New

syllabus
2022-23

Chapter 5
Problem Solving

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 Problem Solving
What is problem
Problems are at the center of what many people do at
work every day.
A matter or situation regarded as unwelcome / harmful
and need to be dealt with overcome is known as
problem.

Computer / Microprocessor is the main device

nowadays for finding the solution of a problem ,because
of it’s speed and the way it can deal with data.
Generally problems are solved using some sort of
program/software using any computer programming
language.
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 Problem Solving

Problem Solving Cycle

There are 3 basic steps for solving any problem using
computer/computer program
1. Analyse / Define problem
2. Design Solution (developing an algorithm, coding, testing
and debugging)
3. Implement solution
Which can be further extended in larger domain.

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 Problem Solving
Problem Solving Cycle
1. Analyse / Define problem
In almost every problem solving methodology the first step is
defining or identifying the problem. It is the most difficult and
the most important of all the steps. It involves diagnosing the
situation so that the focus on the real problem and not on its
symptoms.
For example, ‘if performance in any department is substandard,
we might think the problem is with the individuals submitting
work. However, if we look a bit deeper, the real issue might be a
lack of training, or an unreasonable workload’.

As above example, same thing may happen with problem solving

using computer program, So before starting designing/coding
,problem must be thoroughly defined/ analysed.
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 Problem Solving

Problem Solving Cycle

1. Analyse / Define problem
The process of understanding the problem and then
defining it on the basis of following:
• Data requirement of the given problem
• Type of input variable required
• Type of output variable required is called problem
definition

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 Problem Solving

Problem Solving Cycle

1. Analyse / Define problem
Suppose we are assigned to solve an arithmetic problem and we
are not familiar with steps involved in solving that problem. In
Such a case,we will not be able to solve the problem. The same
applied to writing computer programs. A computer programmer
cannot write the instructions to be followed by the computer
unless he knows how to solve that problem. The first step in
application development is problem definition. In addition, a
program souce data, logical and practical procedures needed to
solve the problem. This analysis must taken placed before actual
preparation of program development, otherwise it will cause
much cost and time.

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 Problem Solving

Problem Solving Cycle

2. Design Solution
Design is a process to transform user requirements into some
suitable form, which helps the programmer in software coding
and implementation.

Programming tools, program design tools are the tools used to

develop a program. following are some of them
• Algorithm
 Flowchart
 Pseudo-code

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 Problem Solving

Problem Solving Cycle

2. Design Solution
Designing an algorithm:
An algorithm is a plan, a logical step-by-step process for solving a
problem. Algorithms are normally written as a flowchart or in
pseudo-code as it’s next level.

When designing an algorithm there are two main areas to look at:
• the big picture - What is the final goal?
• the individual stages – What hurdles need to be overcome on
the way to the goal?

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 Problem Solving

Problem Solving Cycle

2. Design Solution
An algorithm to Find largest of two numbers
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables a,b
Step 3: Read variables a,b
Step 4: If a>b
If a>b
Display a is the largest number.
Else
Display b is the largest number.

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 Problem Solving
A flowchart is simply a graphical representation of steps. It
shows steps in a sequential order, and is widely used in presenting
flow of algorithms, workflow or processes. Typically, flowchart
shows the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by
connecting them with arrows.
Flowchart Symbols
Different flowchart shapes have different conventional meanings.
The meanings of some of the more common shapes are as follows:
1. Terminator
The terminator symbol represents the starting or ending point of
the system.
2. Process
A box indicates some particular operation.
3. Document
This represents a printout, such as a document or a report.
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 Problem Solving

4. Decision
A diamond represents a decision or branching point. Lines
coming out from the diamond indicates different possible
situations, leading to different sub-processes.

5. Data
It represents information entering or leaving the system. An input
might be an order from a customer. An output can be a product to
be delivered.

