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52 views72 pagesAppliedcalculus Part 10
Uploaded by
João Maia FrançaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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/ 72
8.5 CONSTRAINED MAKIMA AND MINIMA AND THE METHOD OF LAGRANGE MULTPLIERS 617
Solution The total cost of x units of labor at $200 per unit and y units of capital
at $300 per unit is equal to 200x + 300y dollars. But $60,000 is budgeted for pro-
duction, so 200x + 300y = 60,000, which we rewrite as
‘(ss y) = 200% + 300y ~ 60,000 = 0
‘To maximize f(x,y) = 100x™
the Lagrangian function
F(x, y, A) = fx. y) + Ag@s »),
Loos" + A(200x + 300y — 60,000)
Lubject to the constraint g(x,y) = 0. we form
To find the critical point(s) of F, we solve the following system of equations:
75x My + 2000
2sx™y*4 + 300A
Fy = 200x + 300y ~ 60,000 = 0
y
Solving the first equation for A, we have
xe
200 8 ey
which, when substituted into the second equation, yields
fy roa)”
sii gain (2) “then
Substituting this value of into the third equation of the first system of equations,
we have
sx(25) +309 a = 0
from which we deduce that y = 50. Hence, x = 225. Thus, maximum produc
achieved when 225 units of labor and 50 units of capital are used. a
‘When used in the context of Example 6, the negative of the Lagrange mult
2s called the marginal productivity of money. That is, if one additional dottar is,
available for production, then approximately ~A additional units of a produet ean be
produced. Here,
) ~ -0.257
so in this case, the marginal productivity of money is 0.257, For example, if $65,000
is available for production instead of the originally budgeted figure of $60,000, then
the maximum production may be boosted from the original
(225, 50) = 100(225)"*(50)"*
or 15.448 units, to approximately
15,448 + 5000(0.257)
or 16,733 uni 618 CHAPTERS CALCULUS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
Ea Self-Check Exercises
Fesy)
subject to the constraint 3x + 4y
2. Mrxiwzivs Prorir The total monthly profit of Robertson
‘Controls in manufacturing and selling x hundred ofits
standard mechanical setback thermostats and y hundred of
its deluxe electronie setback thermostats each month is
given by the total profit function
L
8
Play
ie 4
Sy — Lay + 13x + doy —
pyr gy + Ht aay — 280
Where P is in hundreds of dollars. If the production of set-
back thermostats is 10 he restricted toa total of exactly
4000/month, how many of each model should Robertson
‘manufacture to maximize its monthly profits? What is the
‘maximum monthly profit?
Solutions to Self-Check Exercises 8.5 can be found on
page 621.
Ea Concept Questions
1, What is constrained relative extremum of a function f?
2. Explain how the method of Lagrange multiplies is used 0
find the relative extrema f(x.) subject 10 g(x,y) = 0.
Ea Exercises
In Exercises 1-16, use the method of Lagrange multiplies to
optimize the function subject to the given constrain.
1, Minimize the funetion f(x, y) = x* + 3y* subject to the
constraint + y= 1-0.
2, Minimize the function f(xy) =x? +
the constaint x + 2y = 1d = 0,
— xy subject ©
3. Maximize the function f(.% =v sub.
ject to the constraint x + 2)
4. Maximize the function f(x, y* subject to
the constraint x + y— 6 =
5. Minimize the function f(xy)
‘constraint xy = 1
x2 + dy? subject to the
6 Minimize the funetion f(x,y) =
subject to the con-
suraint x? + dy" = 4,
7. Maximize te function f(x,y) =x + Sy — 2uy —
subject to the constraint 2r +
y
8. Maximize the function f(x,
straint 2x + 3y — 6 = 0.
= xy subject to the eon
9. Maximize the function f(x.»
straint 952 + y
subject to the com
10. Minimize the function f(x, y) = Vy? — 2 subject to the
‘constraint x + 2y ~ 5 =0.
|. Find the maximum and minimum values ofthe function
f(y) = ay subject tothe constraint? + y* = 16.
