Week 11

Session 1
Overview:
 Most commonly used PLC programming instructions and their applications: XIC, XIO,
OTE. Latch, Unlatch.

XIC Examine if Closed

Symbol

Definition

● examines a bit for an On condition

Devices

● Start/Stop push buttons

XIO Examine if Open Symbol

Symbol

Definition
● Examines a bit for an off condition.
● Use an XIO instruction in your ladder logic to determine if a bit if off.
● 1 = True
● 0 = False

Devices
● Start/Stop push buttons
● Selectors
● Limit switch
● Proximity switch
● Light
● Internal bit

OTE Output Energize

Symbol

Definition
●Turns a bit on or off
● Use OTE instruction in your ladder logic to turn on a bit when rung condition is evaluated as
true.

Devices
● Light
● Motor run signal
● Internal bits

OTL Output Latch

Usually we latch a signal with a condition and then unlatch it when a different condition
becomes true. Most of time the Latch / Unlatch go together.

Symbol

Definition
● Turns a bit on when the rung is executed, and this bit retains its state when the rung is not
executed or a power cycle power occurs.
● OTL is a retentive output instruction. OTL can only turn on a bit. This instruction is usually
used with OTU with both OTL and OTU addressing the same bit.
● Ladder logic can examine a bit controlled by OTL as often as necessary.
● When you assign an address to the OTL instruction that corresponds to the address of a
physical output, the output device wired to the screw terminal is energized when the bit is set.
When rung conditions become false, the bit remains set and the corresponding output device
remains energized.
● Actuating the latch input turns the function on or causes it to change state. The function then
stays on even if the latch is turned off. To turn the function off, another input must unlatch which
turns the function off.

OTU Output Unlatch

Symbol

Definition
● Turns a bit off when the rung is executed, and this bit retains its state when the rung is not
executed or when power cycle occurs.
● OTU is a retentive output instruction. OTU can only turn off a bit. This instruction is usually
used with OTL with both OTL and OTU addressing the same bit.
● Ladder logic can examine a bit controlled by OTU as often as necessary.
● When you assign an address to the OTU instruction that corresponds to the address of a
physical output, the output device wired to the screw terminal is de-energized when the bit is
cleared.
● The unlatch instruction tells the controller to turn off the addressed bit. Thereafter, the bit
remains off, regardless of the rung condition, until it is turned on.
 Session II
Overview
 Describe Timer instructions and their application: Describe Timer On Delay (TON),
Timer Off Delay (TOF), Retentive Timer On (RTO).

Introduction to Timers
Timers are very important in ladder logic programming. Timers give the precision in time. Timer
on delay starts timing when instruction is true. Timers are used to track time when instruction is
on or off. They could also keep track on a retentive base.
The following is a list of timer instructions:
● TON - Timer On Delay
● TOF - Timer Off Delay
● RTO - Retentive Timer

TON Timer On Delay

Definition
● Count time base intervals when the instruction is true
● The Timer on Delay instruction begins to count time base intervals when rung conditions
become true. As long as rung conditions remain true, the timer adjust its accumulated value
(ACC) each evaluation until it reaches the preset value (PRE). The accumulated value is reset
when rung conditions go false, regardless of whether the timer has timed out.

TOF Timer Off Delay

Symbol

Definition
● Counts time base intervals when the instruction is false.
● The Timer Off Delay instruction begins to count time base intervals when the rung makes a
true to false transition. As long as rung conditions remain false, the timer increments its
accumulated value (ACC each scans until it reaches the preset value 18 (PRE). The accumulated
value is reset when rung conditions go true regardless of whether the timer has timed out.

RTO Retentive Timer

Symbol

Definition

● Counts time base intervals when the instruction is true and retains the accumulated value when
the instruction goes false or when power cycle occurs.
● The Retentive Timer instruction is a retentive instruction that begins to count time base
intervals when rung conditions become true
● The Retentive Timer instruction retains its accumulated value when any of the following
occurs ● Rung conditions become false.
● Changing Processor mode from REM run /Test / program mode.
● The processor loses power while battery backup is still maintained and a fault occurs.
 Session III
Overview:
 Describe counter instructions and their application: COUNT UP, COUNTDOWN,
UP/DOWN COUNTER Examples of use of counter and timer instructions.

Introduction to Counters
In this section we will cover the count up count down and reset instruction. Counters are very
essential in ladder logic programming. Counters are used to index, increment or decrement
values. The following is a list of counter instructions:
● CTU - Count Up
● CTD - Count Down
● Up/Down

CTU Count UP

Symbol

Definition
● Increments the accumulated value at each false to true transition and retains the accumulated
value when the instruction goes false or when power cycle occurs.
● The CTU is an instruction that counts false to true transition. When this transition happens the
accumulated value is incremented by one count.
● A CTU accumulation is reset by the RES instruction.
● If the accumulation value is over the maximum range then the overflow (OV) bit will be true.

CTD Count Down

Symbol

Definition
● Decrements the accumulate value at each false to true transition and retains the accumulated
value when the instruction goes false or when power cycle occurs.
● The CTD is an instruction that counts false to true transition. When this transition happen the
accumulated value is decrements by one count.
● A CTD accumulation is reset by the RES instruction.
● If the accumulation value is below the minimum range then the underflow (UN) bit will be
true.

UP DOWN Counter instruction 

is used to counting up/down function.CU input is used to get counter enable in count up mode.
CD input is used to get counter enable in count down mode.