insulation around it. At the ends of
1988 at the Technithion/Bromion laborator- in the figure, to limit the current so that the this wire and perpendicular to it, two square
ies at Sloatshurg, New York and are pre- battery will not he short circuited and metal plates of 1.5 x 1.5 square meters were
sented here. In this way the significant destroyed when both relays were closed. The placed and made contact with the base wire.

as shown in the figure.
These metal sheets face one another and
250V dc
form the plates of a capacitor. Their function
was to enhance the signals received at the
oscilloscope. The whole apparatus was mov- 2mA
able and could he placed at various orienta-

tions. In the first series of the experiments.
Mercury vapour relays
the apparatus was placed with the base wire
facing east/ west and the two transmission
lines going south.
TI IE OBSERVATIONS
co/ct
While the experiment was in operation
one of the two relays were excited with 12V
AC at 60 Hz, transformed from the 110V Curren
mains. This caused the relay to open and transformers
close 60 times a second while the other .07 Coaxial lines ISOM
relay remained closed. The signals received
at the oscilloscope are shown on page 1164.
Obviously when one relay, say relay A figure
1, is energized the event of the capacitor
discharge is propagated via two routes to the
dual channel oscilloscope: one short route
ABF and one longer ACE route. The trigger Dual beam
was set near to zero level and what is shown oscilloscope
is the events received from both transmis-
sion lines, when either the left or the right Fig.1. A.G. Obolensky's experiment Oscilloscope is Tektronix 2764.
relay interrupted the circuit. One signal was
always inverted inside the oscilloscope, so
that the two traces did not overlap.
the length of the base wire, the ratio of the
The first thing always to notice is the fact Table 1:10 Velocity in the transmission lines
that two signals arrive simultaneously from
length of the lase wire over this time Trans. line Time lapse' Velocity
each line, with no detectable time difference.
difference, is about equal to the expected length/ft ns Km/s
velocity of an electromagnetic wave along an 74.5 36 630031
These two signals with initial almost zero 39 18.8 632155
amplitude, both increase progressively in antenna, which is close to the velocity of
39 19.3 615696
magnitude with time. Then a sudden enor- light in vacuum. 39 19 625449.6
2. This time difference relates to the 55.5 27.2 621792
mous signal appears, almost a vertical spike,
direction of the triggering relay and to the 56 28.2 608990
which changes the amplitude in the opposite 64.5 32.5 604723
direction. After these two events, dumped polarity of the DC current in the base wire,
82.5 41 613257
and according to A. Obolensky, considering 619658
oscillations, consisting of similar spikes fol- 91.5 45
low outside the range of the oscillograms,

earlier data for a given current polarity, it 108.5 53.8 614476
varies with the time of the day; and it mean velocity 619660 Km/s
until all the signals go to zero. The signals standard deviation 2764 Km/s
depends on the horizontal and vertical direc-
shown in the oscillograms relate to the event
which is caused by one of the relays inter- tions of the base wire. Time lapse between the simultaneous appearance
3. The time delay, from the moment the of the two arrival signals and the first spike.
rupting the circuit. When the circuit is first
interrupted the current st ill flows, due to the two signals appear simultaneously until the
distributed inductance; and it charges the first spike appears, is proportional to the
two capacitor metal sheets. The voltage
transmission line length. The ratio is practi-
Table 2: Clockwise and counterclockwise velocity
increases between the plates and appears cally constant and slightly over twice the Straight Time Time Velocity ft/ns
speed of light in vacuum. line/ft lapse' lapse
across the opened contacts of the relay. Due
4. Making the lengths of the transmission cw ccw cw ccw
to this excessive voltage an avalanche initi- 5.65 5.74 .8849558 .8710802
lines unequal, the two signals no longer 5
ates between the relay contacts and the 5 5.62 ns 5.78 ns .8896798 .8650519
arrive simultaneously, hut one delays with
capacitor plates discharge giving a relatively 5 5.62 5.74 .8896798 .8710802
respect to the other by the amount of time 5 5.65 5.81 .8849558 .8598452
huge instantaneous current, several orders
needed to travel the extra length at twice the 10 10.85 1125 .9216589 .8888889
of magnitude bigger than the DC current 10 10.7 11.00 .9345794 .9090909
speed of light.
flowing under steady conditions. 18 192 19.75 .9374999 .9113924
Because of the extremely weak coupling of
With the above discoveries, the values for 20 21.4 22.00 .9345794 .9090909
the signal transformers on the base wire, signal velocities along the lines, which hest mean velocity Km/s 278000 271000
only the violent event of the capacitor fit all the data are as follows: standard deviation Km/s 1800 2200
a) Two one way Maxwellian velocities C 'Time lapse between the two successive spikes.
discharge is the event recorded by the
oscilloscope. The event of closing again the
along the base of the Oholensky triangle:
contact of the relay corresponds to a current
increase from 0 to 2mA in about 100 Co = (271 ± 1.8) x 103 Km/sec, r.e. 0.7%, for depending on not properly understood fac-
nanoseconds. This is a too small change clockwise propagation tors such as direction and orientation. This
compared to the capacitor discharge in less Co = (278±2.2)x 103 Km/sec, r.e. 0.8% for uncertainty introduces the relative high
than one nanosecond resulting to a change counter clockwise propagation. error in the data compared to the top
from 2mA to several amperes and hack to technology instrumentation employed in
zero. This velocity is responsible for the relative the experiments.
The obvious puzzle is what are these two propagation delay of the huge spikes. It is a h) A practically instantaneous, non Max-
simultaneous signals, related to a common measurement of one way velocity and not wellian velocity C.or a higher velocity than
cause, but via unequal paths. Numerical the average measurement of the go and the resolution which the oscilloscope allows
analysis of the data of the August 1988 return velocity, as it is usually the average to detect, along the base of the Oholensky
experiments showed the following facts. velocity, measured in the case of light. In triangle:
1. The time difference between the two this way, the one way velocity is found
spikes from each channel is proportional to slightly anisotropic as described above and > 100C

Measurements show that there might be a Q IN
-a 4
phenomenon purely electrical signal í 18.80"f
speculate the authors that travels faster - : .. :.....Y:...o. ...o
than light. It shows up here as the simul- c'"
taneous arrival of a low level signal (at the

origin on the left of each trace) occuring
just before the relatively massive swing
that you would expect to see when the
Ar 1
't''+ M -
relay opens.
Antenna distances and transmission -
line lengths have been varied, and ever the
orientation of the set up has been altered. r
In each case, the phenomenon remains.
The pulse relay has picosecond rise and
Antenna
t
loft Transmission line 38.5ft

Y
Antenna
R
1011
r
Transmission line 38.5ft
. i
fall times. C1=2.074 x 109ft/s=632155km/s C, =2.02x 13 ft's= 615696km/s
a llr 2. 28.02 a
.,
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Antenna 10ft Transmission me 56ft Antenna 10ft Trigger south Transmission line 74.5tt Antenna 18tt Trigger west
a
C; =1.998 x 10" ft/s- 608990km/s
-i..I° 19.75 R.
C1=2 069 x 109ft/s= 630.031 km/s
t 1 tY
10.70"i
Op= 0 937::109ft/s= 285597km/s
.>< .
W.: :
11.0 0a:
f
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9
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Artenna 18ftT-igger east Antenna 10ft Antenna 10ft

C0=0.911 x :09ft/s=277672km/s C0=0.934 x 109ft/s=284683km/s Co=0.909x 109ft/s=277063km/s
a 'AS
- a._.
l e
+ +
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RI? ` . _ t "
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Antenna 51-t Trigger south
WW F Sal
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Cr,=0.889 x 109ft/s=270961 km's C0=0.871 x 10"ft/s=265480km/s Transmission line 35.5/35.5ft

,
"2 :42 su
13.11'- 42 - -1p to,.
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Antenna 5ft Trigger South Addition line length to one leg produces expected lag

This velocity is responsible for causing no twice the velocity of light along the trans- This was the reason the coaxial lines were
delay to the low amplitude signal, travelling mission lines. mounted on elevated wooden stands. It was
the base of the Obolensky triangle and found that the speed of the signals drops
through the remote transformer down the C = 1620±2.7) x 10' km/sec. r.e. 0.4% considerably as soon as the coaxial lines
coaxial line to the oscilloscope. This signal come close to the ground or to a bulky
arrives simultaneously, with the other signal This velocity is responsible for the prop- object. Analysis of this behaviour showed
travelling the shorter route, ie from the agation of the low amplitude signals at the that the speed signal in the coaxial line is
energized relay to the nearby transformer beginning of the oscillograms. The relative about twice the speed of light for the section
and via a coaxial line of the same length. appearance of these signals is proportional between the transformer and the first sec-
finally to the oscilloscope. No difference is to this velocity and to the length difference tion close to a bulky object or to the ground.
caused o the simultaneous nature of the of the transmission lines. After this section the velocity drops down to
signals, by changing the length of the base of Similarly. the relative delay of the first about its Maxwellian value. It seems possible
the Obolensky triangle. spike from the beginning of its signal trace. that several internal and external factors
c) .\ Maxwellian velocity CI close to the is affected accordingly to this velocity and to determine this non Maxwellian velocity, and
velocity of light along the transmission the length of the transmission line it prop- have to be found.
lines. which is the expected standard prop- agates. No theory available at the moment seems
agation velocity of the coaxial lines. This From the above. we see that there are two to explain these superluminal velocities. The
velocity does not affect the relative positions modes of propagation in each line. One fact that they carry low energy signals under
of all signals for equal transmission lines. mode which carries most of the energy is the special conditions. seems to be the reason
This velocity as determined from our limited normal velocity of propagation mode known that they have been unnoticed today.
data was: for these transmission lines which we call
Maxwellian mode. A second non Maxwellian
C1 = 200110 km -sec. mode of propagation with much higher REFERENCES.
velocity than the first, carrying a low energy
1. Alexis Guy Oholensky. Proceedings of "The
This velocity is responsible for the propaga- signal of the same event. However, it was International Tesla Conference Colorado
tion of the huge spikes along the transmis- found for the coaxial line to operate at the Springs. 1986 and 1988.
sion lines. Their absolute delay is affected superluminal velocity, non Maxwellian 2. Harold W. Milnes. "Faster Than Light Signals.
accordingly to this velocity and to the length mode, it was necessary not to be near bulky Radio Electronics. V. 51. No 1. p.55. 1983. (This
of the transmission lines. objects or the ground and not to undergo article came to our attention after writing this
d) A non Maxwellian velocity C. about sharp bends. report).
Wu, Chu and superconductors

Alabama and Texas are at war. Fortu- be made and promptly filed a patent with, the discovery, though he was personally
nately, the war is currently being reportedly, an extremely wide scope for meticulous in including Wu in his remarks.
conducted with words as the materials which had not yet shown repro- The down -grading of Wu's (and therefore his
weapons and patent applications and com- ducible effects at over 77°C -
the boiling university's) efforts by the press has been
mercial contracts as the prizes, but it is temperature of nitrogen. exacerbated by the DuPont contract with
beginning to warm up a little. Seventeen days later, Dr Wu at Huntsville Houston, but the two scientists have tried
Dr Maw-Kuen Wu of the University of was able to show the effect at 93°C in a to remain aloof from the wrangling. The
Alabama in Huntsville and Dr Paul Chu of sample of Y-Ba-Cu-O material and im- discoverer of the first, reproducible high -
the University of Houston are at odds (or, mediately informed Dr Chu, since the two temperature superconductor will probably
rather, their universities are) over the share had agreed to co-operate fully on the be recorded as Dr Chu of Houston with, at
of credit each of them is claiming for the research. A press conference was held a the most, a passing reference to Dr Wu. It
discovery of yttrium -barium-copper -oxygen couple of weeks later. Chu being the senior seems strange that the two IBM resear-
material which becomes superconducting of the two, he was accorded the major chers who started it all are rarely men-
at 98°K. Some of the heat in the con- share of attention and, therefore, credit for tioned.
troversy is possibly generated by the sign-
ing of an agreement between DuPont and
Houston to "commercialize superconduct-
Dr K.A. Gehring of GEC Hirst Research Centre speculates
ing products and processes based on the on the first uses of superconductivity.
discoveries of Dr Paul Chu", to quote the
local Huntsville paper The Huntsville Times. Microwave components come right at the will he a range of novel devices of which
Both the university and Dr Chu stand to top of the list of possible superconductor there are, as yet, no known details. The
receive substantial profits from the agree- applications. There are real benefits in using potential for the combination of these two
ment, particularly if a patent on the material superconductors in that you get dispersion - particular types of material is immense.
is granted. less and lossless propagation of a -m waves. It Superconducting magnets is an obvious
In January 1986, Bednorz and Muller at enables construction of higher quality filter application of these materials. Where
IBM in Zürich came up with a lanthanum - systems, resonators and so on and yet the helium technology is currently used, the
barium -copper -oxygen material which su- fabrication technology required for these new superconductors could bring benefits,
perconducted at 30°K. On the publication applications is not even as sophisticated or provided the materials problem can be over-
of this work in September 1986, Dr Chu demanding as it is for active electronics. come. The range of materials which display
reproduced the results at Houston and Superconducting quantum and radiation superconductivity at these high tempera-
detectors present a typical early application. tures is now fanning out. New materials are
mentioned the fact to Dr Wu, who had been
one of Chu's students and had subsequent- Hybrid superconducting and semicon- being discovered at a comparatively rapid
ly gone to Huntsville. A worldwide crescen- ducting devices are particularly interesting. rate.
Many of the standard semiconductor devices Japanese industry has a planned super-
do of activity ensued, with a view to
increasing the superconductivity tempera- work happily at liquid nitrogen temperature. conduct ing train. It feels confident enough
ture, the Houston group finding transient New superconducting materials close the to produce a model for public inspection on
indications of the effect at temperatures up gap. There are now perfectly accessible the platform at Tokyo railway station com-
to 100°C. operating temperatures at which both su- plete with leaflets for school children. Su-
Chu, at Houston, believed that there was perconducting and semiconducting mate- perconductivity has been brought to the
a real chance that a number of new
rials will operate simultaneously. This attention of the man in the street as well as
materials based on the IBM work could now means that 20 or so years from now there the Japanese research laboratories.
December 1988 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD 1 165

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B out
amplifiers 4 R/WB
Bread hoarding with a 50M1 -1z current -mode Clock in
RASB
feedback amplifier can he tedious due to Clock out Timing control
CASB
layout problems. Elantec has produced a
ionhnueJurerlea/
Sync. enable B
Sync Handshake
Forced reset B
control control
/ ISync.
#/
o
P°a. Sync.
input Receive
synchronizer
Transmit
synchronizer
Encryption
sync
Transmit
.7-,,.,,,ii control
'
tl L Address
generation Mult,plexer
Dram address
O ADDRESSES Elantec Marconi Electronics Devices Ltd Lightning Elimination

Microelectronics Technology Ltd Doddington Road Bandet Way
Unit2 Lincoln LN63LF Thame
Great Haseley Trading Estate 0522 500500 Oxon 0X9 3SJ
Great Haseley 084421 3204
Oxfordshire OX9 7PF
08446 8781

APPLICATIONS S
demonstration hoard that simplifies de-
velopment work with their EI;2020 mono-
Input 1
RI1 r~
Link1
System ground -} --nr-
I V
Gain adj
lithic amplifier. and five configurations that
can he made up on that board are presented
RF RO1 Output 1
in "Using the E12020 demonstration p.c.
- Link2
RG1
hoard."
This non -inverting buffer is accompanied
Co -ax ground s' RG2
by a times ten amplifier. an inverting buffer.
VOS adj
a summer and a video distribution amplifier
H
Link Link3 1
with loop -through difference input. The
Optional
CJ trace cut l 2 _ 7--I Si. Vout R02 Output 2

E12020 is a monolithic device capable of
supplying 30mAwith 500V/µs slew rate.
EL 2020
Input 2 RS
)11,
RI2 RB
--i-- RL
Computer reliability
S L -v- S An update of "The reliable operation of
computer -based systems in the office en-
vironment" is now available.
Written as an aid to "the successful com-
puter installation in the average office en-
1000
vironment", this note, from Lightning Eli-
mination, is one of a set of four covering the
I. protection of electronic systems from tran-
S sients and lightning. It explains the nature of
OFfice
11in town
environment the interference problem. presents different
solutions, and gives some guidance on prob-
Remote building I. lem solving.
overhead supply
In their introduction, the hooklet's au-
1
thors quote IBN and Bell Laboratories re-
search indicating that 88% of mains -derived
computer problems are due to spikes, ahout
30
,-Laboratory within
tight industrial zone ; 11% are due to voltage fluctuations. and
only about 0.5% are due to total power
failures. This graph, based on international
data taken from companies in America,
10
10000
Switzerland and the UK, does not include
300 1000 3000
VOLTAGE OF SPIKE
dips in the supply caused by heavy load
switching.
NEXT MONTH
Working with DSP. The fast Fourier trans- Optically broadcast telecomms. Rather than
form is one of the most universal of DSP provide point to point communications links
applications. We present an overview of the
possible routes to FFT and FIR filters and
ELECTRONICS with selected traffic to a selected route, why
not send all traffic down all optical lines and
examine ways of implementing them. Ike also & WIRELESS WORLD pick off what you need? Optical waveguides
look at strengths and weaknesses of specific JAYUACVIW [1.95 now have the bandwidth and BT Martlesham
DSP chips and the algorithms with which to Optical thinks optical broadcast has real possibilities.
program them. broadcast
telecomms
Realtime 110 control using the Z80 family. The economics of equipment hire. The true
Working with
Organising and writing software for realtime DSP cost of under used test equipment can be
I/O control challenges ingenuity if hold-ups Frequency surprisingly high. Hire and leasing options
are not to occur in the system. Multitasking
counter design look attractive for more reasons than a possi-
co -routines are much faster than single task Slow rams - ble saving in money.
cache them if
subroutines when slow peripherals are in- you can
a
volved. Speed yours. Mass storage
Caching in the chips. Cache is a way of making
developments slow, cheap DRAM look like fast, expensive
Practical design -
an electronic frequency Block SRAM. Intel's 82385 cache controller chip
counter. An 8 -bit processor lies at the heart of encryption intercepts data traffic destined for the main
techniques
this design providing exceptional versatility (
system memory and diverts it to a small, high
Economics of 1
and general usefulness. It offers seven digit equipment hire speed SRAM. Frequently used data is always
resolution to ICI Iz with a prescalar option. It kept to hand, available to the processor with-
Paradoxical
will also calculate sum, difference and ratio gyroscope - out wait states. The article describes how it is
functions. done.

Spectrum analyser using
fast Fourier techniques
Fast digital signal processors and analogue -to -digital
converters allow the design of a spectrum analyser to handle
1OOkHz signals over 72dB
PAT MEEHAN AND JO1 IN REIDY

Spectrum analysis based on swept that minimize harmonic distortion and spu- combined with the 100ns allotted for extra
heterodyne techniques is the best rious noise. The circuit shown in Fig. 2 margin, leaves only 800ns for the signal
solution for the analysis of megahertz employs a ninth -order, elliptic anti-aliasing acquisition. An I ITC -0300 easily beats this
signals. The elaborate analogue circuits filter (Fig. 3), a fast 200ns track -and -hold specification with its 200ns acquisition time
needed to heterodyne and band-pass filter a amplifier, a 1.5ppm/°C voltage reference and and 100ps aperture jitter. Furthermore, the
complex waveform would, however, strain a 3µs, 12 -bit a -to -d converter. device's 250V/µs slew rate and 8MHz signal
almost any engineer's design skills. Fortu- The spectrum analyser's a -to -d converter bandwidth ensure low harmonic distortion.
nately, designers who need to analyse lower will determine its input bandwidth and Designers typically choose a switched -
bandwidth signals have an alternative: f.f.t dynamic range: an AD7672 has a 333kHz capacitor or active -filter circuit for the anti-
techniques employing fast, digital signal maximum input bandwidth and a 72dB aliasing function. However, the high -
processors and analogue -to -digital conver- signal-to-noise ratio. It is manufactured in frequency clock used in a switched -capacitor
ters, which enable the simple construction c-mos and requires an external voltage filter injects noise into the signal, while slew
of a spectrum analyser that handles 100k Hz reference such as the 1.5ppm/°C voltage drift rate limitations in op -amps used in an active
signals over a 72dB dynamic range. AD588. The reference has force and sense filter introduce unwanted distortion. A pas-
A low-cost, high-performance spectrum terminals to ensure a high -accuracy Kelvin sive RLC filter avoids both of these problems.
analyser consists of d.s.p., an a -to -d conver- connection to the a -to -d converter. The 9th order elliptic filter (Fig. 3) has a
ter. analogue circuitry, program and data The choice of track -and -hold amplifier 100dB stop -hand attenuation with a 0.1dB
memory and interface logic. The system will depend on how fast the analyser must pass -band ripple. Although the phase re-
shown in Fig. uses a common data address
1 acquire the input signal. Since the through- sponse of the elliptic filter is not linear, its
and data bus to communicate to on -hoard put rate of the spectrum analyser is 256kHz, magnitude response is. Since spectrum
circuitry and an external processor. This there is only 3.9µs between successive con- analysis is primarily concerned with the
external processor can he the c.p.u. of a versions. But the converter's 3µs overhead, input signal's magnitude, phase errors are
personal computer, which can use its c.r.t. not of major concern to most designers.
display to plot the spectrum analysis results. Fig. 1. High-performance spectrum analys- The cut-off frequency, which ultimately
As with any data -acquisition system, a er employing a signal processor with Har- determines the upper bandwidth limit of the
spectrum analyser's performance relies vard architecture. Two -bus design im- system, is set at 100k1 lz. Plotting the filter's
heavily on the analogue front-end circuitry. proves signal throughput by permitting response shows the Nyquist limit to be in the
The designer must carefully select circuits simultaneous program and data fetches. middle of the transition band which, since
Bus grant
Bus request
Data memory address bus

OMA 0-13
I Address
Itt decode
ADSP2100
PMAO-13
Program
address bus
Program data bus

I
Program memory
8Kx24 leprom)
CY7C261x3
Dato memory
8Kx16 (static ram)
CY7C185 x 2
J Analogue
and
circuitry
a -to -d
converter
- To host c.p.u.
PM00-23
IR l
Data memory data bus
IJ
DMDO-15
Clock out Divide by N Conversion start

counter
December 1988 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESSWORLD 1169

this application has a 256kHz sampling produces a sampling frequency of 256kI Iz. process the data. First. however, the l2 -bit
frequency, is 128kHz. The filter's roll -off resulting in a total input bandwidth of data must be aligned to the processor's
attenuates frequencies above 156k1-Iz by I28k1-Iz. 16 -bit buses. The data should be left -justified
100dB. Because there is a deadhand between A timer on the system hoard produces a as far as possible, without causing an over-
100kHz and 128k1 lz, any frequencies above coxv START pulse of 500ns duration, initiating flow, to decrease the significance of bits lost
100kHz are discarded in the digital frequen- an a -to -d conversion and triggering a "hold" due to truncation after fixed-point operation
cy domain. This includes any alias frequen- for the t -and -h amplifier. Upon receipt of on the data. The extent to which data can he
cies mirrored hack into the 100 to 128kHz this pulse, the AD7672 brings its eusv output left -justified depends on the real and imagin-
bandwidth. status low. Since eusv is Anded with COW - ary growth in the first stage of the radix -2.
An ADSP-2100 digital signal processing STAR] both cs and ku remain low for the decimation -in -time f.f.t. An analysis of this
microprocessor provides all the necessary duration of the conversion. \t the end of the f.f.t. routine indicates that only a -hit
computing power for the spectrum analyser. conversion, eusv returns high, and the sys- growth is possible in the first stage when the
1
The device can execute a single instruction tem clocks data into two 74HC374 latches on imaginary data and imaginary twiddle fac-
in as little as 125ns- the fasterAl)SP-2100A the microprocessor hoard. The latches buf- tors are zero. Consequently, the sign bit
has an instruction cycle time of 80ns. its fer the converter's output data, provide (m.s.b.) of the A1)7672 is sign -extended by
parallel design and I-laivard architecture. data -bus isolation and match the A1)7672's one bit. The m.s.h. of the converter. there-
however, permit the processor to execute slower read time to the fast data access of the fore. maps into the two m.s.hs of the \1)SP-
more than one operation per instruction processor. An RC delay line compensates the 2100A data bus. In addit ion. the m.s.b. of the
cycle. For example, in one cycle the AUSP- data set-up time after eusv goes high, ensur- \D7672 must he inverted to give twos -
2100 can generate the next program address. ing that valid data is clocked into the latches. complement format. After manipulating the
fetch the next instruction. perform one or At the end of each conversion. the AÚ7672 data. the processor places the results into
two data moves, update one or two address Busy output also interrupts the ADSI'-2100. memory.
pointers. and perform one computation. indicating that new conversion results can The memory for the spectrum analyser is
This means that the it can execute a Klock he read. divided into two blocks: program and data
floating-point, I024 -point f.f.t. in 12.77 Good printed-circuit -hoard layout is cri- memory. Program memory stores the Lit.
milliseconds. tical for high -accuracy results. All analogue twiddle factors, the window coetticients and
PROCESSOR iNTEii:FACE components should he decoupled with 10µF the processor's source code. ("twiddle factors
and 0.11.1.F capacitors connected in parallel. are precalculated sin and cosine values used
The processor -to -converter interface (Fig. 2) Furthermore, the circuit should use a single to speed up the f.f.t. algorithm.) The total
must include provisions for proper timing point for analogue ground. The track -and - requirement for the program memory is
and bus isolation. The timing for the a -to -d hold and a -to -d converter digital grounds approximately 3072 words.
converter and t -and -h amplifier is derived should be the only other grounds connected The system's data memory must have
from the AUSP-2100 o.KouT, which runs at a to this point.
frequency of 8.192M1-Iz. A counter attached sufficient room for the a.d.c. samples. f.f.t.
JUSTIFYING DATA results and some housekeeping information.
to the \SUN21í10s' clock divides this signal
Source code for this application was written
by two to generate a 4.096M1 Iz clock signal After the ADSP-2100 reads 1024 samples so that the f.f.t. results "over write" the
for the AD7672. An additional division by 16 from the latches, it uses an f.f.t. algorithm to sampled data as the f.f.t. progresses. produc-
SPECTRUM ANALYSIS USING THE FFT

The f.f.t. algorithm, while not the only digital complicates this simple calculation: unless the minimum bandwidth is 250Hz.
technique, is certainly the most popular truncation interval is equal to an integer The system noise floor and resolution of the
method of measuring the power spectral densi- number of periods of the signal, the spectrum a -to -d converter limits the amplitude resolu-
ty of a signal. will be smeared. Although various windowing tion. The smallest signal to an 12 -bit a -to -d
An f.f.t. only looks at a "snapshot" of the functions may be used as multipliers to reduce converter can digitize is -72dB relative to a full
signal taken during the sampling interval (A). To this smearing, all windows spread the main scale. However, this is only true for a small
perform a continual analysis, the f.f.t. and lobe and produce side lobes. If the signal being signal on its own: in the presence of a larger
display routines must run ín parallel with the analysed should have any frequency compo- signal, the small signal will act as a dither
sampling activity. But one f.f.t. still only repre- nents in main or side lobes, then this frequency around the a -to -d converter's transition points.
sents the sample during N samples. information is effectively hidden, decreasing With a 12 -bit converter, signals with magni-
Two important considerations when using the effective frequency resolution of the f.f.t. tudes as low as -98dB will appear in the
f.f.ts are the algorithm's frequency and ampli- The rolloff of the antialiasing filter, instead of spectrum of a 1024 point f.f.t. Conversely, the
tude resolution. The frequency resolution of an Nyquist criteria, places .a ceiling on the input largest signal a system can handle is the
f.f.t. is equal to the sampling frequency divided frequency. The lower frequency is limited by full-scale amplitude of the a -to-d converter.
by the number of points in the f.f.t. Obviously, the fact that the system must sample at least When the input signal exceeds the full scale, it
lengthening the f.f.t. improves resolution, but one full period during the sampling interval. will be clipped, creating distortion in the f.f.t.
leakage, or smearing, in the frequency domain Thus, for sampling 1024 inputs at 256kHz, the
analysis.
Sample F F T
Display Sample FFT Display
1
1
r. Sequence
of events
n
uliV\ZPg8 Waveform to
be analysed
A n
A.
by
Unlike swept heterodyne techniques, an f.f.t only captures a snapshot of an input
V
'Snapshots'
of waveform
waveform. It misses any occurrences that may

happen between sampling periods.
1170
ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD December 1988
1
12V
ATT
11
TT
+5V
39k
Filter out Vdd HOLD 5V Vdd

I/p HOLO RD
Analogue Ain1
output
-12V f Vss
HTC 0300
Logic GND
(
l J
Vhigh A3in
/low
A4 in
*Vs
A3 sense
A3 force
AZZ
_T
t
T
Ain2
GNOsense A
ÁD7672
Vss GNO A4 force
0 Bal.adj.
Vref
A4sense
-
-12V VCT
CK AOSP2100
To
AO 588
4 T T 080-11
74HC374x2
Latches
C
Noise red.
OE
- -Vs *GNDsense - AGND OGND

Address
decode
Bypass capacitors
10)r & 100n D A I"\-3 LSBs
tion. However. there are some harmonics

ing what is called an "in -place" f.f.t. imple- Fig. 2. Careful design techniques must be that rise above the noise floor at -82dB. The
mentation. Total data memory requirement used with the analogue circuitry in a ant ialiasing filter. track -and -hold amplifier.
is a mere 2068 1vords. spectrum analyser. Digital and analogue and impedance mismatches are the likely
grounds must go to a common point causes of this additional distortion. Since
SYSTEM SOFTWARE the a -to -d has a -72dB s.n.r.. its contribution
it returns to the \r.tiT-INT loop. A "pass" to any harmonic distortion should be below
To develop the software for the spectrum instruction recovers the condition code -90dB.
analyser, an AIDS -2160 evaluation hoard logic status. If register AR is zero (co). then Coherent sampling and floating-point cal-
hosted by an IBM PC/XT was used. Software the program exits the loop. culations have a number of drawbacks.
consists of ADSP-2100 code to obtain the
Firstly, it is almost impossible to insure
samples. condition them and perform the FLOATING -VERSUS FIXED coherent sampling in real -world spectrum
f.f.t. routine. Code for the host PC is also -POINT AR ITI-IMETIC analysis. Second. floating-point requires
needed to calculate the twiddle factors and
The use of floating-point calculations and large software overhead. Fixed point algor-
plot the log of the relative magnitudes.
coherent sampling delivers the lowest f.f.t. ithms are much faster and easier to develop.
Calculation of the twiddle factors (for a
noise floor and offers the best frequency Fixed point f.f.ts require scaling of the
radix -2 decimation. in -time f.f.t.) requires
resolution (see box). Coherent sampling res.alts. which is easy to perform with the
the computation of N/2 cosine and N/2 sine
maintains an integer ratio between the input ADSP-2100's barrel shifter. The f.f.t. of a
values, where N equals the number of
and sampling frequency. avoiding leakage in sequence tends to he significantly larger
samples. The digital signal processor could
the frequency domain due to discontinuities than the sequence itself. according to
calculate these values using a Taylor series Parseval's theorem:
expansion. but this lengthens the time it in the time domain: f -p arithmetic mini-
mizes truncation and overflow errors. N-1 N-1
takes to initialize the system. A better
approach is to calculate the values on the PC Combining floating-point and coherent x2In1= I'SIX(k)I"
and then link them to the program memory sampling delivers low total -harmonic distor- n=0 Nk_0
at the same time as generating the source TABLE 1. CALCULATION OF TWIDDLE FACTORS
code. The Basic program listing in Table 1
calculates the twiddle factors.

Tablet is a listing of the \DSP-21001\code lo REM TWIDDLE FACTORS
20 DIM REALS(512)
necessary to read 1024 samples, window
30 DIM IMAGS(512)
them and store them in memory in bit - 40 FOR K = 0 TO 511
reversed form. The routine automatically 50 REAL = 32768!*COS(K*22/(7*52I))
initializes the imaginary data to zero. 53 REAL = REAL - .55
Inputs to the program are the a -to -d 55 REALS(K) = HEXS(REAL)
56 IF LEN(REALS(K)) 1 THEN REALS(K) "000" + REAL(SK)
converter samples and the window coeffi- 57 IF LEN(REALS(K)) = 2 THEN REALS(K) "00" + REAL($K)
cients: initial outputs are two arrays of data: 58 IF LEN(REALS(K)) = 3 THEN REALS(K) "0" + REAL(SK)
INPLACECREAL and INPLACEIMAC. The 60 IMAG = 32678!SIN(K*22/(7*512))
former is the weighted and hit -reversed data 63 IMAG IMAG - .55
samples, while the latter is zero. After the 65 IMAGS(K) = HEXS(IMAG)
66 IF LEN(IMAGS(K)) 1 THEN REALS(K) = "000" + REAL($K)
processor executes the f_f.t. these two arrays
67 IF LEN(IMAGS(K)) = 2 THEN REALS(K) _ "00" + REAL(SK)
will contain the real and imaginary frequen- 68 IF LEN(IMAGS(K)) = 3 THEN REALS(K) = "0" + REAL(SK)
cy data. respectively. 69 PRINT K, REALS(K), IMAGS(K)
An interrupt -driven inner program loop 70 NEXT K
complicates the normally smooth program 80 END
tlow. The program jumps from the Wr.\rT rNT OK
loop to the sEio'r loop when interrupted. The
software decrements the counter..wo, before

TABLE 2. ADSP-2100 SAMPLING CODE The mean -square relationship between in-
put and output is determined by the number
of f.f.t. stages. An N -point f.f.t. will have
Iog,N stages: therefore, for a 1024 point
f.f.t., there are 10 stages. While the magni-
tude of a data may grow by one hit per stage.
very often the real or imaginary data can
.MODULE SAMP_AD; grow by two hits.
.CONST N=1024, MOD VALUE -H#0010
.EXTERNAL INPLACEREAL, INPLACEIMAG; There are three possible scaling techni-
.EXTERNAL WINDOW COEFFS; ques: unconditionally shift the magnitude
.PORT AD7672 one hit right at each stage: conditionally
.ENTRY SAMPLES; shift right each stage depending on magni-
.ENTRY SERVE; tude growth: or scale the real and imaginary
SAMPLES: 1CNTL=B800000; (SET UP TRIGGERED INTERRUPTS)
AYO=N; (SET UP COUNTER) data by two bits and test for growth at each
AR=N; state. Scaling and shifting the real and
10=-INPLACEREAL; (INDEX 0 = START OF ADDRESS OF INPLACEREAL) imaginary arrays is the hest solution, since
15=-INPLACEIMAG; the first method is inaccurate due to un-
I4=-WINDO'I COEFF; necessary scaling and the second devours
MO=MOD_VALUE; (MODIFIER FOR BIT REVERSAL)
M5=1; processor overhead.
ENA BIT REV; The upper and lower hounds of the signal-
IMASK=B71000; to-noise ratio due to round -off and scaling
WAIT INT:AR=PASS AR; (RECOVER THE CONDITION CODE) can be determined by two equations:
IF EQ JUMP FINISH;
JUMP WAIT INT;
RMS (Error) N ñ x2-t'x(0.3)x
SERVE:MX0=DM(AD7672); (MULTIPLY SAMPLE BY WINDOW COEFF AND) RMS(Signal) RMS(Input)
MY0=MX0'MYO(RND); (STORE IT BIT REVERSED IN INPLACEREAL)
and
DM(IO,M))=MR1;
DM(I5, M5)=0; RMS IError) -(M-2.5)1"x(0.3)x2 h
AR=AYO-1;
RMS (Signal)
AYO=AR;
RTI; where b equals the number of bits to repre-
FINISH: IMASK=B#0000; (DISABLE ALL INTERRUPTs) sent the word, n equals the length of the f.f.t.
DIS BIT_ REV; (DISABLE BIT REVERSAL) and fkl equals the number of stages.
RTS; The program listing for the ADSP-210(
.ENDMOD;
represents data as a 14 -bit word at each
stage, with the exception of the first stage.
which is 15 hits. This gives an upper hound
of 56dB and a lower hound of 86dB. The
upper bound, however. is the better measure
of the actual results. With a spectrally pure
sinewave input and fixed-point calculations.
The noise floor is greater than -80dB up to a
maximum frequency of 100k Hz.
12V
A=1 A+i OOKS

Vin 0093n 0.54n 0-71n 0.34n Introduction to the 4:2:2 digital video tape
recorder, by Stephen Gregory. Engineer's
AD744
820 1-811m 1665m 1.558m 1614m Vout guide to the DI component -coded digital
820 AO 44 recording format, covering video and audio
2n24 3n62 3n28 3n34 2n interfaces. cassette and tape parameters. track
110k
pattern, signal processing and channel cod-
-t1V 10k
12V
ing. A final section describes the integration of
a Dl machine into two practical studio sys-
tems. ITV's experimental digital production
AT T T T facility and the Quantel digital production
centre. Since this hook emanates from Sony
Broadcast, the example chosen is Sony's DVR-
1000. Pentech Press (John Wiley & Sons), 200
Pivot point pages. hard covers. £28.
for chasing
Crash course in electronics technology, by
Lou Frenzel. 'Programmed instruction'
course beginning with basic concepts and
Aliased devices and taking the reader by numbered
frequencies stages as far as amplifers, oscillators, modula-
tors. pulse techniques. test equipment and
industrial control methods. Each chapter in-
100 128 156
cludes a statement of learning objectives and
(cutoff (sample (stop
ends with a quiz. Other volumes in the series
deal with microcomputers and digital technol-
FREQUENCY (kHz)
ogy: intended readership is in technical
schools and industrial training. Pitman Pub-
lishing, 562 pages (A4 format). soft covers,
Fig 3. A ninth -order elliptic filter delivers a - 100dB stop -band attenuation and cutoff £ 17.95.
frequency of 100kHz.
1 172 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD December 1988

Now
IRA S
The most powerful microprocessor in the world using concurrent processing.
The system is suppl ed with everything you need including:

Interface card - takes a 'short slot' in the PC and provides
link in/out and control nes. I
Cable - links the interface card to the Transputer Module.

.a.1
Transputer Module -
complete T414 based subsystem,
ta,\ supplied in its own study case.
- it dependant power to transputer if required.
I
Power supply
,
'1>
-
Development Software folding editor, OCCAM compiler,
downloader, terminal err ulator and utilities, hosted on the PC.
o , Example programs - no less than 28 fully worked examples.
On Screen Tutorials- lecrn how to use the system 'on -screen'.
LA'-`,,y. Hardware Manual -
ful circuit diagrams, timing diagrams
anI circuit descrptions
TDS User Guide -
self contained tutorial guide to using the
State of the art technology! development software.
With major computer companies "designing -in" the TDS User Manual -the reference manual for the development
Transputer, it is imperative that todays technology somvare.
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In short, the Transputer Training System gives you OCCAM.
a unique low-cost method of obtaining practical OCCAM Programming Manual - the definitive guide to
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Unpack, plug in and start learning. Everything you COl 2 Engineering Data - full specifications tor the Link
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Now with 1 price course option w additional Transputer Modules into the spare link
Attend our special 3 day course for just £200 401 connectors using the cables supplied. In this way networks
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The unique Transputer Training System has been I/O system.
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ENTER 41 ON REPLY CARL) ENTER 19 ON REPLY CARD

I '
V 1 1,r .
1
%111
- . .
IBC 1988
Technical developments seen and heard at broadcast
engineering's biennial event, held in
Brighton in September..
Inevitably, the two main talk - to receivers and peripherals for

ing points at the Interna- the home. 1 description of some
tional Broadcasting j of the technology behind the
Convention were direct satellite demonstrations appeared in the
broadcasting and high -defini- September issue. pages 845-850
tion television, with hdtv the -
(Eureka 95 a world standard?
clear leader. Of the 15 technical by Tom Ivall).
sessions, during which some The impetus to create a new
100 papers were presented, no hdtv standard arose in 1986 from
less than five were devoted a widespread feeling in Europe
wholly to advanced television that the NIIK 1125/60 system
systems while others - such as was fundamentally unsuited to
those on cameras -
included European conditions.
many papers connected with Creating an alternative system
hdtv. Interest in satellite -J h I in time to prevent 1125/60 from
systems was centred on dbs becoming established as a de
services for the UK, which are \' ` facto standard among program-
c ,1
due to begin in Februz ry from me producers has meant a
theAstra satellite. breathless scramble among de-
Outside the meeting halls, signers and manufacturers. But
.. -
although some aspects of the
the focus was on what might be
rl/"
described as the festival fringe, proposed bandwidth compress-
with its two big hdtv events. Out ion scheme were not ready for
of town. at the University of Sussex sports The trade exhibition at IBC '88 was the inclusion in the Eureka demonstrations, the
centre, was a large exhibition of 1125/60 biggest yet, spreading from the Met-opole consortium was able to show that the system
studio equipment staged by an alliance of into the Brighton Centre, the Grand Hotel worked in its entirety and indeed gave
mainly Japanese manufacturers, and and ever into a windy temporary pavilion excellent results. To this writer's eve. even
hacked up by all -day showings in the erected by the West Pier. without the motion -compensation encod-
Kingswest cinema of programme material Somewhere among the formidable fleet ing, Eureka gave significantly better pic-
recorded in the 1125/60 format. Meanwhile. of outside broadcast vans assembled on tures than 1125/60 with its Muse encoding.
down on Brighton's shingle beach, there Brighton's esplanade was this one from the Presenting an invited paper during the
took place in a specially -erected pavilion Travelling Matte Company. which de- technical sessions on the philosophy and
the first, keenly -awaited demonstrations of scribes it as Britain's only mobile compu- practice of the Eureka hdtv proposals Pieter
the rival Eureka 1250 -line system. ter graphics unit. Among its recent succes- Boegels of the Eureka hdtv directorate
I ID -MAC. ses has been Knightmare, a children's described to a packed hall how far the project
For the first time, the European consor- programme for Anglia television, combin- has progressed.
tium was showing a complete broadcasting ing a dungeons -and -dragons fantasy In some respects. he said. Europe had
chain, from studio picture sources to satel- theme with live action. Star of the show benefited from its late start in hdtv and has
lite transmission equipment, right through (top picture) was Eric the skeleton. been able to introduce the latest technology

into the system. he said. "\\e are developing some exciting and if it were up to us, hdtv could start before
Studio cameras (by BTS and Thomson) new ideas in the area of hd camcorders and the 1992 target date."
were now available and were on display in -
electronic still picture cameras ESP. But Inside the Eureka pavilion visitors were
the Eureka pavilion. So was a wide range of that's another story." shown an introduction to the project in the
production equipment, including vtrs, tele - Next year, said Boegels, would see the form of the first television programme to be
cine and slide -scanning systems, and an start of experimental hd transmissions and shot in the format, the production made by
HD -MAC mixer. Using the I ID -MAC trans- the setting up of experimental studios for the BBC at the Open University studio centre
mission standard, pictures could he distri- making programmes. fay the time of the next in Milton Keynes. Pictures were displayed in
buted by satellite, cable, optical fibre. micro- IBC in 1990, Eureka would be ready for the 40 -seat auditorium on a large projection
wave and terrestrial links. adoption as a world standard. "We're on screen and on c.r.t. sets by a variety of
Work was continuing in the replay areas. time", he said, "in fact, we're ahead of time- manufacturers in both 16x9 and 4x3 for -
AN EXPERIMENTAL DOMESTIC VIDEO RECORDER
One of the experimental consumer products In record mode, the input signal is time - To compensate for non -linearity, a test
on show in the Eureka pavilion was a mod- expanded by a factor of 1.8, giving two waveform (a linear ramp) is recorded on
ified VHS video recorder capable of record- channels. These are recorded in parallel on some extra lines added to the video signal.
ing transparently the whole HD -MAC signal. the tape using frequency modulation, with On playback, the reproduced ramp is com-
This machine has a bandwidth of over guard -bands between. On playback, the sig- pared with a replica of the original, and any
10MHz, four times that of a standard VHS nals àre expanded and combined once differences are written into a look -up table in
machine. Because the recording mode is more. ram through which the signal passes after
transparent, it can handle any type of video A residual timebase error of less than de -compression. Since the channel linearity
signal: the only circuits specific to signal 15ns has been achieved by the digital inser- changes only slowly, there is no need for
type are the sync separator (which provides tion of an additional negative -going sync rapid updating of rapid updating of the ram
synchronization) and a stage which adds signal and a 2.8MHz burst, which fix an exact : contents.
redundancy to the digital signal to protect time relationship that can be used by the Unweighted video signal -tó--noise ratio is
against tape dropouts. decoding circuits on replay. 42dB and playing time is 65 minutes. .
ORIGINAL T V LINE
Data
Chrominance
Luminance
I \
64ys
EXPANDED
_Sync B rst
TV
I
LINE
,
\
U, V
B5Ns
123.7Ns
Expansion factor 1.8
To tape deck Channel 1
Ado -d
J
D- o -a
cony Fifo Rem Filter Emph
cony
Tape/clock plt
Data (ph) Drop -out
T
Data Rom
Filter Controller
protection -0- cont-totter Tape
Drop -out
Data (reel
Tape/clock pit
I e I
Sync w A -to -d D-toa

seperator cony Ram
cony Filter Emph Fm
Channel 2

mats. Pictures were originated at 1250 lines,
50 fields, progressive scan: a compression
ratio of 4:1 is required to make this signal
format match the MAC channel.
Providing the pictures were three outside
broadcast vans plus a large amount of associ-
ated equipment, including an optical fibre
link and satellite transmission simulators.
In the neighbouring exhibition area, further tab
equipment was available for display and
demonstration.
1125/60
Another fibre link, this time provided by
British Telecom, was used by the 1125/60
manufacturers to demonstrate two-way live
hdtv pictures over the 75km between Bright-
./
on and the SVC Television studio in Wardour
Street, London. To preserve studio picture
quality, a bandwidth in excess of 1GHz is
required; and BT achieved this by transmit-
ting chrominance and luminance separately
on a pair of 565Mbit/s lines.
The pictures were of excellent quality:
though it is fair to say that it would have
been hard for them to be otherwise, given
the availability of gigabits of link capacity.
Getting good pictures through a standard
satellite channel is a much more impressive
trick. However, the winners here were un-
doubtedly the telephone users of Brighton,
who were to gain the use of the new fibre as
soon as the IBC demonstrations were over.
Introducing the 1125/60 exhibition. Bill
Connolly, the group's technical spokesman,
o
m
A 1250 line hdtv picture looks more like a spun about itself. As the mask rotated, the
said that a clear separation needed to be
35mm slide presentation than a raster girl's face could be seen inside -out and on
drawn between the requirements for pro-
scan image. Vertical scanning at 100Hz the back of it. Contours could be exaggerated
duction and transmission of h.d.tv. Refer-
ring to moves in the US towards a 1050 -line
eliminates present-day flicker problems. -
too guffaws rose from the audience when
the cursor landed on the unfortunate mod-
advanced television system, he pointed out
el's nose and drew it out to Pinocchio-like
that 19 standards were still under considera- the 48kllz, 16 bit consumer format, were
proportions.
tion there. The 1125/60 system was available also included on the tape, together with
here and now.
Another image computer newly developed
time -code and cue tracks.
by Sony was capable of deleting movement
And indeed the association was showing
equipment by some 29 manufacturers - fron an image. One one screen, a toy train
VIDEO TECI INIQUES was seen trundling around a figure -of-eight
certain of whom, like Quantel, also had a
loop of track. On the other screen, only the
foot in the Eureka camp. Among this equip- An interesting look into the future of video
ment s as a pair of cinema-size projection
track and scenery were visible; though, after
technology came in a presentation by M.
Mr Morizono had drawn attention to it, it
displays, by Eidophor of Switzerland and Morizono, deputy president of Sony and the
was possible to see at times the faintest
General Electric of the US; a Panasonic man responsible for the introduction of the
135 -inch diagonal front -projection set and a
suggestion of the train's moving shadow.
U-Matic vcr. Referring to the proliferation of
The computer could execute the same
54 -inch back -projection set by Hitachi; a vcrs in both consumer and professional
real-time h.d.ty 35mm laser film recorder by spheres, he urged industry, manufacturers
trick in reverse, showing only the moving
the Japanese manufacturer NAC (not to be
portion of the picture. This took the form of
and users not to allow a diversity of formats;
a black screen containing nothing but the
confused with NEC); an electron -beam re- this would create severe problems. To some
image of the locomotive, plus whatever lay
corder by Sony suitable for archiving (it it must have looked as though his plea had
in its shadow - it looked as if it were
could record a bandwidth of 46MHz, laying come a little too late. Ideally, he said, a single
illuminated by a single spotlight.
down RGB triplets of pictures on black -and - vcr format (presumably digital) would he
white film): and a Sony standards converter capable of covering all applications, and
giving an output in PAL or SECAM, the first
MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY
such a machine should he developed in the
such device to use motion -compensation for long-term future. Meanwhile, vcrs for elec- Despite the arrival on the consumer scene of
reduced flicker. tronic news gathering needed to become teletext receivers equipped with "full Level
Also shown was an analogue h.d. video lighter, smaller, more rugged and reliable, One facilities" (i.e. Fastext, with its page -
recorder by Sony, which used 25mm tape and lower in power consumption. linking feature) and with memory stores for
and gave a playing time of 63 minutes with Turning to the field of image processing, as many as 80 pages, pressure for shorter
20M Hz luminance bandwidth. Timebase Mr Morizono showed some fascinating re- access times has continued. At the broadcas-
correction of up to five horizontal periods corded examples of recent work by his ter's end, this had meant inserting teletext
was built in. Still more remarkable was a company. The first illustrated the interim on more lines per field. Since the field
digital vtr which used 25mm metal particle results from an experimental real-time pic- blanking interval cannot be increased,
tape and gave a total recorded data rate of ture manipulator using high-speed parallel broadcasters have had to consider moving
1.188Gbit/s. Tape speed was 805mm/s, drum processing. It began with a still image of a some of the test and other signals they
speed 7200 rev/min and video sampling rate girl's face. By placing a cursor over selected currently radiate during this period, to make
was 74MHz (eight hits) giving 30M1 Iz lumi- areas, the operator pulled the image forward way for more teletext.
nance bandwidth and 15MIIz each for R -Y into three dimensions, like a mask, as could A paper by C.R. Spicer and R.P. Hubbard
and B -Y. Eight digital audio channels, using be seen when the image was tumbled and of the BBC described an economical method
December 1988 ELECTRONICS& WIRELESS WORLD 1177

of telescoping three lines' worth of test
signals into one. Up to now, lines 19/332
have been used for insertion test signals
(pulse and bar, staircase waveforms etc. for
the monitoring and automatic control of the
national network) and line 21/334 has been 4
used (by both BBC and ITV) for distributing
text information about the network for
presentation and other purposes.
The new signal, which appears on line
21/334. includes the suhcarrier component
and staircase during the even field only
(334); in the odd field (21) are a colour -bar
waveform and eight bytes of data. At the end
of line 334 is a data component consisting of
a four -hit clock run-in followed by eight
bytes of data. Clock rate is 5M1 lz, locked to
line frequency. Five of the bytes are for
,
communications; one is reserved for syn- + '4
chronization and housekeeping, and the

remainder are for audio monitoring.
Line 21
10,us bar 2Tpulse 10Tcomposite

pulse Having largely won the battle of lightweight, portable cameras, charged -coupled image
sensors are staging a take-over of general-purpose studio cameras, as in the
LDK900
from BTS. Three matched cods are used, as against just one in cameras for the
consumer
market. Ccds give noise -free pictures in poor light and do not suffer from the lag which
afflict tube cameras; but experts say ccd pictures are still marginally inferior when
viewed on a studio monitor. However, Plumbicons and their equivalents continue
Staircase with to hold
140mV subcarrier a monopoly in hdtv: high -resolution cods are still some years off.
areas. Through a spread -spectrum techni- with the existing fm services.

