Q37.

14 Why do the you laboratory,

think the development with a speed of Newtonian
of 0.900c,mechanics what average Section
lifetime37.4 is Relativity
dilation
to address of why
formula,
is Length
Eq.we (37.6),
see any to calculate
of themtheattime the interval
earth’s between
surface. in the rest frame of the star, what is the
preceded the more refined relativistic
measured in the laboratory? mechanics (b)byWhat so many average years? distance, .
37.9measured the
A spacecraft two
(a) What events
of theis Trade (the front
Federation
the greatest of
distance the spaceship
flies apast muon the couldpassing
planettravel overhead
duringand its observer on earth?
in the laboratory, does the particle move before decaying? Coruscant at a speed turning
2.2-ms on
0.600cthe .light)
of lifetime? A(b) as measured
scientist
According to by
on Coruscant your Stanley. measures
answer Compare
in part (a),to the value
it would 37.25 . Tell It to the Judge. (a)
37.3 . How fast must a rocket travel relative to the earth the
solength
that time ofmoving
of theseem t youthat calculated
spacecraft
muons could in part
to never
be 74.0 (a).
make m.(c)The
itMultiply
to spacecraft
the ground. the time Butinterval
the 2.2-ms by approaching a red traffic light 1l = 67
EXERCISES in the rocket “slows down” to half its rate as measured bylater Mavis’s
lands on Coruscant,
earth-based speed,
lifetime is measured both
and the in as
same measured
scientist
the frame by
of the Stanley,
measures
muon, and to calculate
the muons are mov-the dis- low 1l = 575 nm2? Express your answ
observers? Do present-day jet planes approach such length
speeds? of the nowtance
ing veryshefast.
stationary hasspacecraft.
traveled
At a speed asWhatmeasured
of value
0.999c, by
does
what him she
is whenget?
the the light
mean turnsofon.
lifetime a light. (b) If you used this as a reason no
Section 37.2 Relativity of Simultaneity .
. 37.10 Compare to the value of x you calculated in part (a).
37.1 . Suppose the two lightning bolts shown in Fig. 37.5a are
37.4 A spaceship flies past Mars with a speed of 0.985c A
relative meter stick moves past you at great
muon as measured by an observer at rest on the earth? How far speed. Its motion a red light, how much of a fine wou
relative over- 37.17
to you iswould
parallel
.. toAitspursuit
long spacecraft
axis. youfrom the planet Tatooine is attempt-
inIf this measure thethislength
Dual Program
to the surface of the planet. When the spaceship is directly the muon travel time? Does result explain why Assume that the fine is $1.00 for each k
simultaneous to an observer on the train. Show that they are not ing find
to stick
catch up be with a Trade Federation cruiser. As measured bythe
an
head, a signal light on the Martian surface blinks on of andthe then moving
off. meter
we muons to 1.00
in cosmic ft (1rays?ft =(c)0.3048 From m2the—forpoint of view of speed exceeds the posted limit of 90 km
simultaneous to an observer on the ground. Which lightning strike
An observer on Mars measures that the signal lightexample, was on by observer
forcomparing
muon, ititstill on Tatooine,
to a lives
1-footforrulerthe cruiser
onlythat 2.2isms, is traveling
at rest
so how relative away from the
doestoit make it to the planet 37.26 . A source of electromagnetic
does the ground observer measure to come first?
75.0 ms. (a) Does the observer on Mars or the pilot on
ship measure the proper time? (b) What is the duration37.11
Special Relativity Assignment you—at
the space-
..
what speed
of the light
withisa the
ground?
0.800c
Why which
Are We
speed
Whatmeter
relative
the Bombarded
ofis0.600c.
stick
to
moving
the thickness
Tatooine,
muon must travel,
The pursuit
by Muons? in
of the ship
relative
the
as measured
10
same
to km
Muons
is of
you? traveling
by the
atmosphere
direction as
at a speed
the
aremuon? Is it now
through of
cruiser.
radial direction relative to you. The freq
times the frequency measured in the res
Section 37.3 Relativity pulse measured of Timeby theIntervalspilot of the spaceship? unstable subatomic (a) For
clear thethe
particles
how pursuit
that
muon ship
decay
is able to
to catch
electrons
to reach the thecruiser,
withground?a should
mean the velocity of is the speed of the source relative to y
37.2 . The positive 37.5 .muon The 1m +
2, an pion
negative unstable 1p-2particle,is an unstable lives onparticle lifetimewithofan theThey
2.2 ms.
