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essary to show that usual diets and/or other compo in soy foods (mg/g), the isoflavones may be of great
nents in a food source of a candidate nutrient do not potential benefit to human health maintenance.
significantly antagonize or interfere with the health- Non-A carotenoids, tocotrienols, and isoflavones
protective effect of the candidate nutrient. Food com have been studied sufficiently to begin to estimate
ponents may exert health-promoting effects in phar whether the amounts of these components in the hu
macological doses, but the development of such com man food supply are sufficient to exert health-protec
pounds for use by the general public as prophylactic tive effects. The non-A carotenoid phytoene is an ef
Pharmaceuticals must be treated like other drugs. A fective suppressor of mouse skin carcinogenesis in a
clear distinction between food components as drugs dietary dose the equivalent of 24 mg/kg body weight
and as candidate nutrients is crucial to the establish (Mathews-Roth 1982). On the basis of body surface
ment of effective policies and distribution of public area, such a dose to humans would be approximately
resources to the pursuit of knowledge regarding new 2.4 mg/kg or about 150 mg of carotenoids per day for
nutrients. a human of average weight. Doses of 30 mg beta-car
The non-A carotenoid phytoene inhibits skin car- otene per day for 3 months reversed human oral leu-
cinogenesis in mice (Mathews-Roth 1982). Carot- koplakia (Garewal et al. 1990). Beta-carotene supple
enoids are abundantly distributed in plant foods ments of 50 mg every other day may prevent progres
(Mangels et al. 1993), and are readily available to the sion of human male cardiovascular disease (Gaziano
human body from usual diets (Micozzi et al. 1992). et al. 1991). Presuming that the effects of beta-carotene
Preliminary studies with beta-carotene supplementa are not simply due to its vitamin A activity, carot
tion suggest that amounts potentially obtainable from enoids may be health-protective when taken in phar
Isoflavonoids may be health-protective in amounts ponents potentially present in amounts which might
potentially available from a human diet containing be of human health benefit. Although more health-
daily soyfoods. This would require a significant change related animal data need to be obtained, the time is
in the usual U.S. diet. Preliminary rat studies suggest approaching when long-term human feeding trials of
that a dose of isoflavones equivalent, on the basis of purified isoflavones and foods containing isoflavones
surface area, to a human dose of 1.5-2.0 mg/kg per to examine health-related outcomes may be warranted.
day might suppress hepatocarcinogenesis. In rats ini Human foods are full of components which have
tiated with diethylnitrosamine (15 mg/kg body weight) not been fully characterized. Many of these compo
and promoted with 0.05% dietary phénobarbitalfor nents may be discovered to be health-protective nu
3 months, the volume of gamma-glutamyltransferase- trients. Standards for food analysis of such compo
positive hepatic preneoplastic foci was significantly nents need to be established. Mechanistic animal
suppressed by 80% in rats fed 240 mg crude isofla- studies which are extrapolatable to usual human in
vones/kg diet combined with phénobarbitalpromo takes are needed. Development of appropriate shorter-
tion (to be published). Significantly increased activity term biomarkers which can predict long-term health-
of hepatic eumene hydroperoxidase activity by isofla maintaining effects of food components is also crucial.
vone extract (at 240 mg isoflavones/kg diet) fed to rats Human bioavailability studies and, ultimately, where
for one week suggests a short-term marker of biolog evidence warrants sufficient optimism, long-term
ical effects of isoflavonoids (to be published), and per feeding trials of health-protective effects of candidate
haps of the related flavonoids, which might be adapt nutrients are essential, and should receive a significant
Lawrence, R. A., & Burk, R. F. |1975) Glutathione peroxidase Ngah, W. Z. W., Jarien, Z., San, M. M., Marzuki, A., Top, G. M.,
activity in selenium-deficient rat liver. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Shamaan, N. A., & Kadir, K. A. (1991) Effect of tocotrienols
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Chromatographie determination of the estrogens daidzein, for- Peterson, G., & Barnes, S. (1991) Genistein inhibition of the
monetin, coumestrol and equol in bovine blood plasma and urine. growth of human breast cancer cells: independence from estrogen
J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 71: 938-941. receptors and the multi-drug resistance gene. Biochem. Biophys.
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Lanza, E. (1993) Carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables: Pratt, D. E., &.Birac. P. M. Source of antioxidant activity of soybeans
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Mathews-Roth, M. M. (1982) Antitumor activity of beta-carotene, Chaudhary, V., Crenshaw, T. D., Gapor, A., Ong, A. S. H., Chong,
canthaxanthin and phytoene. Oncology 39: 33-37. Y. H., Peterson, D., & Rapacz, J. (1991a) Dietary tocotrienols
Micozzi, M. S., Brown, E. D., Edwards, B. K., Bieri, J. G., Taylor, P. reduce concentrations of plasma cholesterol, apolipoprotein B,
thromboxane B2, and platelet factor 4 in pigs with inherited hy-
R., Khachik, F., Beecher, G. R., &.Smith, J. C. Jr. (1992) Plasma perlipidemias. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53: 1042S-1046S.
carotenoid response to chronic intake of selected foods and beta-
carotene supplements in men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 55: 1120-1125. Qureshi, A. A., Qureshi, N., Wright, J. J. K., Shen, Z., Kramer, G.,
Murphy, P. A., Farmakalidis, E., & Johnson, L. D. (1982) Isofla- Gapor, A., Chong, Y. H., DeWitt, G., Ong, A. S. H., Peterson,
D. M., & Bradlow, B. A. (1991b) Lowering of serum cholesterol
vone content of soya-based laboratory animal diets. Fd. Chem.
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Toxicol. 20: 315-317. J. Clin. Nutr. 53: 1021S-1026S.
Murphy, P. A. (1981) Separation of genistin, daidzin and their Ura, H., Denda, A., Yokose, Y., Tsutsumi, M., & Konishi, Y. (1987)
aglucones and coumesterol by gradient high-performance liquid Effect of vitamin E on the induction and evolution of enzyme-
chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 211: 166-169. altered foci in the liver of rats treated with diethylnitrosamine.