Three-Phase Voltage Source Model 1

Single line diagram view

3 phase diagram view

Description

This component models a 3-phase AC voltage source, with specified source and/or zero-
sequence impedance.  A zero-sequence impedance branch may be added directly within the
component.  Also, this component allows you to regulate the bus voltage on a remote location on
the network, or the internal phase angle can be regulated to control source output power.

This source may be controlled through either fixed, internal parameters or variable external
signals.

Uses ESYS65 Source Routine

( Compatible with Source3 icon )
- Can Enter Zero Sequence Impedance
- Has Automatic Power and Voltage Control Modes
- Outputs for VRMS, P, Q..
- Data Entry by Impedances or ohms, H or uF
Three-Phase Voltage Source Model 2
Single line diagram view

3 phase diagram view

Description

This component models a 3-phase AC voltage source, where source impedance may be specified
as ideal (i.e. infinite bus).  This source may be controlled through either fixed, internal
parameters or variable external signals.

Uses EMTDC_3PHVSRC Source Routine

( Compaptible with Source_3 icon )
- Can be Ideal (R=0)
- Chatter is Eliminated for Inductive Sources
- Interpolates Internal Source Quantities

Three-Phase Voltage Source Model 3

Single line diagram view

Description
This component models a 3-phase AC voltage source, where the user may specify the positive
sequence and zero sequence source impedances, or select an ideal source (i.e. infinite bus).
Source impedance is modeled as a series RL impedance (as opposed to parallel RL).

Provision is included for the display of source rated voltage, frequency and MVA, as well as
positive-sequence impedance data.  This source must be controlled externally

3 phase diagram view

Description

This component models a 3-phase AC voltage source, where the user may specify the positive
sequence and zero sequence source impedances, or select an ideal source (i.e. infinite bus).
Source impedance is modeled as a series RL impedance (as opposed to parallel RL).

Provision is included for the display of source rated voltage, frequency and MVA, as well as
positive-sequence impedance data.  This source must be controlled externally.  

Simplified Combination of the above two

- Can be Ideal (R=0)
- Can Enter Zero Sequence Impedance
- Outputs for P, Q, and currents
- Data Entry by Impedances,phase angle or R,X

3-Phase 2-Winding Transformer

Description

This component models a 3-phase, 2-winding transformer and is based on the classical modeling
approach.

Options are provided so that the user may choose between either a magnetizing branch (linear
core), or a current injection routine to model magnetizing characteristics.  If desired, the
magnetizing branch can be eliminated altogether, leaving the transformer in 'ideal' mode, where
all that remains is a series leakage reactance. A magnetic hysteresis model is also available in
this component.

This component is the equivalent of three, 1-Phase, 2-Winding Transformers connected in a 3-

phase bank, where the user can select the winding interconnections to be Y or D on either side.
Inter-phase coupling is not represented in the classical transformer models.  An equivalent circuit
is shown below, using 1-phase transformers:

If inter-phase coupling is essential for your study, then you should choose the equivalent UMEC
transformer model.

Ideal Transformer Model:.

Select Yes or No. This input must be Yes when modeling core saturation

NOTE: 'Ideal' transformer should not be confused with an ideal ratio changer. 'Ideal' here simply
means that the magnetizing branch has been eliminated (leakage reactance is still present as well)

Eddy Current Losses:

The eddy current portion of the no-load core losses, based on transformer rating. Hysteresis
losses may also be added here if hysteresis is not modeled. Winding losses are not to be included
in this value [pu].

Saturation Enabled:

Select Yes or No to enable or disable the core saturation routine.

NOTE: Always set the transformer to 'ideal' when enabling saturation. Otherwise, both the
magnetizing branch and the saturation routine will both be used.

Time to Release Flux Clipping:

Time interval from start-up in which the model will 'clip' (limit) the calculated flux linkage
values. This is simply a modeling 'trick' to prevent instability at start-up [s].

This option is enabled only when Hysteresis | None is selected.

Air Core Reactance:

Usually approximately twice the leakage reactance [pu].

Three-Phase Fault

The fault component has two important parameters: Fault activation and type.
Description

This component is used for generating faults on a three phase AC circuit. Line-to-line as well as
line-to-neutral faults are available and fault current variable names can be specified in each phase
and monitored via output channels if desired.  An external connection is supplied to the
component so that the user may connect any type of external fault circuit directly to the fault
common point.