12, Find the maximum and minimum values of the funetion
(x,y) =e subject to the constraint x? + y? = 8,
13, Find the maximum and minimum valves of the function
{Flx.y) = ay? subject to the constraint x2 +? = 1
14, Maximize the funetion f(x,y, 2)
sirmint 2x + 2y +2 = 84,
18, Minimize the function f(s,
to the constraint 3x + 2y +2 = 6.
-2¥¢ subject to the con-
vt
2? subject
16, Find the maximum value of the function
J ¥52) =x + 2v — 3c subject (0 the constraint
rea ty
17. Maxine Prot The total weekly profit (in dollars)
realized by Country Workshop in manufacturing and sell-
ing its rolltop desks is given by the profit function
Pay) = 02x? ~ 0.25y? = O.2ay
+ 100x + 90» ~ 4000
‘whore x denotes the number of finished units and y
denotes the number of unfinished units manufactured and
sold each week. The company's management has decided
to restric the manufacture of these desks 1 a toxal of
exactly 200 units/week. How many finished and how
‘many unfinished units should be manufactured each week
to maximize the company’s weekly profit
18, Maxiwizinc Prof The total daily profit (in dollars) real-
ized by Weston Publishing in publishing and selling its
ionarics is given by the profit function B.S CONSTRAINED MAXIMA ANO MINIMA ANO THE METHOD OF LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS
0,005x" ~ 0,003)" ~ 0.002xy
+ Id + 129-200
Poy)
where x stands for the number of deluxe editions and y:
denotes the number of standard editions sold daily.
‘Weston’s management has decided that publication of |
these dictionaries should be restricted to a total of exaety
400 copies/day. How many deluxe copies and how many
standard copies should be published each day to maxi-
mize Weston’s daily peofit?
19, Manian Consriucrion Costs The management of
UNICO Department Store has decided to enclose an 800-
sea outside their building to display potted plants, The
enclosed area will be a rectangle, one side of which is
‘provided by the external wall of the store. Two sides of
the enclosure will be made of pine board, and the fourth
side will be made of galvanized steel fencing material. IF
the pine board fencing costs $6/running foot and the steel
fencing costs $3/running foot, determine the dimensions
fof the enclosure that will cost the least to ereet.
20, Packacine Find the dimensions of an open rectangular
box of maximum volume and having an area of 48 f that
‘can be constructed Irom a piece of cardboard. What is the
‘volume of the box?
21, Packacins Find the dimensions of an open rectangular
Dox of maximum volume and having an area of 12 #¢ that
‘can be constructed from a piece of cardboard. What is the
volume of the box?
22, Masxnzme Prorr The Ace Novelty company produces
‘two souvenirs: Type A and Type B. The number of Type
A souvenirs x and the numberof Type B souvenirs, y,
thatthe company can produce weekly ate related hy the
equation 2¢ + y~3 = O, where cand yare measured
‘nits ofa thousand. The profits fora Type A souvenir and
Type B souvenir are $4 and $2, respectively. How many
‘of each typeof souvenirs should the company produce
maximize its profit?
23, Postat Recutanions Find the dimensions of a rectangular
‘package having the greatest possible volume and satisty-
ing the postal regulation that specifies that the combined
length and girth of an express mail or priority mail pack-
‘age may not exceed 108 in.
ie tee laren ipa ge esi,
24,
619
Pancet Post Recutarions Postal regulations specify that
parcel sent by parcel post may have a combined length and
gitth of no more than 130 in. Find the dimensions of the
cylindrical package of greatest volume that may be sent
through the mail. What is the volume of such a package?
Hint The length pls the gic is 2 + J, nd the volume is 7°
5. Miniuizns Conrainsn Costs The Betty Moore Company
requires tha its corned hoot hash containers have & capac-
ity of 64 in. be righ citeular eylinders, and be made of a
tin alloy. Find the radius and height of the least expensive
container that ean be made ifthe metal for the side and
bottom costs 4e/in.” and the metal for the pull-off lid
costs 2efin2
int Lethe radi and beat of he cones be rand in
respectively. Then, the volume ofthe eontier is 77h = 64,
ana the cost is given by C(r,h) = Barh + Om
‘Manuzms Consraucrion Costs An open rectangular box is|
to be constructed from material that costs $3 for the
bottom and $I/f1 for its sides. Find the dimensions of the
box of greatest volume that ean be constructed for $36.
