VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI

Ignore this page

Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Dr. B. V. Madiggond
PROFESSOR & HOD (EEE)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
HIRASUGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNLOGY, NIDASOSHI, KARNATAKA

Dr. Sumathi S.
PROFESSOR & HOD (EEE)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BENGALURU
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Introduction to Electrical Engineering

Module-1 (DC-Circuits)
Ohm’s Law
Statement: The voltage across a conductor is directly
proportional to the current flowing through it, provided all
physical conditions and temperature, remain constant.

V= I x R volt
I= V/R ampere
R=V/I ohm
KCL
Statement: The algebraic sum of all currents entering and
exiting a node must equal zero.

I= I1+ I2 ampere

KVL

Statement: The algebraic sum of all voltage drops around any

closed loop is zero.

V= V1 +V2 + V3 volt
Resistors in series:

V = (V1+ V2+ V3) volt

Req= (R1+R2+R3) ohm
V
I= ampere
R eq
Voltage division in series circuit:

R1
V1  V volt
R1  R 2
R2
V2  V
R1  R 2
Resistors in parallel
1 1 1 1
  
R eq R 1 R 2 R 3

I= ( I1+ I2+ I3) ampere

V
I= ampere
R eq

Page 1
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Current division in parallel circuit

 R2 
I1     I ampere
 R1  R 2 

 R1 
I2     I ampere
 1
R  R 2 

Power dissipated in the circuit

V2
P = (V I ) watt or P = (I2 R) watt or (P = )watt
R

Energy
Energy = (Power×Time ) joule or Energy =((Voltage×Current×Time) joule

Page 2
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Electromagnetism

Magnetic Flux Density B= Wb/m2 or T
𝑎
where B = Magnetic Flux Density
 = Magnetic Flux
a = area of cross section
MMF = N I
where N = Number of turns in the coil
I= Current through the coil
MMF = Flux x Reluctance =  x R
𝑙
Reluctance R=
0 𝑟 𝑎
where 0 = Permeability of free space or air (4 x 10-7 H/m)
r = Relative Permeability
a = area of cross section
𝑁𝐼
Magnetic Force H = AT /m
𝑙
where N = Number of turns in the coil
I = Current
l= Coil length
𝑑
EMF induced in the coil e = -N
𝑑𝑡
where e= induced emf in volts,
N= Number of turns in the coil
𝑑
= rate of change of flux
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
Statically induced emf e= -L
𝑑𝑡
Where, L = self-inductance of the coil
𝑑𝑖
= rate of change of current
𝑑𝑡
Dynamically induced emf e=B l v sin 
where B = flux density
l = length
v = conductor velocity
N 0 𝑟 𝑎 𝑁 2
Self Inductance L= =
𝐼 𝑙
Where N = Number of turns in the coil
I = Current
 = Magnetic Flux
0 = Permeability of free space or air (4 x 10-7 H/m)
r = Relative Permeability
a = area of cross section of the electromagnet
l = length of the electromagnet

Page 3
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

0 𝑟 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑎
Mutual Inductance M =
𝑙
where 0 = Permeability of free space or air (4 x 10-7 H/m)
r = Relative Permeability
N1 = number of turns in coil 1
N2 = number of turns in coil 2
a = cross-sectional area
l = coil length
𝑀
Co-efficient of Coupling K =
𝐿1 𝐿2
where M = Mutual Inductance
L1= Self inductance of coil 1
L2= Self inductance of coil 2
1
Energy stored in Magnetic field = L I2
2
where L= Self Inductance of a coil
I = Current flowing through the coil

Page 4
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Module-2 (A.C. Fundamentals & Single Phase AC Circuits)

Instantaneous value of alternating voltage v  Vm sin t

Instantaneous value of alternating current i  I m sin t
Angular frequency   2 f , f -frequency in Hz
𝑉𝑚
RMS value of voltage 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2 , 𝑉𝑚 - Peak voltage
𝐼
RMS value of current, 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑚 , 𝐼𝑚 - Peak current
2
2𝑉𝑚
Average voltage 𝑉𝑎𝑣 =
𝜋
2𝐼𝑚
Average current 𝐼𝑎𝑣 =
𝜋
𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 0.707 𝐼𝑚
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = =1.11
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 0.637 𝐼𝑚
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Pure Resistive Circuit

v  Vm sin t = V0
i  I m sin t = I0
V
Z R
I
Cos  1

Average Power P  VI in Watts

Page 5
Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Purely Capacitive circuit

v  Vm sin t = V0
i  I m sin(t  900 )  I 90 0
V 0
Z  R  jX c 
I 
Pav =0

Purely Inductive circuit

v  Vm sin t = V0
i  I m sin(t  900 )  I   900
V 0
Z  R  jX c 
I 
Pav =0

Page 6
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Single Phase Circuits