6. Flow
Lines represent flow of the sequence and direction of a process.

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 Problem Solving

Representation of
algorithm using
flowchart
E.g. Flowchart for
addition
of two numbers

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 Problem Solving

Representation of
algorithm using
flowchart
Example- Flowchart for
finding largest of two
numbers

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 Problem Solving

Pseudo-code
Pseudocode is not a programming language, it is a simple
way of describing a set of instructions that does not have
to use specific syntax.
There is no strict set of standard notations for pseudocode, but some
of the most widely recognised are:
INPUT/READ – indicates a user will be inputting something
OUTPUT/WRITE – indicates that an output will appear on the screen
WHILE – a loop (iteration that has a condition at the beginning)
FOR – a counting loop (iteration)
REPEAT – UNTIL – a loop (iteration) that has a condition at the end
IF – THEN – ELSE – a decision (selection) in which a choice is made
any instructions that occur inside a selection or iteration are usually
indented

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 Problem Solving

Representation of algorithm using Pseudo-code

Example- Pseudocode to find out largest of two
numbers
Write "please enter 2 numbers"
Read n1,n2
If(n1 > n2)
Set max to n1
Else
Set max to n2

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 Problem Solving
Difference between algorithm and pseudo-
code
• An algorithm is a well defined sequence of steps that
provides a solution for a given problem, while a
pseudocode is one of the methods that can be used to
represent an algorithm.
• While algorithms can be written in natural language,
pseudocode is written in a format that is closely related to
high level programming language structures.
• Pseudocode does not use specific programming language
syntax and therefore could be understood by programmers
who are familiar with different programming
language.Transforming an algorithm presented in
pseudocode to programming code could be much easier
than converting an algorithm written in natural language.
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 Problem Solving

Coding :
coding is basically implementing
logic/algorithm/pseudocode (derived from
requirement analysis/problem definition)
in one of the preferred programming
language(C,C++ Java, Javascript, python
etc) as per the protocols/rules/syntactic
grammar of the choosen language by
following the design decisions.

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 Problem Solving

Testing :
Software Testing is a method to check whether
the actual software product matches expected
requirements and to ensure that software
product is Defect free.
Testing is Important because if there are any bugs
or errors in the software, it can be identified early
and can be solved before delivery of the software
product. Properly tested software product
ensures reliability, security and high
performance which further results in time saving,
cost effectiveness and customer satisfaction
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 Problem Solving

Types of Software Testing

• Functional Testing
• Non-Functional Testing or Performance
Testing
• Maintenance (Regression and
Maintenance)

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 Problem Solving
Types of Software Testing
Testing Types of Testing
Functional Unit Testing - individual units or components of a software are tested
Testing Integration Testing –components are combined and tested as a group
Smoke - determines whether the employed build is stable or not
UAT ( User Acceptance Testing) - actual users test the software as was
required
Localization- behavior of a software is tested for a specific region,locale
,culture
Globalization - ensure that the software application can work in any locale
Non- Performance - for testing the speed, response time, stability,reliability,
Functional scalability
Testing Endurance - testing a system with a significant load given over a time
Load - software application is tested under a specific expected load
Volume - to check the data volume handled by software
Scalability - ability to scale up or scale down the number of user requests
Usability - how easy and user-friendly a software application is
Maintenan Regression - testing existing software applications to make sure that a
ce change or addition hasn't broken any existing functionality
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Maintenance - Testing done during this enhancement, change and
 Problem Solving
Debugging
Software programs goes through testing, updating,
troubleshooting, and maintenance during the
development process. Usually, software contains errors
and bugs, which are removed routinely. Debugging is the
process of fixing a bug in the software.
Debugging Steps ->

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 Problem Solving
3. Implementation
Implementation refers to the process of adopting and integrating a
software application into a real environment.Implementation of new
tools and software into an enterprise can be complex, depending on the
size of the organization and the software.
Implementation Methods
Parallel- When the new system is used at the same time as the old system
the two systems are said to be running in parallel.
Phased-When small parts of the new system gradually replace small parts
of the old system, the implementation method is said to be phased.
Pilot-When a small group of users within an organization uses a new
system prior to wider use, the system is said to be piloted.
Direct-When a new system is implemented without any phased or pilot
implementation

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