‘Mmzne Consteucmion Costs A closed rectangular box
having a volume of 4 fi to be constructed IF the mate=
rial forthe sides eosts $1,000 and the material for the
top and botiom costs $1.S0Vf, find the dimensions of the
box that can be constructed with minimum cos
|. Min Consraucrion Costs An open rectangular box is
to have a volume of 12 f IF the material for its base
costs three times as much (per square foot) as the material
for its sides, what are the dimensions of the box that can
be constructed at the minimum cost?
). Mines Constaucrion Costs A rectangular box is 10
have a volume of 16 i, Ifthe material for its base costs
tovice as much (per square foot) as the material for its top
and sides, find the dimensions of the box that can be eo
structed at the minimum cost
‘Maximuzne Sauss Ross-Simons Company has a monthly
advertising budget of $60,000. Their marketing depart-
‘ment estimates that if they spend x dollars on newspaper
advertising and y dollars on television advertising, then
the monthly sales will be given by
= fess) = 90x"
dollars. Determine how much money Ross-Simons
should spend on newspaper ads and on television als
each month to maximize its monthly sales. 620
3B.
‘CHAPTERS CALCULUS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
‘Mrxzmzme Prooucrion Suppose a company can manufac-
ture P(x, y) units of a certain product by utilizing x units
of labor and y units of eapital. Furthermore, suppose the
unit cost of labor and the unit cost of capital are p and q
dollars, respectively (p> 0, ¢ > 0). Finally, suppose that
the management of the company has allocated C dollars
for the manufacture of the product. Use the method of
Lagrange multipliers to show that at the maximum level
of production,
Plsty) _p
Poy) 9
where x* and y* are the units of labor and capital, respec-
tively, used at that level, and P,(x*, y*) and P,(x*, y*)
are not both zero,
. Mxiwzrvc Prooucion Suppose that the output of the fin=
ished product f(x, y) of a company is described by the
Cobb-Douglas production function
£(sy)
‘where «is the amount of money expended on labor, y is the
amount expended on capital, and a and b are positive con-
stants with 0 a)a
1 >
zi) de
Figure 37
The plane region defined by ‘The solid is shown in Figure 38. Note that it is not necessary to make a sketch of the
yoVi= ==) solid in order to compute its volume.
FIGURE 38
‘The slid bounded above by the plane x
bythe plane region defined byy = V
an below
Flo=x= 1) a 8.6 OOUBLEINTEGRALS 627
Population of a City
Suppose the plane region R represents a certain district of a city and f(x, y) gives the
population density (the number of people per square mile) at any point (x.y) in R.
Enclose the set R by a rectangle, and construct a grid for it in the usual manner. In any
rectangular region of the grid that has no point in common with R, set f(x 7;)hk = 0
(Figure 39), Then, corresponding to any grid covering the set R, the general term of
the Riemann sum f(x, y,Jhk (population density times area) gives the number of
people living in that part of the city corresponding to the rectangular region R,, There-
fore, the Riemann sum gives an approximation of the number of people living in the
TectceubregonRepresetngs district represented by R and, in the limit, the double integral
Ceran de ofa renconeay
recangda 9id [ fanaa
Je
gives the actual number of people living in the district under consideration,
[APPLIED EXAMPLE 5 Population Density ofa City The population density
(aumber of people per square mile) of a certain city is described by the function
Flee. y) = 10,0006 024"
‘where the origin (0,0) gives the location of the city hall, What is the population
inside the rectangular area described by
R= {(xy)|-10 =x
if x and y are in miles? (See Figure 40.)
> cites)
FIGURE 40
‘The rectangular region Represents a
cera dtc of acy.
Solution By symmetry, it suffices to compute the population in the first quadrant.
(Why?) Then, upon observing that in this quadrant
Fla y) = 10,0006" = 10,0006" °%e°%4"
‘we see that the population in 2 is given by
| Ja y)dA = af (f 10,0006"? ay) ds
4 (-soocone ef) a
2) {, ede
= 400,000(1 ~ e
= 2,000,000(1 = €")(1 =e?)