Series RL circuit:

v  Vm sin t = V0 i  I m sin(t   ) = I   

Impedance

V 0
Z  R  jX L 
I 

XL
  tan 1
R

V  IZ
Active power (Watts) P  VI cos   I 2 R
Reactive power (VAr) Q  VI sin   I X L
2

Apparent power (VA) S  VI  I 2 Z

R
Power factor cos  
Z

Page 7
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Series RC circuit:

v  Vm sin t = V0 i  I m sin(t   ) = I 

Impedance

V 0
Z  R  jX C 
I 

V  IZ
Active power(Watts) P  VI cos   I R
2

Reactive power(VAr) Q  VI sin   I X C

2

Apparent power (VA) S  VI  I Z

2

R
Power factor cos  
Z

Page 8
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Series RLC Circuit:

If X L  X C
v  Vm sin t  V 0
i  I m sin(t   )  I   
 X L  XC 
  tan 1  
 R 
Z  R  jX L  jX C

V  IZ
R
cos  
Z

If X C  X L
v  Vm sin t  V 0
i  I m sin(t   )  I 
Z  R  jX L  jX C
V  IZ
R
cos  
Z

Page 9
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Three Phase AC Circuits:

Nomenclature:
VL = line voltage, ∅ = phase angle between phase voltage and phase current
IL = line current, W1, W2 =Two wattmeters reading
VPh = phase voltage, PPh =Active power per phase
IPh = phase current, Q Ph =Reactive power per phase
Zph =Impedance per phase SPh =Apparent power per phase

1. For star connected three phase AC circuit:

IL IPh

Vph
ZPh
VL R

TPST R
ZPh ZPh
415 V
Y
3- ɸ
THREE PHASE
50 Hz B Y B
STAR
AC
CONNECTED LOAD
FUSE
SUPPLY
TPST

𝐕𝐋 = 𝟑𝐕𝐏𝐡 Volts

𝐈𝐋 = 𝐈𝐏𝐡 Amps

𝐕𝐩𝐡
𝐙𝐩𝐡 = Ω
𝐈𝐩𝐡

Page 10
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

2. For delta connected three phase AC circuit:

IL
R
IPh
TPST R VL ZPh ZPh
415 V
Y ZPh
3- ɸ

50 Hz B Y B
VPh
AC
FUSE
SUPPLY
TPST

DELTA

CONNECTED LOAD

𝐕𝐋 = 𝐕𝐏𝐡 Volts

𝐈𝐋 = 𝟑𝐈𝐏𝐡 Amps

𝐕𝐩𝐡
𝐙𝐩𝐡 = Ω
𝐈𝐩𝐡

3. Power in a three phase AC circuit:

1. 𝐏𝐏𝐡 = 𝐕𝐏𝐡 𝐈𝐏𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ Watts

2. 𝐐𝐏𝐡 = 𝐕𝐏𝐡 𝐈𝐏𝐡 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅ VAR
3. 𝐒𝐏𝐡 = 𝐕𝐏𝐡 𝐈𝐏𝐡 VA
4. 𝐏 = 𝟑𝐕𝐋 𝐈𝐋 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ Watts
5. 𝐐 = 𝟑𝐕𝐋 𝐈𝐋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅ VAR
6. 𝐒 = 𝟑𝐕𝐋 𝐈𝐋 VA

Page 11
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

4. Measurement of power using two wattmeter:

𝐖𝟏 = 𝐕𝐋 𝐈𝐋 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝟎 − ∅) Watts

𝐖𝟐 = 𝐕𝐋 𝐈𝐋 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝟎 + ∅) Watts

𝐖𝟏 + 𝐖𝟐 = 𝟑𝐕𝐋 𝐈𝐋 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ ………three phase power

𝐖𝟏 − 𝐖𝟐 = 𝐕𝐋 𝐈𝐋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅

Power factor,
𝟑(𝐖𝟏 −𝐖𝟐)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ =𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
(𝐖𝟏 +𝐖𝟐 )

Page 12
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Module 3 (DC Generator)

EMF Equation:
∅𝑍𝑁𝑃
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
60𝐴
𝑬𝒈 = generated emf in volts
𝑷 = number of poles
∅ = flux per pole in wb
𝒁 = number of slots× number of conductors per slot
𝑵 = speed of the armature in rpm
𝑨 = number of parallel paths
𝑨 = 𝑷 for lap winding ; 𝑨 = 𝟐 for wave winding