The Three-Phase Fault is controlled through an input signal, where the fault logic is:

 0 = Cleared
 1 = Faulted

The type of fault can be configured internally, or through the convenient use of an on-line dial
control as shown below:
The following is a list of input control dial values that correspond to specific fault types:

 0 = No Fault
 1 = Phase A to Ground
 2 = Phase B to Ground
 3 = Phase C to Ground
 4 = Phase AB to Ground
 5 = Phase AC to Ground
 6 = Phase BC to Ground
 7 = Phase ABC to Ground
 8 = Phase AB
 9 = Phase AC
 10 = Phase BC
 11 = Phase ABC

The fault control signal can be configured automatically by using the Timed Fault Logic
component, or the Sequencer components.  The fault may also be controlled manually through
the use of on-line controls, or through a more elaborate control scheme.

Faults can be controlled by any Integer Signal

(such as the signal named Fault here):
- 0 is the normal open state
- 1 is the faulted or closed state

Any logic functions (or a manual switch, or a custom

built model...) can be used to control the fault.

The Timed Fault Logic component simply opens

and closes the fault at user specified times.

When the fault signal goes from 0 to 1, the fault

will open at the first current zero.

The three phase fault component puts a combination

of phase to phase and phase to ground faults to allow
any combination of faults to be selected, even during
multiple runs!
Clear Possible if Current Flowing?

If No is selected, the fault will wait for the next current zero following (current chopping limit 0.0 kA) the
clear signal, before clearing the fault

Current Chopping Limit

If Clearing Possible at Any Current? | No is selected, the fault will not clear until the absolute value of
the fault current is less than this limit [kA].
Ideal Branches
Ideal branches are those with zero impedance.  Examples of such branches are infinite voltage
sources, ideal short circuits and an ideal switch in closed state.  Standard electromagnetic
transient solution algorithms using a nodal admittance matrix require every branch to possess a
finite impedance.  A zero impedance branch would yield an infinite admittance and would
thereby lead to numerical problems.

In EMTDC, a provision has been made to allow for zero resistances and true infinite bus voltage
sources.  The algorithm used permits any combination of ideal branches - including loops.  An
exception to this is when two or more ideal branches, where one of these is a voltage source:
This would create an infinite current in the other parallel branches.

The default threshold value for ideal branches is set to 0.0005 W.  Therefore, to create an infinite
bus you can either enter 0 or a value less than the threshold for the source resistance.  Similarly,
for a zero resistance branch, add 0 or a value less than the threshold for the ON resistance of a
diode, close resistance of a breaker, etc.

NOTE:  The ideal branch algorithm involves extra computations.  Thus, a non-zero value of at
least 0.0005 W (more than the ideal threshold) should be used wherever possible.  See Switching
and Non-Linear Elements for more.

Fault Resistance

Enter a small value to represent the branch resistance during a faulted state.  This value is usually
in the order of 0.01 (default), and is internally limited so that it is always less than 1% of the
Fault OFF Resistance [W].

NOTE: Although this parameter is configured to take a variable signal, it cannot be changed
dynamically. The value of the signal at first time step is taken as the ON resistance, independent
of the project startup method (i.e. from Data File or Snapshot File). This allows the ability to
change the ON resistance when the project is started from a snapshot, without invalidating the
snapshot file.

NOTE:  If this value is less than the ideal branch threshold, the fault will be modeled as an ideal
branch while in the faulted state.
Use f Multiple-Run’ feature in PSCAD in order to determine the highest
instantaneous current magnitude present during a fault.
A fault between all three phases and ground (i.e. ABC-G) is explored. The multiple-run component is
used to activate the fault at different points on the voltage waveform.
We wait a minimum of 0.5 s in order to ensure the simulation has reached steady-state, and then
simulate the fault occurrence at 20, evenly spaced points during a single cycle of system voltage. The
multiple-run component requires three parameters:
 A start of range of 0.5 s;
 An increment of 833.3 µs, corresponding to 18° of separation at 60 Hz; and
 An end of range of 0.515827 s (i.e. 0.5 s + 833.3*19 µs, to avoid repeating the 0° pointon-
wave).
The output variable of interest is the maximum (i.e. peak) fault current in any phase. We use CSMF
components to track the largest absolute current in all phases.