(or approximately 680,438. a 628 CHAPTERS CALCULUS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
Eiplore and Discuss
11. Consider the improper double integral f, J f(x, y) dA of the continuous function f of
two variables defined over the plane region
D={(xy)|0Sx< 205 y< mw}
Using the definition of improper integrals of funetions of one variable (Seetion 7.4),
explain why it makes sense to define
[Jamar tn ene
= ye [im fee]
provide thatthe limits exist
. Refer to Example 5. Assuming that the population density ofthe city is described by
‘Fle. 9) = 10,000"
for << cand —2 < y vamie)
ts
2. Popucation DenstrY oF & CoAstAL Town The population
density (number of people per square mie) of a coastal
town located on an island is described by the function
0006
fon = Osrsh-2sys0)
‘What isthe population inside the rectangular area defined
where « and y are measured in miles (sce the accompany- by R = (x,y) |O =x = 4; 2 = y = 0}? What is the
ing figure), average population density in the area?
Solutions to Self-Check Exercises 8.6 can be found on
page 634,
Concept Questions
jive a geometric interpretation of J, f(x. y) aA, where 3. Suppose gy and g: are continuous and
g(x) g(x) om the interval [a, 6] and
iss nonnegative Funetion onthe rectangular region R in
the sy-plane.
2, What is an iterated integral’) How is [, f(x,y) dA eval-
uate in terms of iterated integrals, where isthe rectan-
gular region defined by a4 band c= y =a?
R= (x y)lalx) Sys 93s), a xB},
what is J, J f(%») dA, where fis a continuous
function defined on #2 86 DOUBLEINTEGRALS 631
4, Suppose /, and /, are continuous and. 5. What is the average valuc of f(x,
2h) = has) om the interval (c,d and region R?
R= (yy) Inv) 325 he Sys dh
wha is J, /(s.») dh, where fs a continuous
function defined on R?
Eg Exercises
) over the
In Exercises 1-25, evaluate the double integral 16. f(s,9) = PV° Ris bounded by x =
andy
Heya
I 17. fl») = y; Ris bounded by x = 0.x = Va— ¥ and
forthe function f(y) and the region R yr.
1. f(x,y) = y + 2x; Ris the rectangle defined by.
TEP mabye 18 fy) = pg aed tenes =
2. Fly) = x + 2y; Ris the rectangle defined by ya Oandy = 5.
i 19. f(x. y) = re": Ris bounded by the lines x = 1. y = 0.
4. flny) = ay: Ris the rectangle defined by == x= 1 andy
=e 20, f(s,») = 28: Ris bounded by x= ex = y,y = O,and
4. fly) = 1? + By" Ris the rectangle defined by ye.
srs lawl0sys2,
SSesien ln tAs 21. f(s.9) = yes Ris bounded by y = VE and y = x
3. flay) = 5 Ris the rectangle defined by —1 = x= 2 22, fx. y) = xe™"; Ris bounded by x = 0.x = V5, and
y ri
andl syse’. 2
23. f(x, y) = e”; Ris bounded by x = 0, y = 2x, and y = 2.
x»
6 Flay) = 1? sth wetngle dened by 2A. f(0,9) = y; Ris bounded by y = Inx,x = e,and y
-2sx52and0 0) intersects
the graph of f at more than one point.
Next, consider the function g defined by the same rule as that of f; namely
y= 2, but with domain restrieted to (0, 2). From the graph of g shown in Figure 5,
‘You can see that each value of y in the range [0, ) of gis mapped onto exactly one
umber. = Vy in the domain [0, =) of g.
‘Thus, in this case, we can define the inverse function of g, from the range (0, =)
‘of g onto the domain (0, °) of g To find the rule for g', we solve the equation
y = x" for x in terms of y. Thus, x = Vy (because x = 0), and so g“!(y) = Vy,
oo, since y isa dummy variable, we can write g-'(x) = Va. Also, observe that every
horizontal Line intersects the graph of g at no more than one point.
