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Notes 2

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be converted from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed. It describes the energy changes that occur during chemical reactions, where a system can either absorb or release energy. A system is defined as a region of matter/energy separated from its surroundings by boundaries across which various transfers can occur. The internal energy (U) of a system is the sum of all types of energy it possesses and can change through heat (Q) transfer or work (W) done on or by the system according to the equation U = Q + W.

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Charlotte Aspecto Lladones
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39 views

Notes 2

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be converted from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed. It describes the energy changes that occur during chemical reactions, where a system can either absorb or release energy. A system is defined as a region of matter/energy separated from its surroundings by boundaries across which various transfers can occur. The internal energy (U) of a system is the sum of all types of energy it possesses and can change through heat (Q) transfer or work (W) done on or by the system according to the equation U = Q + W.

Uploaded by

Charlotte Aspecto Lladones
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Thermochemistry
branch of chemistry that describes the energy changes that occur during
chemical reactions.
❑ It absorbs energy from the surroundings. (Endothermic process).
❑ It releases energy in the form of heat to the surroundings. (Exothermic
process).
Thermodynamics - A scientific study of the interconversion of heat and
other kinds of energy.
SYSTEM, SURROUNDING, AND BOUNDARY
System – a region containing energy and/ or matter that is separated from
its surroundings.
Surroundings – everything that interacts with the system.
Boundary – a closed surface surrounding a system through which energy
and mass may enter or leave the system.
First Law of Thermodynamics
It is based on the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be
converted from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed.

THREE TYPES OF SYSTEMS IN THERMODYNAMIC


OPEN SYSTEM - can exchange both energy and matter with its
surroundings.
CLOSED SYSTEM - can exchange only energy with its surroundings, not
matter
ISOLATED SYSTEM - cannot exchange either matter or energy with its
surroundings.

🔺
EQUATION: U = W + Q
🔺 U – change in internal energy of the system.
Q – net heat transferred into the system (sum of all heat transferred into
and out of the system)
W – net work done on the system

Examples:
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1 1. Calculate the change in the internal energy of a
system if 382J of heat energy is absorbed by the system and if 420J of work
🔺
is done on the system. U= 802J
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2 2. The system releases 700J of heat energy and 300J
of work is done by the system. Calculate the change in the internal energy of
🔺
the system. U = -1000J

WORK equation: W = F x d
W – work F – force d - distance
An example of mechanical work is the compression and expansion of a gas.
🔺
W = -P( V)
V- change in volume
Vf – Vi, and P - external atmospheric pressure

Examples:
1. How much work is performed by gas as it expands from 25L to 40L
against a constant external pressure of 2.5atm? W = -3799
2. How much work is required to compress gas from 50L to 35L at a
constant pressure of 8 atm? W = 12,156J
3. 500J of heat energy was absorbed from the surroundings and the gas
expanded from 30L to 70L against a constant pressure of 2.8atm.
Calculate the internal energy change in joules. W = -11,345.6J
U = -10,845.6J

ENTHALPY and HESS LAW


ENTHALPY - A thermodynamic property of a system. It is the sum of the
internal energy added to the product of the pressure and volume of the
system
HESS LAW - It states that the enthalpy change accompanying a chemical
change is independent of the route by which the chemical change occurs.
- The enthalpy change associated with a reaction carried out in
multiple steps equals the sum of the enthalpy changes for each
individual step.

EQUATION: H = U + PV
H – enthalpy of a reaction
U – internal energy of the system
P – pressure
V – volume of the system

Internal energy, pressure, and volume are all state functions.


❑ Value depends only on the current state of the system, not the system
arrived at that state.
❑ It is defined by temperature, pressure, volume, concentration, phase
(solid, liquid, gas), etc.

🔺
EQUATION (INTERNAL ENERGY): U = Ufinal - U initial
🔺
Chemical reaction: U = Uproducts - Ureactants
🔺
EQUATION: Chemical reaction: U = Uproducts - Ureactants
🔺
❑ If Ureactants>Uproducts, then U is negative
🔺
❑ If Uproducts>Ureactants, then U is positive

🔺Hrxn = H(Products) –H(Reactants)


Endothermic process – heat absorbed by the system from the
surroundings. 🔺H is positive ( 🔺H>0)
Exothermic process – heat released by the system to the
surroundings) 🔺H is negative ( 🔺H<0)

STEPS IN CALCULATING CHANGE IN ENTHALPY USING HESS’S LAW


1. Manipulate given equations to most closely resemble the equation
of interest
❑ If you flip the equation, flip the sign on delta H
❑ If you multiply/ divide the chemical equation, multiply/ divide delta
H by the same number
2. Add “new” reactions together
3. Cancel out any compounds that are the same on both sides of the
reaction arrow
4. Write a new equation and double-check to make sure it matches the
equation of interest

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