que assisted by the creative use of multi -path The system's tolerance of multi -path was
700mV subcarrier signals, the scheme promises to provide a due to the provision of a guard -period after
Line 334 bus containing up to 16 digital stereo signals each symbol to allow for delayed reflections.
1
which listeners would select on an uncom- Shadows in the satellite coverage could
plicated fixed -tuned receiver simply by therefore he filled by terrestrial repeater
pushing buttons. stations operating on the same frequency.
- lnother possibility would he a ground -based

New source coding methods make it
Audio monitoring and data,
possible for a stereo programme to he network provided by transmitters sited on a
component digitally coded, together with an associated triangular lattice pattern. Provided that
data channel, at a gross rate of about receivers were not subjected to long -
This last enables the network operator to
250Kbit/s. One possible transmission format delayed. strong signals, they would he un-
ensure that the sound signal accompanying
consists of a comb of 448 mutually overlap- affected.
the picture is the correct one and is at the
ping carriers spaced 15.625kl-lz apart (televi- The first demonstrations of this system
correct level. The insertion test equipment
sion line frequency). giving a total band- were given to broadcasters attending an EBU
measures the peaks of the programme sound
width of 7111-1z. Using a technique known as meeting in Geneva three weeks before IBC.
and transmits them in coded form using the
two bytes. At each monitoring point. these
convolution -coded orthogonal frequency - An experimental transmitter had been set up
division multiplex, coidm, this yields a use- on a television tower, simulating a satellite -
are checked for an acceptable match. Tests
ful data rate of 5.8Mbit/s. A feature of this delivered service. Delegates were able to
showed that the experimental equipment
system is that the transmitted spectrum sample the system during car rides around
could detect differences in modulation level
resembles Gaussian noise, which means that the city. No interruptions to the service were
as small as 0.25dB.
its potential for interfering with analogue experienced under bridges or behind build-
DIGITAL AUDIO radiotelephony services is 25dB lower over a ings and no changes in reception quality
4kl-lz bandwidth than for other types of were reported: all rated reception quality as
IBC was very much dominated by television signal. "excellent".
technology. hut a technical session on digit- In answer to a question later from the DTI, An advantage of cofdm was that it could
al audio produced information on recent Paul Ratliff explained that because of the work with satellite signals nearly 7dB weaker
developments in the digital radio broadcast- signal's television -like characteristics, it than were necessary for standard fm. Receiv-
ing scheme which is being developed as one could he transmitted on a conventional uhf ing antennas for the service could include
of the European Eureka projects. Presenta- television channel. Unfortunately. the flat plane types stuck to car or lorry roofs:
tions by Paul Ratliff of the BBC Research carefully -planned uhf spectrum in the UK and for portable sets, a small pointable helix
Department, Daniel Pommier of the French was heavily occupied already (and will be still - though some members of the audience
research centre CCETT. and by Ch. \\'eck more so if the Government's plans for a were evidently unhappy with the latter idea.
and Gunther Theile of the Institut für Channel 5 and Channel 6 are put into effect). A receiver for the service could he with us as
Rundfunktechnik in \Vest Germany de- A problem would arise with the frequency a consumer product by the early 1990s. said
scribed the coding methods under consid- offsets employed by the broadcasters to Ratliff: "By the next IBC I hope you will
eration for this new service. reduce co -channel interference. It would he experience its sunrise."
The aim is to provide a universal radio impossible to maintain a half-line offset to
service capable of reception on fixed sets or all potential interferers. For national ser-
on the move, and which is free of the vices a single block hand would he needed, Details of the IBC programme are available
drawbacks of present-day fm broadcasting. for which satellite distribution would he
from lEE Conference Services. 01-2401871.
Besides the tuning problems so discourag- attractive. A minimum requirement of Further reports from IBC appear in this
ing to listeners. these include multi -path 4-8M1 lz was being looked for, ideally all over month's Satellite Systems, Radio Broadcast
distortion and signal cancellation in built-up Europe: the service could not he interleaved and Television Broadcast columns.
1178
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output of a p.c.h. cad system. The impossible using countdown
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I
independent control of arming and

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True -event triggering, independent
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hotline installat ion assistance.
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Tel: 091 52gí:15í I.
Piezoelectric rubber
Training system for -y
in sheet form
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I I
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1
MATERIALS AND WOULD
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CHASSIS RELAYS (5A contacts)
1Pale C/o 100VDC or 6VAC £0.50
3 Pale C/o 24VDC £0.50
2 Pole C/o 100VDC f0.50
PLUG-IN ENCLOSED RELAY

3 Pole C/o 6V DC £2.00 ea.
POTENTIOMETERS (min. 10 per value)

10mm Vert Skeleton Carbon
100R, 2 K2,220K,680K. MIN. PUSHBUTTON SWITCHES
£1.00 per 10 13 x 10mm 2301 DPNO £0.25 ea.
2302 DP1NO-1 NC £0.25 ea.
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100R,220R,1 K,2 K2,4 K7, POTENTIOMETERS (p.c. terminations)
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£1.10 per 10
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10mm Hor Skeleton Carbon PR16PCS as above but fitted 2A on/off 6.3mm 2 Pole Metal Case £0.60 ea.
100 R,3 K3,25K,220K,330K, switch. 47K Log. 1M Log, 1MLin. f0.40 ea. 6.3mm Line Socket £0.75 ea.
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TAYLOR RF/VIDEO MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS
MEASUREMENTS UNAOHM EP741FMS
FIELD STRENGTH METER/SPECTRUM ANALYZER
MADE EASY Frequency
Range:
Continuously adjustable via
IF
Band I
38.9MHz
a
46 to 106MHz
geared -down vernier as follows:
FM Band 88 to 108MHz
Band Id 106 to 290MHz
Band H 290 to 460MHz
Band U 460 to 860MHz
1~1 inpamirin r+r>i cffl!'íiM Pnm Frequency
Reading:
TV Bands
FM Band
-4
-5 digit counter with 100KHz resolution
digit counter with 10KHz resolution
Reading Accuracy: reference Xtal +/-1 digit.
9r=;- 1
oio0 Function:
TV Monitor
NORMAL: picture only
ZOOM
J
2 to 1 horizontal magnification of picture
:
picture + line sync pulse (with chromaburst if TV signal

:
L is coded for colour]

Panorama: panoramic display of the frequency spectrum within the selected
band and of tuning marker.
Panorama Adjustable expansion of a portion of the spectrum around the tuned
®
(13 '113" 0i
ñ® Expansion:
Analogue
frequency.
20 to 40dB. Static measurement of received signal. Scale calib-
e Measurement: rated in dBuV [at top of picture tube] to rms value of signal level.
DC/AC Voltmeter: 5 to 50V.
Measurement 20 to 130dBuV in ten 10dB attenuation steps for all bands;
Range: -60 to 130dBuV in nine 10dB steps for IF.
Measurement ANALOGUE: brightness stripe against calibrated scale
Indication: superimposed on picture tube. The stripe length is proportional
to the sync peak of the video signal.
Video Output: BNC connector. 1Vpp max on 75 ohm.
DC Output: +12V/50mA max. Power supply source for boosters & converter
TV Receiver: tunes in and displays CCIR system I TV signals. Other standards
upon request.
Additional [1) Video input 75 Ohm. (2) 12V input for external car battery.
Features: [3) Output connector for stereo earphones.
Price: £1344.00 exc. VAT and Carriage.
UNAOHM FSM5987 T.V. FIELD STRENGTH METER

INPUT
Sensitivity: from 20dBuV to 110dBuV (-40dBmV to 50dBrrW) or 10uV to 0.3V,
in eight 10dB steps.
Reading: dB reading proportional to peak value for video signals; proportional
to mean value for AM or FM sound signals. For both signals scale
calibrated to rms value and expressed in dBuV. Two more scales are AO
available: volt from 0 to 50, and ohn from 0 to 2000 ohm. Battery w
status is also provided.
Accuracy: +/- 3dB for bands E. III +/- 6dB for bands H & IVN
Impedance:
I
75 ohm unbalanced; DC component blocked up to 100V.

,.. \dByV.."
II/II rim minim meta 'y
FREQUENCY 15x !SIT
Range: 46 to 860 MHz as follows: Band I 46 to 106MHz r
III 106 to 206MHz
H 206 to 460MHz
IVN 460 to 860 MHz
Reading: 4 digit LCD readout. 100KHz resolution
Price: £378.00 exc. VAT and Carriage.
p n
UNAOHM EH 1000 TELETEXT AND VIDEO ANALYZER
Function: Pattern: display of RF and video-frequency teletext signals by
Eye
w,n1S n1. means of eye pattern diagrams both in linear representation and
4/11 lissajous figures (0 and X]. Line selection: display of video signals
and line by line selection. Measurement of modulation depth.
e
11m
ó Teletext: monitoring of teletext pages.
RF Input: Freq. Range: 45 to 860MHz. Frequency synthesis, 99 channel
recall facility, 50KHz resolution, 30 channel digital memory. Level:
x 40 to 120dBuV; attenuator continuously adjustable. Indication of
- n,1<
,. the minimum level for a correct operation of the instrument.

Impedance: 75 ohm. Connector type: BNC.
Video Frequency Minimum Voltage: 1 Vpp. Impedance: 75 ohm or 10K ohm in case
Q,a:u1u .,m N
r Input: of a through-signal. Connector type: BNC.
pI10
V' S
GC-0 ;
Teletext Input: Voltage: 1Vpp/75 onm.
A
- Teletext Clock
Input:
Voltage: 1Vpp/75 ohm. Measurement: Aperture of eye pattern:
linear or Lissajous figures, selectable. Indication: directly on the
picture tube. A calibrated scale shows percentage of eye pattern
aperture. Error: the instrument introduces an error of < 5% with
video input and 20% with RF input. Jitter on regen'd dock: <25ns.
Line selector.. Selection of any TV line between the 2nd and the
625th scanning cycle by means of a 3 digit thumbwheel switch.
Oscilloscope: VERTICAL CHANNEL: Sensitivity: 0.5 to 2Vpp/cm. Frequency
Response: DC to 10MHz. Rise time: pre & overshoot < 2%. Input
-- TAYLOR BROS (OLDHAM) LTD. Coupling: AC. Input impedance: 75 ohm/50pF.
TIME BASE: Sweep Range: 20 to 10ms [1.1/2 frames); 32;
BISLEY STREET WORKS, LEE STREET, 64/192us [1/2; 1; 3 lines]. Linearity: +/-3%. Horizontal Width:
OLDHAM, ENGLAND. 10 divisions; x5 magnification.
TEL: 061-652 3221 TELEX: 669911 FAX: 061-626 1736 Price: £1670.20 exc. VAT and Carriage.
CCP
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High power bench PSUs from Digital storage from
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Current to 30A, voltage to 110V J

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Wide model range, 22 versions
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Analogue or digital meters, rack mount together
IEEE-488 interface option Full cursor measurement facilities
The TRIO connection. Trio is a trade name of the giant The TRIO connection. Trio is a trade name of the giant
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Tel: (0bs480) 6357E174LE.0 Tel: (0480) 63570

The v.s.w.r. enigmaThe standard explanation of standing waves contains a
fallacy, in that power does not go anywhere it is a rate, -
not an EM wave.
P.R. BUCI IAN
Among the many chapters and articles To illustrate this argument in more detail: where a+jI'd = cos(3d + jsin(3d.
written in hooks and journals that deal a practical transmission line will be de- E = -32541° volts
with transmission lines, it is rare to scribed which has dimensions and charac- The reflected voltage is
find a lucid and factual explanation of the teristics giving the line a high v.s.w.r. The
phenomenon of standing waves. Standing line will have a generator at one end and a E -=2L(Z,-Zr-J1se
waves exist, there is no doubt, hut are of no load at the other and will be looked at under r
consequence to some and anathema to steady-state conditions, calculating the va-

=2754)°volts
others. What is clear is that there is a rious input and output impedances, the
misunderstanding about how they occur. value of voltage and current and the dis- I+ and I-
-0.542 4i)°A and 0.485 41°A.
are
what they are and whether or not something tribution of energy throughout the length. Interesting manipulation with these num-
should he done to avoid their presence. The line will he considered to have no loss bers shows for instance that E+ + E- = E,
A study of standing waves can be fascinat- and he of such a length that allows relatively or that 1+ -
I- = Ir. The v.s.w.r. indicates
ing and. with care. reveals that they are not straightforward figures and calculations. I that Emax must he 600V somewhere along
what most texts suggest. I'he greater under- hope it will become clear that there is no
standing gained from the study will give power dissipation of any kind except in the
Is
confidence in deciding what steps. in certain load. and no power in the standing wave. I E Ir
circumstances. should he taken to avoid or A suitable length for ease of calculation is

eliminate them. one half wave. At a frequency of 3.5 MI-Iz 5í:' Es
1'E-
E Er Z
Reading. which admittedly has not been (X = 85.7m). the line length will he 42.9m.
exhaustive but nevertheless has been fairly
wide. reveals that except for two articles"-.
Terminating the line in a 50f non -reactive
load at the receiving end and with a gener-
2
the stock explanation is that some of the ator of 100V. 509 output impedance at the z I
la)
forward power is not absorbed by the load sending end describes a long but perfectly
and is reflected hack to the generator. (the practical transmission line. A line composed
I=1L°Amps
suggestion is still to be found that this of conductors 1mm in diameter, spaced
reflected power is absorbed by the generator
on return31 from where it is sent once more
75mm between centres has a surge impe-
dance of 600íl. Capacitance of the line will
504° Ohms >\ I=-1L°Amps
50L°v I -50LV 150L°Ohms

hack to the load where a little more is he 5.5pFrn and inductance 2.0 -lm -I. Fi-
I l
1004° Volts E=600/180°V
ahsorhed. the remainder again returning to gure shows such a line.
1
the generator end. This to-and-fro journey Looking through the calculated results
continues until the power is finally used up shows
lb)
or radiated. The standing wave pattern, it is
said, is caused by the adding and subtracting Z -Z Zr+jZtan(3s
Z+jZrtan(3s
ohms I=029Amps
of the power due to the in and out of phase
components as it journeys along the length
of the transmission line.
where (3=27r/X=0.0733 radians; tan (3s=0. 5 Zá 600 Ohms -
E=173 volts
The misunderstanding here is that power
has direction which, by definition. it does
Therefore Z,=60(150+L-50411° ohms
600+j0
not. Power is the rate at which energy is
expended. What is actually propagated along
- II
W`.Wát1cm
I-
w'rwátl29m
a transmission line is a plane electromagne- Es- volts
E'ZR+Z lc)
tic (EM) wave1.5, constrained to follovl the
path taken by the line. An EM wave has =504íf° volts
electric and magnetic components which
are perpendicular to each other and will he E,
and I5= -1.04)°A. o coon
familiar to the radioamateur". Zg+ZS T

The wave possesses energy; potential Sao+cow+---
The line obeys the theoretical characteristics
energy in the electric field and kinetic
of a hall -wave line by having an output
energy in the magnetic field. Travelling
impedance the same value as the load. At the
through space or along a transmission line. Fig. 1. Showing the 600f1 line with the
receiving end. Zrt = Z1,=504)° ohms. The
there is an exact balance between electric various voltages, currents, and impe-
calculated voltage is
and magnetic fields. lalf the energy is in the
I
da-ices along the line.
electric field. the other half in the magnetic Er= E,cos(3x -j I,Z,1sin {3x
field. where x = = 42.9m.
If the wave enters a different medium,
s --.),I 1mm If
there is an immediate redistribution of
energy. Since no energy can he added to the Er= -50411°volts
wave as it enters the new medium: the only
and the current I, = -Í.0/(I°1-1.041°\. In
way a new balance can take place is for some
addition to these parameters there is the
of the impingeing energy to be rejected. This calculated forward voltage E which
75mm
is
does indeed take place and the rejected Z 600 Ohms
energy is seen as a reflected wave. Study of
light waves show the same behaviour and; of E Fig. 2. Some of the calculated voltages,
course. light waves are an exact analogy of
E+=17.r-Z1r+Jlid currents, and impedances found along the
ZLr
radio waves. line under steady state conditions.

the line and perhaps it will he no surprise to
Is Ir
find that at a quarter wave along the line
E+ + E- = 600V.
(Ar
Es Zo=6000hms- Er
EA/4 = Escospx-j1,Zosinpx L
=E,101-j 1.0Z)°x600x 1 \
=6002 90° volts
The current, of course, is affected by the
E9(r-\_,2
z
_s --il
s.w.r., hut instead of being twelve times
greater it becomes only one twelfth of I. 1.-- 1. -d -
which has been shown to he IA. It has been
assumed that the reader has instinctively
Fig. 3. The line showing voltages and
currents that would be present on a 600
Biosensors
noted that the v.s.w.r. is 12. ohm line feeding a load that was dissipat-
An important factor which has not been
mentioned is the coefficient of reflection.
ing 50W; also the points at which the
energies were calculated.
for diagnosis
For this line it is 0.846. indicating that about
85% of the energy is reflected. How, then, Is Aconsortium formed by Plessey.
can 50W be dissipated in the load? It is the Cambridge University and Fisons
energy to which attention should he turned has started work on the development
to understand what is happening. of hiosensors, which are electronic/
Consider the energy arriving at the load biological devices for the detection
and analysis of biochemicals. There is
1VF = 1/2Cx(E+)' a huge potential market for such
=12.5µJ devices in diagnostics and analysis.
and the energy reflected Biosensors consist of a thin film of
Fig. 4. Indicates the mechanical features of protein on the surface of a substrate.
Wt;= t/2Cx(E-)2
the line and the distribution of inductance The film interacts in a known way
=8.92µJ
and capacitance. with the biochemical of interest. its
This is the energy in the electric field, the electrical, optical or mechanical char-
energy in the magnetic field being exactly acteristics being changed by the in-
of visualizing this is to imagine a tube or
the same since it has the same fonvard and teraction. Depending on the type of
column of energy moving from the gener-
reflected values. The difference between the property modification undergone, the
ator to the load surrounded by a pulsating
forward electric field energy and the re- microelectronic device on the subs-
exterior which has no forward or reverse
flected energy is 3.6microjoules; the differ- trate will then convert the informa-
movement. i.e. a standing or stationary
ence between the forward magnetic field tion to an electrical signal for further
wave. The amplitude of the stationary wave
energy and the reflected energy is the same. processing. Examples of properties
is, of course, dependent upon the v.s.w.r.,
Since the energy was calculated using the that might he affected by an interac-
and. incidentally, the frequency of the pulsa-
forward and reflected voltages and currents. tion are conductivity, capacitance.
tion is twice that of the frequency in use`.
it is a simple matter to discover what optical absorption or refraction, or
This, then, describes a transmission line
voltages and currents are associated with 3.6 density, which could be detected by a
with a fairly high v.s.w.r. If full output power
microjoules (electric) and 3.6 microjoules change in vibration characteristics.
were used (400\\') 1.200V would he found at
(magnetic). The substrate could even he of several
a quarter wave along the line, enough to he
The answer is that the electric field vol- types to detect and analyse multiple
an embarrassment in certain circumstances.
tage is biochemicals simultaneously, a capa-
I lowever. in theory the v.s.w.r. should not bility needed in the detection of speci-
present any real problems on an open line of
V2W- 175 volts fic bacteria, viruses or antibodies.
Cx this type. In practice. problems do occur The obvious application of such
because of imbalance of line voltage and devices is in the medical field, where
currents causing the line to radiate. possibly rapid analysis of body tluids could he
V=0.29A causing interference to domestic equip- carried out by a GP, the sensor in this
ment, and sometimes preventing the anten- case forming part of a small instru-
It is no coincidence that this is the voltage na performing at its best.
and current that would he found on a
ment for signal analysis, computation
Please note that this article describes a and display; in such an application.
600ohm line feeding a load that is dissipat- transmission line carrying energy where the biosensor itself would he cheap
ing 50\V! The fact is that wherever the sufficient time has passed for the line condi- enough to be a disposable element.
energy is calculated on this line, the voltage tions to have reached a steady state. Other uses envisaged by the consor-
in the electric field will he 175V and the
tium lie in the food industry. the
current 11.29\ in the magnetic field.
biotechnology sector and for the de-
Calculate the energy at points along the
tect ion of explosives and gases.
line and it will he clear that as the distance
A five-year programme of research
increases from the generator so does the
is receiving support from the Depart-
energy. Increasing with the energy is the
ment of Trade and Industry, the goal
passage of time. Take the energy and the
being the development of a sensor for
time together at lcm along the line from the References multiple chemicals in the analysis of
generator: the energy is 0.82 nanojoules 1. luhert Woods. I lam Radio. October 1972.
I
blood. It is expected, though. that
(electric) and 0.82 nanojoules (magnetic), 2. S. Gihilisco (\VIGV/4). Ilam Radio. August
simpler devices will emerge during
elapsed time is 29 picoseconds and dividing 1981.
the research.
energy by time gives the rate of flow of 3. \V.I. Orr (\\'6SAI). Radio Handbook 23rd Edi-
energy. i.e. 25 joules per second or, for total tion. ARRL.
4. Skilling. Fundamentals of Electric Waves.
energy. 50 joules per second. Try again at the
p.147. 2nd Edit ion. John Wiley.
receiving end of the line. where elapsed time 5. RSGB Radio Communication Ilandhook. 4th
is 0.143 microseconds, total energy 7.15 Edition 1972. p.13.2.
microjoules and. once again 50 joules per 6. ARRL Antenna Ilandhook. 14th Edition 1984.
second. This clearly shows a flow of energy p.11.
from generator to load of 50 joules per 7. L.111oxon (G6XN). I -1.F. Antennas for all Loca-
second. The load is dissipating 50\V! One way tions. 198i.

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December 1988 ELECTRONICS +S WIRELESS WORLD 1187
rFtEDBACK
the wavefront is exactly equal to implies the construction of some quo, or the likely jubilation of his
The Catt the current flowing out along purpose-built hardware, and in professional rivals.
There are times, indeed, when
Anomaly one conductor and hack along
-
the other in fact, it completes
most large organisations. those
who will design and construct the inventor, in this situation. is
the circuit: what could he more this hardware are likely to he likely to wish, wholeheartedly,
I was surprised to learn (EWW
remote from the original inven- that he had kept his ideas to
August 1988) that my solution to logical? Ivor Catt and colleagues
tor. It is also quite probable that, himself.
Ivor Catt's anomaly (March (WW March 1979, p67) thought
for reasons of inadequate senior- J.L. Linsley food
1988) does not satisfy Gauss's that such a current would lead to
I
ity, or of departmental isolation, Taunton

Law, especially as I derived it a magnetic field ahead of the
the original inventor may not Somerset
from Gauss's Law. Alan Robin- wave, but this is not correct, and
son (October 1988) has already comes from a simplistic view even he able to attend the
numerous committee meetings
supplied the explanation: elec- based on magnetic fields circu-
trons flow to and from the exter- lating round currents in wires. which decide the nature of the Magnetic
nal circuit at exactly the rate In the same article, they also
required to provide the charge confused displacement current
actions to be taken and supervise
their progress, or even he in-
Wagner
with displacement current de- formed of their decisions. Thomas Hoag wrote an interest-
Gauss requires.
that the nsity, which in a perfect step Iluman inquisitiveness being ing letter in the July issue mak-
My original point was
what it is, the inventor may ing a wonderful analogs' between
electrons entering or leaving do wave has become infinite. Hence
nevertheless keep a close eye on Wagner's music and electro-
not need to dash at the speed of my original question needs re-
what is actually being done, in magnetic theory. This prompted
light to charge the conductor peating: can a perfect step exist?
his name, and may he alarmed to several readers to contact Mr
(was this not the original John Matthews
see the extent to which has idea Boag with assertions of their
'anomaly'?) hut simply nudge the Exeter
has been transformed in its im- own. Mr Boag sent in a very
existing electrons into place with
a very low drift velocity. Ivor Catt
Mr Matthews very sensibly points plementation. This alarm will detailed response which. regret -
out in a covering letter that Ivor arise as much from the visible ably, we do not have room for.
is correct in believing that in a
Call s original article was in the costs of construction as from the However we are happy to send on
capacitor the charging process
predictable failure of the result- a copy of his letter by request.
takes place in a wave, as in a December 1978 issue making
transmission line, hut not that this train of correspondence 10 ing hardware to bring about the
this disposes of displacement years old. Ile adds "Should this desired result, since the odium
current. as I will explain. not he celebrated in some way?" accruing to the inventor of a Battery
failed idea is proportional to the
The charging of the line re-
quires a current to flow in each Yes. Correspondence closed. time and cost involved in its breakdown
conductor from the external realisation. Recently I had a problem with a
connection point as far as the This sad state of affairs arises NiCad cell failure. It's capacity
'I'EM wave, hut no current ahead
of the wave (as Alan Robinson so
Post inventive from two causes: firstly, that
most people like to incorporate
decreased rapidly over a few
weeks giving a shorter and shor-
clearly describes). This current
leads to a transverse magnetic
depression something 'of themselves' in
what is being done - indeed they
ter service time. Eventually it
had zero volts and current. I
field behind the wave. hut no I read with interest and sym- cannot lose by this. since if it couldn't understand why one
magnetic field ahead of the wave. pathy I leinz Lipschutz's cri de turns out well, they can claim should fail while all the the
Indeed, the TEM wave forms an coeur. 'Confessions of a Frus- the credit, while if ít doesn't. others (including much older
trated Inventor', in your March they can keep quiet. It is unlike- ones) are still going fine.
edge to both the electric and
issue, as have a number of your ly, therefore, that those who Re -reading the articles by R.
magnetic fields. It can he shown
from Ampere's Law that where- correspondents who have simi- have the task of transforming the Cooper (May, June 1985) the
ver a transverse magnetic field larly encountered the dead hand idea into reality will be content diagnosis was probably crystal -
comes to such an edge there of adm inistrat ive apathy. to leave the original scheme in- whisker shorting out the cell. So
However, there is another side tact. Secondly, it is quite prob- as a last ditch effort before dump-
must heacurrent.
The two conductors provide to this coin, which is equally able that the persons in whose ing it in the hin I temporarily
the necessary currents at the top unsettling. which is that of un- hands the work now lies may not shorted the cell across a I \ cur-
and bottom, but what about the comprehending enthusiasm. Let even understand the theoretical rent limiting supply set for an
identical magnetic field edge in us suppose, for example. that one background behind the basic in- initial 'shock' charge at 6v. A
the wave itself? \ccording to works for a large organisation. tention, and so fail to see that couple of attempts and the cell
Ampere. we should find a current and one is seized with an idea for seemingly innocuous changes was restored after a 15sec burst
here. Ivor Catt's explanation of some worthwhile technical im- may he destructive in their of charging and able to give out
the charging of a capactior is in provement, and the nature of effect. more than lA current - the
direct violation of Ampere's Law. this idea is such that its effect can The mental agony of the un - needle went off the maximum
I hate to say it. but this was be visualised by those in charge. frustrated inventor, watching scale of the meter.
the gestation of this costly 'white I suppose I should point out
precisely why Maxwell's 'in- who respond with enthusiasm
vented' displacement current. Kv and decree its instant adoption. elephant' is not likely to he les- that this technique is hazardous
conventional theory. the dis- Now, the implementation of sened by the impending 'told you and NOT recommended in ordin-
placement current flowing down most technical ideas in industry so's' of the defenders of the status ary circumstances.
1188 ELECTRONICS S WIRELESS WORLD December 1988

1 FEEDBACK Fast, flexible
digital storage
oscilloscope
After restoration I put it back ment techniques, and conclude With live processors to handle signal acquisition and display, this
in the normal trickle charger that their ears are more sensitive portable digital oscilloscope by LeCroy (model 9450) is so fast
overnight to see if the internal and reliable than test equipment. that it responds to its controls like an analogue one. Replotting the
discharge was still significant. The objectivists' reply seems to screen takes it no appreciable time at all.
The cell is still alright holding its be more testing, such as compar- Two Texas d.s.p. chips, one per channel, give the instrument a
charge and current capacity after ing output to input waveforms. bandwidth of 350MHz: but it can sample repetitive signals at equiv-
a week. This leads me to wonder but people still report hearing alent rates of up to 10 gigasamples per second, using eight -hit flash
if it would be desirable to include differences in equipment. a-to-ds. Associated with each channel is 50K -word of non-volatile
a small charged reservoir capaci- I, personally. would not dis- memory. which enables the instrument to record over extended
tance for each cell in the charger pute that listeners can hear dif- periods of time and to provide horizontal trace expansion of up to
unit to give each a burst of ferences between technically 1000 times, so that the user can capture very short-lived events and
current to break down any similar equipment: where I examine them in detail. Total memory of the instrument is 300K by
crystal -whisker growths on every would take them to task is in 16 hits. Rival oscilloscope designs have mostly been based on c.c.d.
charge -discharge cycle. their reaction of blaming the memories. which give less flexibility.
There are a lot of fancy charg- equipment and not allowing for The large -screen display is created in vector mode by a gate -array
ing units on the market that give the biggest variable in the audio processor developed by LeCroy. To plot a line on the screen, this
repetitive bursts while charging. chain. themselves. They tend to processor must calculate not only the start and end points. hut also
Is such complexity really neces- treat their ears as infallible in- the plotting speed necessary to give the required brightness. Screen
sary? Or is the reasoning based struments without applying the resolution is 4096 by 4096 pixels -a substantial refinement over the
upon electronically induced same scepticism to their hearing average Work-
cavitation in the electrolyte to as they do to the equipment they station. which gives
speed up chemical recombina- are auditioning. Subjectivists about 1000x 1000.
tion charging?
in pride themselves on examining Other Asics in the
R.S. Ratcliffe and exploring the subtle and 9500 include one
27 Shackleton Spring unconsidered interactions in au- for histogramming. .1l11
Stevenage dio equipment but all this ex- Around the edge
Herts amination of minutiae halts as of the trace display ] Z.
the sound enters the ear. There is is an area reserved 15'Tf,'

no consideration of how the for text. This can he
brain analyses sound and to what used to display and
Aural factors unconnected with sound update automatic
affect how we interpret what we measurements of
imagination hear and influence our percep- the signal. A special
tions. The human feature of the in-
Mr Self's article about subjectiv-
ism in audio was a most interest-
senses can be very misleading strument is its Up to 1000 times trace expansion is
and have proved an unreliable variety of trigger-
ing and enjoyable piece for me to possible with the 9450. Triggering modes,
foundation for the sciences. The ing modes: trigger which can be complex, are displayed
read, for it puts into words what I
'scientific method' has developed decisions can be graphically at the bottom of the screen.
have thought for some time. The
over the centuries to allow for based on signal
comment I would like to add is to The whole display can be dumped direct to
human fallibility, so making it duration or pulse
do with why 'subjectivists' hear a printer or plotter.
possible to distinguish between pattern as well as
differences between technically
real phenomena and human de- voltage level. It is possible to trigger on, for example. a brief low-level
identical equipment. Mr Self
sires. Scientific methods, such as spike submerged in a signal of much larger amplitude. Repetitive
touches on the subject in his
double-blind testing. may he signals can he averaged to recover them from noise tat speeds up to 20
article and I think it lies at the long winded and lack the gla-
000 points per second), and the trigger modes also work with
heart of the problem.
mour of subjective assessment averaged signals.
The dispute seems to have
but they do help side-step the Other functions of the instrument are handled by a 68020
built up over the years between problem of the unreliability of
microprocessor running at 35MHz, with a 68881 floating-point
people who hear differences in
the listener. Whatever method is coprocessor. Also among the oscilloscope's features are automatic
audio equipment and those who
used to assess audio equipment. set-up, an auto -calibration routine, menu -driven waveform proces-
claim you can't hear any differ-
an approach that allows for all sing functions, and remote control via GPIB or RS -232 links.
ences because the equipment in
outside influences on the sound, Promised for later is an optional FFT analysis module.
question measures perfectly. The
whether they happen in the elec- The 9450 is designed and manufactured in Geneva: price is about
'objectivists' explain their test
trical, physical or biological do- £13000. It is LeCroy's second d.s.o.: until recently. the company had
procedures till they are blue in
main, would he preferable. confined itself to producing specialized instrumentation for high-
the face but don't explain why
D.L.Chell energy physics, much of it for sale to the European research centre
people will hear differences. The
CERN. which is also in Geneva. Further details from LeCroy Ltd. 28
subjectivists are forced to resort Bramcote
Blacklands \Vay, lhingdon business Park. Abingdon, Oxfordshire
to claiming that there must be Beeston
OX l4 DV: tel: 0235-33114.
unknown audio phenomena at Nottingham
1
work, processes that are not co-

vered with the existing measure-

Multiprocessor
systems
In his fifth article, Alan Clements talks further about
devices related to linking microprocessors.
Last month's article discussed gaining

access to the VMEhus. In this final
article I will first explain how the
VMEbus is released, then detail the 68000
family interrupt requester.
Once the 68175 hus controller has gained
22
control of the VMEhus. it retains control D1
23
until it is explicitly removed from bus mas-
24 18 IACKIN
tership. The 68175 controller asserts its BRsv I ACKIN
25 AS
output to indicate its continued hus mas- 6
I ACK
tership. When the controller active -high 26
27 74 LS08
bus release input, BRE1., is asserted, control
of the bus will he passed to a new master. 28 LD7 DS
5
D5o
D7
If BREL is asserted during a bus cycle by the 37 IACKOUT
current bus master (i.e. the 68175's local IACKOUT
master), the bus -busy output, BRsv. is negated 40 16
Al
DTACK 4 LDTACK Al
to permit hus arbitration. When the current 39 3 A2
R/7/ R/W A2
bus access by the local bus master is com- 17 A3
A3
Clock [K
plete. the 68175 releases the hus by IR01
negating WET', As and STBEN. At this point. LDS 4
CSDS
IRO1
the local master can regain mastership of Local

bus
the VMEhus only by asserting oFFi5 and master 68154
requesting bus mastership. Interrupt
generator
Al -23
IRO/.
68154 INTERRUPT REQUESTER 12
l 19
RS
The interrupt requester sits between devices Aj
20
RESET
RESET
that generate interrupts and the VMEhus.
Before I came across the 68154 to he de-
scribed here. I found it difficult to under- POR
(power IRD7
stand why there might be a need for a special on reset)
interrupt requester. After all, you signal an
interrupt request by asserting one of the
VMEhus's seven interrupt request lines and
then provide a vector during the TACK cycle. 7
Like many of today's complex peripherals. BUFFEN É
the 68154 interrupt generator has more 'BD()' É

Do
21
facilities than are necessary for a minimal Gnd
29
BD1
application and saves several t.t. I logic i.cs.
.
10
Gnd 30
Figure 15 shows how the 68154 interfaces to
Gnd 32
the VMEbus.
33 74(3244
For the purpose of this discussion. assume ov Bus
34
that the 68154 has been programmed to driver
35
generate an interrupt request by setting up e
36_
the interrupt -request register Ill. The 68154 B07 D7
is interfaced to the interrupt sub -bus of the

Vb1Ehuswith a minimum of additional logic. (User supplied)
Fig. 15. Seven interrupt -request lines from
the 68154 are buffered onto the V 1Ehus by Fig. 15. Connecting the 68154 to the VMEbus.
open -collector buffers. When the VMEhus
interrupt acknowledge line, is asserted. interrupt requester located closer to slot 1 interrupt, the 58154 does not respond.
an interrupt -acknowledge message is passed has intercepted the interrupt acknow- If these conditions are not all met, the 68154
along the VDiEhus L\CKouT-IACKIN daisy -chain. ledge. passes IACKIN to I\cKunT and sends the
The 68154 responds to an (ACE cycle initi- - is asserted.
1is,t interrupt request down the VMEbus. l-lowev-
ated from the VMEhus when the following - The 3hit code on A1.3 reflects the level of er, if the conditions are met, the 68154 does
conditions have been satisfied: the interrupt reques' put out by the not assert lACKouT and begins its response to
- i.+ci is asserted to indicate that an lAci< 68154. That is. if the VNIEhus is acknow- the LACK cycle. The 68154 first clears the
cycle is in effect. ledging a. say. level 6 interrupt request appropriate interrupt request hit of its inter-
- IACKIN is asserted to indicate that no other and the 68154 has requested a level 4 rupt request register. RI. Fig. 16.

Buffer -enable output, BUFFEN, from the RO Interrupt vector number register, R1 Interrupt request register, accessed
accessed when RS=O when RS=1
68154 is asserted to enable the 74LS244
three -state buffers. These huffers put the
interrupt vector on pins BDI to BD; onto the Bit 76543210 Bit 76543210
VMEbus to provide the status/identification
byte required during as IACK cycle. DTACK is
asserted by the 68154 to complete the
LNot used I---- Not used
Level lto 7
Enable interrupts
acknowledge cycle. Clear interrupts interrupt requests
Note that the 68154 supplies a seven bit High order bits 1=interrupt
68154 -
interrupt vector. Bit Do is not supplied by the
that bit is left to user -supplied
logic. Fig. 15. Timing of the 68154's
of interrupt vector request pending
Fig. 16. The 68154's registers.

interrupt -acknowledge cycle is shown in
Fig. 17. seven of which may come from the VMEbus the 68155's interrupt level encoding
Tite local master side of the 68154 is as and six from a local source (i.e. devices on scheme. The BiCCK output from the 68155 is
unexceptional as its VMEbus interface. It the same hoard as the 678155 and its slave buffered onto the VMEbus by a tristate gate.
interfaces to the local bus master just like processor) plus a non-maskable interrupt Fig. 18.
any other memory -mapped peripheral with that maybe from a local or a VMEbus source. Before the 68155 can take part in an
an asynchronous bus interface through its Figure 18 shows how the 68155 interrupt interrupt -acknowledge cycle. it must first
seven data lines (remember that the 68154 handler interfaces to the VMEbus. the local take control of the VMEbus. By connecting
i
does not make use of no). master (assumed to he a 68000 c.p.u.) and B1CK from the 68155 to the oFFBO input of a
When power is initially applied to the local the local interrupt sources. 68175 bus controller, a bus request to the
master, its power -on -reset circuit asserts the
68154's I+ECET input. A reset operation forces
all IRo outputs plus IACKOUT high and resets
the interrupt request and interrupt vector
registers.
i
¡
The interface between the 68155 and the
VMEbus consists of nine lines, IROI.7, NDu and
(which is derived from the 68155's 131,
output). The N+u (non-maskable interrupt
request) is the highest priority interrupt
-
VMEbus is automatically made at the start of
an interrupt acknowledge cycle. When the
68175 bus controller grants use of the
VMEbus, its ¡i
bus driver.
output enables the BUCK
Before the 68154 is able to handle inter- handled by the 68155 and can be connected In addition to interrupts originating from
rupt requests, it must be set up by loading its to the VMEbus's ¡Fvl. line or to some other the VMEbus, the 68155 can deal with six
interrupt vector register. RO, with the high - interrupt source that must be non- levels of interrupt from local interrupt
order five bits of the interrupt vector. When maskable. sources. Local -interrupt IRun has the highest
the 68154 responds to an interrupt - Essentially, the 68155 detects an inter- priority and f, -k-151 the lowest.
acknowledge cycle. it loads the high order rupt request on the VMEhus by one of IRoI-,
five hits of RO onto the data hus and places asserted and asserts Bi K (bus interrupt
the interrupt -request level (i.e. to 7) on the
1 acknowledge) to indicate that the interrupt Table 2.68155 interrupt priority.
low -order three hits of the data bus. For request has been accepted. Inteirupt request level Interrupt priority level outputs
example, it the interrupt vector is 10011 and Figure 19 provides the timing diagram of IPL2 IPL1 IPL0
the interrupt level is five, the vector a VMEhus interrupt -acknowledge sequence. NMI IRS, 0 0 0
10011101 is supplied during the interrupt - The 68155 passes on the interrupt request LRQ,.I6 0 0 1
acknowledge cycle. Bit 2 of the interrupt from the VMEbus (or from a local source) to LRQ,.I5 0 1 0
LRQ,.IRQ, 0 1 1
vector register clears all interrupt requests the local master vía its encoded interrupt 1._ns,IR3 1 0 0
when set and bit 1 enables all interrupt request inputs ipt0.2 which are connected to LR .In2 1 0 1
requests when set. the corresponding inputs of the local 68000 LEICS. IRQ1 1 1 0
The interrupt -request register, RI is used interrupt handler. Table 2 provides details of none 1 1 1
to request interrupts. Loading bit of R1i

Fig. 17. Timing of the 68154's interrupt acknowledge cycle.
asserts IBoi. Suppose we wish to generate
interrupt requests at levels IRo4 and mot; and
that the interrupt vector number is 65 (i.e. IACK,IACKIN, IACK,DS,IACKIN,
from VME bus deno-e negated by interrupt handler
interrupt -vector table entry of 260). Code for start of LACK cycle to erminate cycle
this is as follows.
IACK
LEA INTGEN,AO AO points to the
68154
MOVE #65, (AO) Set up lowest IACKIN
interrupt -vector From
number VME bus
BSET.B #1, (AO) Enable the
interrupts
bf /
MOVE.B #'á,01010000,2(A)
Request interrupts on levels 4 & 6 C1-23 X IACK level on VME bus
Once the registers have been set up. the

68154 requests an interrupt by asserting the BD1-7
appropriate IRo; line of the VMEbus and then

automatically supplying the interrupt vector
BUFFEN
during the subsequent Inckcycle.
From
68154
68155 INTERRUPT HANDLER
DTACK
It is, perhaps. misleading to call the 68155
an interrupt handler since interrupts are
really handled by a processor executing a
software routine. It would have been better 68154 68154 asserts DTACK asserted
to call it an interrupt prioritizer or an request interrupt BUFFEN to put to complete IACK
vector on VME bus cycle
interrupt filter.
The 68155 handles up to 14 interrupts.

