Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Laboratory Report

Course No.: Eceg 1204

Experiment No.: VI

Title :- Series and Parallel Resonance

By: ZERIHUN ADUGNA

ID No.: ETR/2785/03

Group: 5

Date of Experiment: 2/07/2013

Date of Submission: 11/07/2013

I INTRODUCTION

Resonance is an electrical phenomenon that occurs in circuits containing inductors and capacitors in
which the combined impedances of the capacitance and inductance of alternating currents cancel each
other out or reinforce each other to produce a minimum or maximum impedance Resonance occurs at a
given frequency, called the resonant frequency, for each circuit, depending upon the amounts of
inductance and capacitance in the circuit.

If an alternating voltage of the resonant frequency is applied to a circuit in which capacity and
inductance are connected in series, the impedance of the circuit drops to a minimum and the circuit will
conduct a maximum amount of current. When the capacitance and inductance are connected in
parallel, the opposite is true: The impedance is extremely high and little current will pass. Resonant
circuits are used in electric equipment, such as filters, to select or reject currents of specific frequencies.
Filters of this type, in which either the capacity or the inductance of the circuit can be varied, are used to
tune radio and television receivers to the frequency of the transmitting station so that the receiver will
accept that frequency and reject others.

Components used

No Description Type Quantity

1 Resistor 100KΩ 1
2 Resistor 10K Ω 1
3 Inductor 1 mH 1
4 Capacitor 1µF 1

II OBJECTIVE
This laboratory session was mainly intended to:

1. To study the series and parallel resonance of LC circuits and determine the parameters band
width, cut off frequencies etc.
2. To study the frequency dependent of capacitive and inductive reactance by plotting X c, XL and (Xc
+XL)
III THEORY
The theoretical aspect of Resonance lies in the fact that the capacitance and inductance of alternating
currents cancel each other out or reinforce each other to produce minimum or maximum impedance,
(maximum and minimum voltage drop, respectively).

Therefore by varying the frequency of the signal generated by the function generator, a varying current
and voltage should be observed, however, since there is no convenient AC current measuring device in
the Laboratory, only the voltage drop will be dealt with.

As will be elaborated below, two independent situations concerning resonance will be dealt with here in
the Theory section.

Series Resonance
 Figure 14.21: An example of a Series Resonant Circuit.

Parallel Resonance

IV. Method of experiment

4.1 List of equipment/ Apparatus
No Description Code/Lab Reference Quantity
1 AC Source - 1
2 Cathode Ray oscilloscope - 1
4.2 Procedure
The laboratory session included two major subdivisions, these are analysis of Parallel Resonance, and
analysis of Series, therefore the Procedures section of this booklet has been subdivided into two,
Procedure A and Procedure B.

4.2.1 Procedure A – Parallel Resonance

1. For the given values of L & C, we calculated the resonance frequency of the parallel LC
circuit.
2. We assembled the circuit as shown below by connecting a signal generator to the RLC
circuit (network).

Channel 1 measures the output voltage V0, and channel 2 measures the signal generator input
voltage Vi.

Tune the dial of your signal generator around the calculated value and determine the resonant
frequency using the scope. At resonance, Vo will have maximum amplitude.

3. Take different readings of voltage amplitudes (peak to peak values) in the range f 0 ± 0.5
f0 in intervals of 10 to 20 kHz, where f0 is the resonant frequency determined
experimentally. From this data plot the voltage resonance curve, and determine the
cut of frequencies and band width. Make sure that the signal generator voltage Vi is
kept constant throughout all the frequencies.
4. Connect a parallel resistor of 10kΩ across the resonant circuit and repeat (3).

100 KΩ

10 V
1 mH
1µF

Figure 2: The circuit diagram for Procedure ‘A’ of the Laboratory Session

4.2.2 Procedure B – Series Resonance

1. We assembled the circuit as shown in the figure below. Calculate the series resonant
frequency of L & C you are provided and adjust your signal generator frequency to
determine experimentally. At resonance the voltage Vac the scope will be minimum i.e.,
the current I will have maximum amplitude.
 2. Keeping Vi = 10 Vp (constant), measure voltages across R, L, and C by connecting the
components at points b-c. Take readings in steps of 20 kHz in the range of f0 ± 0.5 f0
and prepare the following table to record your readings. Calculate X c, XL, (Xc + XL) and
plot them as function of frequency of the same graph paper. From the plot of X c and XL
approximate the parameters C and L.
3. Plot the current resonance curve and determine the cut off frequencies and band width.
4. Finally measure the resistance of the coil using bridge ohmmeter and determine the
coil Q at the resonant frequency.

100 KΩ

1µF
10 V

The circuit diagram for Procedure ‘B’ of the Laboratory Session

V. Data Collection
For parallel resonance,

First we need to calculate our resonance frequency, because the voltage will be maximum at that point.

1
fr = ¿½
( LC)

fr =5.035KHz

Now, in order to set our range of frequency, we used the formula f o±0.5fo. when calculating the higher
and the lower frequency ranges, we got 2.4KHz and 0.8KHz respectively.