37.12 . are
cruiser Anrelative
produced
unstable to particle
the
when pursuit
cosmic ship
is created rays be bombard
directed
in the upper toward or away
atmosphere toward you or away from you?
average 2.20 * average -6
10 s (measured lifetime ofin2.60 its own* 10frame -8 of reference)
s (measured in the restthe upper
frame atmosphere from
of from aabout the pursuit
cosmic 10ray ship?
kmand above (b) What
the earth’s
travels is the speed
straightsurface,down toward of the cruiser
and the surface relative
of
before decaying.the (a)pion).
If such (a)aIfparticle
the pionisismoving, made towith respect to highthey travel to
very the the
close pursuit
to the ship? Section 37.7 Relativistic Momen
travel at very speed rela- earth withspeed a speed of light. The problem
of 0.99540c relativewetowant the earth. A scientist
the laboratory, with tive to a aspeed laboratory,of 0.900c, its averagewhat average lifetime lifetimeis measured is in 37.18 . An extraterrestrial spaceship is moving away from the 37.27 . A proton has momentum wi
to the labora-is why
address at restweonsee theany earth’sof surface
them atmeasures the earth’s that surface.
the particle is created at
measured in thetory laboratory?
to be (b) 4.20 What * 10 -7
average distance, measured
s. Calculate the speed of the pion
(a) What earth
is the angreatest after an unpleasant
distance a muon encounter
could travel with
during its its
inhabitants. As it speed is 0.400c. In terms of p0, what is
altitude of 45.0 km. (a) As measured by the scientist, how much
in the laboratory,expressed does the particle as a fraction move before of c. (b) decaying?
What distance, measured 2.2-ms in the time
lifetime? departs,
(b) According the spaceship fires a missile toward the earth. An observer ton’s momentum when its speed is doub
does it taketothe your answertointravel
particle part the (a), 45.0
it would km to the surface of
37.3 . How fastlaboratory, must a rocket does travel
the pionrelative travelto the earthits
during so average
that timelifetime? seem that muonsthe on earthnever
could measures that
earth? (b)make Use the
the
the spaceship
it tolength-contraction
ground. But is moving
theformula
2.2-ms away with a speed
to calculate the 37.28 . When Should You Use Relat
in the rocket “slows 37.6down” .. Astoyou half pilot
its rate youras measured
space utility by earth-based
vehicle at a constant lifetimespeedis measuredof 0.600c. An observer in the spaceship measures that the missile
distancein thefrom frame of thethe
where muon,particleand muonsis created are mov- to the surface of the relativistic calculations usually involve
ward
ward anan 37.8
37.8 . An
observers? AnDo alien
alien spacecraft
present-day
toward
spacecraft thejet is flying
isplanes overhead
flyingaapproach
moon, race pilotsuch
overhead at aa great
atflies pastdistance
speeds?
great you in her
distance as
as spaceracer
ing very fast.
is moving away from him at a speed of 0.800c. As measured by an
at a Atearth
a speed as of 0.999c, what
measured in theis particle’s
the mean lifetime frame. (c) of aIn the particle’s appreciably greater than 1, we must use
ue
ue meas-
meas- you
you .
stand
37.4 stand in your
A spaceship
in your backyard.
constant flies speed
backyard. past You You
Mars see
of 0.800c
see its searchlight
speed ofto0.985c
withitsa relative
searchlight blink
you.
blink At on
on for
relative
thefor instant
muonthe space-
as measured
observer on earth, how fast is the missile approaching the earth?
frame, by .. an
how observer
much time at restdoes on the it takeearth? theHow particlefar to travel from of Newtonian ones. For what speed v (i
ypothesis
ypothesis 0.190
to the s. The
The first officer on
on the spacecraft measures that the
theatsearch- 37.19 Two particles are created in a high-energy accelerator g (a) 1.0% greater than 1; (b) 10% grea
0.190 s.surface ofracer
first the planet.
officer passes theWhen
you, both
spacecraft theof spaceship
you startistimers
measures directly
that over-(a) At
zero.
search- the instant
would the muonwhere travelitinisthis time?toDoes
created this result
the surface of the explain
earth?why Calculate this time
in.
in. light
head,is
light isa on for
for 12.0
signal
on when
light ms.
onyou (a) Which
Which of
(a)measure
the Martian thatthese
surface
of thetwo
these measured
spaceracer
blinks
two on and
measured times
hasthen traveled
times is
off.is 1.20 8
* 10muons m in and move off in opposite directions. The speed of one particle, as than 1?