A local interrupt is acknowledged by the number, the 68155 asserts only LAACK and supply a vector number for interfaces unable
local c.p.u. asserting the iACK1)5 input to the leaves the local device to complete the to supply their own. Figure 20 provides
68155. A glance at the circuit of Fig. 18 interrupt acknowledge cycle (by providing timing diagrams for a local interrupt -
demonstrates that iAcicus is generated in the its own vector and asserting ImACK). acknowledge cycle in both the vectored
conventional way by the local 68000 setting
rc0_2 to 1,1,1 and asserting ER. The 68155
responds by reading the LACK level from the
interface components -
Note once more the versatility of modern
the 68155 permits
devices with their own interrupt vector
mode and the non -vectored mode.
68155 PROGRAMMING MODEL

68000 on its Al.:, inputs to determine the number registers to respond to interrupt - Register structure of the 68155 interrupt
level of the current interrupt. If a local acknowledge cycles, or the 68155 is able to handler is rather more complex than that of
interrupt has the highest current priority, Table 3.68155 register set.
the 68155 will respond in one of two ways.
Base A3 A2 AI Register Name Type
If the 68155 is operating in its vectored
mode, it asserts its local interrupt - +0 0 0 0 RO Pointer register write only
+2 0 0 Rl Control registers read/write
acknowledge output. LI,cK, places an inter- +4
1
LRQ vector read/write

0 1 0 R2
rupt vector number on its data bus for the +6 0 1 1 R3 LRQ mask read/write
68000 to read and then asserts LurncK to 8 1 0 0 R4 LRQ status read only
complete the bus cycle. However, if the +10 1 0 1 R5 LRQ mask read/write
12 1 0 R6 IRQ status read only
68155 has been programmed to permit a + 1
+14 1 1 1 R7 Last interrupt -acknowledge read only

local device to issue the interrupt vector
68155 registers
REGISTER R2 provides the associated
interrupt -vector number for interrupts on
the local master side of the 68155. The five IRO 27
LR01
1 VME bus
Vbb
most -significant bits of R2 are loaded with 28 21
the user -supplied vector. During a local Vbb 56
29
interrupt -acknowledge cycle. the interrupt Local
30 31
1W
interrupter +5V
vector number supplied by the 68155 con- 32
Vcc
20
sists of the five bits loaded into R2 plus three Gnd
bits that indicate the level of the interrupt
(001 = LRQ(, 010 = LRQ2...110 = LRQ6,111 =
NMI). For example, if R2 is loaded with
1R06
IACK
A3
33
1
LRQ6
LIACK
NMI
36
1 AC -fail
IRQ7
10101xxx (x = don't care), the interrupt
vector number supplied by a local interrupt
A2
A1
Local
interrupt
requests
IRQ7 6
5
4
6
IRQS
on level 3 is 10101011.
REGISTER R3 enables or disables (masks) 3 IR04
the local interrupt sources. Loading bit i of 18
2 [03
A1
R3 with 1 enables LRQ,. Note that bit zero of 1 40 1RQ2
19
R3 has a special function. When bit 0 of R3 is A2 2
1R0 39 IR01
A3 22
set to 1, it allows the 68155 to supply a NMI 3
vector during an interrupt -acknowledge cy-
cle initiated by a non-maskable interrupt Address
LACK
REGISTER R4 is a read-only local interrupt -
A4-23 decoder 26
BLACK
pending register, whose contects are deter- 8
mined by the 68155. A logical one in bit i of CSDS
LDS
R4 indicates that a local interrupt on LRQ, is
pending (i.e. awaiting service). FCO 6
REGISTERS R5 AND R6 are the VMEbus side FC1
IACKDS
equivalent of the local interrupt side register FC 2
R3 and R4. Bits 1 to 7 of R5 permit the
programmer to enable interrupt -request DO
levels IRQ1 7 respectively. Bit zero both R5 68155

9 interrupt
and R6 is not used. Register R6 is an
Local handler
interrupt -pending register for the VMEbus master
10 Request
side of the 68155. 11 VME
bus
REGISTER R7 indicates the last interrupt 12
acknowledged. The local c.p.u. may read R7 13
to determine which level of interrupt the 14

V
D7 D7
68155 last acknowledged. How the bits of R7 35
are decoded is shown below. R7 may be used R/ W R/W
Grant
37
by the operating system to implement va- CK CK VME
15
rious forms of interrupt prioritization. DTACK LDTACK bus
Decoding R7 (last interrupt acknowledge). r0 23
24
I PL0
IPL1 IPL1
Bits 25
n5 -L-2 IPL2
3 2 1 0 Last interrupt 34
RESET RESET
0 0 0 0 None
0 0 0 1 IRQI Interrupt request
0 0 1 0 IRQ2 to local master
OFFBD
0 0 1 1 LRQ6
ADDEN
0 1 1 1 IRQ7 Interrupt handler
1 0 0 0 None 68175 bus controller must request VME bus
1 0 0 1 LRQI before it can supply
a in an LACK
1 0 1 0 LRQ, B3
cycle
1 1 0 1 LRQ5
1 1 1 0 LRD6
1 1 1 1 NMI
Fig. 18. Interfacing the 68155 to VMEbus.

its 68154 and 68175 companions. 'I he local
master accesses the 68155's register set Local master acknowledges interrupt
exactly like any other memory -mapped request on IPLO-2
peripheral by asserting the 68155 csis input IACKDS
and executing an asynchronous bus cycle.
-
Fig. 18. Register selection is made with the From
U /End of access to 68155 by local master
_"
local CSDS
aid of.1i from the local master
;S hut that is
master
not the whole story. The 68155 has eight
addressable registers as defined in Table 3.
Al -3 Interrupt acknowledge level from local master
In Table 3. the thirteen registers are listed
in terms of their base address offset from the
point at which the 68155 is memory map- Data bus floated
DO -7
ped, the address lines that select the register. L/
the register number (RO -R7). the register
name and whether the register is read-write BLACK
(To VME bus)
or read-only.
The more numerate of you will have
LDTACK
noticed that I said that there are 13 registers.
LIÁCK
reason is simple -
but only eight are listed in Table 3. The
there are six different R Is
(i.e. control registers). Register RO is loaded
6 155 sends interrupt acknowledge
to interrupter on VME bus
with the address of the current control Fig. 19. Timing of a VMEbus interrupt ackrowledge sequence.
register in Rl. To select control register i
(where = to 6). 111 is loaded with 001 to

i 1
110. respectively. Only one of the control

registers is visible at a time.
To simplify notation, we can refer to 121 as
cut to cub. so that. for example. ce, is the same Local master initiates
as RI when RO is loaded with 2. I hate
l IACK cycle
register sets. Fathoming them out is even
worse than learning irregular verbs in a
1ACKOS
SEnd of access to 68155

/
foreign language. Perhaps a better approach To
68155 CSDS
to learning what register does what. is to ask
what do you want this peripheral to do. and
then look for the registers that perform that IACK level fran< local master
1-3 X
task.
Since the 68155 responds to interrupt
requests, most of its registers are responsi- Vector number
DO -7 from 68155
ble for defining how the requests are de-
tected. In the case of the 68155. you have to
consider two classes of register: those that
deal with the \:MEbus and those that deal From
LDTACK
DTACK to local master

/
68155
with the local bus. Control register Rl holds
six 3hit values, one for each of the local
interrupt request inputs. The programmer
LIÁCK
to local interrupt source

/
TACK
sets up each of the six values in RI by first
BLACK
setting the pointer register. RO. and then
loading the appropriate 3bit interrupt con- High as VME bus not accessed during
local interrupt acknowledge
trol value in R l .
la)
Table 4 defines the way in which the hits of
the 68155's registers are interpreted. The
three lower -order bits of 121 determine the
active state of the i.i<), input. whether the
is level or edge sensitive and whether that
li ,
Local master initiates

IACK cycle
level is to respond with an interrupt vector
J'AC KD
number during on interrupt -acknowledge
cycle. For example, loading control -register
To
2 (cu.') with 00000111 means that the local
68155 CSOS
interrupt level programmed as a
2 (i.uu,) is
positive edge sensitive interrupt that issues
an interrupt vector number during an A1-3 IACK lével from local master
interrupt -acknowledge cycle. X
Further register functions are shown in
] Floating
the panel. [00_i ---) Databus floats because 68155 is permitting another device
to supply interrupt vector
From
68155 LIÁCK
68155 interrupt handler asserts local interrupt acknowledge
L TACK
PROGRAMMING THE 68155 (BLACK) L Y
LOTACK, 81ACK take no par' in local interrupt acknowledge
Like almost all peripherals, the 68155 is non- vectored mode
initialized during the reset phase. However. Ib)
it can he reprogrammed at any time to

modify the interrupt -service levels or inter- Fig. 20. Timing diagrams for the 68155 local interrupt acknowledge cycle, with
rupt vector numbers. a) showing vectored mode and (b) showing n3n-vectored mode.

Table 4. Structure of the 68155 registers.
SUMMARY
Register Bit7 Bit6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit3 Bit2 Bit1 BitO
RO x x x x x B2 B, Bo
Multiple microprocessor systems offer in-
CR1CR6 pointer creased computational throughput, but at a
RI x x x x x AS, EL, VE,
price. The penalty for multiprocessing is the
cost of the buses over which the individual
R2 LRQ, LRQ6 LRQ6 LRQ, LRQ3 LRQ2 LRQ, LRQo
LRQ vector output LRQ level
microprocessors communicate with each
R3 NMIM
other and the loss of efficiency due to bus
LRQ6M LRQSM LRQ,M LRQ3M LRQ2M LRQ,M NMIE
4 LRQ mask
contention when more than one device
wishes to access the same hus at the same
R4 LRQ, LRQ6 LRQ6 LRQ, LRQ3 LRQ2 LRQ, 0
4 local interrupt status 1 - interrupt pending time.
In this set of articles I have looked at two
R5 IRQ, IRQ6 IRQ, IRQ4 IRQ3 IRQ2 IRQ, 0
4 IRQ mask IRQ, = 1 = interrupt enabled
particular ways of implementing multiple
microprocessors systems. One uses multi -
R6 IRQ, IRQ6 IRQ6 IRQ4 IRQ3 IRQ2 IRQ, 0
IRQ status IRQ, = 1 = interrupt pending
port memory that allows microprocessors to
communicate with each other via a common
R7 LRA3 LRA2 LRA, LRA0
4 Last interrupt acknowledge
block of memory which each may access.
The other \'ay of coupling microprocessors
x = bit not used
involves a common bus. Bus -based multi-
processor systems are. in many ways, easy to
Consider a system that supports three triggered by a positive edge and WI, by a design because all they require is an arbitra-
local interrupt sources. vv+u, I.kiis and i.k(f2, negative level. The local interrupt vector tion mechanism that allows a micro-
and is designed to respond to VMEhus number is 9C1,,. Code for such a system processor to request a hus access to use the
interrupts usu,-h inclusive. Signal 1RO5 is to he might be as follows: hus and then to hand over the hus to another
user. One particular bus, the \'MEbus,
dominates the 68000 world.
INT_BASE EQU $800000 Base address of 68155
RO EQU 0 Pointer register
R1 EQU 2 Control registers
R2 EQU 4 LRQ vector register
R3 EQU 6 LRQ mask register
R5 EQU 10 IRQ mask register MULTIPROCESSING ARTICLES IN
THIS SERIES
LEA INT_BASE.AO A0 points to 68155 Multiprocessor architectures. June 1988.
MOV'E.B #5.01A01 Set pointer to select control reg 5 pp. 534-536.
MOVE.B #'if1111.R11A0) IQs is positive -edge sensitive Multi-instruction/multi-data-stream
MOVE.B #2.RO(A0) Set pointer to select control reg2 architectures. July 1988. pp. 703-706.
MOVE.B #%OO1,R11A0) LRQ, is negative level sensitive
MOVE.B #$9C.k21.\11)
Multiprocessor communication. September
Set local interrupt -vector number
1988. pp. 875-880.
MOVE.B #%001(1111110,R31A0) Enable LRQ, and UK;
MOVE.B #'3f101I111(1(I.k51:A(1) Enable IRQ, to IRQ.),; Practical aspects of linking processors.
November 1988. pp.1052-1060.
Digital storage oscilloscope on a PC -compatible card

In production environments, more and tiallyhe set up using. say. a bar-code
SPECIFICATIONS
more emphasis is being placed on label on the end product to he tested
customized end products and just -in- would save time and money, and allow Hardware
time manufacture. \s a result, test unskilled operators to carry out the Single -channel 40MHz
equipment for more flexible manufactur- testing. sampling
ing processes also needs to he more Recently, automation company Con - Dual -channel 20MHz
flexible, and it follows that operators tax started distributing a digital oscillo- sampling
using the equipment also need to he scope card that plugs into the IBM PC Total on -board 256Kbyte
more highly skilled. memory
and can therefore he configured and read
Bandwidth 20MHz
A storage oscilloscope that can poten- automatically. Being a supplier and wri- Trigger source Ch. A. Ch. B, Ext
nARTIN
ter of computer -integrated -manufac- Keyboard
1988-18-14'\ /\ turing software. Contax is capable of Trigger mode Mid-, post-, or pre -
12:94:e3 either linking the oscilloscope routines
' '
trigger
3T^1127r1 directly into cim software, or of provid- Time base lOns to 10s/div
1 us/div ing device drivers so that customers can Software
sae otV/d iv Functions
patch the d.s.o. into their own systems.
Software supplied with the card pro- counter. F.ft
2 us/div \/ vides 'front -panel' functions, waveform differentiation,
1 V/d iv ,.-.._. filing routines and waveform analysis integration
51=11351 Zoom/pan steps
uc.div
features like differentiation/integration. (horiz.) 1.2, 5
S
2ee M.)/4 least -square fitting and f.f.t. All the fea- Cursors
:t' :;,17 ^ __ . . . , . , . ._ .
tures normally found on a d.s.o. are
present. plus some extra ones like a
Scrolling Independent on all
2'us/div
5ee mV/div`_ T ' pull -down' d.v.m. and counter. Curve fitting
four channels
Spline fit least -
square fit envelope

CIRCUIT IDEAS
Improved limit 50k
detector W/W
1V 10k
20V
Standard two op -amp limit generators pro- Low limit
duce upper and lower-limit voltages from 5V
WIC
window -centre and window -width inputs.
For example, a centre input of 3V and awidth
input of 1V produce upper and lower limit
voltages of 4V and 2V respectively.
Producing limit output voltages in excess
of the supply voltage rails requires gain in
the circuit and high -voltage op -amps in the -1v
output stages. Other devices in the circuit > 10k
-15V
can operate from normal supplies. 50k
Cain is provided by the lower op -amp,
connected as an inverter to increase the .40V
input seen by the middle op -amp (which may
be a low-cost device). Resistor ratios then 30V
High limit
provide the desired gain in the normal way. 10k
Typical voltages are indicated. In my
-40V
application, two low-cost d -to -a converters
50k
provided the cent e and width signals, mak-
ing the system programmable.
M.1. Barratt. West Ewell, Surrey
.12V 2-5-13V 018mm 0=18mm

N.8 N.8
22p tantalum L. 20mm L.14mm
100
74 HC00 oV 5011
0.73p 0.92p output
5
DS0026C N
_>
41 131 10
2k2 10n
12 5 l
2709SMHz
.__.
11
74HC74 B x28
5V12 47k 1p
,._[>_. To regulator
1k
100n BUZ 7'

47p 15p 15p
Primary biflar wound
1 SEI grade ST ferrite
ring
74HC74
MM630/30/S1
.12V
* Multilayer
ceramic
5
1p
1yt
DS0026
decoupling
1p
*
T OV
and 13V, is provided by two pairs of BUZ71 are clamped by BYV28 diodes, directing
100W 4.5MHz r.f. power Pets in push-pull driven by square current back to the pre -regulator capacitor
waves from DS0026 mos clock -driver i.cs. and clamping the voltage to around 40V,
power generator The output network picks out the fun- which is below the 50Vaos of the fets.
damental from the square wave and matches The 27.095MHz crystal, actually oscillat-
With applications in plasma generation and ing at 9.0317M Hz, clocks a bistable device to
it to 5012.
r.f. transmission, this 100W 4.5MHz power providé 4.5MHz antiphase drive signals;
Mismatches cause high currents or vol-
generator features output current limiting Nand gates add delays to ensure no simul-
tages to circulate ín the output stage. High
and mismatch compensation. taneous conduction of opposite Pets. Fre-
currents are prevented by the regulator
A mains power supply provides a nominal
current limit, limiting the maximum short quency is limited to about 4.5MHz by
40V supply to the input of a buck switching switching times in the DS0026 and the
regulator. Output, adjustable between 2.5 circuit current to about 11A. I-ligh voltages

FCIRCUIT IDEAS
layout restriction that the 10220 package as close as possible to the fet gate and 4.5MI Iz, increasing with lower frequencies
causes. ceramic radio -frequency capacitors are at the expense of increased filter component
Good layout is vital to achieve the lOns needed in the output filter: combinations of bulk.
rise and fall times while switching 5A. The silver mica capacitors may just be adequate. Paul Bennett
DS0026 and decoupling capacitor need to be Output stage efficiency is about 70% at Bristol
Over voltage
22 y
14 IiI4-J
164003
(
From output stage damp 566 at 11A= 20Tcn
01034 Mullard core
1mm gap
SA 10A
v-VV\
1RF O.o1n ootn 2 5-13V
t1N
160VA 1k 540 10k
15
16 Low
IN4148 ,nductance
Max
240V T 226 er
crio
ò 150V
SA
10m
3
* BYV 39-45
4706
25V.r
(Unit)
25V =a; 1p¡
10k
22011
von
o 15 12VTpp MC 21
BC327
1W
2201
" Max power
165
0 1000
OV
10
-
15 112 113
LM340112 417
12y 100k 1
10k 'Max
4
1 loon
10k 10
SG 35246 1V
10009= 25V 16
22n
1k
2
10k
100k
5 ,y
Doer
current
470p
11000 6 B 7 10 1
47k 10k ..=. 100n

IOOn iT 100n
100n
to use a digitally -controlled analogue poten-

Digitally controlled tiometer (Xicor) that can store the position
meter. Gain of the filter is constant at OdB.
Depth of the notch is about 50dB.
high -Q notch filter of the wiper in non-volatile memory and
rescate the filter at a subsequent power -up.
Nikolay T. Tchamov
Sofia, Bulgaria
with memory Presented here is a high -Q notch filter
built using the X9503. and designed for References:
Active filters controlled by digital -to - rejecting low -frequency noise. It is based on 1. Zurada. "I. J.. Application of multiplying
digital -to-analog converter to digital control of
analogue converters' have one major dis- Antoniou's generalized immittance active filter characteristics. IEE Proc.. Vol.128
advantage - the digital tuning value is lost converter and has low sensitivity and high Pt.G. No.2. April 1981.
when the power is turned off. Special back- quality. Control of the notch frequency can 2. bloschytz. G. S.. and torn. P.. Active filter I
up memory can solve the problem, hut this is he done by changing the number of actively design handbook. John Wiley and Sons. New York
not a simple solution: it is more convenient connected elements of the X9503 potentio- 1981.
136
128
120
112 K-Od821% -
104
96
88
80
72 Lfz
64
56
48
40
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 99
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ENTER a:t ON ItW:I'I.Y ('.ItI)

A CORDLESS FUTURE Britain's infant CT -2 is the first of a growing family of
microcellular radio systems. In less than two decades, we
could find ourselves in a world where a 60GHz transceiver
is on every lamp -post and where the only wiring in our
offices is for mains power.
RICI IARU LAMBLEY
With the launch of the first CT -2

WHAT IS CT -2?
digital cordless telephone only a
matter of weeks away. the UK manu-
CT -2 is a standard for a new generation of In the UK, CT -2 has the use of an exclusive
facturing groups involved have managed to digital cordless telephones, developed by 4MHz of spectrum at 864MHz. Speech is
agree upon a common air interface Ic.a.i.1. British manufacturers in co-operation with transmitted in a.d.p.c.m. digital form at
This will make inter -working possible be- the Department of Trade and Industry. CT -2 32kbit/s, using a single radio channel for
tween sets from different sources, without telephones are intended for use in the home - full -duplex communication: 2ms packets of
the need for multi -standard equipment. or in the office. They will supersede the speech are time -compressed to lms and
Nevertheless. manufacturers intend to present "CT -1" cordless 'phones, which on then cross -fired from alternate ends of the
launch CT -2 sets using their own interim eight analogue radio channels now support link. With a requirement of 6kbit/s for sig-
standards, since it could take them as long as about a quarter of a million users: interfer- nalling and control, and a further overhead
ence has inevitably become a serious prob- for the time-division duplexing. the total data
18 months to bring c.a.i. sets to market.
e lem. But in addition, CT -2 handsets will be rate is 75kbit/s. Radio channels are dynami-
The implications behind the decision. and usable in public places as a sort of portable cally selected (f.d.m.a.) by the handset,
the reasons for it. were aired at a one -day pay -phone; radio relay units (telepoints) situ- which may change channel automatically
conference in London during September. ated in shopping centres, railway stations during a call if interference arises. Spectrum
CT -2 is a British init iative with, according to and elsewhere will link calls into the public efficiency of the scheme is high, some 200
its proponents. good prospects for success in telephone network. A limitation of CT -2 is times better than the UK's TACS cellular
both home and export market: yet it has no that it is not possible to receive incoming radio: at least 5000 users can be accommo-
more than two or three years in which to calls via a telepoint, since the system does dated per square kilometre (with CT -1 the
not attempt to track subscribers; though the maximum density is about 80/kml. Max-
establish itself. since by then a CEPT plan for
falling cost of computer power could change imum permitted transmitter power is 10mW,
a pan-European cordless telephone standard
that in the future. and the typical free -space range is 200m.
(dubbed CT -3) is likely to have come into
operation.
Features of the CT -2 system (see box) were
described by Harold Bibby of Ferranti Cre- pre-c.a.i. phones. he said: "I don't think office and telepoint. "But how many phones
ditphone. which intends to launch a nation- they're going to be disappointed". will a businessman buy or carry?", he asked:
wide network of telepoints at the end of this Some of Harry Bibby's points were echoed "The answer must be one. -
year. Ferranti's full specification was being by his business rival Barry Moxley of British
drafted ready for submission to the DTI in Telecom Mobile Communications, who also CORDLESS PAI3X
October. said Bibby, and the service would argued strongly for an early launch. A delay
begin as soon as possible after approval was until c.a.i. was available in 1990 would risk An opposing view was put by Colin Bucking-
granted. To begin with. Ferranti would use putting the whole of CT-2 in jeopardy: the ham of Ericsson, who saw the main applica-
dual -standard telepoints. with the change to manufacturers' enterprise in creating the tion for cordless telephones as an offshoot of
c.a.i. following later as a natural evolution system should he rewarded. Objections had business PABX systems. since business users
typical of that in all technical fields. Ferranti been made to the CT -2 concept, with its idea provided 80% of all call revenue. Sweden is
would continue to support customers with of a universal cordless telephone for home, developing a cordless PAIHX scheme based on
t.d.m.a.. offering all the normal features of a
l'ABX including "both ways" call set-up. By
building radio link equipment into a PABX.
DEPARTURES explained Buckingham. it was possible to
dispense with much of the wiring, which
accounted for a large part of the installation
---, cost. Microcellular radio coverage was pro-
zNE
--- Level 13
_
--_- J
vided instead. Initially, however. PABXs
would typically include
and cordless extensions.
a mixture of wired
Buckingham reviewed statistics which re-

vealed that key personnel in offices spent
only 30 percent of their time at their desks
and were thus likely to benefit from cordless
telephones. Telephone network operators
too would welcome cordless PABXs: with
conventional PABXs. up to 20% of network
capacity could he tied up in handling unsuc-
cessful calls to people who were away from
their desks. In addition, the convenience of
cordless telephones generated extra calls.
A comparative table of the costs of CT -2
A CT -2 handset can be used as both a

cordless telephone and a portable pay -
phone (picture by Ferranti).

shown by Buckingham made gloomy read-
ing for Cl -2 supporters, and indeed some
later took issue with him over it. The
handset. he predicted, would cost £200-
-
£300. and a five-minute telepoint call be-
tween London and Manchester would cost
£1.40 - as against 51p for a conventional '`
call. or £ 1.92 by cellular radio. Since cellular a.

telephones had lately been advertised at only
£249. this made CT-2 look poor value in view
of its inability to receive incoming calls via
telepoints. (However. a sneaker from the s
_
CT -2 side later promised that telepoint calls
would be no more expensive than calls
through a coin -box telephone). CT -2. said
r
Buckingham. would he too expensive for
private individuals, while businessmen
J .
'2'
--
would see it as competing with cellular: -
"Because these CT-2 telephones do not

address some of the basic needs of the
businessman the telepoint service proposed 1111111.1
in the UK may not succeed".
AND NEXT. CT -3
Buckingham also looked ahead towards
what has been called CT -3. the digital Euro-
pean cordless telephone (DECT). This 14
scheme has developed from proposals tabled
at CEPT meeting during 1985-a British one
based on f.d.m.a.. and another from the
Swedish PTT based on t.d.m.a. CEPT
adopted the latter and has drawn up a
timetable for its introduction as a pan-
European service in the 1.6GHz region. with
a final specification due in autumn 1991. It is
this which represents the cut-off date for a
successful launch of CI' -2.
DECD was also touched on by Mike Cooli-
can of the DTI. who mentioned that some
fixed link services in the 1.6GI Iz band would
have to he displaced to accommodate it
there. But other work within CEPT. he said,
was focused on the use of much higher
frequencies: "The long-term aim must he a
world-wide facility for personal communica- British Telecom is one of several groups - a high hit rate would he necessary for
tions. operating perhaps at 6OGIlz, with involved with CT -2. A further article on pictures. if only for brief bursts. A basic error
telepoint facilities on every lamp post, feed- CT-2 appears in Industry Insight. p.1212. rate of 10 would he adequate: coding and
ing directly into homes or for use by passers- protocols could improve this for services
by". However. CT -2. he said, was set fair to which needed it. The system would remem-
become a world -heating product. munications system - for implementation ber where it last heard from each user and
Some of the views expressed by Colin somewhere around the year 2000, His study store this information, to help it connect
Buckingham were robustly opposed by Pro- formed part of an EEC "RACE" advanced incoming calls quickly: however it might
fessor \\ illlam Gosling of the Plessey Com- communications project, in which 25 Euro- sometimes need to page the whole of Europe
pany. who pointed out a drawback of the pean companies and organizations were to locate a missing subscriber!
t.d.m.a. system. Speech delay. he said. involved. About 60M Hz of radio spectrum would be
would become a serious problem when a call What was wrong at present. he said, was required for an initial service: this figure is
passed through more than one t.d.m.a. that the public was being offered four diffe- based on the commuting population of
network - as. for example, when a call was rent types of communications equipment London and the expectation that about a
initiated through a telepoint installed in a (pages. cordless telephone. cellular and quarter of these travellers would pass their
public transport vehicle, and relayed from p.m.r. portables). all of which were doing daily journey making calls (to the other
there via one of the GSM second -generation nearly the same job. But what the user really three-quarters. no doubt). A full service
cellular networks. And delay could accumu- wanted was a single compact. lightweight covering private as well as public places
late still further because the call might he pocket phone costing S20-$100. Such a would require some 2110'1I-Iz. at a frequency
answered on a second t.d.m.a. cordless telephone could form an element of an below 3GHz. none of which has yet been
telephone. Otherwise. he said. there was elaborate three -tiered cellular system. ex- found. But with five years of research to
little to choose between t.d.m.a. and f.d.m.a. tending from macro -cells on the motorway complete. and five years of development
- spectra of the two systems were almost down to microcells within the office build- work, initial implementation could begin in
Fourier transforms of one another. ing. The real problem in creating this net- 1998 for a full service by 2005. "By then
work would be the cost of the infrastructure: said Gibson, -CI -2 will he either a dismal
A UNIVERSAL 'PHONE? failure or else full up."
however, it could grow by stages and would
Looking beyond the C1'-2 versus DECT not need to be constructed in a single
controversy and immediate questions of operation. A common technical standard Digital Cordless Telephones, a one -day
practicality. Rodney Gibson of Philips Re- would permit data, graphics and video to be conference. was staged in London on 19
search Laboratories outlined some of the handled as well as speech, with a maximum September. 1988 by IBC Technical Services
possibilities for a universal mobile com- data rate on the radio hearer of about 2Mbib's (01-2364080).
December I988 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD 1199

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Pioneers
24. Georg Simon Ohm:
"an incurable delusion."
W.A. ATI IERTON
web of naked fancies was the phrase At the new school Ohm began to take a
used by one contemporary critic of serious interest in physics and after
ohm's Law. It had "no support in even Oersted's announcement of his discovery
the most superficial observation of facts". of electromagnetism in 1820, Ohm
As for the hook that Ohm published a little experienced with electricity and
later, the same writer described it as "an magnetism. It was a path which
incurable delusion". Ohm replied that was to lead him to attempt a
Professor G.F. Pohl, whose words these theory of electricity and
were, ' is well known to he arrogant and ' produce what we now call
his blindness in despising my work is Ohm's Law on the way.
due only to his own attempt to However his position at
restrain me. He is misguided by his Cologne turned out to he yet
own animosity and not led by the another disappointment
truth." Pohl was perhaps Ohm's and he again, sought a way
:. out by publishing his work.
main opponent hut he was far
from being the only one. Neither r` That work was the
the law, nor Ohm himself, found experimental derivation of
easy scientific acceptance. his law.
Georg Simon Ohm was the
eldest of three children to survive 01IM'S LA\\'
childhood of the seven horn to
Johann \\ olfgang Ohm and his wife By 1825 it was known that if
Jlaria. Though Ohm's father was a a good conductor in a
master locksmith by trade he had a circuit was replaced by a
keen interest in mathematics and poor conductor then the
gave his sons a sound education in
mathematics physics. chemistry and zí
/ magnetic force (a measure of
the current) was reduced. Ohm
philosophy. Ohm's brother, Martin. I J
-S therefore measured the resultant
became a professor of mathematics in loss of force when a standard good
Berlin. At the age of eleven G.S. Ohm conductor was replaced by a poor one
entered secondary school from which he (a higher resistance test sample). He had
matriculated to the local university at six test resistors as we might call them
Erlangen. Bavaria, in 1805. simply thin wire cut into lengths ranging
It was at university that things started to from about one foot to 75 feet. The standard.
go wrong for Ohm. A steady progression or "invariable conductor" as he called it. was
towards an academic career, at which he post as a teacher at a school with low a four -inch long "very thick" piece of wire.
would probably have excelled, was thwarted. prestige. Two disappointing years ended By using these pieces of wire Ohm measured
\fter about 18 months he dropped out, when the school closed. after which he spent the change in the current when the
having incurred his father's wrath through a eighteen months at another school as an resistance was changed. The voltage was
supposed extravagance of dancing, hilliards auxiliary instructor. Ohm was now 28 years constant, or as constant as possible with the
and ice skating. Though hardly a life of old. He felt socially and intellectually de- imperfect chemical batteries of the day. The
debauchery it was enough to send him into prived and was in a dead-end job. batteries deteriorated rapidly and Ohm took
exile in Switzerland. There, at the age of 17, He now wrote himself out of trouble by precautions to normalize his results. The
he started to earn his living as a maths publishing a textbook on geometry (1817) in outcome was puhlished in May 1825 and
teacher. Being a school teacher was to which he gave his thoughts on how yielded an equation
become a recurring occupation for Ohm. mathematics ought to he taught. Maybe his
v = mlog (I+x/a)
whilst all the while what he really wanted, ideas owed as much to the way in which as a
and what he really deserved. was a university hoy he had learned from his father as it did to where was the fractional loss of force. x the
appointment. his experiences as a teacher. His brother length of the test sample. and ni and a were
Ile spent some four or five years in Martin advocated the hook's use in Berlin as constants. It is a good early example of the
Switzerland, eventually as a private tutor. part of his own suggestions for reforming deduction of a mathematical law from
before making his way hack to the University education. and so helped brand himself as a experimental data, something for which
of Erlangen where he obtained his Ph.D. For dangerous revolutionary. For Georg. how- Ohm should he remembered. It was also a
nearly two years he taught mathematics as a ever, the hook served its purpose for he good description of his discoveries with a
privatdozent. an unsalaried teacher. It was received an offer of a position as a circuit where the batten had a high internal
to be his only university post until late in life. mathematics and physics teacher at a high resistance.
Lack of both prospects and money at the school (gymnasium) in Cologne. The school -however it is not what we think of as
I
university led him to seek employment from not only had a good reputation hit a Ohm's Law. But Ohm was not yet finished.
the Bavarian government and to accept a laboratory as well. He took advice to replace his chemical

battery with a "thermoelectric battery". I le was not entirely successful. In 1826, after
making use of the effect discovered by the two papers had been published. he was
Thomas Seebeck of Berlin in 1822. Boiling given a year's leave of absence on half pay, to
water and melting ice were used to give a go to Berlin to continue his work. Later,
constant temperature difference across the with the book published and still no uni- web of naked
ends of a copper -bismuth thermocouple and versity appointment he decided against re-
so produce a constant, if small, voltage. turning to the school in Cologne. le res-I fancies... with no
Eight pieces of copper wire of different
lengths provided the resistors and, instead of
igned in March 1828 and took temporary
work teaching mathematics in Berlin.
support in even the most
measuring "loss of force". Ohm went Though his talent was recognized he could superficial observation
straight for the force of the magnetic field, a still not secure a job he really wanted.
measure of the current. The results were Finally, towards the end of 1833-after more of facts.
published in February 1826 and gave Ohm's than five years - he was appointed professor
Law, of physics at the Polytechnische Schule in
a Nuremburg. hack in Bavaria. It was not law was virtually unknown in England and
really what he deserved. but at least he had France.
h+x the title of professor. From about 1839 Ohm belatedly received
Like its originator, Ohm's Law did not at the honour he had earned 13 years before.
where X was the strength of the magnetic
first get the recognition it deserved. It was Ile became a member of the Berlin Academy
action (current). a was a constant related to
received unenthusiastically by most and and was awarded the Copley Medal by the
the electromotive force, h represented the
with hostility by some. Royal Society in London in 1841. the same
resistance of the rest of the circuit, and x the
Several suggestions have been put for- year that Joule established the I2R law. The
length of the test sample. As with his
ward to account for its poor reception: awad that really mattered though was the
previous attempt at the law, this was a
philosophic objections, the use of advanced one Ohm had sought ín vain for so many
mathematical relationship based entirely on
mathematics, and the poor quality of the years, a university appointment. That came
experimental data.
batteries of the time. However most physi- on 23 November, 1849, when he was
cists simply did not recognize the possibility appointed to lecture at the University of
ELECTROSCOPIC LAW Munich. On October, 1852, he was given
of a relationship between what were seen as 1
In April Ohm was again in print. This time to two separate phenomena: voltage and cur- the chair of physics. Less than two years later
assert his "electroscopic law" which enabled rent. With backgrounds in electrostatics, he was dead. In 1881, 27 years on, the ohm
any length of any wire of known cross- their important questions were directed at was formally adopted internationally as the
sectional area and "conductibility" to be theories of the electric current and how unit of electrical resistance.
replaced by an equivalent length of standard batteries worked.
wire, i.e. an equivalent resistance. He also The basic truth of the law was slowly Picture of Dr G.S. Ohm opposite is from the
showed that the potential as we would call it, recognized. probably first by C.II. Pfaff of bust by von Rümann (Institution of Electric-
at any point in the circuit can he derived Erlangen in a private letter. then by another al Engineers).
using this equivalent length. Using the German physicist G.T. Fechner in 1829 and
References
equivalent length, I, the law was simplified again in 1831 when Fechner gave ex-
1. Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
toX=a/l. perimental verification. Others who used it 2. N.E. Kennelly. "Historical outline of the elec-
Ile then used his newly -won knowledge to in the early 1830s included H.F.E. Lenz, trical units", Proc. Soc. for the Promotion of
explain some of the scientific puzzles of the W.E. Weher and K.F. Gauss. But even in Engineering Education, I. Eng. Ed.. vol. 18,
day, such as why doubling the number of 1833 - after seven years - it appears that the 229-275, 1927/28.
turns on a coil did not quite double the
magnetic force. THE UNIT OF RESISTANCE Next in this series of pioneers of electrical
Just over a year later, in May 1827, he communication: Hidetsugu 1'agi.
published a hook in Berlin called "Die 8y about 1850 telegraph engineers urgently
galvanische Kette, mathematisch bear- needed practical electrical units. Arbitrary Tony Atherton is on the staff of the Harman
beitet" (The galvanic circuit investigated ones came into use. even though Gauss and Engineering Training College of the Inde-
mathematically). It presented his mathema- Weber had suggested a way in which abso- pendent Broadcasting Authority at Seaton,
lute scientific units could be defined in Devon.
tical theory of experimental discoveries. The
terms of mass, length and time. Wheatstone
mathematical approach was that used earlier used an arbitrary unit of resistance based on
by J.B.J. Fourier in his analysis of the flow of one foot of copper wire weighing 100 grains,
heat along a wire, which Ohm took to he and in many countries local units of resist. Among the pioneers recently included in
analogous to the flow of electricity. Ile ante were defined as lengths of specified this series have been
assumed that "the communication of the wires. Tt'en in 1860 the German Siemens Heinrich Hertz, discoverer of radio waves
electricity from one particle takes place company fixed its own unit, the siemens, as
(January).
directly only to the one next to it", and that the resistance of a metric column of pure
mercury- of one square mill metre cross Alan Blumlein, the Edison of electronics
the magnitude of this flow is "proportional (February).
section at 0°C. It gained widespread use.
to the difference of the electric forces ex- Shockley, Bardeen and Brittain, inventors
However in 1863, a British Association com-
isting in the two particles; just as, in the mittee recommended an absoùte scientific of the transistor (March).
theory of heat, the flow of caloric between unit of electrical resistance of 10' m.g.s. C.K. Kao, father of optical fibre communica-
two particles is regarded as proportional to electromagnetic units. It was equivalent to tions (April).
the difference of their temperatures". This 1.048 siemens and was known as the BA unit Randall and Boot, inventors of the cavity
reference to caloric, once supposed to he of resistance. The name ohmad was 'also magnetron (May).
fluid of heat, helps to place Ohm's work into suggested. Shortened to ohm itfound favour,
The Siemens brothers, founders of an elec-
its historical perspective. in a prat-ical form, with telegraph engineers.
Other ccmmittees followed and the defini- -
trical empire (June).
In his mathematical approach Ohm once A.B. Strowger, inventor of the automatic
tion of the practical unit was refined. An
again expressed his Law, this time as S = A/ telephone exchange (July).
international congress in Paris in 1881
L where S is the current, A the sum of all Michael Faraday, patron saint of electrical
accepted the ohm as a practical unit, along
electrical tensions and L the total reduced with the olt, ampere, coulomb and farad. A engineers (August).
length of the circuit (total resistance). subsequent international meeting, held in - A.H. Reeves, inventor of pulse -code mod-
Chicago -in 1893, led to widespread legisla- ulation (September).
RECOGNITION tion adopting legal definitions for the ohm, - J.C. Maxwell, Scottish laird and scientific
ampere, volt, coulomb, farad, joule, watt and
Ohm had turned to publication partly as a genius (October).
henry.2
bid to leave Cologne and better his position. W. Iter Bruch: "Mr Pal" (November).

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Units in good condition and tested prior despatch, no documentation with RS232 I/O Brand New £49.00 (E) full manual withface £6900
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at present hence price d only £245.00 (F) RS232 DATA CABLES 16 t long 25w D plug to Dual drive, plug in 135 Mb subsystem for IBM standard.
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controller £85.00 (B). IMS A862 CPU & Vo £65.00 (B) As above but 2 metres long £4.99 A Interface cards for upto 4 dives on IBM AT PLESSEY portable Microwave speech / data
SAE for full list of other S100 boards and accessories. BT plug & cable for new type socket £2.95 A etc available Brand new at £395.00 link 12v DC. 70 title rangeThe pair £275.00
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London 5E19 3XF South Norwood. London SE25. 6183 1200 FDX 01 679 8769 TELEX 894502

ATELLITE SYSTEMS
Astra's PAL Four years of
signals dbs
If the Astra medium -power d.h. A combination of new. dedicated
satellite is successfully launched programme material and recent
in November it will shortly' he technical improvements in re-
ala. nO:r1u111.1V~tei.aw ceiving equipment has given a
,-L.;1 39.7-0
'
transmitting four television

fresh boost to Japan's direct
channels and one radio channel _J
from its orbital position at broadcasting satellite service. '1.
192'E (Eurosport on No 4. Sky Matsushita and T. Hasegawa of
NI IK (Nippon -loso Kyokai). the
I
Channel on 8. Sky News on 12.
Sky Films on 16 and Sky Radio
national broadcasting corpora-
on one of the sound channels
tion running the 12 GI-Iz d.h.s.
of No 8). As already reported. television system. emphasized
these first television broadcasts This receiving terminal for the Astra satellite was designed by STS this point in a report on four
will he on the P\1. colour tv of Bristol, to be marketed by Alba Radio. The receiver is initially years' operational experience
being produced in the far east, but the dish is British -made. presented at the recent Interna-
standard.
These PAL signals will con- Quantities should appear in the shops during January, in time for tional Broadcasting Convention.
the start of Astra's service in February. Brighton, UK.
form to CCIR specifications.
Their carriers tat frequencies be- After an experimental period
nia, following joint development
tween 11.21425 and 11.4355 Space -Earth by NASA and the US \ir Force.
using the BSE satellite. the
National Space Development
GHz) will he vertically polarized
and frequency modulated by the optical link This uses a 20cm diffraction -
limited optical assembly as well
Agency INASDA launched the
PAL hasehand signals with a BS -2a spacecraft in January 1984
as the opto -electronic devices
deviation of 16M1-Iz per volt. An optical communication link and the BS -2h in February 1986.
mentioned above. and weighs
The main sound signal will he between a geostationary satellite Broadcasting started in May
12kg in all. Test data will be
on a 6.5M1-Iz suhcarrier with a and Earth is one further ex- 1984 with one television channel
transmitted at rates ranging
peak deviation of ±75kHz and perimental system planned by from BS -2a and expanded to two
from 1.72 to 2201Mhrbs. and the
will have a nominal audio band- NASA for its future Advanced channels when BS -2h began
information carried by this may
width of 201Iz to 15k1-Iz. Pre - Communications Technology transmitting in December 1986.
well include digitized television -
emphasis with a time constant of Satellite (ACTS - see January
type images.
Transmissions are on the 525 -
50µs will he applied. But there 1987 issue. p.32). The system line NTSC standard with a sub -
The first communication ex-
will also he four other suhcar- will be based on Ga.\I \s semi- carrier system for digital sound
periment will he between space
riers which in other services conductor laser diodes. photode- and data. The digital sound
and ground. but at a later stage
could he used for stereo sound tectors and direct detection elec- allows two modes of operation.
an inter -orbit optical link be-
but in the Sky transmissions will tronic techniques working on One uses a :32k1 Iz sampling rate
tween the geostationary ACTS
carry four different language multi -frequency incoherent and 10- to l4 -bit Nicam, while
radiation with a dominant and a loo' Earth -orbiting the other. intended for higher
sound channels to accompany spacecraft will he tried out as
the tv pictures. These additional wavelength of 0.87µm. quality sound. has 48 -hit sam-
well.
sound suhcarriers are at 7.02. Previous reports in this col- pling and 16 -hit quantization.
7.2. 7.38 and 7.56 h11-Iz. have a umn on laser link developments Programmes are uplinked on
peak deviation of ±50kllz and have been confined to inter - 1461-Iz from a main Earth sta-
the same audio band\\ idth as the satellite and inter -orbit com- Traffic hand - tion at Tokyo and a subsidiary
munications. Advantages over
main sound channel. They will
he capable of being used in three conventional radiocornmunica- over station at Osaka. In each satel-
lite, the 1011\V transponder out-
different modes. each of which t ions - mainly wider bandwidths. The penultimate Intelsat V -A put signals are transmitted with
provides a different combination smaller payloads and greater comsat. F-13. launched earlier an e.i.r.p. of 56.2dB\V over the
of languages. privacy - were discussed in the this year (September issue. Tokyo area and 54.2 dBW on the
Societe Européenne des Satel- March 1988 issue. p.280. In p.904). has now replaced the old fringes. This allows receiver
lites. the owner and operator of space the optical beams do not of F-3 satellite stationed over Brazil antenna diameters from 50cm to
the Astra satellite. is recom- course have atmospheric ahsorp- at 53°\V. After in -orbit testing at 120cm. depending on the receiv-
mending that set manufacturers tion and scattering to contend 3°E. it was slowly drifted to this ing site. Noise bandwidth is
should design their d.h.s. receiv- with, so the NASA experiment position. The two satellites were 27M1-Iz or 74.3dB1-Iz and the
ing equipment to he also capable between space and ground will co-located with their orbits syn- resulting c:n ratio (taking into
of receiving '1AC encoded tv obviously put greater demands chronized at 53°W for a period o` account the free -space loss and
signals, which may he transmit- on the communication because seven days to allow all the Earth 2dB rain attenuation) is 14.7dB.
ted later on. For both PAL and of system the air path and the stations that had been operating The new programme service.
N1 \C the antenna and r.f. section water vapour in it. -however, on
I with F-3 to work simultaneously on one channel. started up in
should have a tuning range of the ground there is no great with both comsats. This a lowed July 1987. creating extra interest
10.95-11.7 CI-Iz. cross -polar problem about the size and a smooth transfer of traffic from from potential d.b.s. viewers.
isolation of more than 25dB and weight of the transmitting/ one satellite to the other. Also, over the past year or so the
a demodulation bandwidth of24- receiving equipment needed: Once the hand -over was com- performance of receiving equip-
26MIIz. Under clear -sky recep- and in fact one Earth terminal. at pleted the F -3's receivers were ment has been improved by the
tion conditions the downlink NASA's Goddard Space Flight shut down and its on -board Japanese set manufacturers. In
carrier -to -noise ratio should Centre. Greenbelt. Maryland, thrusters were fired to drift the particular the efficiency of re-
he greater than 12.5dB. 1\ base - will he using a 1.2 metre dia- satellite towards the Pacific ceiving dishes has been in-
band output to feed a decoder meter optical telescope. Ocean. The F-3 has now been creased to values between 69%
should provide a IV pk-pk signal An optical transceiver to he re -positioned at I74°E and will and 74% and the noise figure of
over a bandwidth of 251Iz to carried in ACTS has been built by continue to provide internation- the antenna r.f. input amplifier
I0.5MHz. TR\V of Redondo Beach, Califor- al services from there. has been improved to about
December 1988 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS IVORLD 1205

ELECTRONIC BREAD -BOARDING HAS NEVER BEEN EASIER!
Here is newest PC software product
SPICE AGE
SATELLITE
From only £70 + VAT
Those Engineers have a reputation for supplying the best value -for -money in microcom-
puter -based circuit simulation software. Just look at what the new fully -integrated SPICE
Advanced Graphics Environment (AGE) package offers in ease -of -use. performance.
and facilities:
SPICEAGE performs four types of analysis simply, speedily, and accurately:
Module 1 - Frequency response Module 3 - Transient analysis
Module 2 - DC quiescent analysis Module 4 - Fourier analysis 1.6dB by the use of new transis- h.d.tv standard was compressed
1Frequency response
tor technology. As a result the in bandwidth by the >luse (mul-
0,.y17n:wT.11C:F)r-imil SPICEAGE provides a clever hidden downlink c:n ratio has been in- tiple sub-Nyquist sampling en-
benefit. It first solves for circuit quiesc- creased from 14.7 to 16.6d11 and
ence and only when the operating point is
coding) system to a hasehand
established does it release the correct it is now possible to use receiving width of 8.1M Hz. This was then
small -signal results. This essential con- dishes of only 45cm diameter on uplinked to one of the BS -2
cept is featured in all Those Engineers'
software. Numerical and graphical flog & Japan's main islands. satellites and received at various
lin) impedance, gain and phase results According to the NI-IK speak- places around the country.
can be generated. A 'probe node' feature
allows the output nodes to be changed. ers, the first three years of d.h.s. Since the h.d.tv signal is con-
Output may be either dB or volts: the zero operation created art audience of veying information at a faster
dB reference can be defined in six differ-
Frequency response of an XYZ circuit ent ways. about 140 000 households rate than the conventional
DC Quiescent analysis
u. " throughout the country. 'These (NTSC) television signal it fol-
2
SPICEAGE analyses DC voltages in
rwl r.n .. -
households viewed the program- lows from communication
ii
any network and is useful, for example, for 1.wÁ; I /..1:61: :new Al mes through individual, com- theory that the s:n ratio has to be
setting transistor bias. Non-linear compo- ,,1> F i,tl'M
nents such as transistors and diodes are 6.1.641-61
l
61 1. .,.v munity or cable tv receiving sys- increased to achieve the required
catered for. (The disk library of network tems. But after the introduction h.d.tv picture quality (in terms of
models contains many commonly -used
components - see below). This type of of the dedicated programmes in resolution. noise etc.). In prac-
analysis is ideal for confirming bias condi- July 1987 there was a rapid rise tical terms this means that a
tions and establishing clipping margin
prior to performing a transient analysis. in the number of viewing house- higher c:n ratio is needed.
1.5
Tabular results are given for each node: holds of 340 1)11(1 in only seven The NI-IK speakers said that
: r.;
r\
j
the reference node is user -selectable.
.' o. _ ,._..z ,
1
DC quiescent analysis of ABC
3 Transient analysis
The transient response arising from a
wide range of inputs can be examined. 7
months. and by the end of Janu-
ary 1988 the total was more than
480 000 households. Of these.
with conventional television on
d.h.s it was possible to receive
the BS -2 signal in nearly all of
types of of excitation are offered (impulse, some 150 000 now have their the main Japanese islands with a
sine wave, step, triangle, ramp, square, own individual d.h.s. receivers.
and pulse train): the parameters of each
c:n of more than 14dB if a 75cm
are user -definable. Reactive components The present goal of the Japanese receiving dish was used. '1 his
may be pre -charged to steady-state con- broadcasters is to get an audi-
dition Up to 13 voltage generators and
assumed an antenna efficiency of
current generators may be connected. ence of one million d.h.s. viewers 65%. an antenna frequency con-
Sweep time is adjustable. Up to 4 probe by 1990. verter with a noise figure of 3dB
nodes are allowed. and simultaneous
Transient analysis of an XYZ circuit plots permit easy comparison of results. The present two d.b. satellites and rain attenuat ion of 2dB.
will he joined by two more, the For hdtv reception with
4 Fourier analyss
SPICEAGE performs Fourier trans- 13S -3a and 3h. in 1990 and 1991. acceptable noise impairment of
forms on transient analysis data. This This increase in d.h.s. capacity the picture, they found that the
allows users to examine transient analy-
sis waveforms for the most prevalent fre- will allow the present program- c:n ratio had to he increased by
quency components (amplitude is plotted me services to continue and new 3dB to I7dB. \\'ith the 75cm dish
against frequency). Functions as a simple
spectrum analyser for snapshot of tran- ones to be added. NI IK will con- this could he achieved through a
sients. Automatically interpolates from tinue to use two channels, while higher antenna efficiency, above
transient analysis data and handles up to
a new company, Japan Satellite 70%, and a frequency converter
512 data values. Allows examination of
waveform through different windows.
_II II L..lylllllr;.a O./ Broadcasting Inc.. will have one noise figure of less than 2d13,
Powerful analytical function is extremely
easy to use. Fourier analysis of XYZ transient channel. At least one transpon- both of which were now possible
response. der of the forthcoming I3S-3 sys- in commercial equipment. The
Look at what SPICEAGE can do for you:
em will he used for h.d.tv broad- ratio obtained in the tests was in
More than adequate capacity for comprehensive testing of circuits' critical sections casting. fact 17.8d13 (the s:n ratio of the
Ready -to -use components include batteries, resistors, capacitors. inductors, silicon
diodes, conductors, switches, voltage generators. current generators, voltage -control-
Some broadcasters see high - demodulated signal being
led current sources. square law conductances, zener diodes definition television as a means 39.5dB). At the outer edge of the
Complex components in disk library include NPN/PNP transistors (standard Ebers- of making d.h.s. into an
Moll equivalents), CMOS switch/logic gates. 741 op amps. transformers. ano FETs coverage area the receiving sys-
Library components can be exploded for editing and modification of values economic/commercial success. tem Gil' would have to he 16d13/K
Your own library components & sub -circuits can be added to library for instant use Certainly the Japanese broadcas-
Non-linear components are modelled automatically for fast and easy use togivea 17 dB c:n ratio.
Graphs are self -scaling to optimise readability on CGA. Hercules, and EGA vdus ters believe so and are well along Other h.d.tv transmission
Up to 4 graphs in RAM at same time for rapid comparison - configuration dependent the road to implementing this
Numerical results can be generated for both spots values and ranges of i/p and o/p
tests. with tv signal distribution
Accepts almost any input notation (2000, 2k. 2E+03. 2e3, 20e 4 2.0.002M etc) principle of action. At the Bright- requirements in mind. have been
Comprehensive user manual includes examples. tutorial, and background theory on IBC (see item elsewhere) Y. done on Intelsat and 'Telesat
Calculation progress is displayed: edit model and quit options always available
Use either for prototyping prior to bread -boarding or for fine-tuning circuits Tanaka. K. Kubota and Y. iwa- (Canadian) communications
Ideal for professional and hobbyist use: perfect for teaching. and training purposes date of NI -I K's Science and Tech- satellites. Some of these tests
SPICEAGE runs in Digital Research's GEM ' environment and is supplied with nical Research Laboratories de-
Version 3.0 at no extra cost. SPICEAGE runs on any PC. PC -AT, or 386 -based were part of the proceedings of
compatible under DOS 20 or later and requires a minimum of 512k RAM. scribed tests they have been the 1987 Ottawa Ill)TV Collo-
Available now in modular or complete form. Professional multi-user version also doing. transmitting the 1125/60/ quium and were reported by
available. Write or telephone for broadsheet. See our advert on the facing page for
other simulation software. 2:1 hdty hasehand signal on the Geoff Lewis in the March 1988
GEM' is a Registered Trademark o1 D,o,tai Research Inc AT is a Regosiered Trademark of intefraaignal Business Machones 12 GI-Iz operational BS -2 satel- issue. p.277. Here the ')use -T
lite broadcasting system since encoder was used to give less
úhool December 1986. bandwidth compression to a
AiDol n e [701w_
a
Tet
GA=eralmag
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4~5 [`,iu7taC1 ° ° 11,21-aaa G2ZnVt3 DD á3