Why does g have an inverse but f does not? Observe that f takes on the same
value twice; that is, there are two values of x that are mapped onto each value of
_y (except y = 0). On the other hand, g never takes on the same value more than
‘once: that is, any two values of x have different images. The function g is said to
be one-to-one. FIGURE 5
Each vale ofyis associated with exactly
one value of
4 FINDINGTHE INVERSE OF R FUNCTION — 643,
‘One-to-One Function
‘A function f with domain D is one-to-one if no two points in D have the same
image: that is, (4) # (42) whenever x1 # x
Geometrically, a function is one-to-one if every horizontal line intersects its graph at
‘no more than one point. This is called the Horizontal Line Test.
‘The next theorem tells us when an inverse function exists.
THEOREM 1
The Existence of an Inverse Function
A function has an inverse if and only if itis one-to-one.
[a4 | Finding the Inverse of a Function
Here is a summary of the steps for finding the inverse of a function (if it exist)
Guidelines for Finding the Inverse of a Function
A. Write vy = f(x).
2. Solve for x in terms of y Gf possible).
3. Interchange x and y to obtain y = f(x)
EXAMPLE 1 Find the inverse of the function defined by f(x) =
VO:
Solution To find the rule for this inverse, write
Finally, interchanging x and y, we obtain.
3 +1
oF
giving the rule for f' as
ci etd
fe rr 644 APPENDIKA
‘The graphs of both fand /~' are shown in Figure 6,
FIGURES
‘The orghsof fad f Notice that they are reflections of
eachother about the ne y= a
Exerc
InBeercses 1-6, show that fand gareinversescfeach otherby Te gy 2. ’
showing that flg(x)] = xand gf(x)) = x.
1s) = Feats) = VE 2 fe = hae =!
Bsa) =2e+ 90) = 53 ee er
4 fx) = 8 41 ( SO 963) = —VET In Bxercises 13-18 find the inverse of Then sketch the graphs
é Asien eet of Fand f=" onthe same set of axes
(x20) 13, f(x) = 30-2 14. fl)
afi a IS sy = +1 16. fe)
= xt 17. f(x) = V9, (x20) 18. fer)
In Exercises 7-12, ou are given the graph ofa function 19, AHor-Am Battoon A hot-air balloon rises vertically
Determine whether fis one-to-one. from the ground so that its height after 860 is
2 5 hairs irk st= 60).
° ‘a, Find the inverse of the function f(s)
explain what it represents,
b Use the result of part (a) to find the time when the bal-
loon is at an altitude of between 120 and 210 ft,
es
Ax<0
6 fe) <5
$e + bes and
20, Acins Poputarion ‘The population of Americans age
'55 years and older as a percentage of the total population
ee is approximated by the function
F(t) = 10.72(081 + 10" (0 1 = 20)
‘where is measured in years and 1 = O corresponds to the
%. . 10. » year 2000
ind the rule for
b. Evaluate f-"(25) and interpret your result,
Sowrees US. Consus Butea, B.2_THEINDETERNINATE FORMS 0/0ANO=/= AND IHOPTALS RULE 645
Gf Indeterminate Forms
In Section 2.4, we encountered the limit
lim = 4)
wa in’ ®
when we attempted to find the velocity of the maglev at time ¢ = 2. Observe that both
the numerator and the denominator of this expression approach zero as + approaches,
two.
More generally, if im f(x) = O and lim g(x) = 0, then the limit
im £0)
lim
sou g(x)
is called an indeterminate form of the type 0/0. As the name implies, the undefined
expression 0/0 does not provide us with a definitive answer conceming the existence
of the limit or its value, ifthe limit exists
Recall that we evaluated the limit in (1) through algebs
Mr 2Y(0= 2
(+ Y= 2) _ fy a(e + 2) = 16
sleight of hand. Thus,
This example raises the following question: Given an indeterminate form of the
type 0/0, is there a more general and efficient method for resolving whether the limit,
exists? If so, what is the limit?
The Indeterminate Forms 0/0 and %/s and I'H6pital’s Rule
To gain insight into the nature of an indeterminate form of the type 0/0, let's consider
the following limits:
2 2
a tim lime tim
h of these limits is an indeterminate form of the type 0/0. We can evaluate each
limit as follows:
jin a 0 by tim == tim? =2 li
& x a eu 3n eS 3 ita ewe
Let’s examine each limit in greater detail. In part (a), the numerator fi(x) = x7
goes to zero faster than the denominator g(t) = x, when . is close to zero, So it is
plausible that the ratio fi(x)/gi(x) should approach zero as x approaches zero. In
part (b), the numerator f(x) = 2x goes to zero at (2x)/(3x) = 2/3, oF two thirds of
the rate that go(x) = 3x goes to zero, so the answer seems reasonable. Finally, in part
(©), the denominator gs(x) = x goes to zero faster than the numerator fa(x) = x, and
consequently, we expect the ratio to “blow up.”