12.0 ms. we find both by therays?
cosmic time(c) dilation
From formulathe pointand of from
view the of the distance calculated
the
the same
same the
An proper
the observer
proper time?
time? (b)
onpast Mars
(b) What
you,
What is
is the
what
measures speed
thedoes thatthethe
speed of the
ofrace spacecraft
pilot
signal
the read was
light
spacecraft onrelative
her
relativeontimer?to
forto (b) When measured in the laboratory, is 0.650c, and the speed of each parti-
the lives 37.29 . (a) At what speed is the mome
muon, it still in part
for only(b). Do 2.2the ms,two so results
how does agree? it make it to the
measura-
measura- the
75.0earth
the ms. expressed
earth expressed
(a) Does race as
the aaobserver
aspilot fraction
reads on
fraction of
of the
the thevalue
Mars speed of
of light
orcalculated
speed the light c?
pilot in part
on
c? (a) on herground?
the space- timer, what cle relative
What is37.13 . Astomeasured
the thickness
the other is 0.950c. What is the speed of the second
of the 10 by kman observer onthrough
of atmosphere the earth, a spacecraft
great as the result obtained from the non
particle, as measured in the laboratory? Express your answer in terms of the sp
ship measure thedoes proper shetime? measure (b) Whatto be is your the distance
durationfrom of theher? light(c) At the instant
which the muonrunway must travel, on earth has a length
as measured by of the3600muon? m . Is(a)it Whatnow is the length of
echanics
mechanics Section
Section 37.4
37.4 Relativity
Relativity of Length
of the
Length 37.20 .. Two particles in a high-energy accelerator experiment applied to a particle along its direction
pulse measured when
by the thepilotrace of pilot reads the value calculated in part
spaceship? (a) how
clear on her the the runway
muon is able toasreach
measuredthe by a pilot of a spacecraft flying past at a
ground?
. A spacecraft
37.5 . A
37.9 an 37.12 . An unstable
y years? are approaching each other head-on, each with a speed of 0.9520c the magnitude of force required to pr
years? 37.9 The spacecrafttimer,of
negative ofpionthe
the Trade
what 1p
do -youFederation
Trade 2 isFederation
read an on flies
yours?
unstable past
past the
fliesparticle thewithplanet
planet speed particle
of 4.00 is 10 7 m>sinrelative
* created the upper to the earth? (b) An observer on
atmosphere
Coruscant
Coruscant
average lifetime at
at aa speed
speed
37.7
of 2.60 .. 0.600c
of
of 0.600c
A 10.-8.A
* spacecraft Asscientist
scientist
(measuredflieson on
awayCoruscant
Coruscant
in the from restthe measures
measures
frameearthofwithfrom a speed
a cosmic of ray
as measured
earth
andmeasures
in
travels straight
the laboratory.
the time downinterval
What is the magnitude of the veloc-
toward from the surface when ofthe spacecraft is
twice as great as the force required to pr
the ity of one particle relative to the other? when the particle is at rest? Express y
the length
the length (a)
pion). of
of the
If themoving
the4.80moving * 10
pion isspacecraft
spacecraft
6
m>s relative
made to
to be
to travel betoat74.0
74.0
the
very m.
earthThe
m.highThe and spacecraft
spacecraft
speed thenrela-returnsthe at earth
the same with a directly over one end of the runway until it is directly over the
37.21 .. Two particles in a high-energy accelerator experiment
speed of 0.99540c relative to the earth. A scientist
later
later lands on on Coruscant, and the
the same scientist measures the speed of light.
tive tolandsa laboratory, Coruscant,
speed. its Theaverage and lifetime
spacecraft samecarries scientist
is measured an atomic measures
in the clocklabora-the has
that at been
rest oncare- othersurface
end. What resultthat doesthe sheparticle
get? (c) is The pilotatof the spacecraft
37.30 . As measured in an earth-based
the earth’s measures created
length of the
the now stationary -7 spacecraft. approach each other head-on with a relative speed of 0.890c. Both
length
tory to.of be now
4.20 stationary
fully * 10 synchronized s. spacecraft.