O103577/1 EMad One to One Bo.73337001 Ti. P993511 iansbkONEOr+E GiO000egboo 73337001
Test equipment was set up at
NI 'Ws broadcasting centre in
Tokyo. A wideband source signal
basehand of 16.2ó1I Iz.
Thus, according to these 113C
contributors, "h.d.tv broadcast-
on the Japanese 1125/60/2:1 ing in the 1261-Iz band has
ENTER 20 ON REPLY CA1tI)
120(i ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD December 1988

SYSTEMS Those IEngnoers ..td
The UK's leading
suppliers of circuit
simulation software
Product Funcionality M c 0 S Recommendation Price
reached a practical stage.' in so based on the so-called double -
far as it is possible with a satellite
cut -and -rotate technique. which ECA-2 Analogue circu simulator Allows
t PC DOS Believed to be the £675 (special
effects of differed components to XT AT 20 most powerful PC-
transmitter power of 100W and a continually and randomly alters be investigated - more ePoctively
terms for
386 or based analogue circuit educat on - ask
receiver dish antenna of 75cm the relative positions of both the than by bench testing Vey high 256k later simulator available for ECA-2S(
diameter. specification ,ragram includes RAM Regulrriv upgraded
luminance and the chrominance Monte Carlo A W, r.t Case toler Mac 'rerf a es to many
information on a line -by-line ancing bowie analysis of Iran hen atic drawing
basis. More precisely. the t.d.m. scents Non linear components packages
characterised by breakpoints or
luminance and chrominance polynomial functions
Scrambling for components in the MAC vision

signal are independently cut at Plot -0 HP 8 Houston plotter driver for
ECA 2 high quality output
As
ECA
As
ECA
lets ECA-2 produce
your brochure curves
£50
UK's dbs random positions (i.e. instants of

time) along the tv line as deter-
before you have even
built the circuit
British Satellite Broadcasting mined by a pseudo -random bin- EC -ACE Sub-set of ECA 2t- retains DC AC As As Low-cost intro to ECA- £ 199
will be using the Eurocypher ary sequence generator. I)e- and transient analysis wrh non
(meanies mod, (led by diodes
ECA [CA 2 Upgrade path to
ECA-2 available
system of scrambling and en- scramhling, of course, requires a
cryption (enciphering) for its similar, synchronized, p.r.h.s. LCA-1 Logic Circuit Analyser a row sis
ter program to ECA-2 Produces
As
ECA
As
ECA
This new program
from Those Engineers
£350
subscription and pay -per -view generator in the receiver equip- logic analyser -style output traces will encourage thor
d.h.s. television services. This ment. (up to 68 signal traces) .and in- ough investigation of
carpi rates delay and nestable problem areas in cir-
has been developed for MAC by At the recent Brighton IBC D.
macros cults True cost saver
the IBA and from experience Eglise and P.A. lyde of BSI3 said
I
gained in the USA by the Amer- that the double -cut -and -rotate
MITEY SPICE Analogue circuit simulator in- BBC -B DES Established teaching £119 (special
corporates no. -near quiescent Arch ADFS standard Miley Spice terms 'or edu-
ican company General Instru- technique of scrambling was a handling and smalfcircra AC ime- Na- on Archirrede.. is cation please
ment Corporation with its much more secure method than analysis Full Ebers.Moll bipolar
transistor representation( new
des
text
live
OS
startling °00+ node
capacity almost in
ask usl
VideoCypher system. It will in- the simple video signal inver- transformer model and graphics spec) slant calculation im
volve computers. software and sion, synchronization suppres- display- up to 26 parameters mediate development
of complex circuits
encryption hardware at the sion of colour -burst modifica-
transmitting end and a control tion processes used in earlier SPICEACE Analogue cucut simulator n GEM PC DOS Licensed GEM sup -
20
module, containing a single vlsi systems. The ability of the D -
environment Available in modular XT AT plied at no extra cost
form covering 386 or Module 1 £70
custom -designed chip, attached MAC transmission signal to carry 1- Frequency response 512k later Additional modules £70
to the viewer's tv set. BSB and GI the extra data needed for such
2- DC quiescent analysis RAM Full program £245
3- Transient analysis mouse Multi-user Pro version Please ask us
have formed a subsidiary com- authorization control made it 4 -Fourier analysis des ble
pany, European Television En- particularly suitable for sub- MIMA NET Small signal rralogue Circuit HP Basic Outstanding program £850
cryption Ltd, to market such scription and pay -per -view tele- analysis with schematic entry of 200 2 3 for RF designers or
television access control systems vision services. circuits 8 extensive output op. 300
400
or 4 control engineers who
need to trim transfer
lions including synthesis dl trans
generally. To help receiver manufactur-
fer function polynomial, Smith series function Program is
BSB is scrambling the D -MAC ers the IBA is now putting out chart Bode etc Butterwolh and w's quite exceptional for
signal to ensure that the com- D -MAC test transmissions and

Chebychev filter design in. orpor its ease fuse
ated.
pany receives full revenues for will be continuing them until the
those programmes that it broad- start of the actual d.b.s. service. Program A Systems design ad analysis prog As As Use Program A with £850
ram with numer c entry of transfer MIMA MIMA MIMA NET to develop
casts for sale (as distinct from These transmissions are coming functions or direct In k lo NET NET your PLUdters. and so
free -of -charge programmes fi- from two different sources. One MIMA NET Multiple inputs noise
refection modeling and graphical
on
nanced by advertising). Only is an Intelsat communications outputs are pro' ioed

those viewers who pay for the satellite stationed at 34.5°\V over
programmes - those with d.b.s. the Atlantic, not far from the
CODAS Single -input control system simu- BBC DES Ideal for control en £220 to £350
lator represerrs non-linearities Archi emul gineers Very illumma- (ask for details)
receiving equipment fitted with future 31°W position of the BSB and transport delays Transent re PC DOS ing program for
the appropriate de -scrambling d.h. satellite. Transponder fre-

sponse root locus. Nytuist XT AT 2 0 teaching control
Nichols and Bode plats all or theory
and deciphering system - will be quency is 11.07G1-Iz and the available later
able to see them as normal pic- e.i.r.p. is 47dBW. The second PCB AR Auto -routing printed circuit board BBC DES Ideal for prototyping £85 (manual)
tures and sound. source is terrestrial. Two micro- drawing program output toa plot Archi ADES bbyists. and leach 1185
h (auto
The encryption associated wave horns have been mounted ter (driver extra) or to Ecv.on FX emul ng Excellent quality route)
prints (double size)
with the scrambling is the pro- at a height of about 100 metres
compatible printer Very easy to
use iron dot-matrix printer
cess of enciphering a control on the IBA's tower at Croydon,
bA multi -sheet s. hematic drawing very New low price
signal that will be transmitted south London. These are beam-
VUTRAX S A PC DOS A powerful
system with special features for XT AT 20 schematic circuit £500 Ii face to
along with the scrambled vision ing 12GIiz signals at frequencies drawing vandatnn May b. used 640k or drawing program with ECA-2 extra)
and sound signals to enable the in the top half of the WARC 77
for entry of circuits into EGA 8087 later extensive features
80287 much favoured by pro
d.b.s. receivers to de -scramble d.b.s. band in a north-westerly fessional users
and reproduce them. In the re- direction over part of Greater Those Engneer have been provid.ng circuit 00signers with micro -based simulation and pcb layout software since
ceiver this encrypted control sig- London (roughly towards Lon- 1983 We nobs have a broad rane c! packages covering many applications and running on machines from the BBC
nal is deciphered using a secure don Airport). At the time of

Micro to 386 based PCs The chances are d ; ou want computer -based analysts software m a lavout system. we
have a cos'-elfectne CAD package to suit you needs When you telephone Those Engineers you will be speaking
key- a multi -digit number - and writing no formal timetable has to an eng r eel who will see it as his duty to advise you - our reputation is built on sery ce and not opportunistic
sales Access payment a. epted please add VAT to above prices
the resulting sequence of control been set for these test transmis-
data then instructs the de - sions.
scrambling circuits to recover Engles[ MI r,s
the original pictures and sound. Satellite Systems is written by
The scrambling system is Tom lvall.
tl03ra
Teo
rI:rnt
of a352'71
%~
E rqa On
..
ro One
Tr '. wq+>,parTiruvol.xsx , conTm
Bs. 23332001 Ti. e9505rr ianr°x ONEOn.E Co Oaoranno. 23332001
z ?

TWIN TWIN PPM
The PC .C. , IL!i
.
d .
`Scope APRS
Comprising two PPM9 boards, featuring
- STAND 26
:
^11,4raUM.
inherent stability with law under micro-
rlt?SA .n ri_pira eYe
processor control, the unit gives simul-
rs taneous monitoring of A/B on red/green and
1.11.
M/S on white/yellow pointers. Together these
LAM
RV NO
provide complete information about stereo
signals, in contrast to the ambiguous read-
ni.] ings of phase meters. Manufactured under
1
+.tL.-.M
lw.i, 41+.-r+n w wxA
-i-w.
.
x.+,..a''Fi"t.
tMÍYi
, :
w
r++
.4++it.é.?' licence from the BBC.
:t
I
i = --_ ALSO: PPM7, highest specification single

-,-:.....,.y.n.1
,
i
1
J
1r_tl f
,,d'a+`r-
1+I
+i 1i
1
+
fI$ 41:1_11-3
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a A
.. n1 G.1
7 i'
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.y
a
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t''
.t1-,'
1t
lb, 1.
channel driver on the market; PPM3, un-
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IEC/DIN -50/+6 dial; Illuminated Twin Boxes
.
and movements.
SURREY ELECTRONICS LTD

The Forge, Lucks Green, Cranleigh,
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an interface cable to link the DSA and PC. It provides 0086,87 f 0.65 EL34' 5.95 P0811800 0.85 4B32 40.25 6F118 18.80 12567 1.45
1250700 2.20
DY802 0.70 EL82 0.70 P082 0.75 5R4GY 4.85 6GA8 0.65
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a fast, high resolution colour (or monochrome) E92CC
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VALVES AND TRANSISTORS NEW HEADSETS with built in microphones

Telephone enquiries for valves transistors etc CAROL HP -339M at £10.00
Retail 7493934 Trade and Export 7430899 Headphone imp 4.16 ohms Microphone imp at 600 ohms
FIELD TELEPHONE. CABLE TYPE DIO E.80 at £15.00
FIELD TELEPHONES TYPE 'J. Tr r , in metal cases
11 Headphone Imp 4.16 ohms Microphone imp at 200
Burrel Road, St. Ives, Huntington, Cambs PE17 4LE 10.IIne MAGNETO SWITCH -BOARD. Can work with ohms
every type of magneto telephones Surplus VIDICON P8211 and others at £18 00
Fax: 0480 64832 Tel: 0480 63570 POSTAGE AND PACKING CHARGES: £1-13 65p £3-E5 85p. £5-110£1 00£10-11511 20, £15-£20 £1.75.
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CO LOM OR (ELECTRONICS LTD.) 170 Goldhawk Rd, London W12

Tel: 01-743 0899 Fax: 01-749 3934. Open Monday to Friday 9 a.m. - 5.30 p.m.
ENTER 32 ON REPLY CARD ENTER 26 ON REPLY CARD

DECEMBER 1988
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OS/9: winning the real-time race? TEbus looks

to the global market system integration:
achievements and opportunities can hardware
prices continue to fall? telepoint takeoff the PC
route to instrument control digital scope for
£400? taking the 100MHz VXI bus re -
engineering workstations Alvey's final phase
year of the Viper packing in the semiconductors
plenty of scope for the PC using VXI instruments
Telecommunications Training
fromfundamentals to state-of-the-art technology
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F:\'I'F:It :,ii ON HF: I'I.1 ('.Mill
INDUSTRY INSIGHT
A FUTURE FOR UK
ELECTRONICS?
he electronics industry is the Council's Electronics Industry Sector Group ket to overcome the market's perceived
T fastest growing sector in the took a long hard look at the industry. In 'short-term ism'.
world economy today and its "Strengthening Competitiveness in UK * Work actively with suppliers to create
growth potential for the fu- Electronics'. management consultants and encourage a better supply infrastruc-
ture is huge. Indeed. the late of technologic- ticKinsey' & Co. compared eight of the ture.
al change through the application of electro- largest UK electronics companies with 22 * Create world class skills. re-emphasize
nics shows no signs of slowing down. and major competitors in Europe. the LISA and human resource development. and en-
continues to accelerate. One major multina- South -East Asia. in terms of market share. hance the image of the electronics indus-
tional company in this sector reckons to geographical focus. specialization. financial try to compensate for deficiencies in the
launch a new product every two days. Pro- performance and corporate strategy. McKin- UE educational system.
ducts are increasingly being sold to a world sey concluded that to secure their future UK
market. and there are fewer 'sate niches' for electronics companies need to The report places the responsibility for the
producers seeking shelter from the future of the UK electronics industry firmly
onslaught of world competition. * Focus on their core businesses and invest in the hands of the companies themselves.
This adds up to enormous opportunities. to develop the 'critical mass' needed to he while recognising a role for industry bodies
and risks. for the UK electronics industry. viable competitors. and Government in providing an environ-
Ire these opportunities being exploited to * Develop structures and leadership styles ment for success. :\ case of "physician. heal
the full? \re other counties ahead of the that can support long-term growth thyself''
UK? \\'hat are the obstacles to the growth of strategies. encourage cross -terns growth
UK companies:' What action can they take to strategies. encourage cross -business -Strengthening the Competilneness 01 UK I:Irclru-
overcome them? \\'hat role should the Gov- synergies. as well as a more commercial mes" " Gneernmenl IT I4dic ies in GomPet ¡fig Count ries".
-Comparative Education amt Training Strategies
ernment play? culture and strategic vision. Nlinn..\ hinder containing all three reports is available
Three reports* published earlier this year * Communicate long-term strategy and for this trim NEiln Books. 'iillbank i'rnccr. 'lillhank.
by the National Economic Development commercial outlook to the financial mar - t.lgld' in S\\'l l' tltX. ire III 211 5989.
Telepoint takeoff. System integration:

Cf2 business could he achievements and
1212 the dominant Iin'nl of 1230 opportunities. 1988 was
telephony by the end of
the century according to P:\ Technology.
Over the odds for

INSIDE integration came of age.
the year that system level
I'C route to instrument

hardware? Is the control. The inroad of PCs
1219 computer industry
hiding reasonable price
Packing in the
semiconductors. East
1232 as lore-cost tools into
virtually all engineering
reductions rather than delivering the
cheapest possible product. asks Prof. start in
1224 turnaround in asic means
that Eu rope can't rely on
sectors has not excluded the area oft and in.
Healey. Korea to do its packaging. Using VXI instruments.

IOW to reduce your
OS/9: winning the real-
1234
I
Taking the 100111z VXI instruments' time delays

time race? Peter Watson
1216 looks at the growing
significance of the hoard 1225
bus. Tektronix launches
first \'\I products to use
to nanoseconds.
P3 backplane at Time domain

level market.
reflectometer evaluates
Digital storage 'scope on
a PC simplifies testing of
\utoleslcon. NY.
1238 fibre links at two
wavelengths.
1218 switched -mode power Year of the Viper. Safety-

critical computing with Cover. This shot of RSRK's Viper 32 hit
supplies.
A digital 'scope for £400?

1226 RSRE's32 bit Viper
microprocessor. the
microprocessor made by El )I. is the first
public viewing of the IA version. with
Recent technology in subject of this issue's Insight cover. formally -proven computing logic and
221:) t and m equipment from
a market leader, and its

exhaustive fault detection.
STEhus looks to the

effect on the market place. rep I9Sx Reed Business I'uhlishing. Industry Insight is
glohal market If SI'Ehus edited by Geoffrey Shorter and designed by Alan Kerr.
Re -engineering can huild on the progress Potential contributors should make immediate contact
workstations. \Vorking to made over the last year it nna .h)iI xti39. send an outline by fax onol bbl 8913.
1222 standards doesn't always

mean working to the
could yet become a standard to rank
alongside \ JIE and ilultibus. reports
or mail articles In Industry Insight. Elcefronics ,Q
ll'irelt's It'orid. Quadrant I Louse. The Quadrant. Sutton.
Sufrry S?12.5r\S. Potential advertisers contact James
lowest common denominator. Alan Timmins Sher" ington on 01 hlit 86 to.
December 1988 ELECTRONICS & WI It ELESS 11 OR LI) 1211

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
TELEPOINT TAKEOFF
econd-generat ion cordless phone socket, an ordinary mains outlet and
telephony -CT2 for short - is Second generation screws to fix the unit to the wall. 1 cellular
not simply an inferior imple- base station provides, of course. many more
mentation of cellular. It is cordless telephony could channels: but it is far easier to provide an
aimed at a different type of user, will be initial PhoneZone network, which will grow
'ntroduced in a different way, and has be the start of the biggest organically as the need arises. Ferranti
advantages as well as disadvantages over the Creditphone plan to launch the service
cellular system. It is not a replacement for revolution in the way we with a network of 500 to 1000 telepoints
cellular. Many businesses that currently use installed. and expect the system to grow
cellular systems have said they will also use use telephones since the rapidly.
-
CT2 part ly to do what cellular does already. The reason this approach can he taken is
hut also to introduce new types of user. introduction of the fixed that the CT2 protocols provide a framework
CT2 is in fact three systems in one. At its which allows almost complete anarchy in
heart is a universal handset. With a compati- network. the siting of base stations. CT2 is the first
ble hase station. this can he used as a protocol framework which does not rely on
conventional domestic cordless telephone - central planning. The system will automati-
with the advantage that the system will likely to he a significant application in the cally adjust, and make use of whatever free
automatically select a free channel from the long term, hut there are good reasons for channels are available at a location.
40 that are available, and will have consis- leading with the telepoint service. Regarded as a cellular system, CT2 has
tent digital speech quality out to the edge of Market research has shown that the de- definite limitations. It will only work within
its range. Since the system selects channels mand for telepoint will be far greater initial- 100 metres of a base station: in the public
dynamically, there will he no interference ly, than the demand for cordless exchanges. system only outgoing calls can he made.
from neighbouring phones, and no risk of A high volume of sales is needed to drive and there is no provision for roaming. But
overhearing. Each handset has a unique down the initial cost of the handsets and looked at as a system in its own right, it has
some distinct advantages. It is
+
identity code which is
"enrolled"at the base station. \v/711':\ smaller. lighter and cheaper
'1.4 than cellular: it really will fit
and the hase station will only
converse with the handsets it
1.-
.a
í"'i
into a pocket or handbag. It will
recogn ises. ir,\i last much longer between re-
In an office. the same handset
ºy; -
charges days or even weeks in
leak
can he used with a network of
I
gi.
lió.
\olnu
the public system. since the
handset can he completely
stations. in a micro - r,. =,tF?
base
.i .r.+
switched off when not making a
cellular pattern to form a cord-
less p.a.h.x. Users can move
. OM: ,, unÌ .
'e.n.r .i
quni m
fLPiú'
,
call. Those who need to he

reached when out and about
from place to place with their 1 may prefer to add a pager. which
own handset and receive or
make calls from anywhere on gives them the option of when
the site. or whether to reply. CT2 can
Finally. CT2 allows for a net- handle some 5000 users per
work of public base stations or
- square kilometre. many times
telepoints, operated by a tele - the capacity of cellular. so con-
point service provider. Posses- gestion is less likely. Most im-
sors of a CT2 handset will he portant. call charges will he a
able to make (hut not receive) -
fraction of cellular costs about
calls from within range of any the same as a call from an ord-
public telepoint. Telepoints will inary telephone box. according
he placed ín railway stations. to Ferranti Creditphone, who
airports, garages. motorway will operate the ZonePhone ser -
service stations, department stores and ensure rapid growth. And installing a large vice. The extreme interest shown in CT2
ultimately in high street shops. restaurants number of self-contained public base sta- suggests it will find its own classes of user.
and pubs. Calls will he killed to users' tele - tions is, paradoxically. likely to he easier The origins of telepoint go back to an idea
point accounts. than persuading large numbers of current conceived by PA Technology in 1978 a
The first CT2 system introduced is Ferran - p.a.h.x users towíre their offices for radio. prototype system was developed and shown
ti's ZonePhone system. developed by PA One of the most significant differences to British Telecom. \ report produced by PA
Technology. Shaye Communications have between CT2 and cellular is the way the in 1981 for a consortium of European PTTs
also said that (hey will he producing hand- infrastructure is likely to develop. A cellular also described the telepoint system and
sets, and other companies such as Plessey infrastructure requires careful planning, the concluded. on the basis of market research.
and STC are also developing systems. The building of air-conditioned sites for cellular that the potential market for such a system
Ferranti system will initially cover the base stations. careful positioning of anten- was about half the population of Europe. or
domestic and public applications: p.a.h.x nas and installation of a high-speed. special- 150 million users - roughly in line with
will follow later. Some observers have sug- purpose, communications network. By concurrent predictions. But at that time none of
gested that the logical first step for CT2 trast. installation of a single -line ZonePhone the regulatory authorities were interested in
should he cordless p.a.h.x exchanges: this is hase station requires a conventional BT pursuing the idea.

1212
INDUSTRY INSIGHT
In the wake of an unsuccessful application

for a cellular licence. Ferranti reached the
same conclusion as PA: that there was a need Business users
Domestic users
for a low-cost, short-range mobile com- Linked network of
munication system to address the mass base stations
market that, because of limited spectrum
availability. cellular could never reach. Fer-
ranti commissioned PA Technology to de- N.0 PABX
velop the system. The CT2 cordless tele-
13
phone standard being proposed by British
Telecom became the natural vehicle for the
telepoint system. UNIVERSAL HAf1DSET 112
Private telephone line
A Ferranti ZonePhone system was demon-
strated at a public press launch in November
O
1987. So far no other system has been
demonstrated in public. although Shaye Public users
Communications are believed to he well
advanced in development.
A number of companies participated with
I Public telephone retwork
British Telecom in developing the CT2 stan-

dard. although not all with the intention of
developing a telepoint system. Because BT's a O a
original intention was simply to replace I
domestic cordless telephones. the CT2 stan-
dard only provides for non-interference be- Phone Zones
tween different manufacturers. and not for
interoperation. However. UK manufacturers
have now agreed. in outline. a common air
interface standard. Until this is fully defined
and implemented. in perhaps two years' In Europe, the regulatory situation is as France and Spain - and others around the
time. operators are likely to launch systems more confused. The UK CT2 standard is world will adopt the UK standard on a
with their own proprietary protocols. The opposed by a rival proposal from Ericsson. national basis.
DTI is expected to license two. three or four This is based on a time division multiple It is to he hoped that an agreement will be
telepoint service operators by the end of this access scheme. as opposed to CT2's frequen- reached shortly that is acceptable to all,
year. cy division multiple access. time -division -
since at present the UK and Europe have -
From the user's point of view. there would duplex. Ericsson's proposal rests on the a world lead in this technology. Estimates of
seen little point in waiting for the common belief that the initial drive for digital cordless the UK market variously put the number of
air interface to arrive. Ferranti Creditphone telephones will come from the cordless CT2 users beh'een three million and six
Ltd have promised to ease the transition by p.a.h.x UK companies. on the basis of market million by 1995; the eventual European -
providing dual -standard telepoints and to research. would question this. The EEC is market for handsets could he worth as much
continue to support their own system "inde- starting work on a new digital European as 1.5 billion pounds a year. Ultimately, the
finitely", other operators are expected to cordless telephone standard: UK companies cordless personal handset carried in the
follow suit. In tact. it is likely to he common are hoping that the success of the telepoint pocket. the handbag or on the belt could be
air interface users who will be least well service will cause European PTTs to press for as much a part of everyday life as the
served until existing telepoints are retrofit- its adoption across Europe. However, at of dinary fixed phone is today.
ted (o the dual standard (a situation similar. present the European lobby for Ericsson Geoff Vincent is a Senior Consultant at PA
perhaps, to the new pan-European cellular system is strong. \Vhatever the outcome. it is Technology and led the development phase of the
network). likely that some European countries such - ZonePhone project for Ferranti Creditphone Ltd.
PHONE ZONE PROGRESS TO DA*E
companies with chains of outlets across the various operators, with consequent benefits to
Since its first demonstration only just over a
countr", are participating in a full operational the users, and timescale is stipulated within
year ago. the PhoneZone telepoint concept
test of the whole system, from the installation which all licencees must conform to a corn-
and its partner, the ZonePhone CT2 handset,
of the hardware in the fled, through the nion air interface and eventually support
have made great strides and would appear to
enrolment of customers (actually selected roaming.
be on the verge of public launch. There is only
staff from the site providers' organisations) All the major companies with an interest in
one final hurdle to leap-obtaining a licence as
and making of calls, right through to provi- telepoints have agreed a common air interface
a telepoint operator, the result of which may
sion of bills and site revenue statements. The and have made recommendations to the DTI.
be known by the time this appears in print.
Department of Trade and Irdustry licence] The early adoption of the UK specification, and
At present, Ferranti Creditphone, the puta-
tive operator of the PhoneZone service, is in Ferranti to carry out these trials over a :he practical experience which will be gained
six-month period to the end of January 1989. oy UK operators, will make a strong case for
the throes of the beta trials. In parallel with
the development of the radio hardware, the Lorc Young, the Secretary of State for Trade :he adoption of that same standard for Europe.
company has been devising and setting up the and Industry, recently gave notice of intentioi It is not unlikely that before the millenium the
to provide two, three or four licences to owner of a telepoint handset will be able to use
equally important computer systems which
will manage the network of PhoneZones and operate telepoint services, and eleven com- the same instrument at home and in public
provide the administration and billing facili- panies have responded with applications. anywhere in the UK, Europe and perhaps even
ties. Potential providers of sites for the Important safeguards built into the licenc- the world, with all the calls billed to a single
PhoneZones, major national and international ing wi.I ensure fair competition between the account.
1213
December 1988 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD
INDUSTRY INSIGHT
CAN HARDWARE PRICES

CONTINUE TO FALL?
he l'C industry, and the allows Atari to produce the Sl machine at
Taiwanese clones in particu- Is the computer industry hiding such a low price. a technique pioneered in
lar, has highlighted the fact
microcomputing by the Sinclair Z\811.
that the price/performance behind reasonable price Despite the low price. one could still feel
ratio of computers has fallen dramatically
overcharged if you look inside the ST: there
and is continuing to fall. It is of course not reductions rather than is very little there! It is disappointing then to
confined to PCs: all computers up to the look inside a PS/2 and to find a large
biggest mainframe and super computer are delivering the cheapest motherboard with masses of tiny compo-
benefiting from the technical advances. But
nents all over it. True. there are a number of
can the price continue to fall? We might also possible product, asks asics as well as the 286/386 c.p.u. and a
ask whether the technology is being fully
welcome use of surface/mounted technology
utilised or is the industry hiding behind a professor Martin Healey. which reduces board size by using smaller
reasonable price reduction rather than de-
physical chip packages and mounting com-
livering the cheapest possible product.
ponents on both sides of the hoard. hut it is
The case against the computer manufac-
nothing near the class of the Atari or its
turer can he demonstrated by looking at a
current rival. the Macintosh II. Opening up
product like the Atari STI1)20. This machine the Mac'', you will find a heavy use of asics.
contains a 68000 microprocessor, a mega- more akin to the Atari than the PS/2. hut
byte of ram, high resolution display. 3.5NI
with a PS/2 price tag. Clearly then. Apple
floppy disc. a mouse and a GEM windows
have room to manoeuvre with prices as the
interface plus an asynchronous comms port.
IBM v. Mac battle hots up and IBM must he
At $500 or thereabouts. this machine is price of computing down considerably. The readying a new round of PC/2s with much
about five times as powerful as an IBM PC. In key components are obviously microp- cheaper motherboards.
effect it is a high -resolution graphics work- rocessors and memory chips. but there are There is however another intriguing side
station priced considerably less than dumb many others such as d.m.a. controllers. to asics in that certain products based on
terminals from IBM DEC and the like. interrupt controllers, communications in- older technology are there in sufficient
The case for the computer manufacurer is terlaces, disc controllers. etc. volume. roar example. one company could
that stand-alone boxes are not important in Price reduction is not the only impact of develop an asic to make a replacement
the corporate world and that vdus are merely I.s.i. however. It now takes far less effort to hoard. a display adapter for a PC say. \\'hat
part of a bigger system. In effect. the user is design a system. in turn implying that the has happened is that companies like Chips -
paying for the basic product and all the life span of a product is now much shorter. and -1 echnology and Western Digital. are
development and support surrounding that Systems are easier to assemble and particu- making l.s.i. parts for EGA and VGA adap-
product. But the PCs are stand-alone and larly easier to test, all contributing to further ters. which can he purchased by any hoard
they are still expensive in comparison with price reduction and an increase in reliability. manufacturer. In effect these asics are be-
the Atari. Now most I.s.i. components are designed coming standard components. at least in the
I am not recommending users to rush
out for mass consumption. The cost of the initial narrow field of PC cloning. (When is an asic
and buy an Atari rather than a 3178 or design is very high. while the cost of the not an asic?) Thus asics are available to
VT100: I am merely pointing out that there actual component is low, a concept suited provide all the logic needed to map an Intel
is room yet to bring the price of standard only to high volume production. Thus by c.p.u. into a PC -clone. The latest chip is a
products down considerably. In the future, designing standard components such as ram component to do all the control logic of a
workstations will replace vdus. without the or c.p.u. the chip manufacturer can attract PS/2 card to interface to the MCA bus. We
price overhead carried by current PCs and many users with medium and even small know of components specified to implement
PS/2 s. volumes, accumulating to the large volumes a motherboard providing an MCA bus: a PS/2
While those in the d.p. industry are really needed for production. As a result, and look clone. \Ve await then the legal wranglings
only interested in the final product. think at the motherboard or adapter cards of an
I
and finer details of the unique (and propriet-
we should all he aware of how this price IBM PC/XT as an example. only half the ary) IBM asics used on the PC/2 mother-
reduction is being achieved. Perhaps we components in a product are I.s.i. there is boards to see how PS/2 cloning will develop.
wouldn't have got into the current mess with also a lot of smaller. medium -scale chips I expect much earlier release of PS/2
PCs if we had been more aware! The key is
Model
needed to complete the product. 30 clones. which are only XT replacements.
the large-scale integrated circuit compo- However, if the volume of a given product not in the I'S/2 family. hut at least have an
nents. in which a chip manufacturer can is high enough, then as well as the I.s.i. improved display. 3.5-inch floppies and a
create a major sub -system on one piece of microprocessor. the rest of the logic in-
smaller footprint. It couldn't survive with-
silicon. containing tens and hundreds of corporated in dozens of m.s.i. parts can he
out the IBM badge. hut it has got one and so
thousands of elementary cells such as gates. combined into one or two special i.cs. it will be cloned.
registers. memory. etc. As the single chip is dramatically cutting the total component
much cheaper than the set of components it count and therefore size and costs (I didn't
replaces. and since it is smaller. consumes Martin Healey is chairman of Technology Con-
say price. I said cost!). It is the extensive use
less power and is easier to design into a cepts Ltd. Cwmbran. technical director of Mira-
of these special chips. referred to as com Ltd. Ipswich. and professor emeritus at
system. the use of I.s.i. parts has brought the application -specific integrated circuits. that I'niyersitr Col lege. Cardiff
1214
ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLI) December 1988
v Farnell
Dual trace oscilloscopes
A RANGE OF 20, 40 AND 60MHz OSCILLOSCOPES FOR USE
IN EDUCATIONAL, TEST, SERVICE AND DEVELOPMENT APPLICATIONS
DTV20 - 20MHz, lmV sensitivity. Component DTV40 - 10M1 -z, mV sensitivity. All the
1
test, variable trigger with hold -off, rteatures of the DTV20 (except
single sweep, Add/invert/>Y2 mod, component lest) plus fully calibrated
TV trigger, illuminated graticule - delayed timebase - useful for Rand D
useful for educational or general and Test applications in both Industry
purpose applications. and Higher Education
DTV60 - 60MHz, lmV sensitivity. As the DTV40

but with a faster timebase and
additional input channel - usef.il for
the najority of R and D, OA, Test and
Inspection or Service applications.
.......
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Farnell Instruments Limited

Sandbeck Way, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, LS22 4DH
FarneH Tel: 0937 61961 Telex: 557294 Fax: 0937 66908
N'N'I'I:It.I-I ON ItN:I'Ll ('Altl)
n-r.RY INSIGHT
9
1'1411
i1
,00
'._
6
/: l Uó°
J,.°4yJ)yú
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-
05-9: WINNING THE
he way in
REAL- TIME RACE?
which real-time pendent support to other hoard -level ven-
T microsystems are designed

has changed since the early
eighties. Designers have he -
The success of real-time
software products has
dors.
Microware's early support of the hoard -
level vendors is now paying off, a fact
come less concerned with circuit design. recognised even by Microsoft who attempted
more with system design. Using a standard undoubtedly been helped by to gain a fast entry to this marketplace with
bus format such as \'M E or STE. the designer an unsuccessful hid for the company. Micro -
can move more rapidly from concept to final the level of support from ware's OS -9 product with less than 10" of
system using existing, proven hoard -level the 68000 systems market two years ago. is
products supported by hundreds of manu- microprocessor board gaining market share rapidly and currently
facturers and distributors. appears to he gaining the largest share of
The choice of operating system becomes vendors. But why has the new real-time VME design -ins.
secondary to the choice of hoard -level ven- Ken Kaplan. president of Microware. has
dor who 11ill provide support for the com- board -level market proclaimed OS -9 as potentially the most
plete hardware/software environment. Since popular operating system of all time on the
the hoard -level vendor is competing in the become so significant? hack of several design wins. most notably
open market. he needs to he seen to he that of the Sony -Philips compact disc in-
offering this high level of system support. It Peter Watson reports. teractive (CI) -1) standard, with projected
is therefore in his interest to heavily prom-
sales of30 million units/year, to he launched
ote his support for. and the benefits of. his next year.
chosen operating system. Modelled on Unix with an almost identical
to conform to Motorola's Real -Time Execu- command structure. OS -9 is largely com-
Bus11ars tive Interface )efinit ion.
I
patible at the C source code level. Like Unix
Motorola has now explicitly recognised the Motorola's attempts to enlist the aid of its it supports a wide range of development
integral relationship bet\ven real-time soft- fells r hoard -level vendors in support of tools. such as compilers. editors and debug-
ware and hoard -level hardware in the market VMExec appears to have backfired. however. gers. It has considerable third -party support
for real-time designs in the choice of name Most of the \'MP. industry, have given the with languages such as Modula -2 and even
for their new product. \'A Exec. Versados/ product a public thumbs down. leaving ADA being announced recently. Unlike Unix.
RIMStihk, which currently has the largest Motorola with a new product visibly failing it is a small. fast. real-time. 'rommahle'
share of real-time li8000 designs is being to win general market acceptance, and leav- operating system. It is built in a modular
abandoned by Motorola in favour of their ing their current market leader Versados fashion allowing the lull disc -based develop-
Unix!'MExec project, with support from with a lame duck image. ment environment to he stripped down
independent software houses Software Com- One (actor contrihuting to the demise of progressively to a small real-time kernel for
ponents Group and Industrial Programming Versados is Motorola's position as a hoard - target installation.
Inc. Their established pSOS and MTOS level vendor itself. It was therefore seen as Like VME. it has been designed to maxi-
real-time executive products will he adapted being unable (or unwilling) to provide inde- mize the performance of a single processor

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
SMALL SYSTEMS LARGE SYSTEMS -
PROFESSIONAL OS -9
PERSONAL OS -9
INDUSTRIAL OS -9
1 1
I
1
ROM -BASED DISK -BASED FLOPPY-DISK BASED SMALL-SCALE LARGE-SCALE

CONTROL INDUSTRIAL PERSONAL TIMESHARINC TIMESHARING
SYSTEMS SYSTEMS COMPUTERS SYSTEMS SYSTEMS
HAND-HELD HARDWARE/SOFTWARE SINGLE USER MEDIUM-SCALE

COMPUTERS DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS MULTI -TASKING SYSTEMS TIMESHARING SYSTEMS
family in real-time applications. originally iR)1K software products. However. it is later very fast and efficient in real-time applica-
the 6809. now the 68000. This has been a into the marketplace with products which tions. It has a development environment
significant factor in its comprehensive adop- are less well developed and less well sup- supported by PC/AT and 386 machines. with
tion by VME hoard -level vendors. The fact ported than their \'DlE equivalents. Third - a DIS-DOS compatible applications environ-
that \'CIE is now the leading bus standard in party software support for Multibus II is also ment. and high-level integrated graphics
this marketplace has further enhanced the less well developed. In particular. there is no and networking support.
position of OS -9. obvious Dlicrow'are/OS-9 equivalent. The in spite of these advantages. FlexOS has
market on the processor -independent buses. not attained a great level of visibility
The Empire Strikes Back such as STE and IEEE896. is even more amongst the vast majority of designers of
Intel is fighting back against the success of open. real-time systems. One reason appears to he
\'NIE and the 68000 processors in real-time One possible contender is the Digital the policy by Digital Research of concentrat-
applications with Ylultibus II and the 286/ Research product FIexOS. Optimized for the ing its resources on winning a small number
386 processors supported by its iRMX and Intel range of 80186/286/386 processors. it is of very large OEM design -ins.
REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW I Back to the Future

Where will the market go from here? One
trend of increasing importance is the intro-
duction of products designed to support the
rom, since they are designed to swap between development of real-time applications under
Real-time refers to the ability of software to
respond to events generated in the real world ram and disc. Unix. For major projects. often in the de-
as they occur. A simple and common example Real-time applications are frequently defence and aerospace industry. where the
is keyboard input to a wordprocessor. From veloped under such operating systems, howev- work of a large programming team must be
this point of view, most operating systems can er, in spite of the apparent drawbacks. This coordinated and monitored efficiently. the
he considered to have some real-time capabil- usually involves replacing the disc operating advantages of Unix as a development en-
ity. A more useful definition would require the system, once the application code has been vironment may outweigh the increased
software to react within a predictable response developed, with a real-time kernel or execu-
overhead and complexity in the interface
time appropriate to the number and speed of tive. This real-time executive might be written
by the application programmer. or a standard
with the target system. VMExec from Motor -
external events generated in time -critical ap-
product such as VRTX may be employed. Such la, mentioned earlier. is aimed at this
plications.
Many applications in communications and executives provide an efficient real-time en- market.
industrial automation require software to vironment for the application code, but gener- Another major board -level manufacturer
react quickly to many external events occur- ally have limited ability to manage memory with considerable experience in real-time
ring at random times, sometimes simul- and disc storage, and poor support for develop- defence applications, Radstone Technology
taneously. Disc -based operating systems such ment and debugging tools. Support for (formerly Plessey Microsystems), has laun-
as CP/M, MS-DOS or Unix have not been peripheral functions such as networking may ched VXcel. This real-time development
designed for such real-time capability. They be nonexistent.
environment for Unix System V.3 has been
are more concerned with optimizing the use of
The major penalty of such an approach is developed with the help of Ready Systems. a
limited computer memory and disc storage by
large program and data files. This limits their the increased time required to test and install ES company with several years experience as
usefulness in real-time applications since the the application code in the target system. The a specialist in real-time executives fora wide
response to an event may require loading the radical change of operating environment be- range of microprocessors.
executable code from disc. An automated tween development host and application Perhaps confirming this trend, even
fork-lift truck travelling at full speed may not target system adds complexity and makes Microware has recognised the coming im-
have time to wait for tasks to be swapped to demands on the knowledge, skill and time of portance of Unix in real-time applications by
disc before reacting to the presence of an the programmer to solve problems which
its recent announcement of UniBridge.
obstruction. A further drawback is that disc - would not arise under a real-time, rommable
operating system. another product designed for real-time Unix
based operating systems cannot be placed in
support.
Peter Matson is with Bob Squirrel/ Marketing.
specialising in the micro.wstem and computer
industry.
ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD 1217

December I988
INDUSTRY INSIGHT
PC DSO EASES SMPS

MANUFACTURE
uality control of the electro-
nics manufacturing process
often relies on detailed statis-
tical data. With its ability to
record and trace every measurement, the
..''' -,
f`^!!2;Í
Compuscope gives the evaluation engineer
facilities for constant quality monitoring
r=r 1'
and fault diagnostics whilst the information
available can be fed into compatible statistics
programmes to generate data for production
management and engineering report pur-
poses. A sample output is shown in the
'Fable.
Typical Manufacturing Report Model PS124XL.01
.1" .11111". .
Serial OVST LREGLREGRIPL HTIM EFF ICUR POUT VRAN
number V % % mV ms % A W V
1045 0 02 5 100 18 63 18 120 85-126

1046 0 0 15 4 5 85 15 64 10 121 84-124
1047 0.5 0.2 5 100 19 66 20 122 85.126
S\II'S manufacturers need to measure ,
parameters which are of a transient nature

which, when obtained using conventional
equipment, can involve a great deal of time
and a significant level of computing. Statis-
tical data is also necessary in order to judge
the quality and reliability of the manufactur-
ing process. The Compuscope addresses
these requirements in one cost-effective
solution.
To illustrate the Compuscope's capabili-
ties in s.m.p.s. manufacture, look at two
set-up examples. When configured as in the
upper diagram. transient parameters of
turn -on overshoot. total power output, effi-
FROM PC TO DSO
ciency. input -rush current and hold-up time
can he measured and recorded on disc. Recently launched by Contax is a PC expan-
Using appropriate resistors, the Compu- sion board which turns any IBM or compati-
scope is set-up to sample at 1:,11 Iz with the ble into a two -channel digital storage oscillo-
trigger source and trigger level (0.1- volt) set scope, combining the computation and sta-
on channel A in the mid -trigger mode. tistical analysis capabilities of a micro-
Channel A is connected to the output voltage computer with those of a conventional d.s.o.
of the differential amplifier, whilst channel B Compuscope provides a depth of storage
is connected to the output of the supply of 256kbytes and a maximum sampling rate
of 40MHz on one channel. Functions win-
under test.
dowed into the main display include a d.v.m.
When power is applied to the s.m.p.s. facility, and many mathematical facilities.
Compuscope will trigger and display the including Fast Fourier Transforms, curve
measurement results. channel A will show fitting and waveform integration and dif-
the input current profile and amplitude and ferentiation.
channel B the output response of the power Timebase ranges from lOns up to 10
supply under load. Cursors can he used to seconds per division are provided and wave-
measure the overshoot on channel B and the forms up to 10 volts amplitude can be
input rush current amplitude on channel A. displayed. Other features include delta T
and delta Y cursors and zoom facility. Com-
Ripple on the output voltage can also he
puscope can store random transients and,
measured on channel B. with a minimum sampling rate of 1Hz (and
Total output power is computed from thus a maximum sampling duration of three
channel B's quiescent value. Similarly, the days), as a simple logger. Pre and post -event
input power can he computed from the histories around a trigger can be recorded
waveform on channel A: the resulting ratio and stored for later evaluation and analysis.
giving the efficiency of the unit under test.

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
Changing the trigger slope to negative

enables the hold up time to he measured.
\Vhen power to the supply is switched off.
channel A will display the decay of the output
111wIJ- nlm
power. The hold up time can thus he mea-
Min
sured using the cursors.
In the second configuration example. line
regulation, load regulation and input vol-
tage range can he measured. Test equipment
is set-up as shown in the lower diagram. with
the voltage divider made up from appropri-
ate resistors. Channel 1 is connected to the
divider output and channel B connected to
the supply output. The dummy load on the
supply should he equal to the full load as per
specifications. The trigger is again set to
channel A hut in the PST -trigger mode. \Vith
power applied to the s.m.p.s. with the load
switched on. varying of the input alternating
.I w
l-,'
1 5
. -V ;'
- .
voltage through the entire specified range

will cause the input voltage to be displayed
on channel A and output voltage on channel
B. Line regulation and input voltage range channel B. The cursors can he used to evaluate power supplies. these two example
can. therefore. he computed. measure the response time as well as ampli- configurations cover all but three.
To measure the load regulation, the load tude of deregulation. Temperature coefficient and input fre-
is disconnected. channel 1 is connected to The set-up configu rat ions and screens can quency range can be measured in a similar
the load side of the switch and channel H to be saved and recalled for future use and manner, however in -circuit over -voltage
the s.m.p.s. side of the switch. \Vith the screens printed off with individual s.m.p.s. protection is difficult to measure in power
trigger on channel A set to a positive slope. serial number and values. supplies with non-adjustable voltages.
the load regulation will he displayed on Of the 12 parameters most often used to Centaeare in Shol,'ling, l /ants. tel 0703 43414 1.
What the competition has to say

about Keith1ey new197 DMM:
o
Or 4í' '
micwov LT oMM
And this is why...
Keithley's new 'top of the range' 197 is a
51/2 digit autoranging general purpose
1 11'f
/ 1
1,11
1111
1_I 11
1*(9 bench DMM which combines full five
functton capability with outstanding 1µV.
1m12. 1nA sensitivity.
:k
It also has . ' 0.015% basic DCV accuracy
1 10 .,. 0 0 0 ^0
..
L' Digital calibration Data logger
O Analog/IEEE output options dB . '
£485
No wonder the competition is speechless.
Keathley Instruments Limited 1 Boulton Road Reading Berkshire RG2 ONH Telex 84 704 7 KEITH LEY
.1 Al PS
V
UF( ,W4' ".11 AS
'1
REVEhr
1:1 (1\ REPLY ('AItI)

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
.k
sc2-1._,_ 74g-
ñ i
r. it
:....119;:..._
: Y;a
1I
. 107:v
.
A DIGITAL SCOPE FOR £400?

ew and more exciting items of through the application of this technology-
N-
month
specialist test and measure-
ment equipment appear on
suppliers' shelves every
With recent advances in the
technology applied tot & m
equipment that sold yesterday at £12.000
was now available for £6,000.
\Vhilst pop-up windows and cost reduc-
each one claiming to represent tions were all good things for the market in
massive advances. in both technological and equipment, great strides have logic analysers. NMOS III allowed additional
performance terms, over its competitors and functions. such as transitional timing. to he
predecessors. Given the rate at which new been made on both sides of introduced- using much less memory.
manufacturers of t & m equipment are \t the top end of the market the 16500
arriving on the scene. this is at first sight an the market. But what will Logic \nalysis System is a genuinely power-
entirely happy state of affairs for prospective ful tool for c.a.e. applications (amongst
purchasers. And the manufacturers. too. happen next? others) - particularly with regard to stimu-
benefit indirectly from the market forces lus and response time testing. Using this
these purchasers bring with them. This has already disillusioned by the attempts of logic analyser, the theoretical results pro-
hecome particularly apparent in recent -
others. Such effort is now history and by duced at the c.a.e. level could he translated
years. when price and performance have the time other analogue oscilloscope manu- into practical results from prototype produc-
become far more important to the customer facturers had started to delve more seriously tion equipment. Starting at around £9.500
with the advent of imported "me too" equip- into digitizing 'scopes. Hewlett-Packard had and going up to £20.000 for the high-
ment. The net effect of such changes in resolved many of the problems yet to be performance version. it compares very
attitudes of customers has in turn affected encountered by t he others. favourably with the Tektronix DAS which
the way in which manufacturers of test Later, the market began to get more even runs from £20,000 to £40.000.
equipment have gone about fighting their as competitors began to catch up-and it was In parallel with this technology, higher
respective never-ending wars on price, per- time to look at new ways of improving price. sampling rates became available for digitiz-
formance and features available on their ergonomics. and also the performance of the ing oscilloscopes, and the 54111D has. at
products - and this has, quite naturally. then 'third -generation' digital oscilloscopes. 2gigasamples/s, the highest sampling rate of
affected the technology within their equip- Last year. that improvement was suddenly any 'scope available. Looking at laser mod-
ment. available thanks to the introduction of the ulation and the examination of 'single -shot'
Some four years ago. Hewlett-Packard NN1OS Ill process. whereby 140.000 logic events is now perfectly attainable, and in-
took the decision to cease manufacture of gates became available on one chip, opening deed is exactly what the 54111D enjoys doing
analogue 'scopes entirely. and instead con- up a multitude of possibilities for greatly best.
centrate on the then relatively new field of improved human interfacing and vastly su- The opposite end of the spectrum holds
digital 'scopes and logic analysers. This was perior 'number crunching'. Overnight. the the 54501 'scope with 1OOMl-Iz bandwidth
to some extent something of a gamble, as digitizing oscilloscope was promoted to and four channels for £2.500. This model
other manufacturers had already dabbled in first -line support equipment from its pre- offers automatic parametric measurements.
the magic arts of analogue to digital conver- vious position as a rather esoteric piece of kit and operates in what can he described as a
-
sion and their customers had found them that only a specialist could use. Logic analys- 'habysitting' mode. whereby irritating logic
lacking in terms of bandwidth available and ers, too, henefitted from computer style glitches that occur at irregular and dis-
also errors generated in the analogue to pop-up windows and icons for prompting, astrous intervals can he recorded, providing
digital conversions. To resolve these prob- nudging and interrogating the operator and -
pre and post -trigger analysis more useful
lems Hewlett-Packard realised that con- the equipment under test. than earlier types which could only offer
siderable technical effort would have to be Perhaps most important of all, though, post -trigger analysis, with no clue as to what
applied to restore the confidence of a market was the dramatic cost reduction achieved preceded the event.