Nomenclature Used:
𝑬𝒈 = generated emf in volts
𝑽 = terminal voltage in volts
𝑹𝒂 =armature resistance in ohms
𝑹𝒔𝒆 =series field winding resistance in ohms
𝑹𝒔𝒉 =shunt field winding resistance in ohms
𝑰𝒂 =armature current in amperes
𝑰𝒔𝒆 =series field current in amperes
𝑰𝒔𝒉 = shunt field current in amperes
𝑰𝑳 = load current in amperes
𝑹𝑳 = load resistance in ohms
𝑩𝑪𝑫=Brush Contact Drop

Types of DC Generators:
1. DC SERIES GENERATOR
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑔 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 − 𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑉 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑅𝐿 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

Page 13
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

2. DC SHUNT GENERATOR
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑠𝑕 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑔 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 − 𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑉 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑅𝐿 = 𝐼𝑠𝑕 𝑅𝑠𝑕 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

3. DC LONG SHUNT COMPOUND GENERATOR

𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑠𝑕 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑠𝑕 𝑅𝑠𝑕 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑅𝐿 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑔 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 − 𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

4. DC SHORT SHUNT COMPOUND GENERATOR

𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑠𝑒 + 𝐼𝑠𝑕 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠

𝐼𝑠𝑒 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
𝑉 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑅𝐿 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝐸𝑔 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 − 𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 𝐼𝑠𝑕 𝑅𝑠𝑕 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑔 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 − 𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

Page 14
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Module 3 (DC Motor)

Nomenclature Used:

V = DC input voltage in volts Ise = Series Field Current in amps

IL = Line Current in amps Ish = Shunt Field Current in amps
P = Number of poles Ia = Armature Current in amps
N = Speed in rpm BCD = Brush Contact Drop in volts
Φ = Flux in wb Ra = Armature Resistance in ohm
Tsh = Shaft Torque in N-m Rsh = Shunt field Resistance in ohm
Ta = Armature Torque in N-m Rse = Series field Resistance in ohm
Eb = Back EMF in volts Ia = Armature current in Amps
A = Number of parallel paths
ω = Angular Velocity in radians per second

Back EMF
∅ ×𝐙 ×𝐍 ×𝐏
𝐄𝐛 = volts
𝟔𝟎 ×𝐀

Armature Torque
∅ ×𝐙 ×𝐈𝐚 ×𝐏
𝐓𝐚 = N-m
𝟐 × 𝛑 ×𝐀

Angular velocity
𝟐×𝛑×𝐍
𝛚= radians/second
𝟔𝟎

Shaft Torque
𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝐇𝐏 × 𝟕𝟒𝟔
𝐓𝐬𝐡 = N-m
𝛚

Types of DC Motor
DC SHUNT MOTOR 𝐕
𝐈𝐬𝐡 = amps
𝐑 𝐬𝐡

𝐈𝐋 = 𝐈𝐚 + 𝐈𝐬𝐡 amps
IL Ia
Ish
𝐄𝐛 = 𝐕 − 𝐈𝐚 𝐑 𝐚 − 𝐁𝐂𝐃 volts
DC
Shunt Rsh
Supply M
Field Eb
V
Ra

Page 15
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

DC SERIES MOTOR
𝐈𝐋 = 𝐈𝐚 = 𝐈𝐬𝐞 amps
Ise
IL Series
Field Rse 𝐄𝐛 = 𝐕 − 𝐈𝐚 (𝐑 𝐚 + 𝐑 𝐬𝐞 ) − 𝐁𝐂𝐃 volts
DC
Supply Ia

V
M Eb

Ra
DC SHORT SHUNT COMPOUND MOTOR
𝐕− 𝐈𝐬𝐞 𝐑 𝐬𝐞
𝐈𝐬𝐡 = amps
Ise 𝐑 𝐬𝐡
IL Series
Field Rse 𝐈𝐋 = 𝐈𝐬𝐞 = 𝐈𝐚 + 𝐈𝐬𝐡 amps
DC
Supply Ish Ia
𝐄𝐛 = 𝐕 − 𝐈𝐬𝐞 𝐑 𝐬𝐞 − 𝐈𝐚 𝐑 𝐚 − 𝐁𝐂𝐃 volts

V
Shunt M Eb
Field Rsh

Ra
DC LONG SHUNT COMPOUND MOTOR
𝐕
Ise 𝐈𝐬𝐡 = amps
𝐑 𝐬𝐡
IL Series
Field Rse
𝐈𝐋 = 𝐈𝐚 + 𝐈𝐬𝐡 amps
DC Ia 𝐈𝐚 = 𝐈𝐬𝐞 amps
Ish
Supply
𝐄𝐛 = 𝐕 − 𝐈𝐚 (𝐑 𝐚 + 𝐑 𝐬𝐞 ) − 𝐁𝐂𝐃 volts
V Shunt M Eb
Field Rsh