Calculate withWhat What
an value
value
speed does
theidentical
doesclock
of
she
she
thethat
get?
get?
pion remains at rest on
an altitude measures
of 45.0 km. (a) the time it takes
As measured by thehimscientist,
to travelhow from muchone end of the run-
37.10
37.10 A meterearth. stick moves past you at
at great speed. Its
Its motion particles travel at the same speed as measured in the laboratory. in the !x-direction at a speed of 2.30
37.5a
37.5a are
are expressedAasmeter stickThe
a fraction moves
of spacecraft
c. (b) pastWhat you returns great
distance, to its speed.
starting
measured motion
point
in the 365 days
time (1 does year)
it takeway to the other
the particle end. the
to travel What 45.0value km doesto thehesurfaceget? of
relative
relative to
to you
you is parallel to
to itsits long axis. Ifclock
you
you measure the
the length What is. the speed of each particle, as measured in the laboratory? (magnitude and direction) is required to
doesislater,
parallelas measured long by axis. its If
the measure
that remained length
on earth.the What is the 37.14 A rocket ship flies past thetoearth at 85.0% the of the speed of
37.22 .. An enemy spaceship is moving toward your starfighter
yy are
are not
not laboratory, the pion travel during average lifetime? earth? (b) Use the length-contraction formula calculate
the - x -direction that has magnitude 2
37.6the..moving
of
of the moving meter stick to be 1.00 ft (1 ft == on0.3048 m2 —for
ng
ng strike
strike As youmeter difference
pilot your stickspaceintothe beutility
1.00 vehicle
elapsed ft (1 ft at
times a0.3048
the two
constant —for
m2speedclocks, distance
measuredfrom in where
light. Inside, an astronaut who
the particle is created to the surface of the is undergoing a physical examination
example,
example, by
by comparing
comparing itit to
to aa 1-foot
1-foot ruler
ruler that
that is
is at
at rest
rest relative
relative to
to with a speed, as measured in your frame, of 0.400c. The enemy magnitude of acceleration does the forc
hours? Which clock, the one in the spacecraft or the
toward the moon, a race pilot flies past you in her spaceracer at a earth as measured in the particle’s frame. (c) In the particle’s one on earth, is having his height measured while he is lying down parallel to the
you—at
you—at what
what speed
speed is
is the
the meter
meter stick
stick moving
moving relative
relative to
to you?
you? ship fires a missile toward you at a speed of 0.700c relative to the to a proton that is initially at rest?
constant shows the shorter elapsed time? direction the rocket ship theis particle
moving. to (a)travel
If his height
from is measured to
37.11
37.11 .. speed
Why
Why
of 0.800c relative to you. At the instant the space- frame, how much
Are We Bombarded by Muons? Muons are
time does it take
racer passes you,Are bothWe of you Bombarded
start timersbyat zero. Muons? (a) AtMuons the instant are where it is created to the surface of the earth? Calculate this time
unstable
unstable subatomic particles that
that decay to electrons with
with*aa 10 mean
when yousubatomic measure that particles
the spaceracer decayhas to traveled
electrons1.20 mean
8
m both by the time dilation formula and from the distance calculated
lives
lives on
on lifetime
lifetime of
of 2.2
2.2 ms.
ms. They
They are
are produced
produced when
when cosmic
cosmic rays
rays bombard
bombard
past you, what does the race pilot read on her timer? (b) When the in part (b). Do the two results agree?
eference)
eference) the
the upper atmosphere about 10
10 km km above the earth’s surface, and and 37.13 . As measured by an observer on the earth, a spacecraft
raceupper atmosphere
pilot reads the value about calculated above
in partthe (a)earth’s
on hersurface,timer, what
espect
espect to
to they
they travel
travel very
very close
close to
to the
the speed
speed of
of light.
light. The
The problem
problem we
we want
want
does she measure to be your distance from her? (c) At the instant runway on earth has a length of 3600 m. (a) What is the length of
fetime
fetime is
is to
to address
address is
is why
why we see any of
of them at
at thetheinearth’s surface.
when the race pilot we reads seethe any value them
calculated earth’s
part (a)surface. on her the runway as measured by a pilot of a spacecraft flying past at a
measured
measured (a)
(a) What
What is
is the
the greatest
greatest distance
distance aa muon
muon could
could travel
travel during
during its
its
timer, what do you read on yours? speed of 4.00 * 10 7 m>s relative to the earth? (b) An observer on
2.2-ms
2.2-ms
37.7 .. lifetime?
lifetime? (b)
(b) According
According to
to your
your answer
answer in
in part
part (a),
(a), it
it would
would
A spacecraft flies away from the earth with a speed of earth measures the time interval from when the spacecraft is
that
that time
time seem
seem that
that muons could never make itit to the ground. But
Butatthe 2.2-ms
4.80 * 10muons
6
m>s couldrelative neverto the make earth to
and thethen ground.returns the
the2.2-ms
same directly over one end of the runway until it is directly over the
rth-based lifetime is measured in the frame of the muon, and muons are mov-
h parti- 37.29 (a) At what speed is the momentum of a particle twice as
mass of a 12.0-g spring with force constant 200 N>cm change ter does the sun lose each second? Approximately how many tons
second great as the result obtained from the nonrelativistic expression mv?