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
Application -specific i.c. technology has HP163I D logic analyser (left) has a built-in
also helped by removing warm-up time, and digitizing oscilloscope, enabling hardware
also discarding the need for re -calibration as designers to make the cross -domain
the equipment gets hotter. measurements needed to troubleshoot and
But where will the test and measurement characterize systems. Nine months of ex-
market go from here? As stated earlier, the tensive evaluation has led to an MoD order
big fight is now on for better and better for 156 HP54501A low-cost digital oscillo-
performance criteria at lower and lower scopes.
prices. hut things are changing .. .
Over the last 10 years. the microp- ment engineers to put stranger technologies
rocessing industry has boomed, but now it's into action. or does it realh' help? The
-
beginning to level off and the need for ever answer, of course, is that it really does help
greater logic analysis has. therefore, also the customer. By providing better inter-
slowed down. Instead. the emphasis has pretation and accuracy of results. the equip-
shifted towards logic analysers which are ment under test can he produced to better
easier to use and offer greater measurement tolerances faster and more cheaply. This
accuracy. In parallel with this. for digital benefit in turn passed on to yet another
'scopes. more attention and now needs to be customer - and so on it goes. 1s time goes
paid to the front-end amplifiers of the va- on. there will he less incentive to use
rious systems. and the various methods analogue 'scopes. and no need for the expen-
employed by which the systems sample and sive. hand -blown c.r.ts used in them. The
interpret results. digitizing 'scope needs only an ordinary
In parallel with these exploits. further monitor screen.
attention will he paid to manufacturing The last couple of years have seen some
techniques to bring costs down further still. major changes and advances, but it hasn't
and yes. it is possible for a digital 'scope to be stopped yet. Next year. $1 billion will he
sold at around £400 - it won't happen for a spent at Hewlett-Packard purely on research
few years yet. but happen it certainly will. and development into t & m equipment.
So what does all the technology do for the David Gee is instrument product manager with
customer - is it just an excuse for develop- I lewlet t -Packard
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COMMUNIQUE (UK) LTD, Communications House,
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,
Tel: 01-450 9755
.- . e Fax: 01-450 6826
dj Telex: 298768 UNIQUEG

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
ENGINEERING
WORKSTATIONS
roviding compre- BroadMaster is one of Daisy's
sophisticated cad packages pro-
P
major investment
hensive cad and
cae tools for a
design team is a
- and one
viding a totally integrated solu-
tion to pcb design.
which even large companies

have justifiably deliberated upon
hefore committing to a product
line. Even the aspect of increased
productivity may not he suffi- Over the long term, hot h tools
cient to allay the fear of ending vendors and design engineers
up with many thousands of alike will migrate to these stan-
pounds of obsolete equipment. dards because they provide a
Such fears are also fuelled by winning opportunity for all con-
some vendors making offerings cerned. One reason is that more
which create an impression of software applications will be
conforming to a 'standard', while available for integration into the
""" =,ti,,
.a
really only providing partial
solutions - such as operating
system coexistence or network
gateways. Their customers may
r. ..
.---1.
.a-Fr'-
-_ - .--
..-
design environment because
third -party software developers
are confident that investment in
applications running on Unix.
fall prey to such marketing tech- alb TCP/IP. NPS and \\'-Windows
niques out of an overwhelming will run on a variety of platforms
desire to justify the investment and therefore will he used by a
in these tools. The confusion. wider market.
however. may be coming to an Thís confidence in the portability of their
end, as evidenced by the fact applications allows third -party software de-
that. Unix, TCP/IP, NFS and X -Windows are velopers to focus on optimizing the applica-
emerging as de lacio standards. It is hecom- With recent expansions in the tions themselves rather than on adapting the
ing clear that although full conformance to applications to a variety of system environ-
these standards may involve short-term ments. For the users. this increased focus
power of graphic workstations
costs, the long-term result of non- translates into a potential for higher per-
conformance may he disastrous. formance and higher quality in the applica-
Peter Harverson asks: Have
No marketing effort can disguise the tact tions that they purchase.
that technological advances now permit the In addition to wider availability and grea-
the standards arrived? ter range of applications software, standards
kind of system environment the industry has
been trying to achieve for years. A 4 mips
workstation running Unix, TCP/IP. NFS, and
X -Windows can accommodate not only most
C
engineering applications and peripherals
hut also the inteL ation of related applica-
tions such as computer -aided project man- s
agement, manufacturing, documentation
and publishing. No longer do we have a
situation in which conformance to standards
implies the compromise in performance or
capability suggested by a general-purpose ~~ii i a o _
6116solution. Instead, the standards have

been slowly evolving as if in anticipation of
hardware technology that could take advan- '=
tage of them for greater performance and
functionality. %%`+.
",
-
-
Advansys is Daisy's state-of-the-art cae
product line incorporating latest Unix -
based Sun 386i workstations.
1222 ELECTRONICS& WIRELESS WORLD December 1988

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
benefit users by protecting their investment. because of its close association with Unix and
As hardware technology or software applica- partly because the US Department of De-
tions improve. the design team can reconfi- fence made it a requirement in its contracts.
gure the engineering computing environ- NFS became a standard because it was the
ment without major modifications to the first technically superior distributed file
environment. for example, they can add the system available for Unix and because Sun
latest development in hardware worksta- Microsystems. Inc. championed its wide
tions to the existing environment without distribution. X -Windows is becoming a stan-
making previous hardware investments dard for much the same reason that Unix did
obsolete, and without any impact on the - it meets technical requirements for
applications they are running. Or, they can graphics and is widely accessible at a time
replace existing applications without requir- when no other graphics standard has
µ
ing additional systems software develop- emerged. In the field of automated design
ment. :-_ tools for the electronics engineer. Daisy
The vendors of workstations and turnkey ' _ Systems has been a front runner in porting
cae/cad systems will also benefit by the its proven software tools into this standard
migration to system -level standards. \Vith -
environment a move which is being wel-
standards in place and third -party software comed by the industry as it allows other
available, workstation vendors can sell into
Multiple window displays and mouse con-
applications to be run on the same equip-
wider markets. Vendors of cae/cad systems
trol provide the engineer with a highly
ment ensuring maximum return for the
interactive design environment.
can focus their development and support on investment and optimizing productivity.
their core area of applications with full dards evolved independently of any one Once vendors and users fully conform to
confidence that they can integrate niche vendor because no one vendor had the the standards today, all can work together to
applications for their customers' individual complete solution for an operating system, a guide the evolution of existing standards as
needs into the cae/cad environment. distributed file system, network com- well as those potential standards such as edif
The absence of system -level standards in munications, graphics, and database stan- that have not yet been fully embraced. This
cae/cad showed the growth of the industry dardization. Unix became a standard. not team effort will help tools vendors and
because the turnkey -system vendors had to because it was running on one vendor's design engineers alike avoid the surprise of
make huge investments in system -level de- popular platform. but because it was a having invested in the wrong standard sys-
velopment and engineering teams could not superior operating system for engineering tem environment.
afford to purchase expensive. dissimilar development that was widely available for
workstations for discrete engineering tasks. use in both the universities and private Peter Han'erson is Vice President for Northern
The current de facto system -level stan- industry. TCP-IP became a standard partly Europe at Daisy Systems International
ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS

WORLD NEEDS YOU!
You read Electronics & Wireless World. Have you ever considered writing for us?
The electronics industry has now reached its highest ever rate of change and we would
like to reflect the change in our pages. We would particularly welcome contributions on:
PC compatible architecture
PC peripheral circuits
PC interface with external systems
PC servicing
Datacomms circuit design
RF design
Analogue/audio/consumer electronics
Blue sky semiconductor technology
Superconductors
Education and employment
Abstract concepts in readable form
There are lots of reasons to put in a few hours on our behalf. Seeing your words in a
respected electronics journal, fame, fortune... money.
Serious? We are. Please contact Frank Ogden, Electronics & Wireless World, Room
L301, Quadrant House, The Quadrant, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5AS. Phone: 01-661 3128
December 1988 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD 122:t

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
SECURE PACKAGING
ven in the present day and
AT HOME
age, it is hard to believe that a State-of-the-art automation
E European industry could he
so dominated by competition
and increasing asic business
from the Far East that over 99% of its
product is supplied from countries such as
may mean that semiconductor
Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea and the Philli-
pines. But it's true, and the industry con-
assembly has a place in
cerned is semiconductor assembly. Europe after all
Dataquest estimates have put the annual
European consumption of semiconductors
r
in excess of 12 Killion per annum, and the s
1 ..My.1
vast majority of these are assembled
'offshore' for reasons of cost. Semiconductor -r
assembly is a relatively labour-intensive The first is automation. The newest equip-
,ro...1,_"ffl
process, and labour is still cheap in the Far ment is making the semiconductor assembly
East. process much less labour intensive and by
Current estimates put the number of tooling up with state-of-the-art equipment.
people employed assembling European Europe can bring its costs close to those of
semiconductors in the Far East in excess of its competitors.
100,000. With European companies cur- Another factor is design security. Today's
rently trying to increase the European con- semiconductor manufacturers are playing
for very high stakes - and the risk of
plagiarism is very real. Semiconductor
manufacturers see European assemblers as
being less vulnerable than their Far Eastern
counterparts, and are looking for ways to to carve out its own niche in a highly
bring the assembly of sensitive chip designs competitive market. Because of its location,
hack to mainland Europe. the company can offer very fast delivery.
One of the most important factors of all is Standard turnaround time - door-to-door -
the fast -increasing popularity of the is ten days, compared with five weeks in the
application -specific integrated circuit. They Far East for assembly. It also has a premium
often present complex assembly problems service of only three days, a time which Far
which require close liaison between the chip Eastern companies could never hope even to
designers and the assemblers. tinder these approach. \Vith the 'just -ín -time' philosophy
conditions, European assembly is a very becoming accepted throughout industry.
ñ attractive proposition.
As Mick Denham, managing director of
Iteq puts it: "The rapid emergence of
prompt and reliable delivery is becoming
essential.
Iteq grew out of Indy Electronics, a
computer -aided design has led to higher company launched in 1980 in N anteca.
pin -count, more complex v.l.s.i. products - California, with the idea of providing an
there may he so many as 300 wires in a 'onshore' semiconductor assembly service to
-
package which in turn has led to a change the US electronic industry. In the mid -80s
in the assembly market, a change which we
Indy's owners decided to establish a base in
believe will favour European companies,
Europe, and the European operation opened
_ which can assemble high pin -count pack- its doors for business in 1986. Just before
-
ages on a very cost-effective basis."
Christmas of last year a management buyout
Two packaging operations at Iteq: bonding Iteq is a good example of an independent was completed. and the company passed into
wires to a 40 -lead side -braze package European semiconductor assembler trying local hands.
(above), and sealing pin -grid arrays (top The next step for Iteq in becoming a
right). EUROPE world -class contender is to be able to reduce
1tf
r'- costs and increase productivity through
tent of their products, this could he seen as automation. says Denham. "Phis will enable
an opportunity of bringing some of these ì
_414101141041
----- the assembly fees for our service to he closer
to those charged in the Far East. At the same
jobs hack here.
There are currently several factors work- 7:1GFC¢i1t+.ShrrXgt
time, we will continue to provide a substan-
ing in favour of the few European semicon- tially shorter cycle time, a higher level of
r114 14 11501
ductor assemblers, companies like Iteq engineering support and greater service
Europe, the largest independent, employing flexibility than are currently provided by the
some 280 staff at its Irvine factory. Far East."

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
FIRST HIGH PERF©RIIANCE

VXI INSTRUMENTS
.i ektronix claim to have the
first high-performance de-
velopment system based on
the emergent VXlhus stan-
dard for card modular automated test equip-
ment. The Tektronix system includes all the
components needed to allow users to de-
velop instruments on a card, providing a
Tektronix launches first VXI
products to use P3 backplane do."
at October show
market needs at the moment. People need
products that will allow them to get to grips
with the standard and exactly what it can
The Tek mainframe accommodates all

four card sizes defined by the VXI standard.
and will also house equivalent \'MEbus
single and double -height boards. C -size
platform for VXI instrument development. wire-wrap module D -size vector card, and cards, and equivalent Eurocard boards. 4s a
performance evaluation, or other VXlbus additional U -size development cards. result, standard VMEbus cards such as inter-
applications requiring tight timing co- Tektronix believe \'Xlbus is the most faces. memory. input/output and single
ordination, high-speed data transfer be- important development since the introduc- hoard computers can be integrated into the
tween modules and precision trigger rout- tion of the tEEE488 hus standard. and that Vail test system.
ing, as well as a specialized test system. users should start developing products that The VXlhus open system architecture and
The development system is the first to work with it. "That's why we wanted to get a specification for card instruments allows a
exploit the VXI standard D -size modules and development system to market as quickly as wide range of interfaces. computers and
P3 backplane - the most sophisticated sup- possible," says Robert Stuhhings. product instruments from different manufacturers
ported by the standard - comprising a manager of Tek UK's laboratory oscillo- to coexist as fully compatible modules with-
13 -slot mainframe, a \'N E conversion mod- scopes and systems division. "We expect in the same card chassis. \'Xlbus is an
ule, a slot -0 resource manager, and two some of our competitors to he releasing extension of the existing VME open
D -size development modules. Options in- working products hased on the less sophisti- architecture. as first described in detail in
clude a C -size card adaptor module. D -size cated VXI definitions. but that's not what the turn to page 1236
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INDUSTRY INSIGHT
THE YEAt OF THE VIPER

atients in hospitals are moni- search is heing carried out on methods of
tored using instruments Safety -critical computing is writing technical specifications for high
which contain microp- integrity hardware and software using for-
rocessors: railway junctions aided by the verified Viper 1A mal mathematical methods. Secondly.
are controlled from signal boxes in which RSRE has had considerable success in col-
mechanical relays ha' e been replaced by microprocessor, now being laboration with the University of South-
microprocessors and computer programs: ampton, UK in devising methods of mathe-
aircraft tly over the Earth's surface guided in introduced commercially matical analysis for detecting deeply hidden
three dimensions by on -hoard computers: flaws in computer programs. Finally. the
microprocessors control and monitor hazar- RSRE team. with a second team from the
dous processes in the chemical and nuclear University of Cambridge. have devised new
industries. Military designers are working design flaws in either the hardware or the methods of designing provably correct mic-
on advanced fighter aircraft which are in- software. Mistakes in computer programs roprocessor hardware.
herently so unstable that human pilots have been known to stop the parallel compu- \rork on this last-mentioned topic started
cannot fly them without computing systems ter channels in an equipment simultaneous- at RSRE because of increasing doubts
calculating the required deflections of the ly, leaving no means of control. amongst scientists and engineers about the
control surfaces every few milliseconds. Equally serious is the risk that unsus- integrity of the processors which are avail-
These applications have one thing in pected design faults in the computer hard - able. The microprocessor chips used in
common: design errors in the nuclear reactor control systems
electronic hardware of the com- Register set and aircraft autopilots are mass-
puters or mistakes in computer produced devices. Both the UK
programs may result in disas- x Mol) and other organisations
trous accidents. The name External r have found that many of the
P
"high integrity computing" has types of microprocessor on the
been applied to such critical market have internal design mis-
computing applications. The
accidents caused by design
flaws may he of such severity
that lives are lost or massive
damage is done to the environ-
Data
1 takes. From the scientific evi-

dence. it is reasonable to con-
clude that low-cost. mass-
produced microprocessors do
not provide a satisfactory basis
ment. for computation in systems
Addres
Many items of computer - Address latch
Stop which must he certified as safe by
based equipment may he seen as independent regulatory author-
important by the general public ities. So serious is this problem
yet do not fall within the defini- in some safety -critical defence
tion of "high integrity", for Instruchon
latch
applications. that a team at
example hank cash -points. High RSRE created a high integrity
integrity computing tends to he microprocessor called Viper spe-
concentrated in a few key areas. cifically for the most hazardous
such as the control of nuclear -
KSKE :s latest Viper (IA) a 'verifiable integrated processor for regimes.
reactors, automation of flight enhanced reliability'-allows one processor to check another. To assess the contribution
control in aircraft, control of chemical ware or software may allow the system heing which future products based on Viper can
plants. and the safety of weapon systems. monitored to carry on running. even though make. it is important to understand the
These regimes are subject to scrutiny and possibly crucial temperature and pressure underlying causes of design errors. The first
regulation by certification authorities. In limits have been exceeded. It is these tech- point at which confusion can arise is in the
the UK, these would he the Nuclear Installa- nological problems which caused the Royal writing of the technical specification for a
tions Inspectorate. the Airworthiness Divi- Signals and Radar Establishment at Malvern particular microprocessor -lased black box.
sion of the Civil Aviation Authority. the to embark on a programme to provide Suppose the equipment in question has to
Health and Safety Executive. and the designers in both military and civil regimes deal with 12 incoming Boolean alarm sig-
Defence Ordnance Board. with safer means of designing automated nals. each of which can take the values true
The role of the computer in these applica- control systems. or false. Then the specification must cover
tions is typically to accept inputs from Research at RSRE is conducted in a the actions to he taken in: 1212 = 4096 sets of
various sensor systems. perform some cal- variety of disciplines. which range from circumstances. If the specification only tells
culations or logic and then provide outputs fundamental work on electronic materials to the design team what to do in. say, 2000 of
to actuators. All designers of critical systems the construction of complex models of the these cases. it is seriously deficient.
should know the consequence of component UK Air Traffic Control Environment. The \lost technical specifications for control
failure in service. Random failures of mic- primary task of the establishment is to boxes in reactors and aircraft are written in
rochips. sensors, and actuators are coped conduct research and development in sup- plain English. with a little mathematics in
with by using redundancy. for example port of UK Defence. but within this overall the form of equations. and possibly some
triplicated auloland systems in aircraft and framework RSRE is able to make substantial numerical values. Experience has shown
quadruplicated emergency shut -down sys- contributions to civil technology. that this is not good enough and leaves the
tems in nuclear reactors. In the disciplines which relate to safety - designers with too much latitude. The de-
But replication of hardware in this man- critical computing. the work at RSRE is sign team have to guess the response re-
ner will not help if there are underlying concentrated in three areas. Firstly. re - quired from their equipment when certain
1226 ELECTRONICS ti11'INE LESS IVOItLD December 1988

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
combinations of inputs are present. Of

course, they are free at every stage to go hack
to the prime contractor or other author of
the technical specification. Sometimes this
kind of clarification is not sought and an
equipment is supplied for use in the main
system which works according to the clauses
of the original specification hut also posses-
ses undesirahle and unexpected behaviour in
other (non -specified) regimes.
\\hen it comes to writing the computer
programs which implement the required
logic, it is usual in high integrity projects to
have two teams. One team writes the soft-
ware and the second verification team fol-
lows the design in detail. The verification
team checks. by eye and a variety of testing The Viper I processor card, shown here on a standard double Eurocard. contains all the
methods. that each module of the computer necessary components (64K words of memory, bus buffers, decoding and clock logic)
program obeys its specification. This may needed to interface the Viper microprocessor to the Hi -Bus backplane of the Viper
seem to he a reasonable arrangement in Protot pingSystem manufacturedby Charter Technologies Ltd of Worcester.
human and engineering terms hut it suffers
from a serious flaw. Work by RSRE and other have an important role in the detection of high integrity computer system would begin
laboratories has shown that conventional flaws in software. All programs written for with:
testing of software may explore only a small the Viper microprocessor should he analysed A kformal specification of the requirement,
fraction of the logical paths through a using three rigorous techniques before real - provably complete. consistent and un-
computer program. Far more powerful tech- life operat ion of systems is at tempted. ambiguous.
niques are needed to scan a program thor- It is important to consider where the
oughly to detect errors. The techniques now scientific research on the design of safety - B A formal description of the programming
known as static code analysis, developed by critical computer hardware and software is language to be used.
RSRE and the University of Southampton. heading. In an ideal world the designer of a Turn to page 1237
New on the scene... 60 MHz Universal Oscilloscope

2 Channels, max. I mV div.. Delay line Component Tester
Timebase 2.5s-5ns div. incl. x 10. Sweep Delay.
Triggering DC to 80MHz, Sync -Separator. After-Delay Trigger.
The HM 604 is a new innovative general purpose oscilloscope

satisfying a wide range of exacting requirements in
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Another important feature is the internal delay line for
observations of the leading edge of a signal. As in dual -time
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7- base oscilloscopes, the HM 604 features a calibrated sweep
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7 The HM 604's most outstanding feature is the automatic
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OSCILLOSCOPES 70-78 Collingdon Street, Luton, Bedfordshire LU1 1RX
For those wno conpare Telephone (0582) 413174 Telex 825484 Fox (0582) 456416
Decemher 1988 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD 1227

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
STEBUS LOOKS TO THE

GLOBAL MARKET
,i .jr.w;r ií y i, ., tl. 0, :G,
4/1/.z,.,
IL a
.....,.';::.. .r/
oi 5P" . ° r .r
roponents of STEbus have has been a stabilization and rationalization
P seen encouraging progress

for the Eurocard-based 8 -hit
backplane bus standard over
he last twelve months. Last December.
If STEbus can build on the
progress made over the last
of product introductions.
The major manufacturers now have estab-
lished ranges and are launching boards at
the rate of one or two a month. The latest
along with VMEhus and 896bus. it finally year, it could yet become a annual STEbus guide. which details all the
gained full approval from the IEEE. the main current offerings for the bus is shortly to he
standardization body for backplane stan- standard to rank alongside published and will contain about 100 new
dards. offerings.
Sales of STEbus hoards continue to grow VMEbus and Multibus- no This far, the portents for STEhus appear
almost exponentially with market estimates very good. It has undoubtedly gained a major
at about £4 million for 1988. almost double mean achievement for a bus following particularly in the industrial and
the figure for the previous year. Predictions control markets and still appears to be
are that this growth is likely to continue. system conceived and gaining momentum. At the recent STE-88
with sales currently running at about £7 Conference organised by the STE manufac-
million a year according to Arcom. one of the developed in the UK, says turers and Users Group at Essex University
main producers of STEhus boards. some 65 delegates from all corners of indus-
The number of hoard types built to the Alan Timmins of STEMUG try, gathered for two days of papers. The
standard has also increased, though at a subject matter was wide and varied but was
slower rate. Following the first introduc- pertinent to system designers. engineers and
tions back in 1981. the number grew rapidly application engineers and managers re-
to reach over 750 in 1987: since (hen there sponsible for the implementation of systems

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
for applications such as process control. data rom-based target systems. data communica- under Joint Technical Committee 1. the
acquisition and robotics. STE is an excellent tions. system development using intelligent IEC/ISO hody with responsibility for stan-
i/o bus and the seminar featured a compari- slaves and an example of the use of Aztec C dards in information technology.
son of i/o sub -systems and a guide to with its recent upgraded ability to cross - Last month saw a distribution deal with
analogue i/o. even showing how to design compile to the 68000. important implications for the break-
one's own i/o using custom hoards. Those that were new to STE - about half of through STEhus needs in Europe. Industrial
One development in STE of particular the delegates - had attended the conference electronics supplier EAO has become
interest is the introduction of low power. to assist their decision making of which path Arcom's European STEbus partner and will
all-cmos systems by companies such as I)SP to follow. and many went away convinced provide a major source of STEhus hoards in
Design. These systems have many advan- that STE was the route for them. But Switzerland, Federal Germany. Netherlands
tages for the industrial systems designer. STEhus remains very much a British stan- and Sweden. And other deals between I3rit-
Low power consumption increases the op- dard: 90% of the market is st ill in the UK. ish and European companies are in the
tions available: the power supply may now be Created and developed in Britain. it is not pipel.ne.
a low -noise linear supply, rather than a noisy surprising that STEbus has found most of its So far. the massive American market has
and more expensive switched -mode supply: support on this side of the channel. But if it remained largely untouched by STEhus.
it also opens up the possihility of producing is to gain the status of a major standard such though the first steps in taking the standard
systems run entirely on batteries, or even as VMEhus and continue to grow. it must across the Atlantic have already been made -
from solar power. soon find international recognition and last October an American branch of the
Portable systems can he built that don't achieve a similar penetration in Europe and STEhus Manufacturers and Users Group was
suffer the inconvenience of frequent battery the USA. formed following the Buscon East.
changes. Cmos devices generate less heat In mainland Europe. the market for 8 -hit The endorsement of the standard by the
than their Is-ttl/nmos counterparts conse- buses is rather parochial with a variety of IEEE has finally given STEbus credibility in
quently cmos systems don't need forced air buses favoured in different countries. And so the US market and several hoard manufac-
cooling and can be sealed against dust. far there has been no European company turers either have introduced or plan to
water, oil and corrosive gases. Packaging with sufficient clout to wave the flag for launch STEbus cards. American designers
requirements are also simplified. STEhus. seem very much oriented to VMEbus, and
Other subjects covered during the two There are signs. however, of a ground- much of the current interest is reported to
days included networking. multiprocessing. swell of activity which holds the promise of he in using STEhus as an i/o bus within
better things to come for STEhus in Europe. VMEhus systems. *
Pictured opposite is Dean Microsystems
The IEC is considering adopting STEhus. It
cmos version of DSP Design's STE parallel
is currently being processed by a committee 'All asset out in October's 19117 issue or E1111*
i/o card.
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INDUSTRY INSIGHT
SYSTEII INTEGRATION
ACHIEVEMENTS AND
OPPORTUNITIES
his year has seen some start- Ignition. engine monitoring and fuel injec-
Peter Nicholson reports
T ling achievements in the field
of system level integration. It
has also seen the unveiling of on why 1988 was the year
tion systems are today being supplemented
by electronic systems aimed at making cars
more comfortable, safer and - through
many significant opportunities - to save increasingly sophisticated entertainment
costs. improve reliability or simply make that system integration systems- more fun. All have benefited from
possible things that have been impossible. the reduced cost and improved reliability of
The next twelve months will see develop- came of age microcontrol lers.
ments just as remarkable. 1988 may well prove to be one of the most
l he increasing technological capability of dards in desktop publishing and commun- significant years in terms of microcontroller
semiconductor vendors has led to the ication of graphics data. as well as for per- evolution for the automotive domain. Whilst
realisation of increasingly complex devices sonal computer standards such as 113 ''I's the early 1980s were dominated by eight -hit
at a seemingly ever-increasing rate. 1988 8514A graphics card. \lore significantly. the hoard -level controllers based on popular
may well he remembered as the year that latter part of this year has seen the announ- microprocessors. this year one of the major
system level integration came of age and cement of the first second -generation graph- international car manufacturers has built its
produced the level of functionality necessary ics processor: the l'NIS34020. vehicle electronics around a single -chip
to build true 'systems on a chip'. This enables the design of a high- microcontroller. TI's TNIS:370 was its choice
Through close relationships. and equip- performance graphics accelerator. capable - an eight -hit device that includes on -chip
ment manufacturers have been able to har- of 31) graphics and costing less than $500. all of the peripheral functions that would
ness the raw technology advances of their Graphics accelerators would be based on the normally he placed adjacently on a hoard.
silicon suppliers to produce devices that so powerful 32 -hit processor coupled to a dedi- Analogue -to -digital and digital -to -
closely match the needs of the application cated floating-point coprocessor. A typical analogue conversion are on -chip. So are
that the resulting reduction in component system design with these components at its sophisticated timers. a watchdog. serial
count is nothing short of staggering. Truly. heart is illustrated opposite and has applica- peripheral and serial communications inter-
the era of system level integration is upon tions well outside the traditional worksta- laces. The controller can read values from
us. tion sphere. Laser printers. facsimile temperature and pressure sensors. process
To the user, the cost of this silicon machines. copiers. avionics systems will he the data and can display it through a digital
technology in component terms is more amongst the other beneficiaries. display or via a pulse -width modulation
than offset by the reduced cost in peripheral Another area of the computer industry output to the conventional type of dash -
devices and offers a lower overall system that semiconductor vendors have had to hoard.
cost. Yet lower component counts have address is the problem caused by unpara- Such facilities have been added in a
benefits that extend from the goods inwards lleled improvement in central processing modular way to an eight -bit processor core.
department. through reduced assembly and units. The execution speed of the current so that designers need only ask for the
test costs. to improved reliability and, of generation of cpus is no longer the gov- peripheral functions they need. Rather than
course, greater compactness of the final erning factor in system performance, which have to pick a particular device from the
system. Four areas have gained the most is now often limited by d -ram timing capa- manufacturer's range that most closely
significant advantages of this trend: the bility. Data is being processed faster than it meets his system requirements. a designer is
computer industry, automotive electronics. can he handled by mass storage devices. now able to define exactly the microcontrol-
communications and consumer electronics. This has led to the increasing popularity of ler of his choice.
The most visible benefits of system in- cache schemes for data storage. In these. the \Iso significant is the use of e-eprom on
tegration in the computer industry have data most frequently accessed is stored in chip- a key technical achievement as well as
been in the field of graphics - now memory set aside from the main memory. one with immense practical uses. For exam-
approaching almost photographic clarity. The processor gains faster access to data via ple. engine management data (we used to
with video realism. Specialized processors the cache by first checking to see if it call it tuning in the days when cars were
such as TI's TNlS:340 have given graphics contains the data it needs. The vlsi logic built like musical instruments) can he stored
system designers the opportunity to exploit devices known as cache tag comparators in the e-eprom and adjusted for optimum
the flexibility of software. whilst maintain- mop up the logic needed to perform this performance as the car's mechanical compo-
ing the computation speed necessary to task. Such devices are now becoming avail- nents bed-in, age, wear and otherwise fall
perform complex manipulations. able for most of the popular micro- out of adjustment.
1988 has seen continued development and processors. Further up-market. powerful digital sig-
support for the first generation graphics Turning to automotive systems, the I980s nal processors have continued their con-
processor. Software libraries have been ex- has seen an increasing reliance on electro- tribution in the field of active suspension
tended to include support for industry stan- nics for various tasks within the vehicle. systems. The Lotus Formula 1 racing car

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
Data 652
32
-i
Address LAD 0-31
PAL
Host 523
bus
I
Byte select 27
34020 9
16/32
242
Control 4
Latched address
latch
Coprocessor
134082 FPU)
Decode
Host interface CPU Video Programme Static interface
pioneered the technique, in which transduc- In this advanced graphics display based on market. This year. a classic piece of system
er inputs from each wheel are fed to a 32 -bit Texas Instruments' second -generation integration has borne fruit with the joint
processor. which then controls servovalve graphics system processor (GSM. the TI/Ferguson development of an application -
actuators which dynamically adjust the ride TMS34020 is coupled to a new floating- specific i.c. to perform stereo sound decod-
of the car. These hydraulic systems replace point co -processor, TMS34082. Graphics inp. in tvs. \ single chip now carries out
conventional springs and dampers. produc- co -processor operates at up to 40 Mllops decoding to nicam standards. where pre-
ing safer handling and a fully adjustable ride and has been designed to interface directly viously a hoard -full of components was
over a wider dynamic range than is possible with the 34020 address and data buses. In required.
with conventional systems. addition, the graphics processor is opti- Another exciting development is expected
Volvo cars have experimented this year mized for use with TI's IMbit video ram. to be in the field of video recorders. The need
with a similar system -
essentially as a taking advantage of advanced capabilities is to improve picture quality - involving
research tool to investigate and tune the such as block -write, write -per-hit, en- better resolution coupled with image pro-
characteristics of traditional style suspen- hanced page mode and split register reload. cessing techniques. The technical demands
sion systems. are strenuous - such a system must he able
The technique has been developed for to perform 500 million operations/s on a
Lotus road cars and early in 1989 the first V32 modem using just six components. continuous data stream exceeding 15 mil-
mass -production cars with such a system Linear application -specific integrated cir- lion byte/s.
will roll onto American roads. cuits could revolutionise the design of mod- ulti-chip approaches using Isi will un-
It is all made possible through the very ems like this. In this diagram. digital doubtedly prove not to be cost-effective:
high speed mathematical capabilities of the signal-processing chips T.MS320C25 pro- wi- ich is why current development is focused
digital signal processor. Without it the sys- vide the modern core. Also included is T/ s on a massively parallel vector processor,
tem could not possibly perform the complex recently-introduced modular eight -hit mic- capable of implementing digital algorithms
data manipulation required in real time. rocontroller. TMS370. Greater reductions on the video data.
Moving on to communications. the trend of hoard space and cost will he possible TI envisages a single chip, integrating 768
is toward ever faster data rates with in- when digital signal processor cores are built 1024 -bit processors. depending on the
creasingly complex capabilities for error into an asic standard cell library. broadcast standard. It would have 256Kbits
correction as well as a growing amount of of working memory on -chip and have
on -board intelligence. Again. digital signal V32 embedded control algorithms, configurable
processing chips provide a powerful core I -I by the designer. The chip will. of course,
with the necessary capabilities for im- 1 I interface directly with the serial video data
321?CI25
plementing filters and other mathematical LInASIC ; stream and support multiple frame store
processing. functions to carry out its task.
I
All the systems described are much more
1
The development of analogue functions in 1 I
an application specific cell library (Linasic) I I

than conceptual ideas. They are active re-
is leading to reduced component counts in search and development projects - promp-
such systems. Indeed a \'32 modern is being
ASIC 320C15 ted by demands of the marketplace. Technol-
developed with just six components (right).
I I ogy is not the barrier. It is the end market
Yet further space and cost reductions will
I r I
the users of computers. cars, communica-
I I
come as dsps become a part of the standard tions and consumer goods- that will decide
I I
asic cell Iihran. I TCHT1001 370 I

whether they succeed or fail.
One of the most exciting opportunities in I I
I
the consumer field will come as digital
I
By Peter Nicholson. !tanager of Texas In-
technology increasingly penetrates the video struments' Regional Technology Centre.
December 1988 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLI) 1231

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
COST-EFFECTIVE
INSTRUMENTATION
CONTROL IN 1988
ecent developments in PC - Already. it is possible to employ modules
based instrumentation have The inroad of PCs as low-cost offering a choice of such 'instruments' as
made available highly soph- multimeters, universal counters. transient
isticated systems which can tools into virtually all recorders. digital i/o units, function -pulse.
offer users exceptional price/performance generators. voltage/current calibrators and
advantages as well as greater versatility in engineering sectors has not scanners.
terms of expansion and reconfiguration than \Vhen required. the IEC625 or IEEE488
can be offered by dedicated test and excluded the area of test and bus with a standard instrumentation inter-
measurement equipment. face enables the user to drive a combination
The idea of using the power of the PC in measurement. of PC -based and stand-alone instruments -
conjunction with t & m instrumentation is all via the same interface.
not, of course, new. Just over six years ago. the Siemens programme generator which It has hecome clear that the ultimate user
an American manufacturer hit on the idea of has been designed to help generate test acceptance of such PC -based instrumenta-
producing a PC expansion card which had all programmes much more quickly than pre- tion is conditional on the availability of
the attributes of a 50MIIz storage oscine viously. software to simplify the task of accessing and
scope. It was not, therefore, an instrument. In addition to the more obvious advan- exploit all the options offered by the PC.
in the accepted sense of the word hut it tages, there are virtually unlimited possibili- Despite the computer revolution, how-
heralded the start of an entirely new ties for processing measured values such as ever. it would he dangerous to assume a
approach to test and measurement. the generation of a wide range of statistics. particular level of computer knowledge on
Today. the plug-in card approach still analysis tables and diagrams, together with the part of the user. That level could lie
remains popular but three further options the filtering out of important parameters anywhere between no knowledge. to the
are now available - instrumentation rack (e.g. limiting or peak values) from a data extraordinary capabilities of the true compu-
modules which can contain a combination of stream. And, by linking to a host computer ter"huff-.
different PC -based instrument card stand- via a local area network, it is possible to allow Operator input to computer systems has
alone modules each with its own housing the transmission of data for long-term stor- certainly undergone rapid change over the
and power supply. and the linking up of age as well as the loading of test prog- last few years-from using commands which
standard instruments which can operate rammes. were difficult to grasp. through plain En-
with the PC via standard interfaces. The most significant benefit, however, glish commands. to icon -based systems.
In the last-mentioned area. where many must surely be that the power and speed of which go some way toward meeting the
users will have acquired a wide variety of PCs will continue to progress into - as yet - needs of the user that is more interested in
instruments with the necessary interface undreamt of areas which will enable t & m to performing a task than learning how to
requirements. the possibility of linking comfortably encompass the increasingly service the computer system.
them into a suitable PC could he an attrac- stringent demands as technology continues
tive route into the PC t & ni area, particular- to race forward. Dual benefit
ly with the decrease in PC prices which has What. then. are the significant trends easurement technology can benefit in two
come in parallel with increases in operating today? distinct ways from the developments and
power at virtually no extra cost. For the user seeking high performance in experience in the field of PCs. Firstly. the
There are also other cost savings which a comparatively small unit. discrete instru- user's measurement task is simplified by the
arise from the elimination of such redun- ment modules are the ideal answer. Sie- ahility to operate the instruments using PC
dant pieces of equipment as displays, oper- mens. a leader in this field. has promoted the software that relies on the operating philoso-
ator controls. printers. vdus etc. fact that by putting each module in a phy of icon -based systems ( \pple Macintosh,
Another point worth noting is that even if separate housing with its own power supply Smalltalk language, or the GEM graphics
a new I'C has to he purchased. it then they are all electrically isolated from each system. for example).
becomes available for a wide variety of other other: mutual interference and interference Secondly. the PC software has a familiar
applications - something that a piece of along a common device bus are avoided and, appearance to the vast number of people who
dedicated t & m equipment cannot offer. depending on the measurement conditions, are already acquainted with such systems on
However, in looking at the real cost optimal shielding and central earthing personal computers. This considerably
benefits. there is one important cost area arrangements can he achieved. alleviates the anxiety that may he generated
which must not be ignored-the software for Another useful aspect of such a system is by working with instruments that do not
running the required programmes. This that it does not restrict the provision of have any physical operator controls such as
should ideally he capable of expansion to instruments which have the complexity and knobs or switches. They can also he reas-
cater for the regular addition of the further power demand by the market - unlike sured by the similarity between any Macin-
application programmes. likely to he re- PC -cards where problems arise as to module tosh and GEM programms to those required
quired to meet changing needs. Even in this size, the number of available slots. and/or for advanced PC -based instrumentation.
area there are aids to reducing costs. such as overloading of the single power supply. As an example. the software provided for

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
the Siemens modules not only offers a tailed information. the instrumentation sys- vionsly would have been difficult or impossi-
uniform and friendly user interface - with all tem processes it to produce results of ble to measure. It is possible to make
control via a mouse or the keyboard of the varying complexity. Because it may he integral sensors containing both the sensing
-
PC hut also provides software toleration of necessary to pass on these results in an component and the electronics required for
user errors to prevent incorrect setting up. appropriate form. instruments must he cap- processing resulting data. thus making ex-
Communication between the PC and PC - able of being integrated into a system. tremely compact transducers available.
based instruments can take place on any of The term "integrated instrumentation - From research into the field of artificial
three levels: encompasses the means by which physical intelligence. two practically applicable de-
values are measured. items of information velopments have emerged - knowledge -
- interactive mode processed, and communication with higher based systems and expert systems. Among
- free programming and level data networks effected. It is an area other applications. these tools can be used
-automatic programme generation. which has two aspects -integration of for fault diagnostics and now form an area of
The first enables the user to prescribe the various methods and integration of the considerable interest within instrumenta-
setting of the PC -based instruments, initiate instruments. This involves the integration of tion technology. \\'e see, therefore. develop-
measurements. or request a display of the knowledge from the fields of instrumenta- ments which can employ the increasing
result of the measurements. The second tion technology. systems theory and in- power of the PC to remarkable advantage.
allows the setting up of instruments in the formation processing. It must also include Within five years. we could he measuring the
same way as a stand-alone unit using IEC specific product knowledge together with a values of occurences which today may be
bus commands. The third enables users with link -up to the information flows required in virtually. or indeed completely. unknown to
no experience of IEC programming to simp- manufacturing. us. The years ahead will undoubtedly take us
ly specify the instrument settings required Advances in microelectronics. sensor into realms oft & m that. in terms of existing
in their correct sequence according to the technology. systems theory and. not least. in capabilities, would be extremely difficult to
programme to be executed. The programme information technology, have made it possi- comprehend but will nevertheless continue
generator will then produce a suitable pro- ble to implement completely new forms of to provide the challenges and excitement
gramme. There is also a facility enabling measuring and testing concepts. that today's new and radical developments
existing programmes for IEC bus units to be Economically -priced microprocessors and already offer.
easily merged into these or other pro- signal processors with enormous computa-
grammes. tional power have mastered complex signal the help and en-
Tony Leach acknowledges
A modern system of instrumentation is an processing tasks. couragement provided by Siemens engineers in
information system providing details of the Through the development of new sensors. the preparation of this article. Ile is marketing
characteristics and status of a technical semiconductor and optical, it is now possible manager at STC Instrument Services, Dewar
environment. As well as providing the de- to determine physical quantities that pre - I louse. Central Road. Marlow. Essex.
Front panels of l'C instruments are uncluttered by con-

trols because parameters are software selectable over the
488 interface bus.
M & B RADIO (LEEDS)
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All are tested and checked for Cal bration f 170 Siemens Psophometer W2033 15Hz 20MHz
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86 Bishopgarie Street, Leeds LS1 4BB.
Tel: 0532 435649

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
ENHANCED PULSE
MEASUREMENT USING
VXI-BASED INSTRUMENTS
utomatic test equipment of instrument suite". Consider a large a.t.e. for
How to get your
A one form or another has been
around for over twenty years.
Early systems utilised b.c.d.
programmable instruments and had to make
instrument's time delays
testing avionics (including radar). as shown
in the diagram below.
Notice that the pulse and delay generators
are as close to each other as possible. and
do with a great deal of human intervention down to nanoseconds. close to the d.u.t. interface so that in theory
The establishment of the IEEE 488 brought synchronization pulses have minimum
ahout a revolution in a.t.e. design; sysem Mg is the routing of signals between instru- lengths to travel and minimum differential
integrators no longer needed to he instruments, both measurement and stimulus. lengths. On closer examination, the critical
mentation specialists, which could now he The interfacing to the compu er controller pulse generation and measurement instru-
left to the dedicated instrumentation spe- was of course resolved with the advent of ments cable lengths present significant
cialists. Off-the -shelf instruments were now IEEE 488. problems. The diagram opposite shows how
available with a standard communications The first problem. that of interfacing the cable is routed between instruments in a
control interface. The systems integrator between instruments and d.u.t., has very test rack: it is not just a simple matter of a
could at last get down to the real problems of nearly been resolved for military applica- short interconnection between the two un-
writing software and configuring the tions by the interface connector assembly. its. Cable retractors and rack -to -rack wiring
system. add many feet of cable.
Device -under -test interfacing and signal Instrument -to -instrument interfacing
interlacing became one of the biggest What are the problems of instrument -to - Unwanted timing delays
headaches for the systems integrator. D.u.t. instrument interfacing? The most serious is Why are the lengths of these cables so
interlacing is between the device under test that of timing between instruments, often important? To synchronize pulse generators
and the a.t.e. system, and the signal interfac- referred to as "the orchestration of the and arm counter/timers coax cables are used
Rack 6 Rack 5 Rack 3 Rack I

Power panel Power panel Power panel System power Power panel
distribution
Programmable Power
digitiser
control unit
Calibration Syn/f unction
Synchro/ standard generator Computer
resolver
standard Counter/timer
Printer
Display
DVM stimulus System Disc drive
Ratio generator interface
transformer i
Function panel
assembly CRT/terminal
generator
Pulse
generator
ACU
Pressure AC power
1/0
generator supply
Pulse/delay controller
Disc
generator
controller
DC power AC power DC power CSIU power Disc drive

supply supply supply supplies
-,Expansion
Expansion Expansion Expansion
'.n
Expansion
n n nn n
1234 ELECTRONICS fiN'IRELESSWORLD December 1988

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
to connect them to each other, and unfortu-

nately. it takes a finite time for a pulse to
travel down a cable. In free space an electro- Front of rack
magnetic wave travels at 3x I011cm/s. so to
travel 30cm it will take Ins. Coaxial cable, Carle length must allow
however, slows down the e.m. wave, nomi- instrument to be extended
nally by a factor of 0.66 (velocity factor for on slides from the rack -
rack depth approx 60cm
solid dielectric coax cable). It will thus take
approximately I .5ns to travel 30cm.
The time delay. when connecting two
instruments mounted close together, say Slides
with 2 metres of cable. can add up to I (Ins. In
modern radar environments, this is un-
Cable carrier
acceptable. In medium to long-range radars. keeps cable tidy
where the radar pulse is between I and 10µs while allowing
long and ranges are in excess of 100m these instrument to be
pulled from rack
instrument -to -instrument delays have never
been considered a problem.
But today busy airfield ground -movement
radars need to resolve to tens of cent imet ress
and automatic aircraft carrier landing sys-
tems need control to within metres. Rear of rack
The radar pulse simulation diagrams
show the ideal case for a radar simulator.
Pulse generator A is triggered and a sync Ideal case
pulse is fed to generator B for delay of r` Transmit pulse leading edge
simulated return pulse. In the radar system. °ulse gen A
the delay between the transmit pulse and

receive echo is primarily a function of range.
In the ideal case. this range can be program-
Pulse gen B
Triggered and
9ns
^--- Return pulse
med into pulse generator B. There is now a delayed from A

Pirugrammed return del ry
delay to he considered, between the trigger __ lOa range 15.2cm (free space)
1
out from generator A and the input into
in
generator B. due to the propagation delay
Practical case
along the interconnecting cable. In the case Pulse gen A
described this will introduce an additional
delay of lOns. On a medium to long-range
n
' 2Ons =.a04cm range now has a 100 error
radar, this extra delay would only introduce.
Pulse gen B
at the most a 0.1% error. However. for
radars requiring resolution down to 30cm 'Ors programmed return delay
and operating in the tens of nanosecond I Ons extra delay before trig is seen by gen B due to
prop delay of coax this assumes the two generators
area. the cable delay introduce a 100';n error. are red to each other
Accurate timing measurements of these
pulses is also a problem as cable lengths to
inputs A and B on a timer/counter must be
1.2` defines clocks. syncs triggers, start -stop * four additional e.c.l. trigger lines.
matched.
signals and their timing relationship. The P2 * 24 additional local bus lines, for a total of
connector on a VXI chassis delivers re- 6.
All these errors can he removed through
calibration and software correction. howev-
sources to modules particularly oriented to * 'star trigger' lines for precision module -
instrumentation. P2 as well as all of Pl. to -module timing.
er, this creates more software overhead and
retain their basic \'ME functions. P2 in For instance. CLK100 on P3 is defined in
increases the test time.
addition adds: the VXI specification as follows: "The CLK
11)0 and SYNC100 backplane distribution
The solution * -5.2V. -2V. ±24V and additional +5V network MUST NOT insert more than 2.0ns
An environment that allows the critical power
timing skew between CLK 100 and SYNC 1(10
pulse generation and measurement instru- * IOMI-Iz differential clock
at any slot." The specification also states that
ments to sit far closer together is bound to * six parallel e.c.I. trigger lines. "the trace lengths should he matched to
reduce the time delay problems. In- * eight parallel t.t.l. trigger lines. within 1ns." Manufacturers of VXI chassis
struments-on -a -card and the VXI concept * module indentification pin. may wish to provide better performance
take care of this problem in more than one * 12 lines of manufacturer defined local hus
way. depending on the application, hut the worst
lines that connect to adjacent modules.
case is defined, and is a lot tighter than that
The VXI chassis allows for 12 instruments. * 50 -ohm terminated analogue summing
in the rack -and -stack system.
plus a slot -0 controller to have inter -module bus.
spacing of only 3.05 cm. Pulse generators For even higher performance. P3 provides Thanks to Jill Fuller, VXI product special-
and counter/timers arranged in adjacent more capability: ist. with Racal Dana for help with the
slots can now offer transmission time delays * additional +5V. -5.2\'. ±24V. -2V. and preparation of this article.
of <11.25ns. Even when mounting two pulse ± 12V power.
generators at extremes of the cage and * 100MHz differential clock which is syn- 'VXlbus Consortium VMMEbus Extensions for In-
placing the counter equidistance from both. chronous with the I''_> IOMI Izclock. strumentation. \'Xlhus System Specification. Re-
the worse delay would he 2ns. * synchronizing signal for 100M1-Iz clock vision 1.2. June 21st 1988, is available from Racal
The \'XI system specification, Revision edge selection. )ana Instruments Ltd.