Fault inception time (i.e. point-on-wave) and the fault type are both
variables, controlled by the multiple-run component.
Note that the fault component has an additional input for fault type (i.e. when ‘External’ fault control is
selected), where the `fault_type’ signal is controlled by the multiple-run component.

Multiple-Run

Description

The multiple-run component is available to users for the purpose of performing parametric
studies. Through selection of appropriate parameter and input settings, the user can adjust the
number of simulations that will be executed (number of simulation runs). The output variable
signals from this component can be used as input signals to other components.

The inputs and outputs of this component are:

 Meas-Enab:  Used to enable (1) or disable (0) the channel recording. Recording will be
active only when the input to this variable is 1. Thus, the user can select the time
interval(s), over which the input data will be considered for processing and recording.
 Ch. 1 ... Ch. 6:  Input signals to be recorded.
 V1, V2 ... V6:  Output signals controlled by the component

Some application examples are as follows:

 Changing the point on wave (POW) of a fault inception, in order to find the worst
overvoltage and/or peak fault current.
 Modifying the gains of a controller, in order to find the best response following a
disturbance.
 Stepping through a range of RLC or system parameters to determine an optimum.
 Changing the type and location of faults, as well as the POW, in order to find worst case
voltage and current transients.
 POW switching of a transmission line or cable, in order to determine the worst case
transient overvoltage levels at different locations along the line.

Measuring/Recording Signals During

Multiple-Runs
The multiple-run component includes facilities to record results from each simulation run. Up to
six channel inputs (Ch. 1 to Ch. 6) are available to record signals. If more are required, the user
may include the Multiple-Run Additional Recording component in the project. Each channel will
record a single value per simulation run, based on the input to that channel over the recorded
duration. The criteria for determining the recorded value for each channel is selected by the user.
The selection can be based on one of the following criteria.

 Minimum value of the input over the recording period.

 Maximum value of the input over the recording period.
 Maximum absolute value (|x|) of the input over the recording period
 Integral of X squared (ISE)

Variation Type
Each variable can be modified during the multiple run sequence in the following ways:
 Sequential:  The output value between successive runs will be incremented by a fixed
value. The use will define the first (start) and last (end) values and the increment.

Example: If the output required is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 ... 1.2 for successive runs.  The input data
required is:


 Start of range = 0.1
 End of range = 1.2
 Increment = 0.1

 Random-Flat:  The variable X will be modified at random over the range specified.

Example: If 250 output values over the range 0.0 to 1 is required for successive runs, the
input data required is:


 Number of runs for this variable = 250
 Start of range = 0.0
 End of range = 1.0

 List:  The variable X will be modified according to the list provided.  The maximum
number of output values that can be assigned with this selection is 10.

Example: If values 5, 6 and 10 are the required outputs for successive runs, the input data
required is:


 Number of runs for this variable (1-10) = 3
 X1 = 5.0
 X2 = 6.0
 X3 = 10.0

 Random-Normal:  The variable X will be modified using a normal distribution (using

the # of standard deviations defined in the parameter section) over the range specified.

Example: If 250 output values over the range 0.0 to 1 is required for successive runs, the
input data required is:


 Number of runs for this variable = 250
 Start of range = 0.0
 End of range = 1.0
Professional, highly motivated, and self-discipline engineer, with strong engineering
professional and a

Master's degree focused on Electrical Power Systems planning, analysis, operation, and
control from the University of Khartoum.

-Instructor (with TOT) in the field of power system studies,

-Advanced user of Etap software,

-Independent user with a good experience in PSCAD and PSSE,

-experience and strong knowledge of power systems studies, DRPCs (STATCOM, SVC),
and grid compliance studies For renewables (RMS+EMT).

Range Comparator

In transformers: Options are provided so that the user may choose between either a magnetizing branch
(linear core), or
a current injection routine to model magnetizing characteristics. If desired, the magnetizing branch can
be eliminated altogether, leaving the transformer in 'ideal' mode, where all that remains is a series
leakage reactance.