when you compress it by 6.0 cm? Does the mass increase or of matter is this (1 ton = 2000 lbs)? (b) At this rate, how long
Express your answer in terms of the speed of light. (b) A force is
decrease? Would you notice the change in mass if you were hold- would it take the sun to use up all its mass?
eriment applied to a particle along its direction of motion. At what speed is
ing the spring? Explain.
37.38 . A 60.0-kg person
0.9520c the magnitude of force required to produce
is standing at rest aongiven acceleration
level ground. How
veloc- twice as greatsheas the force required PROBLEMS
fast would have to run to (a)todouble
produce herthetotal
same acceleration
energy and (b)
when the her
increase particle
total is at rest?
energy by aExpress
factor of your
10?answer in terms of the 37.48 . Inside a spaceship flying past the earth at three-fourths
eriment 37.39of. light.
speed An Antimatter Reactor. When a particle meets its the speed of light, a pendulum is swinging. (a) If each swing takes
c. Both 37.30 . As measured in an earth-based frame, a proton
antiparticle, they annihilate each other and their
8 mass isisconverted
moving 1.50 s as measured by an astronaut performing an experiment
oratory. intothe energy. TheatUnited
!x-direction
light a speedStates uses *
of 2.30 10 m>s. (a) 1.0
approximately What * force
10 20 J inside the spaceship, how long will the swing take as measured by
atory? (magnitude and direction) is required to
of energy per year. (a) If all this energy came fromproduce an acceleration
a futuristic in
anti- a person at mission control on earth who is watching the experi-
8 2
rfighter the -x -direction that has magnitude 2.30 *
matter reactor, how much mass of matter and antimatter fuel10 m>s ? (b) What ment? (b) If each swing takes 1.50 s as measured by a person at
enemy magnitude of acceleration
would be consumed does(b)theIf force
yearly? calculated
this fuel had theindensity
part (a)ofgive
iron mission control on earth, how long will it take as measured by the
e to the to(7.86
a proton that
3 is initially at rest?
g>cm 2 and were stacked in bricks to form a cubical pile, astronaut in the spaceship?
how high would it be? (Before you get your hopes up, antimatter 37.49 . After being produced in a collision between elementary
reactors are a long way in the future—if they ever will be feasible.) particles, a positive pion 1p+2 must travel down a 1.90-km-long
37.40 .. Electrons are accelerated through a potential difference tube to reach an experimental area. A p+ particle has an average
of 750 kV, so that their kinetic energy is 7.50 * 10 5 eV . (a) What lifetime (measured in its rest frame) of 2.60 * 10 -8 s; the p+ we
is the ratio of the speed v of an electron having this energy to the are considering has this lifetime. (a) How fast must the p+ travel if
speed of light, c? (b) What would the speed be if it were computed it is not to decay before it reaches the end of the tube? (Since u will
from the principles of classical mechanics? be very close to c, write u = 11 - ¢2c and give your answer in
37.41 . A particle has rest mass 6.64 * 10 -27 kg and momentum terms of ¢ rather than u.) (b) The p+ has a rest energy of
2.10 * 10 -18 kg # m>s. (a) What is the total energy (kinetic plus 139.6 MeV. What is the total energy of the p+ at the speed calcu-
rest energy) of the particle? (b) What is the kinetic energy of the lated in part (a)?
particle? (c) What is the ratio of the kinetic energy to the rest 37.50 .. A cube of metal with sides of length a sits at rest in a
energy of the particle? frame S with one edge parallel to the x-axis. Therefore, in S the cube
37.42 .. A 0.100-mg speck of dust is accelerated from rest to a has volume a 3. Frame S¿ moves along the x-axis with a speed u. As
speed of 0.900c by a constant 1.00 * 10 6 N force. (a) If the non- measured by an observer in frame S¿, what is the volume of the
relativistic mechanics is used, how far does the object travel to metal cube?
reach its final speed? (b) Using the correct relativistic treatment of 37.51 ... The starships of the Solar Federation are marked with the
Section 37.8, how far does the object travel to reach its final symbol of the federation, a circle, while starships of the Denebian
speed? (c) Which distance is greater? Why? Empire are marked with the empire’s symbol, an ellipse whose