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
from page 1225 equidistant from slot 0. allowing precisely ing. P3 functions including Starhus trigger-
last February's Industry Insight, and is fully matched trigger timing regardless of the ing and extended start/stop. and internal
compatible with both the VMEhus and Euro - module position in the chassis so that high waveform functions that include parametric
card standards. frequency clocks can he distributed to multi- analysis. timing measurements. waveform
The extended performance features of the ple instrument modules without the need math and waveform processing in a \'Xl
VXI-defined P3 connector include a 100 MHz for multiple clock drivers. D -size module.
clock and synchronization signal. 36 -high The development system is suited to com-
speed local bus lines for card -to -card commercial applications in research, develop- Arbitrary waveform generator for custom
munication, and the Starbus for precisely ment, manufacturing, and for a.t.e. system waveforms up to 100 MS/s at frequencies
matched trigger timing between modules, integration where automatic testing needs from 0.01 to 26 \11-Iz. It has 10 -hit amplitude
regardless of their relative positions within surpass the capabilities of the 488 technolo- resolution, 128 kword of reconfigurahle
the chassis. Test systems built using the gy. Military prime contractors who typically waveform memory, and extensive trigger
system will allow data to be transferred build and use high-speed functional testers sources and modes using the advanced VXI
between adjacent modules or instruments at of electronic circuit boards, hybrids. suh- 1'3 features available toa D -size module.
speeds of up to 1C1 Iz over the local bus. This assembles and final products, will use the
is four times faster than the data transfer development system or its components for Scanner controller interfacing four to eight
speeds available with VXI products using early custom VXI card development, and as a scanner modules with signal switching re-
C -size cards and the local bus available on base for future test systems. quirements from high power d.c. to micro-
the P2 connector. High-speed data transfer wave signals, 32 -hit bi-directional t.t.l. lines
More recently, the company announced
can occur between several modules simul- per port for digital i/o. power for up to 12
its first three VXI 'instruments on a card' -a
taneously, thereby allowing private com- probes. test sequence storage for 500 steps
waveform digitizer, arbitrary waveform
munication between modules. As this data per port, and alias naming for complex
generator for D -size mainframes, and a
transfer occurs on a dedicated local bus, switch paths. The scanner controller is
scanner controller card that links VXI sys-
system buses (VMEhus, trigger bus and packaged in a C -size module.
tems to its line of a.t.e. switching products.
analogue bus) are not occupied and can he 111 three products operate in Tektronix'
Announced at Autotestcon, New York. in
used for other tasks. VXII500 D -size mainframe and \ X 501 De-
early October. the new Tek VXI products are:
Signals exceeding 250MHz can be routed velopment System for building 'instruments
over the development system's starbus. Dual -channel waveform digitizer with 8bit on a card' and functional test systems. In
which provides two private. bidirectional. vertical resolution, 250 M Hz analogue band- addition, the VXI products comply with all
differential c.c.]. lines between instrument width, up to 200 MS/s. programmable record aspects of the VXlbus specification Rev 1.2.
modules and slot 0 of the D -size mainframe. lengths of 16 kbyte per channel, internal making them easy to integrate into multi -
Each module within the mainframe appears waveform storage with memory partition- vendor \'Xlhus systems.
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606 Three Phase Mains Analyser 2550.00 8901B Modulation Analyser 6900.00
808 Power Demand Analyser 2750.00 8903A Audio Analyser 1500.00
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4951B With options 001/100 2500.00 TEKTRONIX 2382 400MHz Bandwidth 11750.00
4951C With option 103 3550.00 2235 100MHz Dual timebase, Dual Trace 900.00 HEWLETT-PACKARD
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° Phone,01-943 4477 Now for your,up-to date Stock List!
INDUSTRY INSIGHT
ALVEY'S FINAL PHASE

n January's issue Roh Islorland. director of the :\lvev framework. Here we extract essential features of the updated
v.l.s.i. programme. looks hack on what has been summary chart which highlights the v.l.s.i. bipolar and cmos
achieved so far and also looks forward to the future projects.
with a new programme and a new organisational
ALVEY VLSI PROCESS SUMMARY UPDATED FROM NOVEMBE91987 ISSUE
Technology Bipolar Complementary m.o.s.

CDI UHS Digital Digital Analogue SOS'
Participants Plessey Plessey British Plessey MEDL GEC

semi- Research Aerospace Research Plessey Research
conductors Solon, Racal GEC Research RSRE
Oxford STC Research MEDL
Univs
Minimum feature size (micron) 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.25 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1 0
Maximum toggle frequency (MHz) 650 1200 11000 165 210 450 900 375 410 600
Effectivecircuit(logicgates/cm2) 5x 104 2.2x 105 3.6x 10" 8x 104 1x105 1.6x105 6.2x105 1.8x105 2.25x105 6.25x105
Figure of merit (gate Hz/cm?) 3.2x1013 2.6x1014 4x10" 1.3x10" 2.1x10'3 7.2x1013 5.6x10" 6.7x1013 9.2x10" 3.81014
prototype silicon July 1987 July 1988 June 1987 Mar 1987 Dec 1989 Feb 1987 June 1988 Dec 1987 June 1988 Oct 1989
production April 1988 Dec 1989 Oct 1987 July 1987 June 1990 Oct 1987 April 1989 Sept 1988 Mar 1989 Mar 1991
'Radiation sensitivity: transient upset = 102rad/s
Having chosen a computer. one would then have:

C A formal description of the hardware and its response to every
COMMERCIAL QUALITY
possible combination of inputs and instructions.
I) A compiler to turn the language of B into machine code for C. wit h
SCANNG RECEIVER
a proof of correspondence between source and object programme, 11115 ..
for every construct of the language. 733.0 pan º9
.. ( §. C
Once the programs are complete there will he:
1:1,0r,,,.®,d..r+ow.twrl ¡,*"'7_ -
tt. . -
E An operational program with proofs that both source and object =

programs conform to the original requirement. A above.
The real world is not like this. Scientifically, not enough is known - - Q ..
..r--...
yet to make the steps A to E above totally feasible, although the ..,
position will improve steadily as more results are achieved in the ..MD..
various research programmes which are under way. To guide the
designers of safety -critical military equipment in the 1990s. Yi1oD is in The IC R7000, advanced technology, continous coverage commun,cahons ece,vm I
the process of preparing a new Defence Standard, number (10-55. has 99 programmable memo,,es covering ancroft, mar me, FM b.oadcost
which will describe in detail how far the above points can he satisfied. Amateur radio, television and weather satellite bands For simplified operation
within the limits of current scientific knowledge and industrial and quick tuning the IC -R7000 features direct keyboard entry Precise frequencies
can he selected by pushing the drgd keys in sequence of the frequency or by fur Hung
capabilities. the morn tuning knob F M wide r FM narrow AM upper and lower SSB modes with
The Viper microprocessor. its related means for the development of 6 tumrg speeds 0 1, 10, 5, 10 12 5 and 25kHz A sophisticated scanning system
safe software and the associated prototyping hardware is an integral provides instant access to the most used frequencies By depressing the Auto -M
s,.vuch the IC R7000 automatically memo, is( s h equenc.es that or e in use whilst it
part of this quest for ever safer systems. Though produced by a YloD
the scan mode, this allows you to recall frequencies that we,e in use Readout
research establishment in association with contractors and licensees, is clearly shown on o dual colour fluorescent display Options include the
it is a central feature of the overall policy that all of the work and its ORC-12inha,ed,ereoi controller vo.ce synthesize. and HP I headphones
products are available for use immediately in civil projects where Icom (UK) Ltd. Tel 0227 363859 Telex 965179 ICOM G
computers may threaten human life in the event of design errors.
IC N.d Authorised Welsh distribution by
M.R.S. Communications Ltd. Cardiff Tel: 0222 224167.
Thanks to Charter Technologies of Worcester for help in the Please send information on 'corn products & my nearest Icom dealel
preparation of this article. Charter leads the group promoting the use IName/address/postcode:
of viper technology. which include 1EDL at Lincoln. Rex, Thompson
& Partners of Farnham. Program Validation of Southampton. and
1'raxis of Bath. as well as Charter and associate Viper Technologies,
and RSRE. Rolls Royce Associates and Plessey Semiconductors are
also expected to join the group.
Status:
Lt Tel:
to:Icom (UK) Ltd. Dent. WW, FREEPOST, Herne Bay, Kent CT68BR1

INDUSTRY INSIGHT
DUAL -WAVELENGTH TIME -

DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER
recent survey to provide a short path through a
of the European diode for the large number of
fibre optic scene carriers released by highly -
high -lighted reflective defects. and operates
some forthcoming changes in completely automatically.
the market. Until recently long- Introducing a quiescent point
haul installations have con-
sumed a high percentage of
fibre, hut this market is due to
decline within the next five
..
°Z-7-91',--- a
r.Ws
=
I
check enabling compensation
for drift in the amplifier compo-
nents.
Complementing the limita-
years as many countries com-
plete their long -haul networks. -
.. I
_4 tion system with a disconnection
system to protect the amplifier
Telephony will. however, stages from saturation and en-
remain the largest application able the system to workperfectly
throughout the nineties as fibre even in the presence of highly
moves into feeder routes and the reflective defects.
subscriber 100p. Fastest grow- 14 -hit analogue -to -digital
ing markets will he datacomms, conversion. enabling the full
video communications and dynamic range of the instrument
military applications. to be utilised (26dB for 1550nm,
28d13 for l300nm fibres). Averag-
It is predicted that sales of
test equipment will reflect these ing is perfdrmed on 32hits and
trends. with increasing demand arising from the averaging process is hardwired. enabling
developments in fibre optic lans and from the microprocessor to simultaneously per-
contractors to military markets more than form other tasks. Accumulation is per-
compensating for decline in demand from formed over the entire range of the instru-
long -haul contractors. The optical time ment: it is of fundamental importance to the
domain reflectometer will continue to he correct operation of the 'noise rejection by
the system installer's basic measurement accumulation' principle that this is per-
tool and the market's major product formed in the linear domain prior to taking
segment. the logarithm. Whatever the original signal
The 7727 being marketed by Schlumber- E, I)OO.r
the logarithm is taken to an accuracy of
{ ,.aw. . . KJ) 0.01 dB.
ger Instruments is the latest in a range IS IS ti fi ..t'-'-
which has achieved success through a com- Store The processing capability which enables
Help Preset Measure
bination of automatic measurement capabil- totally automatic measurement is unique to
ity with large dynamic range and compact ease of use. High performance implies large Schlumberger's o.t.d.rs and allows complete
'all -in' packaging. This is the first in the dynamic range, good spatial resolution and characterization of the link in just a few
range to feature dual -wavelength capability. linearity, obtained by generating low -width. seconds by pressing a button. Time to
and the first on the market to offer perform- high -amplitude pulses within a perfectly connect the fibre. capture and process the
ance in a dual -wavelength instrument com- linear system. data is about two minutes- up to ten times
parable to single -wavelength instruments. Schlumberger achieved these design faster than measurement by conventional
test methods. For both -ends measurement
Schlumherger say they have this by careful criteria with following:
the average value is determined automati-
selection of the laser and photodiode and Using a p -i -n photodiode with high linear-
ity. The gain of this type of photodiode is very cally, and users are presented with an aver-
novel setup of the coupler.
age curve rather than the averages of results.
The 7727 evaluates fibres at 1300 and much lower than that of an avalanche diode.
giving unrivalled measurement accuracy.
1500nm. an extremely useful feature in A high-performance amplifer is therefore
For comparison of current and historical
testing of single-mode links. The instrument required with a very high gain/bandwidth
data two curves can be superimposed on the
completely characterizes the fibre at 1300 product. and with perfect linearity to pre-
screen. Disc storage may he used to save
and 1500nm under the same injection con- serve the advantages of using the p -i -n
acquisition points for subsequent processing
ditions. confirming the quality of transmis- photodiode.
of the curves.
sion at both wavelengths - important in )'sing electronic masking to combat the
The two -instruments -in -one 7727 is
multiplexing applications. Some defects are effects of highly -reflective defects. Optical
priced at 22.990. which includes a built-in
wavelength -dependent. so this tester can masking carries the drawback that a pre-
printer. internal memory. IEEE 488 and
show up weak points that may remain liminary measurement must he made to
RS232C interfaces. I2\'d.c. input. and a
undetected in a single -wavelength test. determine points of high reflectivity. fol-
range of optical connection accessories.
The wavelength is directly switchable from lowed by positioning of the mask and further
the front panel or over the IEEE488 measurements. In addition. the optical mask
interface. is controlled by an r.f. power control which For further information contact Philippe
The essential design objective was to can interfere with the measurement system Cuerineau, Schlumherger Instruments. Vic-
produce a compact instrument offering high at the time of reconnection. Electronic toria Road. Farnborough. Hants Cl" 14 7P1t'.
measurement performance combined with masking uses a limitation system designed Tel: (0252) 544433.
1238 ELECTRONICS fi WIRELESS WORLD December 1988

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r
' ESE measure forward/reverse con-
° CH NBC ES
GSptr? RO
Plastic chips are ductivity ratios of 5 x 105. \s for
1
i+)¿v¡6$í4L
n)
i
L )1ZJLMkti
c
.
{7
here misfets. almost textbook per-
formance has been achieved
r
t,---.v)
r
1
a t'l^) d,,se+
p,(0 -
No, I'm not 20 years behind the from a device (below) in which rAhJ,yE Cn
times and I'm not referring just the polyacetylene channel is
accessed via polysilicon source h
to the encapsulation. A team at N
the Cavendish Laboratory in
Cambridge reports success (Na-
and drain contacts.
The mode of operation is ^z ...:s ,.-r -'
ture vol.334, no 6186) in fabric- novel, since charge is not stored
ating high-performance diodes in the usual form of electrons
and transistors from the organic and holes. Instead there exist
polymer polyacetylene. Richard what are referred to as soliton-
Friend and his colleagues have like excitations of the polymer
used a preparation technique de- chemical chain. Evidence for
veloped at the University of this comes from expectedly large .
Durham to prepare working de- changes in the optical properties

Kemal Ebcioglu of IBM explains the harmonization added to Bach's
vices from this. the simplest of of the polyacetylene as an elec-
Chorale No 68 through the application of his expert system and the
all conducting polymers. tric field is applied to its surface.
mathematically -expressed rule seen above the notes.
In an accompanying com- These opto -electric effects are
ment. Professor David Bloor of in themselves interesting be-
Queen Mary College, London, cause of the possibility of being the individual melodic lines of And while it is unlikely that
says that the performance of the able to exploit them deliberately the voices. Choral or any other expert sys-
Cambridge group's diodes and in the design of optical modula- One of the interesting features tem could rival the real Bach. it
transistors is several orders of tors for computing and other of the program is an intelligent would probably, according to
magnitude Netter than any pre- applications. generate -and -test algorithm, a Ecbioglu. receive an above -
viously reported organic devices. All in all, this latest work set of instructions, that in- average to excellent grade in a
And whilst they are not yet ready suggests that more -or -less whol- crementally constructs the har- university composition class.
ly plastic devices are likely to monization of the melody
to replace inorganic semicon-
ductors, this improvement in feature in commercial service for according to a larger set of rules.
at least some specialized applica- The harmonization is built stage
performance does open the way
tions in the not -too -distant fu-
to the construction of devices
that could not he made from ture.
by stage. Choral backtracks and
changes notes that it considers
New buzz for
inorganic materials such as sili-
con or III-V alloys.
Source
AWmin,um
Crain' to be responsible when a dead-
end is encountered. just as if it
magneto-
Although organic polymers Polyacetylene
11'011-')
were negotiating a maze and had
run into a wall. This is necessary
striction
exist with electrical conductivi-
sio Magnetostriction, considered by
ties rivalling those of metals, atebecause rules are not by them-
attempts.to make electronic de- 409A n.sind'cm'r)--.selves sufficient for producing most engineers to be something
vices from them have in the past beautiful music. Composers use of a curse, is the subject of an
additional knowledge - what we
`300pa Si eater
been frustrated by difficulties in important feasibility study now
the chemical processing and call talent - for choosing among being undertaken at the British
manipulation of the polymer the many possihle extensions of a Non -Ferrous N etals Technology
materials. Also, as Friend points partial composition at eacL stage Centre at \Vantage. Magneto -
strict ion is the property by which
out, there remains considerable
doubt as to whether it is possible
Even more in the process. Translating "ta-
lent.' into an algorithm would be magnetic materials change their
or appropriate to make use of
modes of operation employed
switched -on an impossible task, though
Ebcioglu has learned that a large
dimensions when they become
magnetized. Although the rela-
with conventional inorganic Bach number of precise, style -specific
recommendations can provide a
tive change is rarely more than
three parts in 105 it has the
materials.
llp till now the work has large- IBM researcher Kemal Ebcioglu good approximat ion. annoying effect of making mains
ly been limited to p -n and has designed an expert system Choral uses an extensive base transformers hum and television
Schottky diodes exhibiting for harmonizing music. Choral, of style recommendations about sets whistle.
forward/reverse conductivity as the experimental program is which notes or chords to choose Yet magnetostriction Ilas an
ratios of no more than a few known. adds bass, tenor and alto among the many musical:y cor- enormous range of actual and
hundred. Misfet (metal - parts to chorale melodies and rect possibilities at each stage of potential uses. Ultrasonic trans-
insulator -semiconductor fet) produces four-part scores in con- the harmonization. Ehcioglu de- ducers are hut one example. The
structures using polymers have ventional music notation that signed Backtracking Specifica- trouble is that with conventional
also been attempted in Japan. can he read on a computer ter- tion Language (BSL) to reduce metals the dimensional change
The chemical processing tech- minal screen, printed and per- the number of instructions and is not enough to allow the con-
niques developed at Durham are formed. consequently the processing struction of powerful and yet
complex. hut essentially allow Ehcioglu used chorale harmo- time to complete a chorale har- compact devices.
the production of thin films of nizations by Bach as the primary monization. Using BSL. a chor- In the last decade. however.
p -doped polyacetylene with very source for developing the know- ale harmonization requires ab- researchers in Britain and the
lmv levels of residual oxygen. ledge base of his expert system. out 30 minutes on an IBM main- USA have discovered a range of
From this material the Cam- This contains more than 350 frame processor. During this what are called 'giant' magneto-
bridge team have fabricated rules divided into groups that time. the mainframe executes strictive materials. the hest -
Schottky diodes. mis diodes and observe the chorale from multi- about 23 x 109 instructions. known being an alloy of iron with
misfets. For the Schottky diodes ple viewpoints, such as the har- The acid test. of course. is the the rare earth element, terbium.
they are now routinely able to monic outline of the chorale and quality of the resulting music. This material, ThFe,, exhibits a

r I ESE CH NOTES
7:.
j
1.
''
degree of magnetostriction r work done at PEAR and else-
almost two orders of magnitude
- .
n r°,..".'., ..,
Ì ?, ,
where and offers a few theories to

greater than any pure element. '«.¡.:!1ó.4: tj
ip.,,,. JJ.Çk
explain such bizarre effects.
Other new giant magnetostric- Psychokinesis, because it in-
:
}°wIS
.w
.
.
tive materials are composites.
i _
e
>t
.
.-:,...,.:.
volves the exercise of mind over
based on dispersions of iron
a, tn+ matter. is the easiest psychic
'war V
particles in synthetic rubbers. "" jMt. h
..
'.+"1.:% . phenomenon to investigate. and
1 hese can grow as much as one
part in200when magnetized. -

!'; dt. . ÍiNt' t u.;
°
z:AÍ' 'i1MÍ'
.: , also the easiest to quantify. One
way this has been done in the
'
,
The causes of the magneto- o . .

N.
PEAR laboratory is to get people
. Á
strictive effect are not yet fully to try and influence - by pure
..
understood in these new mat-
erials. though two different
mechanisms are thought to be
9!". Y a.:
,.i .
.': ill . n
thought - the behaviour of a
random pulse generator.
Jahn and his colleagues set up
t
S
:, '
.
involved. One is a hulk effect due ir.... an electronic device designed to

r f .' ,
to the action of demagnetizing
fields while the other, less well _> _ _
- =1"'
.M
._ _
.t .. 1 t nti'' S.i r
produce noughts and ones in
random sequence. By the normal
understood, mechanism is a con- Encyclopedia entry on "neutron" as cut into an alumina substrate. rules of chance. this generator
sequence of interactions be- Holes are approximately the diameter of two atoms. Photograph by occasionally produces regularly
tween magnetic dipoles at the courtesy of the University of Liverpool. alternating sequences. i.e.
molecular level. 010101 etc. Experimental sub-
BNFTTC, which is coordinating steered by a computer over the of sieve to strain out -and hence jects were then asked to concen-
a research programme involving surface of a specimen and used to purify -such commodities. trate their minds on the black
universities. polytechnics and a punch holes in it. The team has The possible applications of box to make it generate more of
number of companies, sees a found that whereas the metals atom -sized holes to data storage these alternating sequences.
great future for magnetostrictive used to coat specimens for con- is equally exciting. holes a bil- Needless to say. no-one suc-
materials in a whole range of ventional electron microscopy lionth of a metre in diameter are ceeded in making the behaviour
practical applications. Because are immune to the effects of an roughly a thousand times smal- of the generator totally regular.
large forces can he generated electron beam and simply reflect ler than the pits or holes on a But when huge numbers of tests
there are obvious uses in vibra- it, other materials are easily Compact Disc or the memory x'ere analysed. there certainly
tion testing, machining, clean- perforated. Common salt, cera- cells on advanced I.s.i. chips. did seem to he a statistically
ing and impulse tools. Rapid mics and some semiconductors Ceramic materials also offer a significant effect. Equally signifi-
response time also means that are examples of materials that degree of permanence unrivalled cant or so it appeared - were -
transducers based on giant mag- can easily he drilled with an among existing storage media. the results of tests into e.s.p..
netostrictive materials are good electron beam. As for storage density. thirty en- often over distances extending
candidates for microphones and Precisely how the electron cyclopedias on a pinhead would from one country to another.
loudspeakers that will work well beam drills its way through these certainly be possible. Or on a The paper describes a quite asto-
into the ultrasonic range. A high materials is a mystery. It certain- larger scale, all the world's lib- nishing example in which a sub-
inherent coupling coefficient ly doesn't do it by melting, as raries could he held in a single ject was asked to describe a scene
also means that acoustic energy would he the case with a laser machine. And. though an elec- in the mind of someone several
can be efficiently transferred beam. In fact. the cooler the tron microscope would he thousand miles away. This was
directly to where ij is needed at specimen, the faster it can be needed to read the material. it done with remarkable accuracy.
larger power levels. drilled. Another curiosity is that would still be cheap compared to As a professional engineer,
BNFTC and its collaborators a round electron beam some- the cost of storing the equivalent Jahn is no mystic: nor can he
are now engaged in the develop- times drills square or triangular number of hooks in more con- explain these phenomena on the
ment of cheap magnetostrictive holes. But by far the most bizarre vent ional ways. basis of classical physics. Instead
materials that will satisfy all the discovery is the way the hole is he wonders if we can think of
consciousness by analogy' \'ith
necessary practical criteria for
use in a range of specific applica-
tions.
actually cut. In the case of crys-
talline aluminium oxide. for ex-
ample, the hole begins to appear
Memories do -
the wave/particle duality of elec-
tromagnetic radiation. In the
on both sides of the specimen at
once. whilst in amorphous alu-
they radiate? same way that a photon has no
definite boundary. but extends to
Atom -sized minium oxide the hole begins to !!ow private are our thoughts? infinity. Jahn considers that
appear as a bubble at the centre Not very, if you take seriously thoughts may not only be trap-
holes never of the material which then some recent research at Prince- ped inside our heads. but may he
forget breaks open to both surfaces.

Using computer control to
ton university. Robert Jahn is capable of impinging on some-
Professor of Aerospace Sciences one else's consciousness or
Drilling a hole of atomic dimen- steer the electron beam allows but. since 1979, has also been perhaps on a machine.
sions - that's roughly 10-9m in the equipment to cut larger director of the PEAR program- Although no detailed hypoth-
diameter - is a mind -boggling holes to virtually any shape. me. PEAR is an acronym for eses is offered. Jahn is convinced
achievement. But it's now Large is of course a relative term Princeton Engineering Anoma- that the evidence warrants furth-
almost a routine operation at as such complex holes are still lies Research. a body set up to er investigation. Just imagine
Liverpool university thanks to a only the size of molecules. This carry out scientific studies into the benefits of being able. by
unique combination of an elec- makes it possible. using the elec- the quantifiable aspects of thought alone. to influence the
tron microscope and a com- tron microscope. to cut holes psychic phenomena. These in sequence of noughts and ones in
puter. exactly the shape of a protein practice include extra -sensory. your competitor's mainframe!
Professor Cohn Humphreys molecule or perhaps a virus. \ perception Ie.s.p.1 and psycho-
and his colleagues are using an larger piece of material with kinesis. Research Notes is written by
advanced electron microscope in several such holes could there- In a recent paper (Plns. Bull. John Wilson of the BBC World
which a fine beam of electrons is fore conceivably he used as a sort 39. 19881 Jahn lists some of the Service's science unit.

COUNTERS & OSCILLATORS
COUNTERS MET 100/600/1000/1500
LEVELL OSCILLOSCOPES
CROTECH SINGLE TRACE 20MHz 3031/36
8 digit 0.5" LED. 5Hz up to 100/600 1000/1500MHz. for 'INSTRUMENTS 2mV-1OV/drv. 4Ons-0.2sidiv. Cal 0.2V. Component test.
Resolves 0.1 Hz. Sensitivity 5mV up to 10MHz Low pass 303'1: CRT 1.5kV 5x7cm. 3036: CRT 8kV 8xl0cm. 1
fitter. Mains/rechargeable battery powered.

HAMEG DUAL TRACE 20MHz I@2mVl HM203-6
LEVELL RC OSCILLATORS TG152D/DM
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* REDUCED PRICES * 2mV-20V cm. Ch2! Ch1. X Y Cal 0.2V/2V 1kHz sq.
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<0.2% 5OHz-50kHz. TG152DM has an output meter. DIGITAL MULTIMETERS 2mV 20V cm. Chl Ch2. Single shot and X Y modes
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at 1MHz. Sine or square outputs <200aV-7Vrrns.
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TG302 £112
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HC DIGITAL MULTIMETERS HC5040/5040T
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HITACHI DUAL 20MHz V212/222/223
10A, 20M0 Resolution 10014V, lOonA, lOm9
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15040T: 100m521. Buzzer. dcV 0.25%. Battery life
LEVELL FUNCTION GENERATORS TG302/3 output. 100ns-0.5s/cm. Auto, normal or TV trigger.
2000hrs 5040T: has a TR test
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ramp 20mV to 2OVpp from 500. DC offset 0 210V. TTL HC DIGITAL MULTIMETER HC4510 V222: Plus DC offset and alternate magnify function.
output. TG303 also has a CMOS output and 6 digit 10MHz 4'.digit 11mm LCD Up to1kVdc, 750Vac.10A, 20M0 V223: As V222 plus sweep delay 1A-100ms.
counter with INT/EXT switch. Resoln. 1014V. lOonA. lo r,-41 Buzzer dcV 005°°
LEVELL DIGITAL CAPACITANCE METER 7705 LEVELL DECADE BOXES

TEST METERS 0.1pF 20001.F, acc 0 5%. 3r% digit 12 7mm LCD
CB410/610: 4 /6 decs. 1opF steps, acc 1%±2pF.
LEVELL INSULATION TESTER TM14 R401/410 : 4 decs. 152 or 100 steps, acc 1%, 2.5W
LEVELL AC MICROVOLTMETER TM3B Log scale covers 6 decades 10M0.107í2 at 250V, 500V, R601/610 6 decs. 19 or 100 steps, acc 1%, 2.5W
16 ranges 15eVfs/500Vfs, accuracy 1%+1%fs+1NV.
:
750V, 1kV; 1M -1Tí2 at 25V -100V, 100k -100Gí2 at R6OIS 6 decades. 10 steps, acc 0.3%. 2.5W
-
:
20d8/ + 6dB scale. ±3dB 1Hz-3MHz. 150mVfs output. 2 5V 10V; l0k-LOGO at 1V Current lOopA 100..A R701 : 7 decades. 10 steps, acc 1%, 2.5W
Moxan Street, Barnet, Herts., ENS SSD, England

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1989 EDITORIAL PROGRAMME MICROPROCESSORS MOTOROLA AMD

NEC - INTEL -
INDUSTRY INSIGHT 8085-68000-Z80A-80186-8086
Electronics & Wireless World editorial programme for 1989 Semiconductor b e
consists of a series of bi-monthly supplements entitled: Sensors

INDUSTRY INSIGHT. Ferrite Cores 11
Each Insight is a well researched discerning analyses of a
Optoelectronics
given sector of industry, which presents both the technical
Semiconductors
aspect -design and development -and the market viewpoint.
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Suppression
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DECEMBER PVS ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

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£319 (a) Philips Swivel Base
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(14 (c)
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in stock. Serial, parallel, IEEE and other interfaces also available. Ribbons Compatible .. (219(a) Touchtec - 501 (239(b)
available for all above plotters. Pens with a variety of tips and colours also
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Plain Fanfold Paper with extra fine perforation (Clean Edge): UVERASERS
2000 sheets 9 5' X 11' £13(b) 2000 sheets 14 5' x 11' £18.50(b) UV I T Eraser with built-in timer and mains indicator
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MODEMS RT256 3 PORT SWITC/4oVER erasing time of about 20 mies £59 £2 póp.
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MIRACLE TECHNOLOGY WS Range selectable 7 04,8 brl odd even none UV140 [69. UV141 £85. p&p £2.50.
WS4000 V21/23 (Hayes Compatible. parity Hardwareor software
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WS3000 V21/23 Professional As WS4000 Serial Cable switchable al both ends Allows an easy method to Monitors RS232C and CCITT
PB BUFFER
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WS3000 V22 bis Professional As V22 and

2400 baud full duplex £595 (a) CONNECTOR SYSTEMS
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ro90p
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Conn
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2
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36 way sol Centronics
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WS2000 V21N23 Manual Modem ... £95 (b) 70
26
145p
17Sp
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150p
19SP
240p 7,2watr
7 . 18 oat
r 70r . - 35op
1400
24 way plug IEEE Isoideri
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DATA Cable for WS senes/PC or XT £10 (d) 34
40
200p
2200
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225wa.
í75p
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DATATALK Comms Package SO 235p 200p 390p
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This low cost inteilgeni eprom programmer can program 2716.2516 FEMALE: 2 x 32 way St Pin 230p 275p
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1244 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD I)ecember1988

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PLEASE ADD 5Op3p&p-& 15 % VAT

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(l
lL
ENTER 42 ON RE PI Y CARD

CIO BRO 1
S.s.b. on h.f. - s.s.h. operation." Clearly, the en-
gineers believe that more exten-
The BBC recognizes the con-
troversial nature of the large
uses. A major consideration re-
mains that of effective and eco-
but when? sive trials and the development
of new transmitter measurement
number of reports of athermal
effects and considers that "any
nomical digital audio signal
routing.
"The possible adoption of s.s.b.
and test techniques are needed link between e.m. radiation and
before there is a mandatory re- cancer has yet to be established".
broadcasting is like high -
definition television (h.d.tv)
good idea hut nobody knows how
-a quirement for s.s.b. operation or
capability. despite the good per-
hut sees that there is pressure to
recognize the possibility of
Transmitting
they are going to do it", sug-
formance in this mode of series
switching modulators.
harmful athermal effects and re-
flect them in safety standards
digits
gested S. D. Pace (Marconi) at
particularly where the public is Although UK listeners will soon
IBC88. Although it has now been
concerned. have digital stereo signals on
recommended that the transi-
terrestrial and satellite television
tion to s.s.h. should begin im-
mediately. with d.s.b. transmis-
Mast hazards channels. broadcasters would
like to provide a digital sound
sions ceasing altogether by the
year 2015. "there is the risk that
With 24 -hour services now in-
creasingly common for radio and
Radio digits radio service that could he re-
ceived not only on fixed radios
in prematurely switching to the television broadcasting. it is be- At IBC88, BBC engineers admit- hut also on portable and car -
proposed system. which has been coming difficult to carry out ted that "Despite the fairly rapid radio receivers. BBC trials in
subject to only limited trials, the maintenance of antennas. masts growth of digital audio broad- 1978 at Pontop Pike on a Band I
overall situation (increasing fre- and towers without lengthy in- casting equipment, the integra- television channel showed that
quency congestion of the h.f. terruptions and without subject- tion of such equipment into the mobile reception "was fairly dis-
broadcasting bands) will not he ing riggers to unduly high r.f. broadcasting environment has astrous, whereas fixed reception
improved... the enormous num- fields. Recently. riggers have been very slow. Until recently. generally worked well" accord-
her of conventional receivers been climbing masts at the crack certainly within the BBC. audio ing to Daniel Pommier (CCE'IT.
currently in service precludes of dawn in summer. hut now equipment which employs digit- France) at IBC88.
any sudden changeover". there are virtually no daylight al signal processing (d.s.p.) has CCETT and BBC are currently
The present proposal is that hours in which maintenance can almost invariably been con- co-operating within an Euro-
initially the carrier should he he carried out without affecting nected to the rest of the system pean Communities Eureka pro-
reduced by only 6dB relative to some viewers or listeners. via its analogue interfaces." ject on "digital audio broadcast-
peak carrier and subsequently by While broadcasters have al- But progress is being made. ing". It is recognized that
I2dB. Diminished carrier trans- ways followed the safety guide- During September. Radio 3 "although v.h.f. f.m. services can
missions would he receivable lines for non -ionizing radiation broadcast from the Royal Albert still provide excellent service to
with envelope detection but both hazards, the American ANSI I lall a Promenade Concert in properly -installed fixed receiv-
receivers and Iansmitters would guidelines of 1984 introduced which, for the first time, the ers, the solution for the future
introduce a significant amount lower limits for frequencies he- signal remained ín digital form development of sound radio is to
of third -harmonic distortion. tween :30 and 1000rM1-Iz and it is right through to the transmitter provide an entirely new digital
There is the further problem that likely that by the time these sites. Previously BBC digital au- sound broadcasting service... a
the heavy audio processing used notes are published the new dio has always been converted to complete digital sound program-
on current d.s.h. signals. greatly guidelines of the International analogue form while passing me chain would he established
boosting the average modulation Radiation Protection Associat ion through the continuity and mas- from studio to domestic receiv-
index. could prove counter - (IRPA) will have been confirmed. ter control room at Broadcasting er". Such a service might he
product ive on s.s.h. extending the lower levels to blouse before being reconverted transmitted via satellite if the
Marconi engineers claim that frequencies between 10 and to digital signals for distribution necessary spectrum allocation
the only current transmitters 30N I -1z. over the BBC's Nicam 3 digital between about 1 and 2ClIz can
capable of efficiently amplifying As a BBC paper at BC88 made
I network, to the transmitters. he obtained.
s.s.b. signals at high enough clear, it is extremely difficult to The BBC has also built two I)igital sound broadcasting
peak power are likely to be those measure accurately the power digital. disc -based audio editors still faces complex technical
using the various forms of series density within the near field of an using a series of Winchester disc problems since multipath prog-
switching modulators, such as antenna. where the electric (E) drives to store audio recordings agation can he both frequency
the Advanced Pulsam system field and the magnetic (1-11 field in digital form and permitting selective and time varying. Typi-
now used on Marconi high - differ widely. For television and non-destructive editing. cally, at u.h.f. the delay spread is
power transmitters. In tests. f.m. radio, the main practical The BBC paper notes that a urban areas is about 1-2 is hut
such transmitters have been problem arises where riggers system for achieving all -digital exceeds 3µs in about 1% of loca-
shown to he capable of delivering need to climb through several broadcasts from an outside - tions.
hundreds of kilowatts peak en- antenna stacks or where there is broadcasts site has now been CCET'l' is proposing a new
velope power. far in excess of the a question of working on a split designed and installed: "Only by form of digital coding and mod-
capability of any existing h.f. stack with the other half. or a actually installing such systems ulation that it believes would he
linear amplifiers. with an effi- stand-by antenna, powered. in a working environment can all suitable for high -quality recep-
ciency only recently attainable C. E. I latfield ('telecom Au- the potential operational and en- tion on portable and car radios as
on conventional d.s.h. transmis- stralia) described the steps taken gineering problems he revealed well as fixed sets. The ability of
sion: "Nevertheless the pecu- by Telecom to keep exposure of and understood." convolutional ly-coded. ort ho-
liarities and limitations of such staff, contractors and the public On future developments. R. K. gonal frequency division multi-
systems need to he at least to radiation as low as reasonably Lawrence el al. in their IBC plex (o.f.d.m.) systems to work in
appreciated by both broadcasters achievable, including the identi- paper point out that an impor- a selective multipath environ-
and the international author- fication of "hot spots". and the tant realization is that a serial ment is considered to create this
ities. It must he remembered issuing of training and safety multiplex interface comprises a possibility, even in dense urban
that within barely two years. publications. For h.f. broadcast- very economical way of packag- and wooded rural areas.
given the existing \\ARC (ITU) ing there is the additional prob- ing audio. communication sig-
recommendations. all new trans- lem of strong E fields near open - nals. and control and other data Radio Broadcast is written by ¡'al
mitters may have to he capable of wire transmission lines. with technical and programme tanker.
1246 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD

OSCILLOSCOPES
RALFE
EASTCOTE LANE.
36
ELECTRONIdS
HARROW MIDDLESEX S HA2 .B
HEWLETT PACKARD
TEL. 01-422 3593 1122A power unit for let probes £ 195
,`...
,':
sW
r
I
: i
I , 111107
_I
=1-,.z
11602B transistor fixture
8007B pulse generator
8733A pin modulator
8600A & 86632A Sig gen/
£395
£495
£250
£ 1,000
1-
". mod section
EST.
1,'.--
::_:_;,,'
35
Atti. 400F milli -voltmeter £250
YEARS Y,
,
529A Logic comparator £275

TEKTRONIX 466 100MHz storage 10529A/10526T Logic troubleshooter £295
analogue £750 331A distortion meter £750
TEKTRONIX 7603 system BRAND NEW, 334A distortion meter £950
unused £ 1,500 3400A millivoltmeter £175
TEKTRONIX 475 200MHz dual trace sweep 382A(P) P -band attenuator 0-50db £250
delay £ 1.000 415E swr meter £295
PHILIPS PM3263 100MHz dual trace delay, uP 4204A decade audio oscillator £295
controlled £650 431 B&C/478Á microwave power meters from £250
SCOPES by Telequipment, Scopex. Trio from £85 65í6A power supplies 0-3KV 6mA £250
GOULD OS3000A 40MHz dual trace delay £300 TEST & MEASUREMENT 7046B(07) 2 -pen XY plotter high-speed £1,000
EQUIPMENT 8018A(01) serial data generator £ 1.000
MARCONI INSTRUMENTS 8518/85518 spectrum analyser 10M-40GHz £750
v I.11lttOAUU_
aáá ...
1 [=Zt ._I
I
AMPLIFIERS RF band II 100W output
AVO B151 LCR universal bridge
AVO RM 160/3 megohmmeter
BIRD 4370 RF wattmeter
BIRD Termaline RF loads 500W 50 ohm
£500
£250
£ 150
£325
£100
5011T logic troubleshooting kit complete
40CFL mV -meter
8557A SPECTRUM ANALYSER PLUG-IN covering
0.01 M Hz -350M Hz
182T main-frame if required
£500
£325
£ 1.250
£250 (crt under spec)
£250
2871G printer
:i : .
. . 111. BIRD Termaline RF loads 150W 50 ohm
thruline wattmeter
£75
£200
141 T spectrum analyser system 85528/85548
BIRD 4340 standard (1250MHz) 8555A (18GHz) with prescaler 8444A
IMO DARTINGDON off -air frequency standards £'list tracking generator. etc. PHONE US!
TF1 152A/1 RF power meter 0-25W 250MHz £75 JJ Lloyd CR500 G.P. pen recorder £175 £750
£295 1615A logic analyser
TF1066B/6 AM/FM signal generator LYONS PG 73N Bipolar pulse generator £ 1.500
3580A AF spectrum analyser
0-470MHz £350 DRANETZ 305 digital phase -meter £2.250
£400 86408 0.5-512MHz signal generator
TF 1245/1246 0 -Meter and oscillator £500 2Hz-700K1iz
8165A synthesizer MHz-50MHz
1 £2.500
TF201 FM signal generator 130-180MHz £325 KEITHLEY DMMs 178 & 179 £125. £145
1
3581 A wave analyser 15Hz-50kHz £1.250
TF2012 FM signal generator 400-520MHz £325 FEEDBACK SFG606 sweep function 12,500
8672A 2-18GHz signal generator £
TF2016/2173 AM/FM signal gen' generator £200
4951 A protocol analyser £ 1.500
10KHz-120MHz £600 MOTOROLA HDS200 hardware development £2.000
4951 B protocol analyser
TF2162 MF attenuator 0-1 db in 0.1db station £ 125
1 1
3575A gain/phase meter £2,250
steps £ 100 PHILIPS PM2554 audio millivoltmeter £175 £ 1.950
8903A Audio Analyser
TF2603 RF Millivoltmeter £250 PHILIPS PM5590 TV IF Modulator £1.500
TF2001 AF signal source/monitored PHILIPS PM5597 VHF TV Modulators £250
attenuator £200 PHILIPS PM8235 multipoint pen recorder £495
TF2300 modulation meter AM/FM to 1GHz £250 SINGER 4CMHz spectrum analyser £650 HP141T SPECTRUM ANALYSER
TF2300A as above with deviation to 1.5KHz STOLTZ A.G. prom programmer M2 Maestro £250
fsd £350 RACAL 9911 120MHz counters ín carrying
TF2300B modulation meter as above £450 cases £125
TF2356 level oscillator 20MHz £400 RACAL 9905/04C 200MHz counter timer £225
TF2501 power meter 0.3W fsd DC-1GHz £ 150 RACAL 9102 DC -1 GHz 30W power meter £ 150
TF2600 millivoltmeter AF mV -300V fsd1 £75 RACAL 9083 2 -tone signal source £300
TF2600B video voltmeter mV -300V 1 fsd £175 RACAL 9084 104MHz synthesized sig. gen.
TF2604 electronic multi -meter £ 150 GPIB £1,500
TF2807A PCM multiplex tester £400 RACAL 9303 digital RF millivoltmeter £950
TF1313A Universal Bridge £350 TREND 1.8 data transmission test set £200 ADDITIONAL EX -STOCK
2828A/2829 digital simulator/analyser £ 1500 SYSTRON-DONNER 410 sweep function
2833 digital in -line monitor £275 gen. £395 T & M KIT
TF2908 blanking & sync mixer £250 TEKTRONIX 2901 time -mark generator £250
£750 TEKTRONIX 7S11 sampling plug-in £750 TEXSCAN WB713 0-950MHz sweep generator z9375
6055B signal source 850-2150MHz
meter £350 TEKTRONIX 7D12/M2 A/D converter £395 TEKTRONIX 7603 o'scope with plug -ins BRAND
6460 RF power £1,500
meter/microwave head £495 WAVETEK 1503 sweeper 450-950MHz £450 NEW
6460/6420 power
WAVETEK 157 synthesizer 100uHz-1 MHz £325 TEKTRONIX 178 IC fixture £250
TF893A audio power meter 1 mW-10W fsd £75
WAYNE KERR RF Bridge 8601 £1C0 TEKTRONIX 606 XY monitor £250
TF995B/5 AM/FM signal generator
£250 WAYNE KERR B642 Auto Balance bridge £295 TE K WM490A & 490K wave guide mixers '/2 price
0.2-220M Hz £450
TF2213A XY crt display £ 100 SHIBASOKU envelope delay measuring set £250 RIKADENKI 3 -pen recorder
10-520MHz £595 MICROWAVE - selection of P.O.X Band waveguide, GEN RAD slotted line 300MHz-9GHz £125
TF2015 AM/FM sig. gen. function
slotted lines. couplers, attenuators. etc. PHILIPS PM5190 1mHz-2MHz synthesized
500W 50ohm RF load with power meter £100
gen £ 1.000
2092C noise receiver, many filters available £500 RHODE & SCHWARZ 1kW 50 ohm load.
£250 PHILIPS PM5193 50MHz synthesizer £2,500
2091/2092A noise gen/receiver & filters £750 N -types
£2,500
£3.500 TELONIC Band II sweep generator £ 150 PHILIPS PM5390S synthesizer to 1GHz
TF2370 110MHz spectrum analyser
TF2100 audio oscillator £ 125 TELONIC Rho -Meter TSM-2 £150 SCULUMBERGER SRTG-GA63 selective -call
TREND 1.8 data transmission test set £200 tester £ 1,750
TF1066B AM/FM sig. gen. 10-470MHz £295
CLAUDE-LYONS 3 -phase variac 10A £150 GEN RAD 13968 tone burst generator £150
6600A/6646 sweeper 8-12 4GHz £750
GEN RAD 1232A tuned amp & null detector £95 FARNELL TM6 RF mV -meter £85
2123 function generator 200kHz £125
AVO RM215F2 0-6KV AC/DC insu ation tester £350 IVlE IE-30A handheld audio analyser £2000
TF2371 200MHz spectrum analyser £4,500
£3,750 SULLIVAN AC detector 444 £85 BRUEL & KJAER 4428 noise dose meter £295
TF2370 110MHz spectrum analyser
TF2337 distortion meter £250 PROSSER 400N digital phase -meter £ 195 VALRADIO24V DC -240 AC inverters, sine 120W
RADIOMETER FRA3 AF wave analyser £350 £125
TF2002B/2170B 10K-88MHz signal generator £400
6056B signal source 2-4GHz £750 SE LABS uy oscillograph 3006/DL £200 -or £184 in new condition. 150W (square wave) £75
£500 FARNELL H60/50 bench psu. 0-60V 50A £500 DRANETZ 606 mains disturbance monitor £950
TF2330A wave analyser
generator. As new £3.950 TEXSCAN 9900 300MHz sweeper -display £400 RACAL 9008 modulation meter £450
2019A signal
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e
IO COMMUNICATIONS ',
Digital routing (BBC) suggests that "The success

of the Integrated Broadband
in the Portsmouth area. using
high and low sites at each end of
with a heamwidth of 7°, received
at the Ur Neher Laboratories in
networks Communications Network

(IBCN) will depend on the wide-
the path, have shown clearly that
over -the -horizon signals exist on
Leidschendam about 16km dis-
tant (receive antenna 45dB gain.
In a Television Broadcast item in spread use of video communica- the low/low paths for more than heamwidth 0.7°) continuously
April 1987 (p.445) - "Bits all tions, which will depend in turn 50% of the time, less frequently scanned in elevation from 0° to
round" - an outline was given of on the availability of broadband on either high/low or low/high 30° and hack every ten seconds.
an ambitious BBC Research pro- customer -premises networks paths, and still less frequently on This is enabling an analysis to he
ject. then still only a paper de- such as the WTDM system. - high/high paths. Measurements made of transmission loss as a
sign. aimed at making possible have also shown that even re- function of height for fixed per-
the routing of multiplexed digit- latively limited over -land. coas- centages of time: in effect deter-
al video streams, basically inde-
pendent of the digital production
Reducing s.h.f. tal strip paths in mixed sea/land
paths, tend to determine the
mining the height of the scatter
area.
standard (although suitable for interference overall propagation. An earlier
report of work carried out on the
Tim Hewitt (BTRL) has de-
veloped a new model for clear -air
4:2:2 or even high -definition
television), around large studio An IEE colloquium, "Radio fre- French transmissions by Ports- microwave interference predic-
centres. Transmission would he quency co -channel interference mouth Polytechnic. presented at tion that when tested against
in the form of 2.4Ghit/s digital measurements and modelling at the URSI fifth national confer- COST 210 measured data is
streams in optical fibres by a 1 to 30G1-Iz", under the chair- ence. showed that rain -scatter generally within 5 to 10dB accu-
combination of time -division manship of M. P. M. -fall (RAL)
I
can occasionally result in signals rate, with no evidence of the
and wavelength -division multi- included 14 presentations reas strong as those due to tropos- 20-30dB errors and discon-
plexing. BC88 showed that since
I
electing recent work carried out pheric ducting hut lasting for tinuities that arose with earlier
then an international consor- for CCIR Study Group 5 and for much shorter periods. models and has overcome all the
tium has been formed with nine the European COS"I' 210 project I-however, theoretical studies identified failure mechanisms of
participating organisations to (see Radio Broadcast, November followed by field trials by BTRL. the current CCIR prediction
develop this standards - 1988 p.1140). Prime aim of the in conjunction with the Uni- models.
independent system as a broad - work is to determine more versity of Essex. now involving
hand customer premises net- accurately the minimum safe receiving stations at about ten
work - an European Communi- distance between co -channel sites, and investigating the possi- Officialese
ties R.\CE Project 1036. with the microwave systems. both under bility of rainscatter interference
BBC as prime contractor. re- "clear air" propagation condi- between satellite and terrestrial I'he new amateur radio licence.
sponsible for project manage- tions and in the presence of links for separation distances up due to he introduced from 1
ment and construction of a "test hydrometeor (rain. fog. snow to 200km. show that interfer- January. includes a number of
bed". STC and GEC lirst Re- I etc.) scatter. and also to develop ence is likely only when very welcome relaxations and clar-
search Centre are among the improved interference reduction precise geometries exist. \\'ith ifications on modes. logging,
participants. techniques. COST 210. initiated the equivalent clover 7.5 years of data and operating procedures:
Apart from television studio in 1984. is due to be completed data already collected. very few hut it is not without some puzz-
centres. many other applications by 1990 but may he extended. cases of potential interference ling examples of officialese.
are foreseen within the develop- In attempting to quantify and have been observed. This prob- What. for example, is one to
ing integrated broadband com- model the effects of anomalous lem appears less serious than was make of parts of the lengthy
munications network. Develop- propagation on high -capacity originally predicted. section on "interpretation"
ment of the hardware appears to communication and broadcast A bistatic scatter experiment which tells us in all seriousness
be making good progress and systems. significant new in- by the Dutch PTT includes that "words importing the mas-
was shown in outline on the BBC formation is emerging. For ex- observations of signals from a culine include the feminine.
WC stand. Target date for the ample. 11G1 -1z transmissions 19.76G1 1z. I00m\\' transmitter words in the singular include the
completion of this development from Cap d'Antifer. Normandy. with 28.5dB antenna gain at Bos- plural and words in the plural
is the end of 1992. A. Oliphant received over a 150km sea path koop beamed straight upwards include the singular" and a few
paragraphs later "any reference
This demonstration system by the BBC illustrates the use of frequency -division multiplexing in to a statute in this Licence in-
broadband optical fibre networks. In a real system, the laser frequencies would be in the infra -red. cludes a reference to that statute
and to any statutory instruments
Video t rWavelength Optical fibre
1
Idemultiplexer made under that statute as the
Electrical statute or statutory instrument
r- Optical cable may be amended from time to
Red beam Lenses receiver time and to any other statute or
Lens
statutory instrument that has
Red laser OW action
the effect of adding to, replacing
.
grating
Acousto-optic Mirror' or superseding the statute or
modulator Green Video
L
LRC7
- - J
I
monitor
statutory instrument. whether
Optical Selector
before or after the Date of Issue."
I
fibres
One wonders what has hap-
LRC3 pened to the I)11's ihran)' copy of
_ J
I
I
Video 2 L
Fibre "Plain Words" by Sir Ernest
coupler
r
Cowers. originally published in
1948 for the guidance of officials
Green beam
when communicating with the
Green laser .. As above public.
LRC4 Radio Communications is writ-

LRC2 I I
_ J L _J ten by Pal Hawker.