After calculating the resonant frequency, we collected our data (for V 1) first by connecting the circuit as
shown above, and then by connecting a 10KΩ resistor across the resonant circuit (i.e. forV 2).

Frequency (KHz) Voltage V1 (mv) Voltage V2 (mv)

0-2.5 Very small
2.5 0.15 ×50mv 0.15 ×50mv
3 0.17 ×50mv 0.19 ×50mv
3.5 0.19 ×50mv 0.2 ×50mv
4 0.2 ×50mv 0.21 ×50mv
4.5 0.3 ×50mv 0.4 ×50mv
4.6 0.4 ×50mv 0.41 ×50mv
4.7 0.5 ×50mv 0.59 ×50mv
4.8 0.7 ×50mv 0.7 ×50mv
4.9 1 ×50mv 1.6 ×50mv
5 2.4 ×50mv 3 ×50mv
5.01 2.6 ×50mv 2.95 ×50mv
5.02 2.9 ×50mv 2.8 ×50mv
5.03 3 ×50mv 2.6 ×50mv
5.035 3.3 ×50mv 2.5 ×50mv
5.04 3.2 ×50mv 2.4 ×50mv
5.05 3.2 ×50mv 2.2 ×50mv
5.06 3.2 ×50mv 2 ×50mv
5.07 3 ×50mv 1.85 ×50mv
5.08 2.9 ×50mv 1.7 ×50mv
5.09 2.8 ×50mv 1.6 ×50mv
5.1 2.6 ×50mv 1.5 ×50mv
5.2 1.2 ×50mv 0.9 ×50mv
5.3 0.8 ×50mv 0.6 ×50mv
5.4 0.6 ×50mv 0.45 ×50mv
5.5 0.21 ×50mv 0.4 ×50mv
6 0.2 ×50mv 0.25 ×50mv
6.5 0.19 ×50mv 0.2 ×50mv
7 0.17 ×50mv 0.19 ×50mv
7.5 0.15 ×50mv 0.15 ×50mv

For series resonance

First we need to calculate our resonance frequency, because the voltage will be maximum at that point.

1
fr = ¿½
2 π ( LC )

fr =1.6 KHz

Frequency Vc + V L VL
100 Hz 1.2 ×5V 0.07 ×1V
200 Hz 0.9 ×5V 0.1×1V
300 Hz 0.7×5V 0.2×1V
400 Hz 0.58×5V 0.23×1V
500 Hz 0.4×5V 0.3×1V
600 Hz 0.38×5V 0.4×1V
700 Hz 0.3×5V 0.42×1V
800 Hz 0.2×5V 0.5×1V
900 Hz 0.19×5V 0.6×1V
1 KHz 0.18×5V 0.6×1V
1.2 KHz 0.15×5V 0.7×1V
1.4 KHz 0.03×5V 0.9×1V
1.6 KHz 0.02×5V 1.0×1V
1.8 KHz 0.03×5V 1.1×1V
2 KHz 0.1×5V 1.2×1V
4 KHz 0.4×5V 2.4×1V
6 KHz 0.6×5V 3.5×1V
8 KHz 0.9×5V 2.2 ×2V
10 KHz 1.1×5V 2.6 ×2V
20 KHz 1.6×5V 1.6 ×5V
30 KHz 1.8×5V 1.8×5V
40 KHz 1.95×5V 1.9×5V
50 KHz 2.0×5V 2.0×5V
60 KHz 2.02×5V 2.0×5V

VI. Data Analysis

Calculations

For parallel resonance

As shown above, the resonant frequency is calculated to be around 5.035 KHz. i.e.

1
fr = ¿½
2 π ( LC)

fr =1.6 KHz

The voltage drop (Vo) will have a maximum possible value at fr (the resonant frequency) this is because
the circuit can be analyzed using voltage division, the equivalent impedance of the inductor and the
capacitor will be very large.

For series resonance

As I have shown above, the resonant frequency is calculated to be around 1.6 KHz. i.e.

1
fr = ¿½
2 π ( LC )

fr =1.6 KHz
 VII. Result and conclusion
Now, as has been instructed in the laboratory manual, the values of the voltages recorded by varying
the frequencies have been represented as follows.
After drawing the graphs, we have concluded that all the theories and the graphs that we were learning
are always valid and hold true for every value

We all know that there is no circuit element that functions with a hundred percent efficiency. Therefore
slight deviations of the measured values from the calculated ones are to be expected under any
circumstances. The possible causes for these irregularities could be, due to human error that was
encountered while collecting our datum. One of the reasons for this is because the oscilloscope is an
analog device, and readings could go wrong easily. The other reason is that, during conducting the
experiment, the reading position and carelessness can also affect the collection of data.

We have also observed that resonance is a phenomenon that can only be experienced when there is at
least a Capacitor as well as an inductor in the circuit. This is because the respective impedances for the
inductor and the Capacitor can have a canceling effect on the current or the voltage of the circuit for a
certain value of which is the Resonance frequency (f o), whereas if there are only capacitors or inductors
in the circuit, these cancelling effect cannot be observed, (no Resonance).

Reference

Class lecture note

Alexander sadiku