Ra

Page 16
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Module 4 (Transformers)
Nomenclature:
𝐸1 = emf induced in primary winding in volts
𝐸2 = emf induced in secondary winding in volts
𝑓= Frequency of supply voltage in Hertz
𝑁1 = number of primary windings
𝑁2 = number of secondary windings
𝜙𝑚 = Maximum flux linking the windings in webers
𝑉1 = supply voltage given to the primary windings in volts
𝑉2 = output voltage across secondary windings in volts
𝐼1 = current flowing through primary windings
𝐼2 = current flowing through secondary windings
𝑊𝑖 = Iron loss
𝑊𝑐𝑢 = Full load Copper loss
x = fractional load
V= volume of the core
Bmax = maximum value of flux density in the core
 = a constant, whose value depends on the quality of the magnetic material used for
making the core
 = a constant, whose value depends on the quality of the magnetic material used for
making the core
t = thickness of the laminations
Emf equation:
E1 = 4.44fϕm N1 Volts
E2 = 4.44fϕm N2 Volts

Transformation ratio:

N2 V2 I1
K= = =
N1 V1 I2

Condition for maximum efficiency:

Wi = Wcu

Full load currents:

Volt Ampere Rating of a transformer

I1 = Amps
V1

Volt Ampere Rating of a transformer

I2 = Amps
V2

Page 17
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Efficiency of a transformer:

x × KVA × 1000 × Cos∅

%ƞ = × 100
x × KVA × 1000 × Cos∅ + Wi + x 2 Wcu (FL )

Hysteresis loss in transformer:

Wh =  B1.6 max f V Watt

Eddy current loss in transformer:

We =  Bmax f2 t2 V Watt

Page 18
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Module 4 (Three-phase induction Motors)

120 𝑓
Synchronous speed of rotating magnetic field 𝑁𝑠 =
𝑃
Where f= frequency in Hz, P= Number of poles
𝑁𝑠−𝑁
Percentage slip 𝑠 =
𝑁𝑠

Where N = rotor speed, Ns = Synchronous speed

f’=sf
Where f ’ frequency of rotor induced emf in Hz

Rotor speed N = NS (1- s)

Measuring instruments
Whetstone’s Bridge
The balance equation of the bridge is given by

𝑃
therefore unknown resistance R =𝑆
𝑄

Kelvin’s Double bridge The balance equation of the bridge is given by

𝑃 𝑞𝑟 𝑃 𝑝
𝑅= 𝑆+ [ − ]
𝑄 (𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟) 𝑄 𝑞

As per the design P/Q = p/q, the value of

unknown resistance is given by
𝑃
𝑅= 𝑆
𝑄

Page 19
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Maxwell’s bridge for inductance The balance equation of the bridge is given by

𝑅3 𝑅3
𝐿1 = 𝐿2 and 𝑅1 = (𝑅2 + 𝑟2 )
𝑅4 𝑅4

Schering’s bridge for capacitance The balance equation of the bridge is given by

𝑅3 𝐶4 𝑅4 𝐶2
𝑅1 = and 𝐶1 =
𝐶2 𝑅3

Page 20
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Module 5
Two way Control of Lamp

Truth Table

Sl. No. Switch S1 Switch S2 Lamp

1 A1 – B1 A2 – B2 ON
2 A1 – B1 A2 – C2 OFF
3 A1 – C1 A2 – B2 OFF
4 A1 – C1 A2 – C2 ON

Page 21
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE

Three way Control of Lamp

Truth Table

Sl. No. Switch S1 Intermediate Switch S3 Position of S3 Switch S2 Lamp

1 A1 – B1 P–S&Q–R A2 – B2 OFF
2 A1 – B1 P–S&Q–R Cross A2 – C2 ON
3 A1 – C1 P–S&Q–R Connection A2 – B2 ON
4 A1 – C1 P–S&Q–R A2 – C2 OFF
5 A1 – B1 P–Q&R–S A2 – B2 ON
6 A1 – B1 P–Q&R–S Straight A2 – C2 OFF
7 A1 – C1 P–Q&R–S Connection A2 – B2 OFF
8 A1 – C1 P–Q&R–S A2 – C2 ON

Two-Part Electricity Tariff

Total charges = Rs (b x kW + c x kWh)

= Fixed charges + Running charges
Where b= charge per kW of maximum demand
c= charge per kWh of energy consumed

Page 22