LEVISION BROADCAST
corporated in production trans-
Millimetre
nets could he radiated in
width of about 200MHz using
a band-
Transmitter mitters in the next year or so.
Experimental units have shown
channels standard f.m. or possibly some
form of vest igial-sidehand f.m.
efficiency even higher conversion efficien-
cies (figure of merit) than klys-
The basic 29G1 Iz M';VDS sys- To a noticeable extent IBC88
Mart- of trodes. according to Ian Walters
In Television Broadcast (Uecem- tem, developed by BTRI. at reelected the changing pattern
her 1987) an outline was given of lesham in conjunction
with Phi- the UK television broadcast of Varian-TVT.
recent- For medium- and low -power
the British Telecom proposals lips Microwave Components equipment market. Until networks, such as those used in
for M't\'DS (millimetre -wave. Group and VG Electronics. was ly this was dominated by the Europe, interest for terrestrial
multichannel). multipoint video originally intended for some purchasing policies of a relative- networks is now clearly centred
distribution system) on 29 or inner-city "betting shop" inly small number of broadcasters on all -solid state transmitters.
' pro- plus the few facility houses spe-
38G1-Iz and also the renewal of stallations of the "Racenet Currently, state-of-the-art for
interest. stemming from the ject (already claimed as the cializing in the production of
the BBC single power devices at the upper
Russian NIIR studies, in terrest- largest private satellite network commercials. Today.
end of Band V is an r.f. output of
rial broadcasting with frequency in the world) where direct satel- and the ITV companies represent the order of 150 watts (SGS-
modulation in the 12G Hz lite reception is blocked by urban less than 50 percent of the UK
S1)1492, TRW( where-
equipment, Thomson
(25mm) band. The attractive fea- shadowing. Racenet uses the B - market for studio as at frequencies up to about
depending in-
ture of both, it was noted, is that MAC transmission standard with the industry devices can pro-
num- 100MI lz mosfet
such systems could use the MAC/ stemming from Scientific Atlan- creasingly on the growing vide an output of up to about 600
packet transmission standards ta which is also used in the her of independent production
watts, with the advantages of
and hence use the same "indoor" Australian outback service.
Phi- and facility houses. One result is
number of small higher gain and higher voltage
unit (or integrated receiver) as lips Microwave are marketing an increasing (lower current) characteristics.
ford.h.s. reception. 29G1-Iz systems for multipoint and medium-sized national and
firms competing, For planning engineers, the
Since then. there have been reception within a 2km radius of international $64 000 question is whether and
further developments. including the transmitter. on price or specialization. for
how soon will fet devices of
an experimental demonstrator BT's demonstrator system at equipment orders rather than for r.f. output
-key) equivalent or greater
unit set up by BT at Saxmund- Saxmundham is based on a massive systems (turn to hipolars become available for
the broadcas-
ham. Suffolk and experimental 100m\\ thermally -stabilized orders, and with 850M Hz? It was clear at
Gunn diode oscillator. The base ters placing much more emph- use up to
12G1 -1z transmissions by the IBA IBC88 that some firms have im-
in London. bandwidth of the video channel asis on exploiting commercially
posed a strict news blackout on
their own costly research and
the latest state of fet develop-
development.
29GHz Outdoor ments - suggesting that they
Outdoor transmission - r receiver But on the transmission side.
unit unit
radio and have not ruled out the possibility
at least until the UK
of responding to the next round
1GHz later television companies gain
MAC or PAL
of the BBC/1B0. modernization
the right to own and operate
It and projects with modular fet trans-
Indoor transmission receiver their own transmitters. BBC
unit mitters to at least the 10kW level.
IBA dominate the UK market.
di- At IBC88. J. M. Barriere
Again. Europe is increasingly
from North American (Thomson-LGT) reported that
verging
I kW' transmitters, de-
practice where for television the
signed for combined vision/
emphasis is on super -power in-
the highest sound operation in 8MIIz C -
stallations. Whereas
standard channels, can be readily
power UK u.h.f. transmitters are
units (80k\V adapted to transmission of D2-
the parallel 40kW
(a.m.) signals. He
output per channel) at Crystal MAC/packet
i Palace. North \merican practice showed
possible
that.
to
should it ever prove
introduce MAC/
CCTV -'b Data Satellite has progressively edged upwards
dovnlenk
to IokW to 220kW packet on the terrestrial net-
from 60k\1' I
works. there would he appreci-
and even 280kW with effective
PM. up to radiated powers of over five able benefits in terms of trans-
The IBA transmissions from is suitable for 5.5M1-Iz with output
the Croydon site are intended 12M1-Iz for D -MAC or III) -MAC. megawatts. Such powers ensure mitter efficiency,
importance of power increased by some 50%
primarily to provide a source of The PAL demonstrator is the continued
the without increasing power con-
13 -MAC transmissions to assist claimed to offer Crate 4 pictures multi -cavity klystrons and
of the time at 3.3km newer Varian klvstrodes, with sumption. Transmitters special-
the development of d.h.s. decod- for 99% ly designed for this mode could
range. A 15cm diameter dish priority given to improving over-
ers and receivers, but the oppor- he simpler, more economical to
It is claimed all conversion efficiency to re-
tunity is being taken to assess the antenna is used.
run and would give a better
feasibility of low -power terrest- that excellent stability of the duce the horrific power
costs.
-converter is Klystrodes suitable for 60k \V service to viewers. Unfortunate-
rial distribution or broadcast sys- outdoor down
and able to ly. the enormous viewer invest-
tems. Initially the transmissions achieved with a high dielectric - vision transmitters ment in PAL/SECAM receivers
ceramic resonator. It is operate in true Class B mode are
on about 12.3G1-Iz use a (011a.\ constant makes it most unlikely that there
offered in the Comark
transmitter with directional admitted that at present the now being will he MAC transmissions in
millimetre -wave i.c. de- range. An alternative develop-
antennas mounted 120 metres GaAs Bands IV or \' for many years to
above ground level on the IBA vices result in receiver unit costs ment is the multi -stage,
(m.s.d.c.) come. Again, only the D2 version
Croydon tower. but later it is of the order of £'1000 hut is is depressed -collector
klystron in which electrons with of MAC could he contained with-
intended to increase power and argued that in mass -production
used in an 8D11 Iz channel.
possibly install an omni- costs would he slashed. making differing velocities in the
with beam are collected on five collec-
directional antenna. The IBA the system fully competitive
suggests that for a multichannel most other forms of multichan- tor segments. '('his latest form of Television Broadcast is written
system about 12 D -MAC channel programme distribution. klystron is expected to he in- hy Pat Ilalvker.
1249
December 1988 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD
PHONE
0474 560521 P. M. COMPONENTS LTD TELEX
FAX ° SELECTRON HOUSE, SPRINGHEAD ENTERPRISE PARK 966371
0474 333762 SPRINGHEAD RD, GRAVESEND, KENT DA11 8HD TOS -PM
8(18458 0.09 BDIIS 0.30 BD518 0.75 BF259 0.28 BfY50 0.32 BUV41 2.50 020088 1.45 TIPI25 0.65 250715 0.55
Semiconductors 8(204
B(2018
0.25
0.25
BD124P
BD131
0.59
0.42
BD520
BD534
0.65
0.45
BF271
6f271
0.28
0.26
131951
B1Y90
0.32
0.77
GET111
0E0542
2.50
9.50
02009
1220106
2.50 TI0142 1.75 2S(495 0.80
1.45 111146 2.75 25(496 0.80
A(125 0.30 AU106 6.95 BC 2088 0.20 BD132 0.42 BD535 0.45 BF273 0.18 151.948 1.75 M13000 1.98 02322 TIP161
0.58 2.95 25(784 0.75
AC126 0.45 AY102 2.95 B(212 0.09 BDI33 0.50 80575 0.95 Bf335 0.35 E02100 0.45 M1E340 0.40 R323 TIP2955
0.66 0.80 25(785 0.75
AC121 0.20 8(107A 0.11 8(2125 0.09 BDI35 0.30 BD587 0.9S BF336 0.34 8R101 0.49 M1E350 0.75 R2540 2.48 TIP3055 0.55 25(789 0.55
A(128 0.28 B(1078 0.11 B(213 0.09 BD136 0.30 BD588 0.95 BF337 0.29 80103 0.55 M1E520 0.48 R(A16029 0.85 TIS91 0.20 25C931D 0.95
A(1281( 0.32 B(108 0.10 BC2131 0.09 BD137 0.32 BD698 1.50 B1338 0.32 BR303 0.95 M1E2955 0.95 RCA16039 0.85 TV106 I.50 25(937 1.95
A(141 0.28 8(1088 0.12 0(214 0.09 80138 0.30 BD701 1.25 B1355 0.37 BR(4443 1.15 MPSAI3 0.29 RCA16181 0.85 TVI06/2 1.50 75(1034 4.50
A(141K 0.34 B(109 0.10 BC214( 0.09 BDI39 0.32 BD702 1.25 8E362 0.38 BRY39 0.45 MPSA92 0.30 RCA16334 0.90 2010112 16.50 25(1096 0.80
AC142K 0.45 BC109B 0.12 0(2141 0.09 BD140 0.30 BD701 0.90 8E363 0.65 BSW64 0.95 MR1231 4.95 RCA16335 201100
0.85 6.50 25(1106 2.50
A(116 022 BC114A 0.09 0C237B 0.15 130144 1.10 BDX32 1.50 BF371 0.25 BSX60 1.25 MRF450A 15.95 RCA16572 0.85 291308 1.35 25(1124 0.95
176K 0.31 8(115 0.55 BC238 0.15 BDI50C 0.29 BDX53B 1.65 131394 0.19 81100A/02 0.85 MR1453 17.50 52060D 0.95 291711 0.30 25(1162 0.95
AC187 0.25 BC116A 0.50 8(239 0.15 BD159 0.65 8E115 0.35 8E422 0.32 BT106 1.49 MRF454 26.50 SKIS) 1.45 292219 0.28 25(11721 2.20
AC 187K 0.28 B(I17 0.19 B(251A 0.15 BD160 1.50 BF 119 0.65 E11423 0.25 BT116 1.20 MRF455 17.50 T602IV 0.45 292626 0.55 25(1173 1.15
A(188 0.25 B(119 0.24 BC252A 0.15 BD166 0.50 BF127 0.39 131457 0.32 BT119 3.15 MRF41S 2.95 16027V 0.45 202905 0.40 25(1306 1.75
AC188K 0.37 B(125 0.25 8(258 0.25 NI 79 0.72 B1154 030 BF458 0.36 BT170 1.65 MRF477 14.95 16029V 0.45 203053 0.40 25(1364 0.50
A(Y17 1.15 BC140 0.31 B(258A 0.39 BDI82 0.70 8E158 0.22 BF461 0.68 BÚ105 1.95 MRf479 160368 0.55
5.50 203054 0.59 2SC1413A 2.50
AD142 230 B(141 0.25 8(284 0.30 BD201 0.50 BF160 0.27 81493 0.35 NUI08 1.69 OC 16W T9007V
2.50 0.55 203055 0.52 2S(1449 0.50
AD149 1.50 B(142 0.21 BC300 0.30 130202 0.50 6E173 0.22 B14995 0.23 BU124 1.25 0(23 9.50 T901 IV 0.75 293102 0.12 25(1628 0.75
AD161 0.50 B(143 0.24 8(301 0.30 130203 0.50 BF177 0.38 814997 0.25 BU125 1.25 0(25 1.50 T9015V 2.15 293703 0.12 25(1678 1.50
ADI 62 0.50 B(14113 0.12 BC303 0.26 130204 0.70 BFI 78 0.26 131039 0.23 BU126 1.60 0(26 1.50 T9034V 2.15 293704 0.12 25(1945 3.75
AF106 0.50 B(148A 0.09 BC 307B 0.09 80222 0.46 BF 179 0.34 BFR40 0.23 BÚ204 1.55 0(28 5.50 190380 3.95 293705 0.20 25(1953 0.95
All I.1 2.50 BC149 0.09 8(321 0.10 BD223 0.59 8E180 0.29 81881 0.25 BU205 1.30 0(29 4.50 THY15/80 2.25 293706 0.12 25(1957 0.80
AF11S 1.95 BC153 0.30 8(328 0.10 8D225 0.48 BF181 0.29 8E088 0.30 88208 0.95 0C32 5.50 THY15/85 2.25 203708 0.12 25(1969 2.95
AF116 2.50 BC157 0.12 8(337 0.10 BD232 0.35 BF182 0.29 BFR90 1.50 882086 1.15 0(47 1.50 TIP29 0.40 203733 9.50 25(1985 1.50
AF117 2.50 BC159 0.09 8(338 0.09 B0233 0.35 8E183 029 BFR91 1.75 882080 1.35 0(44 TIP29C
1.25 0.42 293773 2.75 25(2028 1.15
AF118 3.50 BC161 0.55 BC 3474 0.13 80236 0.49 13E184 0.35 BFT42 BU326 1.20 0(45 1.00 TIP30(
0.35 0.43 293792 1.35 2S(2029 1.95
AFI21 0.60 BC 1708 0.15 8(461 0.35 B0237 0.40 BF185 0.28 BF 143 0.35 BU326S 1.50 0(70 1.00 T1P31C 0.55 204280 3.50 25(2078 1.45
AF124 0.65 B(171 0.09 BC478 0.20 BD242 0.65 8E195 0.11 BFWIO 0.55 BÚ407 1.24 0(71 0.75 TIP32C 0.42 294427 1.95 25(2091 0.85
AF125 0.65 BC172B 0.10 BC 527 0.20 130246 0.75 BF197 0.11 BfWII 0.75 BÚ408 I.50 0( 72 TIP33C
2.50 0.95 294444 1.15 25(2098 2.95
Af126 0.45 BC173B 0.10 BC 547 0.10 80376 0.32 8E198 0.16 BFWI6A 1.15 884266 0.75 O(15 1.50 TIP34B 0.95 295294 0.42 75(2166 1.95
AF121 0.65 BC174 0.09 13548 0.10 BD379 0.45 81199 0.14 BFW61 0.60 BÚ500 2.25 0(81 1.00 TIP41A 0.45 2145296 0.48 25(2314 0.80
AF139 0.40 BC117 0.15 BC549A 0.10 . BD410 0.65 81200 0.40 BFW92 0.85 BU508A 1.95 0(84 TIP41(
1.50 0.45 205298 0.60 25(2371 0.36
AH 50 0.60 BC178 0.15 BC550 0.14 BD434 0.65 81240 0.20 B1X29 0.30 BU526 1.90 0(139 12.50 TIP42( 0.47 2615485 0.45 25(93ID 0.95
AF178 1.95 BC182 0.10 BC 557 0.08 BD436 0.60 BF241 0.15 81084 0.26 BU807 2.25 0(171 4.50 TIP47 0.65 295496 0.95 25019 0.55
AF239 0.42 BC18218 0.10 8(558 0.10 BD437 0.60 BF 245 0.30 BF 085 0.32 BUY20 2.15 0(200 4.50 TIP48 0.65 795641 16.50 2SK33 0.55
ASY27 0.85 BC183 0.10 BC639/10 0.30 8D438 0.75 BF2561C 0.35 131086 0.25 0(201 5.50 TIPS() 0.65 205643 16.50 35088 0.95
ASY77 1.50 BC 1831 0.09 BCY33A 19.50 80510 0.95 BF 257 0.28 BFYIB 1.35 0(205 10.00 TIP120 0.60 0.95
256329
M83756 2.50 SA5590 2.75 STK437 7.95 TA7609P 3.95 1665500 1.95 TDA100I 2.95 7282581 2.95 UPC 1.25
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MC1310P
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TA7629
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TBA5600
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1DA1003A 3.95
TDA1006A 2.50
TDA2582
TDA2593
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2.95
UP(1182H 1.50
UPCI185H 3.95
MC1327 1.70 551310 1.80 511(463 11.50 IAA3I0A 3.50 TBA570 1.00 TDAI010 2.15 TD62600 6.50 UPC 1191V
1.50
49103 2.50 AN7145M 3.95 LA4102 1.50 MC13270 0.95 511327 1.10 STK0015 7.95 TAA320A 3.50 TBA651R 2.50 1061005 235 TDA2610 2.50 UP(1350( 2.95
49124 2.50 A97150 2.95 LA4140 2.95 MC 1351P 1.75 5113270 1.10 STK0029 7.95 1663506 1.95 1B6673 1.95 TDA1035 2.50 TDA2611A 1.95 UPC 1353(
2.45
411214 2.50 AN7151 2.50 1A4031P 1.95 MC1352P 1.00 597414 1.50 STK0039 7.95 TAA550B 0.95 18A750 1.95 TDA1037 1.95 7062640 3.50 UP( 1360 2.95
492140 2.50 BA521 1.50 104400 3.50 M(1357 2.35 S617421 0.85 16706101 1.50 TAA570 1.95 967500 2.65 1DA1044 2.15 1062655 4.50 UPC1365C 3.95
49236 1.95 CA1352E 1.75 564420 3.50 MC1358 1.58 50761109 0.89 TA7072 2.65 TAA621 3.95 TBA800 0.89 1061170 1.95 TDA2680A 2.75 UPC20020 1.95
49239 2.50 CA3086 0.46 144422 1.50 M(1496 1.75 50761156 1.25 147013 3.50 TAA630S 2.95 184810A5 1.65 TDAI180 2.15 106.2690 2.45 8P021141( 2.50
402401
49247
2.80
2.50
(631231
C6313EM
1.95
2.50
1A4430
164461
2.50
3.95
MC1723
M(3357
0.50
2.75
59761319
5976226D0
1.30
2.95
1671081
1A7120P
1.50
1.65
TAA661B
166700
1.95
1.70
TBA810P
TBA820M
1.65
0.75
15412700 3.95
7041327 1.70
TDA3310
1003510
2.95
3.50 5
555 0.35
U50
49260 2.95 C431405 2.50 1C7120 3.25 M(34011 2.50 5976227N 1.05 1071791 2.50 1AA930 3.95 1868200 1.45 10A2002 0.95 1DA3560 3.95
49262 (631401 1(7130 TBA890 741 0.35
1.95 1.15 3.50 MC 14106P 2.95 59762289 2.95 TA7130P 130 18612045/B/C 2.50 1062003 1.95 TDA4050 2.95 747 0.50
40264 2.50 ETT6016 2.50 1(7131 5.50 MC14518CP7.50 5976533N 1.65 TA71371 1.00 1.00 TBA920 1.65 1062010 1.95 TDA4600 2.50 748 0.35
AN271 3.50 061137W 1.95 1(7137 5.50 M123113 1.75 5976650N 1.15 TA7146P 1.50 SA/5B/T/U TBA950/2X 1.50 1067020 2.95 TDA9503 3.15
186990
7808 150
AN301 2.95 061156W 1.50 1M323K 4.95 M1232B 2.50 SN76660N 0.90 16717661 2.95 1BA395 1.50 1.49 10A2030 2.80 7E01009 1.35
A0303 3.50 HA1306 1.50 LM324N 0.45 ' M1239 2.95 51K011 7.95 TA7193P 3.95 TBA396 0.75 1849900
1(6770
1.49 1062140 3.95 UP(4IC 3.50
7805
7812
0.50
0.50
AN313 2.95 061322 1.95 LM380N 1.50 MSM5807 8.75 STK014 7.95 TA7203 2.95 TBA440N 2.55 2.50 1042150 2.50 UPC 56611 2.95 7815 0.50
AN315 2.95 HA1339A 2.95 16438008 2.95 SAA500A 3.50 STK015 5.95 1672041 2.15 1BA4800 1.95 TCA270S0 2.50 TDA2I51 1.95 UPC575C2 1.50
40316 3.95 061366W 2.75 1013831 2.95 SAA1025 7.25 511<018 7.95 TA7205AP 1.15 TBA5I0 2.50 TCA650 2.50 1062160 2.50 UPC1001H 1.95
AN331 3.95 061406 1.95 1M3909 3.50 5661251 4.95 510025 11.95 TA7208 1.95 iBA5100 2.50 1(4760 2.50 1062524 1.95 UPC 1020H 2.95
49342 2.95 HA1551 2.95 LM1011 3.15 SAA5010 5.35 ST 0032 7.95 TA7222AP 1.80 TBA520 1.10 1(6800 6.95 TDA2530 1.95 UPC 10240 1.50
093621 2.50 54120 0.95 M51551 2.95 SAA5020 5.75 511<078 11.95 TA72271 4.25 1065200 1.10 TCA8305 1.95 TDA2S32 1.95 UPC 102511 1.95
49612 2.15 1A1730 1.95 M515131. 2.30 SAB3210 3.50 51.1(085 8.95 1872281 1.95 TBA530 1.10 TCA900 2.50 TDA2540 1.95 UPC 1028H 1.95
496362 3.95 LA3201 0.95 M515215 1.50 5655605 1.75 S1K415 7.95 TA7310P 1.80 1865300 1.10 1(6940 1.65 1062541 2.15 UPC 10320 0.95
407140 3.50 LA4101 0.95 MB3705 1.50 SA55705 1.75 510435 7.95 TA 7314P 2.95 1BA540 1.25 106440 2.20 TDA2560 1.15 UPC1158H 0.75
497145 3.50 MB3712 2.00 SAS580 2.85 1413211 2.25 TBA5400 1.35 1042576 4.50 nprltA7r9 1.04
VIDEO SPARES 8 HEADS Hitachi V15000 2.95 PYE 713 4 LEAD 8.50 DIODES
Please phone with your Hitachi VT8000 1.25 PYE 713 5 LEAD 8.50
recorder model no for our National Panasonic PYE 731/25 8.50 AA119 0.10 139036 150R
quotation NV300/333/340 2.95 RANK 6774 6.35 BA115 0.13 0.20
National Panasonic Dear Customers,
RANK A823 6.9S BA1.t5 0.16 131038 600R
3HSSV for Ferguson/1V( 27.50 We thank you for your continued support and wish
NV2000B 3.75 RANK T206 6.95 BA148 0.17 0.60
3055010 for National National Panasonic
Panasonic/Philips 29.50
SIEMENS TVK76/1 6.9S you all a Very Happy Christmas and Prosperous BA154 0.06 81055 600 0.30
NV777 2.75 SIEMENS EUROPA 7.50 BA156 0.15 B1071 600 1.75
305539 for National Panasonic
National Panasonic
New Year.
THORN 1500 5.45 BA151 0.30 01061 0.15
NV777/330 39.50
NV3000B 3.75 THORN 1600 5.45 Our stock of valves particularly UK manufactured BA244 0.75 132088 0.10
31155N/4H5S for National
National Panasonic THORN 3500 7.95 04301 0.75 81995(30 0.35
Panasonic 29.50 NV7000
items has continued to grow and you can be
2.75 THORN 8000 6.95 BA307 0.85 CS48 8.00
3HSSH for Hitachi 35.00 assured of a continued supply of most types for
National Panasonic THORN 8500 7.15 04313 0.75 CSIOB 18.50
3H5SU3N for National
Panasonic 35.00
NV8600 8610/8620 3.75 THORN 9000 8.50 many years. 80318 2.95 MR5I0 0.65
Sanyo VTC5000 1.50 THORN 9600 8.50 BA328 2.95 MR512 0.65
3HSSP for Sharp 35.00 NEW FOR 1989. We have recently introduced a
Sanyo VT(5300 1.75 TVI I STICK 0.90 BA 521 1.75 0047 0.15
3HSS6NA for National
Panasonic Industrial 75.00
Sanyo VT(5500 2.75 TVI3 STICK 1.25 special in-house selection facility and can offer the BA V2I 0.30 0690 0.10
Sanyo 87(9300 3.75 TVI8 1.10 BAW62 0.19 0491 0.15
3HSSU2N for National
STICK following service for Audio, HiFi etc.
Sanyo VT(93001 3.90 TV20 STICK 1.40 BAX13 0.04 0495 0.10
Panasonic 39.50
305551 for fisher/Fidelity 35.00
Sharp 6300
Sharp 7300
3.50 * Special selection of pre -amp valves for low BAXI6 0.17 04202 0.40
5.00
3.50 microphony etc. £1.00 per valve 881058 0.30 1421 DR
30SSR for Amstrad/Soislto/
Sharp 8300 3.50 07151 0.79 N23B 2.95
Triumph
15305 for Sony S105.6 7 etc
35.00
Sharp 9300
Sony (6
3.50
FUSES SPECIAL OFFEER
100 PER TYPE
* Supply and fitting of pre -amp damping rings. BY126 0.10 N23( 4.95
2.75 BY177 0.11 N23ER 4.95
35.00 2MM OrOB (a 0.06 each E4.50 £1.00 per ring
Sony C7 3.50 BY133 0.15 N23WE 2.95
15381 for Toshiba 39.50
154825 for Sony SLC 20/30 etc
Sony 19 2.95
IOOMA 200MA 250MA 500MA
IAmp 125Amp 15Amp * Special selection and matching of power valves BY164 0.45 04001 0.04
Sony 5130008 3.75 81176 1.20 N4003 0.04
39.50 16Amp £1.00 per valve
Sony 518000/8080 4.50 BY] 79 0.63 94004 0.05
PS5B3S for Sony 51(8/(9 etc 2Amp 25Amp 3 I SAmp 4Amp
49.50
Toshiba 7540 3.50 Please ask for valves not listed. We have over 4000 BT182 0.55 04007 0.06
Toshiba 9600 1.50 types available including CV types and Vintage 89184 0.35 N4148 0.02
Philips V2000 65.00 20MM A/S a 0 15 each 111.50
100MA I50MA 160MA 250MA BY187 0.45 04448 0.10
VIDEO BELT KITS E N T MULTIPLIERS valves dating fróm 1921. Quoting for Vintage types BY] 99 0.40 N5401 0.12
Akai VS9300/9500/9800 2.75 UNIVERSAL TRIPLER 5.45 500MA 800MA 25Amp
con take a few hours but we are usually able to find
1
BY206 0.14 05402 0.14

Amstrod 7000/Satsho/ DECCA 30 6.35 2Amp 3.ISAmp SAmp
even the most rare type. Remember we stock all 69208 8W 0.33 95403 0.12
Triumph 1.50 DECCA 80 6.95 BY210 800 0.33 95406 0.13
Ferguson 3V16 2.75 DECCA 100 6.95 1.25 inch 0/B (a 006 each valves from Acorns to Z band transmitters. 81223 0.90 N5407 0.16
Ferguson 3V22/1V( DECCA 120 6.95 14.00
B9298 400 0.22 95408 0.16
HR3360/3660 2.95 DECCA 1730 6.35 250MA 500MA 750MA lAmp BEST WISHES FOR 1989
B1299 800 0.22 1144 0.10
Ferguson 3023/JVC GEC 2040 S.45 I SAmp 2Amp 3Amp 7Amp PETER AND MICK 131010
f
0.50 T923 0.15
007700 1.50 GE( 2110 6.95 10Amp
BYX25-600 1.25 T12002 0.10
Ferguson 3V29/1VC ITT (VCI 9 6.35
HR7200 2.75 ITT (/(20/25/30 6.35 125 inch A/S (a, 0 15 each
Ferguson 3V31/JVC ITT 08(45 6.95 £10.00 ZENER DIODES
HR7650
JVC 083330/3600
2.75
2.75
PHILIPS 0815501
PHILIPS 09
6.95
6.00
SOMA 60MA 100MA 150MA
250MA 500MA 750MA 1 SAmp
4 QJ( B1988 Series
82061 Series I
Hitachi VTII/33 2.75 PYE 697 6.50 3Amp 4Amp SAmp 0.20
0.15
INDUSTRIAL AND Please add C3 10748 45.00 D9 110GH 45.00 D' 200GM 75.00 F21 130GR 75.00 M17151GVR 175.00 M28 1310 45.00 M31 32SGH 35.00
SPECIAL QUALITY
CATHODE RAY TUBES
additional carriage
per tube
30780
CME827W
95.00
7.00
DIO 210GH
DIO 230GM
45.00
45.00
0'6 10001191
DH391
65.00 F31 1210 75.00 M21 I 1 55.00 M31182GV 45.00 M38 100W 59.00
55.00 11708 75.00 M23 112GV 45.00 M31 184W 55.00 M40 120W 59.00
A smoll selection from 'CPI 2950 (MI I523W 9.50 013 611011 59.00 E(R35 39.50 M7 120W 19.50 M24121GH 55.00 M31190GR 45.00 5E51131 45.00
our stock of 10000 12014 35.00 CRE1400 29.50 013 630GH 59.00 116 101GM 75.00 M14 100GM 35.00 M24 I 22WA 55.00 M31 191W 55.00 T975D 75.00
DEC/JAN'89 '
P. M. COMPONENTS LTD DEC/JAN '89
PRICE LIST SELECTRON HOUSE, SPRINGHEAD ENTERPRISE PARK PRICE LIST
SPRINGHEAD RD, GRAVESEND, KENT DAVI 8HD
KT63 2.00 PY88 0.65 V241UIK 195.00 3E22 49.50 6BK4 6.50 6SK7 1.95 20116 7.95 845 59.50
A selection from our 0166 USA 11.95

K166 GEC 25.00
P95004
PY800
1.95
0.85
V453
VLS631
12.00
10.95
3E29
3E17
39.50
1.95
68L6
6818
85.00
1.15
6S17GT
6SN7GT
1.95
1.95
2011
20P1
0.95
0.55
866A
8724
8.50
20.00
stock of branded valves 0166 TEONEX

5.00
P9801 0.85
083 300 72.00
VP4B
VP4I
9.50
4.95
3H
31 170E
0.40
1450.00
68M6
68N6
115.00
1.65
650761
6557
1.50
1.95
2094
2095
1.95
1.15
873
954
60.00
1.00
9.00 0.40 68N8 3.95 618 1.50 21126 4.95 955 1.00
41714 24.50 EA79 1.95 EF98 0.90 0167 0B3 1750 139.00 VR 101 2.50 3L
K177 GEC 11.95 2.50 304 2.50 6805 1.35 611661 3.50 21006 4.95 1849 315.00
41834 7.50 1ABC80 1.50 (1183 0.75 OB5 3500 595.00 VR105/30
K181 4-65A 75.00 611074 1.50 6U 7G 3.50 71LU8 3.75 1927 25.00
42087 11.50 EA(91 2.50 11184 0.85 7.00 00E02-5 19.50 00150/30 2.50
KT88 USA 12.95 4 250A 85.50 6807 4.95 6U8A 1.50 2401 39.50 2040 25.00
42134 14.95 E 414 1.20 EF731 4.50 00E03 12 7.95 vÚ39 2.50
0188 00103 20 35.00 4.50 4-400( 81.50 6057 5.50 6V6G 1.25 2489 39.50 20504 5.95
A2293 6.50 (B34 1.50 11732 4.50 W21
4-10004 425.00 68W6 5.35 6V6G1 1.95 25806 1.75 2050W 6.50
A2426 33.50 E841 3.95 EF800 11.00 Selectron 15.00 00E06 40 45.00 W61 4.50
KiW61 2.50 00002 6 19.50 W77 5.00 4832 35.00 68W7 1.50 6W4G1 1.95 250068 2.95 421211 250.00
A2599 37.50 1891 0.85 EF804S 19.50
KTW62 2.50 00V03 10 5.50 W81M 4.50 48074 1.75 6826 2.50 6966 3.95 251661 1.75 4471 35.00
A2792 27.50 E8C33 2.50 EF805S 25.00
4826 6817 2.95 6X2N 1.00 29(1 19.50 4687A 9.50
A2900 11.50 EB(41 1.95 EF806S 25.00 K1W63 2.00 00903 10 W739 1.50 1.95
01163 2.50 MULLARD 15.00 4.50 4(28 25.00 6(4 1.95 6%4 1.50 29006 6.50 5544 79.50
A3283 24.00 EBC81 1.50 11812 0.65 024
LB7 70 95.00 00003 20 25.00 X41 4.50 4(35 145.00 6(S 2.50 6%S6T 1.00 30(15 0.50 5559 55.00
A3343 35.95 EB(90 1.95 F11200 1.50
lS9B 6.95 00V06 404 066 X65 4.95 4C5250R 285.00 6(6 3.50 6X8A 2.25 30(17 0.40 5636 5.50
ACSP3A 4.95 E8C91 1.95 EFP60 3.50
4XC125C 6(86 2.50 7A6 4.50 30(18 1.48 5642 9.50
A(/S2PEN 8.50 18E80 0.95 1890 0.72 M508 195.00 27.50 X76M 1.95
M5143 609 4.95 7AU7 1.50 30112 1.35 5643 9.50
A022 59.75 1E1183 0.95 1090 1.50 155.00 00V06 404 X(24 1.50 EIMAC 150.00
M5199 295.00 MULLARD 39.50 0(25 0.50 4(02508 45.00 6(44 4.95 786 3.50 301112 0.95 5651 2.50
AH221 39.00 18F89 0.95 FL32 0.95
M8079 6.00 4CX250BM 6(47 3.50 787 230 30E113 1.10 56S4 1.95
A11238 39.00 18193 0.95 1133 5.00 00V07 50 55.00 X1W47 1.50
M8082 7.50 00203 20 42.50 XFW50 1.50 65.00 6(35 3.95 708 4.50 30E114 1.25 5670 3.25
6160 6.00 1811 4.50 1134 3.25
M8083 3.25 00206 40 45.00 061-2500 75.00 4(X2500 68(6 2.35 717 5.50 3011 0.45 5672 4.50
AN1 14.00 113121 4.50 E134 MULLARD
M8091 7.50 0575/20 1.50 XL62811 7.50 EIMAC 115.00 6(D66Á 4.50 7K7 7.50 30115 0.60 5675 28.00
ARPI2 2.50 E(52 0.75 6.50
M8096 3.00 0595/10 4.85 XNPI2 2.50 4(X250R 6016 1.95 71 1.50 30117 0.60 5678 7.50
ARP34 1.25 EC70 1.75 1134
M8098 5.50 Q5108/45 4.00 X01/16004 AMPERE% 6(67 4.50 707 4.50 30P4MR 1.00 5687 4.50
ARP35 2.00 EC81 7.95 SIEMENS 4.50
M8099 5.00 6.95 125.00 6(116 6.95 7Y4 2.50 30912 1.00 5696 4.50
AZII 4.50 EC86 1.95 EL36 2.50 05150/15 49.50
M8100 5.50 1.15 I/32004 4(X3504 100.00 6016 3.25 808 2.50 30PI8 0.60 5702 3.50
85894 250.00 EC88 1.95 1L36 Q5150/30 XR
M8136 7.00 4(X10004 6(184 2.95 8010 2.50 30P19 1.00 5704 3.S0
8158 55.00 EC90 1.95 MULLARD 3.95 QS' 50/40 7.00 79.50
M8I37 7.95 051705 3.95 XRI 64004 425.00 6CM7 2.9S 8805 1.95 30P1 2.50 5718 6.15
BT17 25.00 EC91 5.50 E138 9.00
M8161 6.50 051213 5.00 149.50 4CX15008 6C56 0.75 8CW5 1.50 3091.13 0.60 5725 2.50
BT113 35.00 EC93 1.50 1141 3.50
M8167 0.95 8(880 1.50 309114 1.75 5726 2.50
C 1 K 27.50 EC95 7.00 (142 2.00 5.50 0037 9.50 965 6.95 475.00 6CS7
4.50 M8163 5.50 QV03 12 6.50 001100 75.00 4CX5000A 6(W4 8.00 8f07 1.95 31156C 5.50 5727 2.50
(3M 17.95 1(97 1.10 1171
M8190 4.50 QV05 25 2.50 Y11060 265.00 1000.00 60(8 3.95 002 1.25 33A 158M 19.50 5749 2 50
C1134 32.00 E(8010 12.00 E181 6.95
M8195 6.50 29.50 4021/4 125A 60(6 2.35 00E7 2.50 3543 3.95 5750 1.85
C1149/1 195.00 ECC32 3.50 1183 7.50 0006-20 011020 42.50
M8196 5.50 0908 1008 011060 195.00 85.00 6018 1.35 0008 2.50 35A5 4.50 5751 2.95
(1150/I 135.00 E(C33 3.50 f184 0.95
(1534 32.00 ECC35 3.50 E184 M8204 5.50 145.00 011070 195.00 4032 125.00 6018 OM 1.95 35(5 4.50 5763 6.50
MULLARD 4.50 M8223 4.50 093-125 85.00 911071 195.00 4E27A 125.00 SPECIAL 3.50 OEW7 2.95 35166T 2.00 58144 3.2S
CCA 3.50 E(C81 1.50
M8224 2.00 Ore 250 85.00 0(1290 65.00 4657 2.25 6006 1.50 OFI 0.75 35Z3 1.95 5823 9.50
CD24 6.50 E((81 SPECIAL (184
2.50 M8225 3.95 094 400 95.00 Z77 1.20 4602 2.25 6005 8.50 0GK6 1.95 35ISGT 3.50 5829WÁ 6.50
C01006 3.50 QUALITY 2.25 SIEMENS
E185 4.50 ME1400 3.50 RIO 4.00 23001 6.00 4164 2.95 6006B 2.50 0194 2.50 388E7 5.95 5840 3.50
C05676 6.50 ECC82 0.85
1.75 ME1401 29.50 R 8 2.50 1302( 12.00 4016 1.50 6DT6A 1.50 1E3 55.00 40006 5.50 5842 11.00
(V Nos PRICES ECC82 1186 1
29.50 RGI 240A 14.50 9.00 4185P 150.00 6DW40 3.50 103 5.50 42 6.95 5847 10.95
ON REQUEST PHILIPS 1.95 1190 1.75 ME 1402 2359
MHLD6 4.00 RG3 250A 6.50 4.00 4X1SO4 35.00 6E5 3.95 246 3.95 47 6.00 5863 95.00
D3A 27.50 ECC83 0.95 (l91 6.00 2520M
MP25 195.00 RG3 12504 35.00 9.50 4X)500 55.00 6147 2.50 2406 2.50 5045 1.50 5879 9.50
D63 1.20 (195 1.75 Z7005
MS4B 5.50 RR3 250 15.00 405004 350.00 6E48 2.50 24E6 5.50 SOBS 1.95 5886 13.95
DA41 22.50 NEW Ell 52 15.00 1759 19.85
MU 14 3.50 RR3 1250 35.00 Z803U 18.95 5A/102D 9.50 6188 3.50 2AH7GT 4.95 5005 0.95 5894 39.50
0442 17.50 ECC83 SPECIAL 11360 6.75
0490 4.50 L. 11500 1.95 N37 12.50 511E12 38.00 ZA1000 12.50 541521A 9.00 6E17 0.85 2415 1.00 50066 1.95 5899 4.50
N78 9.85 5104 1K 10.00 6EM5 2.50 2A16 1.75 50E115 1.50 5963 1.75
DAF91 0.95 WWI,9 EL504 1.95 241001 1.50 541630 10.00
DAF96
D( 70
D(90
0.95
1.75
3.50
Low noise
El 506
(1509
(1509
5.95
5.25
MULL ARD
042
0A2WA
043
1.50
2.50
2.50
SC I/1300
SP61
STV280 40
6.00
3.50
11.95
2M1001
11.41005
1M1020
12.00
8.00
6.00
54I700
54 180M 9.00
SA 2060
6.25
10.00
6EM7
6E18
61V7
2.50
1.75
2.95
24
2417
7W
24116
1.50
2.50
1.50
50196
53KU
75BI
2.95
4.50
330
5965
6057
6058
2.15
3.75
2.50
OB. 1.50 182 5/30095.00 8.00 513-1101A 10.00 6EW6 1.50 24117 0.85 75C I 4.50 6060 2.25
OCX 4 5000 low m¢rophony 7.50 2M1021
0B2WA 2.50 182.300 195.00 ÚM1023 7.95 5B 254M 14.50 6F1 2.00 2496 1.95 80 4.50 6072 6.95
25.00 (L519 6.95
0(3 2.50 183-750 115.00 1M1041 14.00 58 255M 14.50 615 5.50 2407 2.50 83 8.50 6080 8.50
0E116 28.50 £3.50 11802 3.65
6.95 OD3 2.50 103-7000 1M1082 9.00 58-256M 15.00 6F7 5.50 24046113 2.50 8341 7.50 6080WA 9.50
DfTl8 28.50 FL821
6132 10.50
ECC83 11822 12.95 0M4 2.50 450.00 1M1084 10.00 58 257M 15.00 6F13 3.00 24X7 0.95 8541 6.S0
D1T70 2.50
0M5B 3.00 1812-300 395.00 6.50 58258M 14.50 6F14 1.00 2AX7WA 2.50 85A2 2.95 6136 2.50
DE122 35.00 BRIMAR 2.15 11180 22.50 ZM1175
EM34 12.50 OM6 1.75 TBL2 500 495.00 1M1177 9.00 5C22 125.00 6F17 2.75 2AX7S 7.95 9040 17.50 61468 9.50
01123 35.00 ECC83
PHILIPS 1.95 EM83 1.65 00943 2.50 1003 10/D/E/F 1M1202 55.00 5C18A 2.50 6123 0.60 7497 3.95 90(1 3.50 6146W 12.50
DET24 27.50
ECC83 EM84 1.65 00950 3.95 35.00 IM1263 4.00 511801 1950.00 6124 1.25 2644 4.S0 90(6 11.50 6155 72.00
DET25 22.00
SIEMENS 2.50 EM85 3.95 P61 2.50 T TI 45.00 A3 4.50 5118 2.95 6F25 1.25 2046 2.50 90(V 17.50 6156 72.00
DE T29 32.00
2.50 941 2.50 íT21 45.00 414 3.50 SR4G8 5.50 6F28 1.25 28E6 1.95 91AG 9.00 6157 2.50
DF91 1.50 E(C85 1.50 EM87
2.75 15.00 PABC80 0.95 1122 39.50 AX2 3.50 512469 4.95 6F32 1.25 201178 3.95 92AG 19.50 6158 3.20
DF92 1.50 E(C86 EN32
P(86 0.75 11100 69.00 10.00 SR4WGY 5.95 6F33 10.50 2016 1.75 92AV 19.50 6189 4.50
DF96 1.25 EC(88 1.35 EN9I 2.25 B22
1.50 4.S0 P(88 0.75 TY2 125A 85.00 827 55.00 514 5.95 6F115 8.50 2BR3 1.95 9541 6.50 6201 6.45
DF97 1.25 ECC89 EN92
2.00 EY51 0.80 PC97 1.10 194 400 85.00 83Gí 1.95 ST8A 1.95 6FH8 15.00 28974 3.50 100E1 10.00 6350 3.50
DGIOA 8.50 ECC91
2.50 E970 7.50 1(900 1.25 T97.60004 8354 45.00 5U4G 4.50 6112 4.50 2(8 2.S0 108(1 2.50 6360 4.50
01163 1.50 ECC189
6.95 (981 2.35 P(C84 0.40 600.00 8634 75.00 511468 4.50 6F07 4.50 2CA5 1.95 15002 6.50 6386 14.50
DH77 0.90 ECC801S
E182 1.15 P((85 0.55 198 600W K3 2.50 5V4G 2.50 66E5 3.95 2CX6 1.95 150(10 9.00 6442 75.00
DK91 1.20 EC(8035 6.95
DK92 1.50 E(C804 0.60 EY83 1.50 P((88 0.70 365.00 1156T 2.50 5W4 4.95 66884 2.50 20068 3.50 I 500 2.50 6463 7.50
1((2000 7.95 1184 5.95 P(C89 0.70 1119 9.50 P28 25.00 504 4.95 6617 0.85 209/44 3.50 150(4 2.50 6550 8.95
0135 2.50
E(F80 1.15 E986 87 0.65 P((189 0.70 U26 0.90 RS 1.50 5Y3GT 2.50 6GK6 3.95 2DZ6 3.95 185BT 1.50 65504 GE 13.95
DL63 1.00
1.50 EY88 0.95 PC(805 0.70 U35 3.50 55 1.50 5Z3 4.50 6GM6 2.65 2E1 19.50 211 25.00 6870 11.50
DL 70 2.50 ECF82
P((806 0.80 9.00 5246 2.50 6657 213 2E14 38.00 2300 15.00 68830 9.95
DL73 2.50 1(186 1.70 EY91 5.50 1137 14 1.50
PCE82 0.80 U41 6.95 1.75 6/3012 0.70 6608 0.95 2f%5 1.95 2310 15.00 6973 7.95
DL91 3.95 ECF200 1.85 EY500A 1.95 U4
PCF80 0.65 2.00 6A/2030 9.00 66 W8 2.50 2GN7 3.95 250TH 150.00 7025 2.50
0192 1.50 EC1202 1.85 E1802 0.70 U50 U5 1.50
P(F82 0.60 3.00 6A7 4.95 6695 4.95 26817 3.95 307 5.00 70255 6.95
0193 1.50 E(1801 0.85 1235 1.00 U82 025 2.50
3284 15.00 70274 8.50
D1S10 13.50 EC1804 6.50 1240 3.50 P(F84 0.65 0191 0.70 243 16.50 648 2.50 6696 2.50 215GT 3.95
7119 9.00
DLSI6 10.00 ECF8OS 2.50 1241 3.50 P(186 1.20 11192 1.00 2A515Á 11.50 64137 4.50 681 9.50 2116T 3.50 5728 59.00
705A 12.50 7189 5.50
DM70 5.25 EC1806 10.25 EZ80 0.75 PCF87 1.25 11193 1.00 287 4.50 60C7WA 2.00 614661 2.50 2118 2.95
7199 7.50
E(H3 4.50 FZBI 0.75 PCF200 1.80 U251 2.50 2822 69.50 6465 2.50 6807 1.95 7KGT 1.50 7134 25.00
DM160 6.50 7247 4.95
DOD 006 79.50 ECH4 4.50 E290 1.50 PCF201 1.80 U801 3.50 2(36 70.00 6467 2.50 6148 3.50 2089 1.95 723A 8 75.00
7475 5.00
1.50 E(H35 3.50 FW4 800 4.50 P(1801 1.35 UABC80 1.00 3(390 32.50 64116 3.50 6HMS 2.50 2KU7 1.95 724A 275.00
DY51 7486 155.00
DY86/87 0.85 E(H42 1.50 GS51K 9.00 P(F802 0.85 UAW 1.95 2(3984 39.50 6414 3.50 6805 3.50 2961 1.50 7254 275.00
7527 95.00
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DY802 0.85 7551 830
49.50 (CH83 1.50 6740.70 9.00 P(F806 1.00 118(81 1.50 2C42 29.50 6405 1.95 61158 2.95 2567 4.75 8014 15.00
1551 7581A 11.95
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EC183 2.50 GC 12,48 17.50 P(184 0.75 UCC84 0.70 2021W 3.15 64M6 1.95 617 4.15 2597 4.50 811 15.00 1868 830
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E82CC 4.50 EC185 0.95 GDT120M 5.00 PC186 0.85 Ú(F80 1.00 2E26 7.95 6Ah8A 4.50 61864 9.S0 307 3.20 813 Philips 8156 9.95
4.50 L86 1.50 GN4 6.00 PC1805 0.90 Ú(H21 2.50 2155 295.00 6405 1.75 61(6C 9.50 30(7 2.50 35.00 8950 10.50
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1831 5.50 1(1805 0.95 GN10 15.00 90500 5.95 Ú(H41 2.50 2025 49.50 6408 1.50 6ÚM6 9.50 3DR7 2.95 813 27.50 18042 10.50
9.50 11374 2.50 GR106 4.00 PE 100 69.00 UCH42 3.95 2026 95.00 6ARS 8.95 611.1811 2.50 3E1 145.00 8298 14.50 9002 6.50
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E88C 7.95
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188((-01 6.95 1140 4.50 G512D 12.00 911945 3.00 0(183 2.50 2056 250.00 64576 4.50 6086 3.00 407 3.50
E88CC EF I' 3.50 GTI( 14.00 PEN45DD 3.00 Uí41 2.25 202A 5.00 6A T6 1.95 6006 9.50 5E 5.50
MULLARD 4.95 EF 5' 2.50 GU20 35.00 PEN46 2.00 U142 2.25 34/107B 12.00 6AT8 1.75 60664 6.95 6403 1.95
6015 2.95
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P136
0.95
1.75
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1.20
34'1084 9.00 6AU4GT 2.95
4.50
611
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CALLERS WELCOME
(90F 7.95 EF .5 4.95 GXUI 13.50 11185 3A 1098 11.00 6AU5GT 611
1918 4.50 EF 1.20 60113 24.00 P138 1.50 UF89 2.00 34 110B 12,00 64116 0.95 616GC USA 9.50 61 0.40 OPEN MON-THUR 9AM-5 30PM
E92(C 3.95 EF, 3.50 GXU5055 14.50 9181 1.25 0141 10.00 391/1410 11.50 6AV6 1.95 6L6GT 3.50 748 3.50 FRI 9AM-5.00PM
fF7.3 3.50 GY501 1.50 P182 0.60 0144 3.50 34/1461 7.50 6AW8A 3.50 617 3.50 740461A 1.95
1991 6.95
78E3 2.50
-24-HOUR ANSWERPHONE
E1301 18.50 1180 0.55 GY802 1.50 9183 0.52 0184 1.50 34/1471 7.50 640461 1.95 6115 3.1S
1180CC 10.50 E183 3.95 G132 2.50 9184 0.784 U185 0.85 34,167M 10.00 6A 93B 1.95 6119 3.95 1DW4A 2.95 SERVICE
11801 6.50 EF 85 0.85 G233 4.50 P1500 1.25 SUS 3.50 3A3Á 3.95 6428 4.50 6118 2.50 11W8 1.50 ACCESS & BARCLAYCARD
1182CC 9.00 EF86 2.50 6134 2.50 P1504 1.25 616 6.00 344 1.50 6886 2.50 61020 1.15 1118 4.50
PHONE ORDERS WELCOME
11861 8.50 (FM G137 4.50 P1508 1.50 1157 8.00 345 4.50 6810 1.95 6116 1130 803 6.00
E188C( 7.50 MULLARD 4.50 HB(90 1.95 P1509 4.85 518 9.00 3ÁT2 3.35 6846 1.50 6106 9.50 8GB5 3.50 UK ORDERS P&P £1
12351 12.50 E186/C1/4085 H141 3.50 P1519 4.95 I U941 3.50 3822 25.00 68A7 4.50 6928 2.00 9405 3.50 PLEASE ADD 15% VAT
12801 19.50 5.00 #190 3.50 P1802 6.00 11985 0.70 3826 24.00 68480 3.50 607Gí 1.50 9411461 2.50
9BG6
EXPORT ORDERS WELCOME
E283CC 12.00 1189 1.50 KT8C 7.00 P18021 3.50 V2354/IK 3028 15.00 68(8 I.50 6R7 3.15 3.50
E788CC 17.50 1E91 195 KT33( 3.50 P1820 2.95 250.00 3826 1.50 6803 2.95 60888 10.00 963 19.50 CARRIAGE AT COST
18101 25.00 1197 2.15 0136 2.95 9932 0.60 V2384,IK 3(45 39.50 68E6 1S0 6544 1.95 966 9.00 PLEASE SEND YOUR
11148 1.00 EF93 1.50 0144 5.95 PY33 0.50 295.00 3CX3000A7 68666 3.00 6547 1.95 9H4 35.00
ENQUIRIES FOR SPECIAL
FASO 1.00 E194 1.50 0145 5.95 PY81 0.70 V246Á, I 650.00 6086 1.95 6S(7 1.95 9HS 33.50
1452 55.00 EF95 1.95 0161 5.00 9982 0.70 250.00 3CY5 1.50 68118 1.50 65H7 1.95 10(0 9.50 QUOTATIONS OR LARGE
1476 1.95 EF97 0.90 P983 0.70 V24642K 315.00 30214 29.50 6816 1.50 653761 1.95 20DI 1.50 REQUIREMENTS -
ENTER 33 ON REPLY CART)

POINTMENTS
DISPLAYED APPOINTMENTS VACANT: £27 per single col. centimetre (min. 3cm).
Advertisements LINE ADVERTISEMENTS (run on): £6.00 per line, minimum £48 (prepayable).
accepted up to BOX NUMBERS: £15.00 extra. (Replies should be addressed to the Box Number in the
12 noon 25th November advertisement. c o Quadrant House, The Quadrant, Sutton. Surrey SM2 5AS).
PHONE: PETER HAMILTON on 01-6613033 (Direct Line).
for January issue. Cheques and Postal Orders payable to REED BUSINESS PUBLISHING and crossed.
BOTSWANA
Assistant Force VIDEO TECHNICIAN
Communications (Mobile) Ref: 125/88
We have an immediate vacancy for a Video Technician to
Officer (Radio/Microwave) work in the Wiltshire/Dorset area.
Experience must include at least two years' maintenance
and repair of video equipment, high band U-matics, TBCs,
As a member of the Botswana Police Force, based in
Vision and Sourd Mixers, 3 tube colour cameras and CCUs.
Gaborone, you will have total responsibility for all The salary package includes the provision of a company
aspects of the installation, maintenance and repair of vehicle, and an excellent pension and life assurance
all microwave, multiplex, UHFand VHFequipment and scheme.
services. Additionally, you will be responsible for the For an application form please contact:
installation of communication towers and antenna Mrs Anna Sive, Assistant Personnel Manager.
Tel: 02407 4461 Ext: 221.
and giving practical training to technical trainees.
The Services Sound and Vision Corporation
QUALIFICATIONS Chalfont Grove. Narcot Lane, Chalfont St Peter.
Applicants should be British or Irish Citizens Gerrards Cross. Bucks SL9 8TN.
690
preferably within the age range 22-45 years. A degree
in Telecommunications is essential, coupled with five
years practical experience, including involvement with
systems planning and engineering. In addition, you
should have three years experience at senior level in
either the Military, Police communications or Home Hardware / As a leading recruitment consultancy we
have a wide selection of opportunities for
Office telecommunications.
TERMS OF APPOINTMENT
Software/ high calibre Design. Development. Systems
and supporting staff throughout the U.K.
As part of the British Government's Aid Programme Systems If you have experience in any of the
following then you should be talking to us
you will be on contract to the Government of £9,000 - £25,000 for your next career move.
Botswana for 3 years, with a supplemented tax free ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IMAGE
PROCESSING ANALOGUE DESIGN
salary in the range of £15,408 to £20,052. MICRO HARDWARE & SOFTWARE GUIDED
Additional benefits include variable tax free overseas WEAPONS C PASCAL ADA RP &
allowances, free passages, children's education MICROWAVE ELECTRO -OPTICS SIMULATION
91
C REAL TIME PROGRAMMING SYSTEMS
allowances and free government accommodation. ENGINEERING ACOUSTICS SONAR RADAR
For details and application form, please write, SATELLITES AVIONICS CONTROL ANTENNA
quoting the job title and ref. 364/JUE" to: VLSI DESIGN
Appointments Officer, Overseas Development r Opportunities exist with National. International
and consultancy companies offering excellent
Administrátion, AH220, Abercrombie House, salaries and career advancement.
Eaglesham Road, EAST KILBRIDE, Glasgow G75 8EA. To be considered for these and other
Or tel: 03552 41199, ext. 3527. Recrultrt>teftti requirements contact John Spencer or Stephen
Morley or forward a detailed CV in complete
confidence quoting Ref. WW/101.
-==' OVERSEAS
' .aimie. STS Recruitment, Telephone: (0962) 69478 (24hrs),
33 Staple Gardens, Winchester, Hampshire S023 8SR.
ODA DEVELOPMENT
BRITAIN HELPING NATIONS TO HELP THEMSELVES
r)
eLfl ALWAYS AHEAD GVDF

Pi
IN DESIGN, TEST & SERVICE
-
£10,000 - £30,000
With the most successful companies and consultancies - both large and small - throughout the UK: Offering first class salary/benefit packages - several include
company car - plus excellent career advancement opportunities.
Interest and experience in any of these fields:
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING; ADVANCED PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES; IMAGE ANALYSIS; GRAPHICS / SPEECH PROCESSING; LASER /
FIBRE OPTICS; PARALLEL PROCESSORS; REAL -TUNE CONTROL / C31 SYSTEMS; RADAR; SONAR; COMMUNICATIONS; OSI / X400 NETWORKS;
Al & IKB SYSTEMS; ANALOGUE & DIGITAL VLSI / ASIC DESIGN; SIMULATION; MILLIMETRIC SYSTEMS; SOFTWARE - C, PASCAL, ADA, OC:AM,
68000 ASM, MODULA, UNIX / VMS; CAD TOOLS.
ECM offers confidential and professional guidance: we will listen to your requirements and identify opportunities to suit your plans.
Phone now for your FREE CASSETTE "Jobsearch Technology" and hear how ECM can help you to develop ycur career.
Call ECM on 0638 742244 - until 8.00 p.m. most evenings - or send your cv by FAX (0638 743066) or mad to:
ELECTRONIC COMPUTER AND MANAGEMENT APPOINTMENTS LIMITED
THE MALT1NGS, BURWELL, CAMBRIDGE, CB5 OHB.
KENYA
orp /
ill
¡ Microcomputer
GRADUATE ENGINEER Applications
RADIO COMMUNICATIONS Adviser (Senior Lecturer)
Based at the University of Nairobi, you will work
Central London to £17,800 p.a. on a project, whose objective in partnership with the
British Telecom International is a major fo:ce in advanced communicati ms. University of York, UK, is to develop the use of micro-
providing an extensive range of voice and data services to business and computers in teaching and research by supporting the
domestic customers around the world provision of equipment and courses and the training
The Engineering Planning and Provision Group plays an important role m the of academic and technical staff.
translation of operating requirements into engineering solutions. and a Your main responsibilities include running courses
vacancy currently exists for a Graduate Engineer, who will be involved in on micro -computer applications and taking a leading
supporting the maritime mobile radio services
role in the development of hardware and software,
Candidates should preferably have a working knowledge of MFNHF
I
while giving particular attention to the training and
terrestrial radio communications systems involving radio telephony, rah
,_ telegraphy and data systems. A background in electronics. with experts nce supervision of the Kenyan counterpart who will
in the design of electronic circuits will be succeed to your post. In addition, you will run the
;I planning and estimating together with anessential Experience of project
'
appreciation of software, and in day-to-day activities of the project, advise on

particular of PASCAL and C, is desirable You must also have the ability to lead equipment, liaise with the University of York and other
and motivate staff
participating institutions and co-ordinate funded
This is an excellent opportunity to develop your career in a stimulating inputs to the project.
professional environment, with access to :raining to enhance your personal
career development, and an excellent large company benefits package QUALIFICATIONS
11. Please wnte with full cv to: Applicants should be British Citizens with a degree
Kelly McTaggart, PE1.1.1.1., in Electronic or Electrical Engineering. Practical ability
, IV British Room 400, Cardinal House, and extensive experience of both hardware and
12 Farringdon Road, software is required, with particular emphasis on the
3-1CL.CCO/r London EC 1 M 3ND.
Closing date for applications is
hardware aspect. This experience need not be in a
International university environment.
9th December 1988.
TERMS OF APPOINTMENT
inch Telecom .s an equal opportunities employer.
Br
On contract to the British Government for a period
Apphcat ions are welcome from all sultably quaidied individuals irrespective of sex, racial own ordsalmi y.
of 30 months and on loan to the Government of Kenya.
Salary will be In the range £25,750 pa to
£28,875 pa (UK taxable). Additional benefits include
TRAINEE
a tax free overseas cost of living addition, children's
education allowances, free accommodation and
passages.
RADIO
For details and application form, please write,
quoting the job title and ref. 369/IM/EW,/ to:
Appointments Officer, Overseas Development
Administration, AH220, Abercrombie House,
Eaglesham Road, EAST KILBRIDE, Glasgow G75 8EA.
OFFICERS Or tel 03552 41199 ext. 3534. Closing date 15.12.88.

.__ch.
OVERSEAS !
Are you looking for o secure shore -based lob which offers
o rewording career in the forefront of modern Tele ODA DEVELOPMENT
communications technology... then consider BRITAIN HELPING NATIONS TO HELP THEMSELVES
loirnng GCHQ os o Trainee Radio Officer.
Training involves o 32 week residential
course, (plus 6 weeks extra you cannot
1
touch type) after which you will be

appointed RADIO OFFICER and undertake
o variety of specialist duties covering the whole
of the spectrum from DC to light.
4,\NwENsis
We offer you: Job Security Good
Career prospects Opportunities HARDWARE/SOFTWARE ENGINEERS
for Overseas Service Attractive We have a large number of loco) and national clients requiring the
Salaries and much more. following skills at ell levels.
you must hold or hope
To be eligible HARDWARE: Contact Peter Dunxley of the SOFTWARE: Contact Richard
\
to obtain on MRGC or HNC in a office or (0223) 314229 (home) Woodward at the office or (0223)
' Telecommunications subject with on Microprocessors 68XX series (In particular 355480 (home)
6809) Operating Systems: Unix, VMS, MS-
ability to read Morse of 20 wpm. Design of analogue or digital ciicuvry DOS
(City and Guilds 7777 of advanced Radio/Data communications Languages C, Modulo 2, Pascal,
level incorporating morse transcription would be advantageous). Anyone CAD and multi/single layer pcb design Fortran, BCPL
Image analysis and video A -D conversion Applications- Oracle, DBaselIl+, CAD/
with o PMG, MPT or 2 years relevant rodio operating experience is also eligible.
Networking, X25, DEC ICL, HP, 113M CAM CAE
The Civil Service is on equal opportunity employer. mainframes and PCs Assemblers. 680 x0, 80 x 86, 8085,
Salaries: Starting pay for trainees Is age pointed to 21 years. For those aged 21 Computer systems and peripheral Z80, 8086
or over entry will be at £7,162. After Training on RO will start of £10,684 rising by 5 maintenance Comms WANS, LANS, Telecoms
Protect/Development Management Any combination of the above skills
annual increments to £15,753 inclusive of shift and weekend working allowance. Sales/Marketing/Applications Engineers/
'"==.m.....is Write or telephone for an application Field Service or Test
ore in constant demand.
...
..........mmm...mm... form to:-
AMANUENSIS EXECUTIVE SERVICES LIMITED

a THE RECRUITMENT OFFICE, GCHQ, ROOM A/1108
PRIORS ROAD, CHELTENHAM, GLOS GL52 5AJ
OR TELEPHONE (0242) 232912/3
20 NEWMARKET ROAD CAMBRIDGE CB5 8DT 0223 354978
December 1988 ELECTRONICS d WIRELESS WORLD 1253

BEAUTIFUL MOONLIGHT
on your bank balance
ACE
STATE OF THE ART BROADCAST TELEVISION EQUIPMENT
If you can communicate your knowledge
in any of these areas
Following the successful launch of our new compatible architecture

PC
product range at the International Broadcast peripheral circuits
PC
Convention - interface with external systems
PC
WE HAVE OPPORTUNITIES IN: servicing
PC
SYSTEMS TEST Datacorrms circuit design

RF design
ENGINEERING Analogue/audio/consumer electronics
EW/ECM technology
If you have at least two years' experience in
analogue and digital systems test within a Blue sky semiconductor technology
broadcast environment - Superconductors
WE CAN OFFER: Iwould like to talk to you about writing
Salaries up to £14,000 opportunities in the industry's best
weeks holiday
5 respected electronics journal.
Excellent career opportunities.
Please contact Frank Ogden,
Please send CV or ring:
Susan White, A.C.E., Hanworth Trading Estate, Electronics & Wireless World,
Hampton Road West, Feltham, Room L301, Quadrant House,
Middlesex TW13 6DH. Tel: 01-894 5622 The Quadrant, Sutton SM2 5AS.
Tel: 01-661 3128.
A Carlton Company 683
Technical Manager
CLIVEDEN UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM
Technicians for expanding
heniech Instruments Lid
A techn ca , ,ampetent person is requved to rake a leading role in the running of a successful
Technical small con ; my spec'alising in high speed photography and high voltage pulse generation
The succf .16 candidate will have conside'able freedom to influence the direction of
Recruitment electronics environment development work The company has close links with several overseas labs (pant pally in the
TEST ENGINEER r" Bucks an increase in research and US) which will allow some overseas travel
Test and alignment of circuit boards teaching in the Department of The ideal candidate must lave a good practical knowledge of e ectron cs although a physics
Electronic Engineering means qualification would be car sidered on advantage Additionally. exper ence in high voltage and
and complete systems. Experience microwave techniques arr7 image intensif.er applications are des rab.e alinougn an ability to
of testing and fault finding to that we are looking for learn quickly Could be an alternative The applicant will be expected to perform duties ranging
qualified and experienced from prototyping. commissoning and testing equ pment to dealing with sub -contractors and
component level on TV systems generating technical Iitero'ure Previous experience in a manutactunng otgantzation would be
useful. cf12K technical staff for either a great asset
design/development or Initial y the employee will work in a laborotory/workshop situated near Wallingford. Oxfordshire
SERVICE ENGINEER Berks servicing/repair. Knowledge of although new premises wi be taken on in the future
I
Test and service to component level microprocessors would be an Terms of employment are :.c ct rn negotiation and o generous salary is available
of avionic control systems. cf 13K advantage.
.
Please send a CV to:

JUNIOR TEST ENGINEER Berks Salary í9.5k. Pleasant Jonathan Hares (Director)
Kentech Instruments Ltd..
To test power supplies to component location, plus good Unit 7, Hall Farm Workshops
level. Experience required. ct9K employee benefits. South Moreton
Didcot, OXON
FIELD SERVICE ENGINEER Surrey Please telephone:
Test 8 repair to component level of 021 414 6483 (24 hour)
RF systems. cf9K+car for an Application Form, or
write to:
TEST ENGINEER Bucks
The Staff Office - ARTICLES WANTED WANTED
Test and service medical equipment Recruitment, Birmingham
and instrumentation. Component University, PO Box 363. STEWART OF READING
level experience required.
RF ENGINEER
£1OK
Berks/Hants/Surrey
Birmingham B15 2TT.
An Equal Opportunities Employer
694
WANTED
Test equipment, receivers,
110 WYKEHAM ROAD.
READING RG6 1 PL.
TEL: 0734 68041.
Design of cellular radio telephone FAX: 0734 351696
systems. cf12K valves, transmitters, com-
Hundreds of other Electronic vacancies ponents, cable and electro- TOP PRICES PAID FOR ALL
ARTICLES FOR SALE nic scrap and quantity. TYPES OF SURPLUS TEST
Roger Howard. C.Eng. M.I.E.E.. M.I.E.R.E.
CLIVEDEN TECHNICAL RECRUITMENT Prompt service and cash. EQUIPMENT, COMPUTER
92 The Broadway. Bracknell. Berks RG12 1AR EQUIPMENT, COMPONENTS
Tel: 0344 489489 (24 hour)
MICROWAVE COUNTERS
IMMACULATE
- M&B RADIO etc. ANY QUANTITY. 03
86 Bishopsgate Street
CONDITION! Leeds LS1 4BB
EIP Model 5485 10HZ-266Hz, GPI, High 0532 435649 9956 PLATINUM, GOLD, SILVER
stability crystal oven and IOGHz extended
SERVICES I
frequency coverage options Complete with

SCRAP. Melted assayed and paid for
full handbook, sensitivity -30dB, bargain at
within 24 hours relay contacts, thermo
couples. crucibles. Also printed circuit
TURN YOUR SURPLUS
ICs transistors etc into cash.
£2,950 also H -P 53425
microprocessor controlled
10Hz-18GHz,
L2,450
Parnell AMM Automatic Mod Meter 1.5-2GHz
(useable to 4GHz) List price C920 Bargain at
WANTED
Surplus componen's, panels,
hoards. plugs, connecto s, palladium.
rhodium. tantalum and ruthenium. We
have the technology to do the difficult
Immediate settlement. We also C495 Superb portable unit only I year old finished items. refining jobs that others cant handle.
welcome the opportunity to quote Totally free sampling service. Send
for complete factory clearance.
H -P Model Microwave Power Meter - L155. GOOD PRICES PAID
trio stereo test generator and encoder
CI 40 samples or parcels 1Regd post) or
Contact: GREENWELD contact Eric Henderson. 0773 570141.
COLES, HARDING 8 Co
CYBERSCAN INTERNATIONAL 443G Millbrook Road, Steinbeck Refineries (UK) Ltd,
103 South Brink, Wisbech, Cambs.
.S 01-866 3300, FAX: 01-429 0950 Southampton SC1 OHX. Peasehill Industrial Estate, Ripley.
Tel: 0945 584188 Fax: 0945 588844 3 Eastcote View, Pinner, Tel: (0703) 772501 Derbyshire DE5 3JG. No quantity too
ESTABLISHED OVER 15 YEARS 692 Middlesex HAS 1AT. 678 Fax: (0703) 787555 large or small. 495

ARTICLES FOR SALE
TO MANUFACTURERS, WHOLESALERS HAVING DIFFICULTY OBTAINING AN OBSOLETE

BULK BUYERS. ETC. VALVE/TRANSISTOR/I.C.?
LARGE QUANTITIES OF RADIO. TV AND try harder to locate rare types! Delivery either ex -stock (1-2) days or from our
We
overseas sources (5-8 days). Magnetrons. Klystrons, C.R.T.. tray -wave tubes also
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS FOR DISPOSAL stocked.
WE ALSO STOCK ALL POPULAR TYPES - USUALLY THE LOWEST PRICES ANYWHERE
SEMICONDUCTORS, all types, INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, TRANSISTORS, (compare our prices listed below!) we'll usually beat any written quote.
DIODES, RECTIFIERS, THYRISTORS, etc. RESISTORS, C/F, M/F, W/W, etc. LARGE DISCOUNTS FOR WHOLESALE/TRADE/EXPORT.
CAPACITORS, SILVER MICA, POLYSTYRENE, C280, C296, DISC Free advice re equivalents etc (we've specialised in valves and transistors since 1982).
New boxed guaranteed valves. Good quality brands (Mul.Bri.STC etc).
CERAMICS, PLATE CERAMICS, etc.
2C39Á 29.00 128y7,1 3.45 E182CC Mul 7.50 KT6675581ARCA 9.00
ELECTROLYTIC CONDENSERS, SPEAKERS, CONNECTING WIRE, CABLES, 2C398Á 38.00 12E1 17.00 E188CC 7.00 01666550A 15.00
SCREENED WIRE, SCREWS, NUTS, CHOKES, TRANSFORMERS, etc.
- 3828 10.00 13E1 130.00 E810F Mul 23.00 67886550 11.00
4.125A 55.00 19884 29.00 EAC91 1.70 M8098 4.50
ALL AT KNOCKOUT PRICES Come and pay us a visit ALADDIN'S CAVE 4.2504 74.00 19885 29.00 6891 0.50 M8136 Mu 6.00
M813' Mul 7.00
TELEPHONE: 445 0749/445 2713 4CO2500 Eceac 58.00
14.00
85A2
95A1
1.20
5.75
EC90
EC9I
1.40
3.80 1.18162 Mu 5.00
58 254M ITT
R. HENSON LTD. 5B 255M ITT 19.00 15003 4.50 ECC81 Mol 1.75 0A2 Mul 2.30
oA2 1.40
21 Lodge Lane, North Finchley, London, N.12 5U4G8 4.30 5725 (USA) 64.00 ECCBt 0.80
(1613) ECC82 Mul 1.75 OB2 Mul 2.40
15 minutes from Tally Ho Corner) 5Z4G 2.30 807
Q
2.80
OB2 1.40
6605W 1.95 813 Phallp5 34.00 ECC82 0.80
PCL82 0.60
ARTICLES FOR SALE FIGOLLEDGEJ

6AU6
6AL5
6BA6
0.78
0.50
1.00
813
4212H SIC
6080
24.00
200.00
6.00
ECC83 Mul
ECC83
ECC85 6101
EEC91
2.00
0.93
1.00
1.80
PCL805
PL509 19
00V02-6
' 0.80
4.45
18.00
1.90 61468 G E 10.75
643146 00003.10 4.90
1.15
IEL EC T RONI QSJ-I 68)6 1.40 7360 21.50 ECF80 00003-208 EEV 26.00
02134 14.00 ECL82 0.55
6BW6 5.30 00V03 -20A 23.00
173 MHZ FM TELEMETRY 6016 Bring 6.75 A2293 5.00 ECL 0.95
4.25
00006-40A Mui 38.00
A24Z EF86 Mul 00006.400
+ TELECOMMAND RADIO QUARTZ CRYSTALS OSCILI A -
6F17 STC
6F33 STC
2.60
9.00 C1148
29.80
POA EF86 2.10 00Z03 -20A Mul
24.00
38.00
LINKS TORS AND FILTERS of all types. 61601 2.20 C116ó POA EF91
EF92
1.40
1.85
SIlE12STC
VLS631
34.00
10.00
Remote Switching Large stocks of standard items. Spe- 6V6G 1.20 CV types POA
POA EF95 0.80 U19 9.00
6x4 1.30 Cx1140
Voltage Monitoring cials supplied to order. Personal and EL34 2.80 UCR42 2.00
export orders welcomed - SAE for lists
11E3 48.00 DET.'3 35.00
EL38 6.50 UF4I 1.10
DET:4 25.00
Serial Data Transmission please. OEM support thru: design
12ÁT7 Mul
12AT7
1.75
0.80 DE T28 8.00
EL4I 2.70 U141 7.20
advice, prototype quantities. produc- 40.00

EL84 e 0.95 UY41 Mul 5.00
ADENMORE LTD tion schedules. Colledge Electronics.

126117 Mul
12AU7
1.75
0.80
E55L Mul
E88CC Mul 4.50
EL360
EY84
6.50
4.80
Z759GEC
1803U
6JB6AIUSAI
16.00
18.00
27 Longshott Estate, Bracknell RG121RL. 120x7 MIA 2.00 E88CC 3.00 2 40 12.00
Merriott. Somerset TA16 .iNS. Tel: 12407 0.80 E 18OF Mul 5.75
GZ34
GZ37 Mul 6JS6C 10.50
Tel: (03441 52023 3.50
0460 73718. 124721 12BH7 3.45 E160a7 9.00 Holders for Valves 8 IC POA Prices correct 1.9.88
0.15 pop Per order. Telephone your order goofing VISA. BARCLAYCARD (nor
Please add 15% VAT to all prices and
ACCESS). or send cheque for prompt despalch 08 1st Class Posl. All parcels ensured fat our espense) against damage
In !sniff
M,4RTEL -/.- BILLIN TON _VALVES

GD QUALITY - LDW PRICE RITIES A St'ECIALITY
He Ne Laser Systems 39 Highlands Road, Horsham, Sussex RH13 5LS, England.

(Callers welcome but by appointment only).
1mW £237.00 Phone 0403 210729. Fax: 0403 40214. Telex: 87271.
5mW £433.00 Office hours: Mon -Fri 9am-6.30pm.
(Answerphone,'telex amd tax left on overnight and weekends)
+ P&P
Various Laser Applications WANTED ARTICLES FOR SALE
17/19 Whitworth Street West VALVES 'I RANSISTORS I.Cs

Manchester M1 5WG WANTED also IC sockets. plugs, con-
nectors, factory clearance etc. Valves WIRELESS WORLD 1971-1983
United Kingdom. types PX4 1'X25 KT66 & KTMS espy- Offers? 01-802 3:171 after 8.00pm.
Telephone: 061-228 0965 coolly wanted. Billington Valves See
above.
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS
Use this Form for your Sales and Wants
PLEASE INSERT THE ADVERTISEMENT INDICATED ON FORM BELOW
To "Electronics & Wireless World" Classified Advertisement Dept., Quadrant House, The Quadrant, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5AS
Rate £6 PER LINE. Average six words per NAME
line. Minimum £48 (prepayable).
Name and address to be included in charge if ADDRESS
used in advertisement.
I Box No. Allow two words plus £15.

Cheques, etc., payable to "Reed Business
Publishing" and cross "& Co." 15% VAT to
be added.
REMITTANCE VALUE ...ENCLOSED
PLEASE WRITE IN BLOCK LETTERS. CLASSIFICATION NUMBER OF INSERTIONS it

MATMOS LTD, 1 Church Street, Cuckfield, West Sussex RH17 5JZ.
Tel: (0444) 414484/454377.
COMPUTER APPRECIATION, 30/31 Northgate, Canterbury, Kent CT1 1BL
Tel: (0227) 470512.
OEM Model VP1814 DOT MATRIC PRINTER. 108cps 9 -wire printer 80 cased switchmode power supply, processor electronics incorporating
column with CENTRONICS interface. Fully IBM & EPSON compatible TEXAS 9995 and Z80H processors with 128kbytes and associated support
featuring: NLO/draft, pica/elite, italic, enlarge, emphasise modes. Compact chips, all BRAND NEW but with only monitor and power supply guaranteed
very high quality printer with steel chassis etc. £99.50 (£6.50 carr.) working. Original cost at least £2,500 £29.95 (carr. £5.00)
ITT SCRIBE Ill KEYBOARD. Low profile keyboard for above with numeric
TRIUMPH ADLER/ROYAL OFFICE MASTER 2000 DAISY WHEEL
keypad, serial interface. BRAND NEW but untested £8.95 (carr. £5.00)
PRINTERS. 20 cps, FULL IBM AND DIABLO 630 COMPATIBILITY,
CENTRONICS INTERFACE. Features include underscore, bold, subscripts, TRANSDATA Model 307 ACOUSTIC MODEM. Low cost self-contained
superscripts, underline etc. 132 column; micro proportional spacing. modem unit allowing micro or terminal connection to BT lines via telephone
Complete with typewheel and ribbon, manufactured to highest standards in handset. V24 interface, up to 300 Baud, originate/answer modes, etc.
BRAND NEW with manual £14.95 (carr. £3.00)
West Germany by Europe's largest typewriter manufacturer and offered
elsewhere at over £350.00. Cables available for most computers, £7.95. ASTEC SWITCH MODE PSU. 5V Gr 8A; +- 12V (ti 3A; -12V (a 0.3A to a -
-
£119.50 (carr. £6.50) £99.50 each for quantities of 5+ total 65W. Compact cased unit. Ex -equipment, tested
HEWLETT PACKARD Model 5045A digital IC tester with CONTREL
£14.50 (carr. £3.00)
PANASONIC Model JU-363 31/2" floppy disc drives. Double Sided Double
Density 80 track 1 megabyte capacity unformatted. Latest low component 1/3 Model H310 automatic handler. With IEEE interface and print out of test
height design. SHUGART compatible interface using 34 way IDC connector. results either pass/fail or full diagnostic including pin voltages at point of
Will interface to just about anything. BRAND NEW. (We can offer at least failure. With full complement of pin driver cards and complete with substantial
20% discount for quantities of 10 plus). Current model. We can supply library of magnetic card test programs for 74 series TTL and other ICs.
boxes of 10 discs for £15.95 plus £1.50 carriage £59.50 (carr. £3.00) CONTREL handler allows fully automatic testing of ICs which are sorted into
PLESSEY Model T24 V22/V22 bis 2400 Baud MODEM. Including free 2 bins. Price includes a second HP5045A (believed fully operational) for
software disc for IBM or MATMOS PC. Compact, automatic modem maintenance back-up £350.00
featuring the latest technology and the highest possible data rate over the ITT PERFECTOR TELEX MACHINE. With 32k memory. screen with slow
ordinary phone system. Offers; both V22 and V22 bis compatibility, scrolling etc £350.00
1200/2400 Baud operation with auto bit rate recognition, operation on both HEWLETT PACKARD MODEL 5501A LASER TRANSDUCER. With
ordinary phone (PSTN) and private circuit (PC), auto call and auto answer, piezoelectric tuning for precise control of wavelength in measuring
duplex operation allowing simultaneous transmission and reception of data applications £350.00
at 2400 Baud in both directions over a single phone line, compact size (9" x KRATOS MS30 DOUBLE BEAM MASS SPECTROMETER. Approximately
9" x 21/2"), BT approved and suitable for new PRESTEL V22bis service. 8 years old with negative ion capability and fast atom bombardment (FAB).
Software is included for IBM PC, MATMOS PC, and (including high With gas and direct introduction sample probes and with gas chromatograph
speed Prestel) for BBC MICRO. BRAND NEW. NEW LOW PRICE inlet system. Output spectra are available directly via a HEWLETT
-
£119.50 (carr. £5.00) £99.50 each for quantities of 5+ PACKARD storage display and a UV recorder. An on-line DATA GENERAL
DUPLEX Model 100 green screen 12" high resolution monitor with DS60 computer system, which includes a graphics printer and two
composite video input. With tilt and swivel stand. BRAND NEW TEKTRONIX 4014 terminals, analyses output. Price in region of £12,000
£39.50 (carr. £5.00) for complete instrument £3,500
ITT SCRIBE Ill WORKSTATION. Monitor sized unit with high quality high Please note: 'VAT & carriage (also + VAT) must be added to all prices.
resolution 12" green screen monitor (separated video and sync), 5V and 12V * VISA and ACCESS orders welcome.
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
Appointments Vacant Advertisements appear on pages 1252-1256
PAGE I'AGE PAGE PAGE

Airlink Transformers 1201 FarnelIInternational 1154 Li Technical Systems Ltd 1240 Reed Business
Antrim Transformers 1166 Parnell Instruments Ltd 1215 I.ab- Vol t Ltd 1210 Publishing Ltd 1 179
Audio Electronics 180 1 FEBA Radio 1166 Langrex Supplies Ltd 1180 Rendar Ltd 1240
Peshon Systems 166 Level] Electronics 1243
Blore-Barton 182 1
Field Electric
1
1187
!V1 & B Radio(Leeds) 1233 E.A. Sowter Ltd 1240
Cambridge Kits 187 1 I. light Electronics 173
1
M \ Instruments 1201 Stewart of Reading 1239

Carston Electronics Marconi (NIBS) Sur ey Electronics Ltd 1208
Ltd 1174/1236 Hameg Limited 1227 1184
Cavendish Automation 187 1
I larrison Electronics 1200 Marconi Instruments Ltd OBC
Chemtronics UK 197 Henrys Audio Electronics 1 184 Taylor Bros.
1
Hilomast Ltd 1239 Not -al NIicrologics 1239 (Oldham) 1183/IBC

Colomor Electronics Ltd 1208 Number One Systems 12
Communique UK Ltd 1221 Icon (UK I Ltd 1237 Tech nomatic 1244/1245
Computer Appreciat ion 1256 Instrument Rentals Test & Measuring
Omega Dynamics 1 161
Marketing 1225
Dataman Designs IFC (UK) Ltd 1180
Thandar Electronics 197
.11/R Sheetmetal
P M Components 1250 1251 1
Design Consultancy 1229 1 174

Private Mobile Rentals 197 Those Engineers 120611207
Display Electronics 1204 .John's Radio 182 1
Thurlhv
PVS Electronic Components 1243
1
Engineers Solutions Limited 1243 Keithly Instruments Ltd 1219 Electronics Ltd 1184/1208
European Electronic Kestrel Electronic R Henson Ltd 1182
Systems Ltd 1201 Components 1 174 Ralfe Electronics 1247 Weka Publishing Loose Insert
OVERSEAS ADVERTISEMENT AGENTS

France and Belgium: Pierre Mussard, 18-20 Place de la Madelame. Paris 75008
United States of America: Jay Feinman. Reed Business Ltd.. 205 East 42nd Street. New York. NY 10017 Telephone (2121867 2080 Telex 23827.
Printed in Great Britain by E.T I leron (Print Ltd. Cntrall Factory. Braintree Road. Witham. Essex CN18 3Q0. and typeset by Graphac Typesetting. 181 191 Garth Road. Jlorden. Surrey S\I4 4LL.
1
for the proprieto s. Reed Business Publishing I.td. Quadrant souse. The Quadrant. Sutton. Surrey S\12 5AS. tt) Reed Bust Iles, Publishing Ltd 1988. E/erlrnmrs and R'urless World can be obtained
I
from the following: AUSTRALIA and NEW ZEALAND: Gordon & Gotch I.td. INDIA: A. H. \Vheeler & Co. CANADA The Wm Dawson Subscription Service Ltd.. Gordon & Gotch Ltd. SOUTI1
AFRICA: Central News Agency I.t.d: William Dawson & Sons IS.A.t I.td. UNITED ST \TES: Worldwide Media Services Inc.. 115 East 23rd Street. NEW YORK. N.Y. 10010. US \. I leer Ionic &
Wireless World $5.9517451:1.
1256 ELECTRONICS A WIRELESS WORLD Uecemher1988

[ThYLOR. R.F. EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS I
PERFORMANCE
& QUALITY 19° RACK MOUNT CRYSTAL CONTROLLED
VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND TELEVISION MODULATOR
PRICES FROM £203.93 (excluding VAT & carriage)
Prices CCIR/3 £203.93
CCIRI3.1 £260.64
19" RACK MOUNT VHF/UHF

TELEVISION DEMODULATOR
PRICE Al ONLY £189.00 (excluding VAT & carriage)
CCIR/3 SPECIFICATION
Power requirement - 240V 8 Watt (available other voltages)
Video Input -- IV.8VPk600-PkOhm
75 Ohm
Audio Input
FM Sound Sub-Carr.er -- 6MHz (available 5.51MHz)
Negative
Modulation
IF Vision -- 38.9MHz (available 33.4MHz)
IF Sound
Sound Pre -Emphasis -- 32.9MHz
50us
.6dB
Ripple on IF Saw Filter
Output (any channel 97-860MHz) -- +6dBmV
to
(2mV) 75 Ohm
Vision to Sound Power Ratio 10
-- -40dB (80dB
1
Intermodulation Equal or less than 60dB

Spurious Harmonic Output fitted with TCFLI filter or
if
combined via TCFL4 Combiner/Leveller
CCIR/3-I - Specification as above but output level

60dBmV I000mV Intermodulation 54dB
1NALLMOUNT DOUBLE SIDEBAND Other Options Available - Loop/Stereo Sound/Higher Power Output
I.F.
TELEVISION MODULATOR - CCTV Surveillance up to TV channels

100
Alternative Applications
PRICES FROM ONLY £104.53 (excluding VAT & carriage) down one coax, telemetry camera control
signals, transmitted in the same coax in the
reverse direction
802 DEMODULATOR SPECIFICATION
Frequency Range
A FC Control
-- 45-290MHz.
+ /- MHz
470-860MHz
1.8
Video Output -- .75V75600OhmOhm unbalanced
1V
Audio Output
Audio Monitor Output - Ohms
4
Tunable by internal preset
Available for PAL System I or BG
Options - Channel selection via remote switching.

Crystal Controlled Tuner.
Stereo Sound.
CCIRIS MODULATOR SPECIFICATION

Power Requirement -- 240VPk-Pk Ohms 75
Video Input IV
Audio
Vision
Input
to Sound Power Ratio
-- torms 30K Ohms Adjustable to
IV .4 1.2
Output -- 6dBmV
10
Negative
I
(2mV) 470-860MHz
Modulation
Audio Sub -Carrier - 6MHz
-- lessDeg
or 5.5MHz
temperature change 150KHz
Frequency Stability 25
Intermodulation than 60dB
Sound Pre-Emphass - 50us
Double Sideband f4odulatoiunwanted sideband can be suppressed using TCFL4
Combiner/Leveller)
CHANNEL COMBINER/FILTER/LEVELLER
to combine outputs of modulators
TCFL2 2Channel Filter/Combiner/Leveller. Insertion loss 3.5dB

TCFL4 4Channel Filter/Combiner/Leveller. Insertion loss 3.5dB
TSKO Enables up to 4xTCFL4 or TCFL2 to be combined.
Prices
CCIR/5-1 1 Modulator £ 104.53
CCIR/5-2 2 Modulators £ 159.99
TAYLOR BROS (OLDHAM) LTD.
CCIR/5-3 3 Modulators £226.28 BISLEY STREET WORKS, LEE STREET,
CCIR/5-4 4 Modulators £292.56 OLDHAM, ENGLAND.
REPLI TEL: 061-652 3221 TELEX: 669911 FAX: 061-626 1736
CCIR/5-5 5 Modulators £358.85 ENTER 2 ON CA111)
For the best in
radio test, call us first.
Here's the first transportable
instrument for testing all the world's
major cellular and trunked radio
networks, including Band III.
Our 2960 Radio Test System offers
true base station or TSC simulation for
realistic automatic analysis, plus
manual diagnostics to the deepest
level.
Your complete test routines can be
stored in non-volatile memory or use
simple GO/NO GO for field testing.
For details of this and our other radio
test equipment, call UK FREE 0800
28 2388 or International (+44) 727 59292.
CON! INSTRUMENTS
radio cmtmH,rucatwrn tat sat 2955
SYSTEM SELECTION MENU
NMT-4501900
twit
AMPS/E-AMPS
.
TACS/E_TACS
A Y rarPs
RA0IOCOM 2000 "Ti^"

ì
III
BANO
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5t> 5.y,t'
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Talio
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FC.`000
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TO
1 -
) _ ' t.
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I IN TAuMESO4
GON..PN t t
0 Directional
Power Heads
COLr_ Ultra wide band
' , accessories to accu-
rately measure and
display forward/
IEP,CS
reverse power and
= VSWR, for true
antenna matching.
Marconi
Instruments ENTER 3 ON REPLY CARD

Wireless World 1988 12

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1

GANG -OF -EIGHT

Fast and slow programming

UNTE It I ON It I:I'I.Y (',+.It I)

DECEMBER 1988 VOLUME 94 NUMBER 1634

Over the odds for hardware. It is not only

Re -engineering workstations. Working to

December 1988 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD 1 I53

Large scale memories can store

Auto position for back porch

7 inch CRT with on -screen

100 MHz sampling/35 MHz storage/ 1

100 MHz real time

10 programs with up to 100 a-- COUPUNO LOON"

Powerful waveform analysis and rfi` r11

Output for plotter or X -Y RIA

A hard act to follow.

Available from: U Fa rnel l International

December 1988 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD 1155

REIN! IARD GREIDERER

TBB 569 ..G

I156 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS ISORLI) December 1988

Doto 16 -Bit SIR

GND2 GND1 VD D MOD

Fig.2. Architecture of the TBB200 chip.

December 1988 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD 1157

Fig.5. Application test circuit for 70MHz fundamental operation.

1158 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD December 1988

SUBSCRIBERS stand (below), which consists of alloy cables

on a years subscription All three instruments in the series mea-

your future needs poses no problems.

Omega Dynamics, Kingsbury Trading Estate, Kingsbury Road,

The dynamic force in motion.

P T PAPPAS, ALEXIS GUY OBOLENSKY

1162 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD December 1988

able and could he placed at various orienta-

low outside the range of the oscillograms,

December 1988 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD 1163

taneous arrival of a low level signal (at the

loft Transmission line 38.5ft

36.00".a _-:.0 1áR;

,4 ..1 i t.-`. j ... ,

Artenna 18ftT-igger east Antenna 10ft Antenna 10ft

Cr,=0.889 x 109ft/s=270961 km's C0=0.871 x 10"ft/s=265480km/s Transmission line 35.5/35.5ft

1164 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD December 1988

Wu, Chu and superconductors

December 1988 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD 1 165

THE SWITCHING SPECIALISTS...

ENTER 4 ON ItEI'LY CARD

Manufacturers and designers of high quality

100VA - £6.56 500VA - £12.50 Systems Engineers/Journalists/

ENTER 29 ON REPLY CARD

1166 ELECTRONICS & WIRELESS WORLD December 1988

encryption Ain --1

defeat casual eavesdropping; but security C7

can he enhanced by adding a prom and a few 22p 4,5,7, 8,11

various types of communication link. Price

low -power c-mos device suitable for use in Channel Channel

O ADDRESSES Elantec Marconi Electronics Devices Ltd Lightning Elimination