‘These three examples suggest that the existence or nonexistence of the limit, as
well as the value of the limit, depends on how fast the numerator f(x) and the 646
APPEND.
denominator g(x) go to zero. This observation suggests the following technique for
evaluating these indeterminate forms: Because both f(x) and g(x) go to zero as x
approaches zero, we cannot determine the limit of the quotient by using the Quotient
Rule for limits. So we might consider the limit of the ratio oF their derivatives, J”()
and g'(j), since the derivatives measure how fast f(x) and g(x) change. In other
words, it might be plausible that if both /(x) — O and g(.s) — 0 as x— 0, then
£e)
Ler's try this on the limit in Expression (1). For this limit, we have
Fe Clee) 1: Ce))
ee em oe
which is the value we obiained before!
‘This method, which we have arrived at intuitively. is given validity by the theo-
‘em known as I’ Hépital’s Rule, The theorem is named after the French mathematician
Guillaume Francois Antoine de I’Hopital (1661-1704), who published the first calcu
lus text in 1696, But before stating I’Hépital’s Rule, we need to define another type
of indeterminate form,
te and lim g(x) =
ee, then the limit
Le)
time)
ri ala)
s also an indeterminate form of the type %/2, —20/2, &/—e, or ~co/—e, To see why
this limit is an indeterminate form, we simply write
1
f(x) g(x)
lim = tim
ug(t) sw I
fx)
which has the form 0/0 and is therefore indeterminate, We refer to each of these
limits as an indeterminate form of the type 2/2, since the sign provides little useful
information.
THEOREM 1
WHopitals Rule
Suppose f and g are differentiable on an open interval / that contains a, with the
possible exception of a itself and g’(x) * 0 forall xin I, with the possible excep-
ton of tim 43a a indtermit form ofthe ype 0 or then
tim
a a)
provided that the limit on the right exists or is infinite,
‘The expression f”(x)/4’ 2) is the ratio of the derivatives of f(x) and g(x)—it
is noi obtained from f/g by using the Quotient Rule for differentiating. 207
1st
FIGURE 1
The graph ofy = (e* — 12x gives views
confrnacon of he resi of Example |
oat
o1
FIGURE 2
in2eshows that
yan
FIGURE 3
The graph ofy = te shows that
yarn
B.2_THEINDETERNINATE FORMS 0/0ANO=/= AND IHOPTALS RULE 647
Notes
1. Hopital’s Rule is valid for one-sided limits as well as limits at infinity
or negative infinity; that is, we can replace x—+a by any of the symbols
xoalxoa".x—>—@, and > 2,
2. Before applying I'Hopital’s Rule, check to sce that the limit has one of the
indeterminate forms. For example,
Jim,
If we had applied I"Hopital’s Rule to evaluate the limit without first ascertaining
that it had an indeterminate form, we would have obtained the erroneous result
a
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate lim
Solution We have an indeterminate form of the type 0/0. Applying I"HOpital’s
Rule, we obtain
lim tim = 4
“de m2 2
(See Figure 1.) a
Solution We have an indeterminate form of the type %/:e. Applying ' Hopital’s
Rule, we obtain
0
(See Figure 2.) a
To resolve a limit involving an indeterminate form, we sometimes need to apply
P Hopital’s Rule more than once. This is illustrated in Example 3.
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate lim“
Solution Applying I’Hopital’s Rule (three times), we obtain
(See Figure 3.) a 648 APPENDIXB.
Exercises
In Exercises 1-14, evaluate the limit using I Hopital’s Rule if
appropriate,
i 2-3
si
1 tim MED
Viti+s
sage.
AM Yat 41
lim f(x) = anim g(x) = then i (F(x) — ois
to be an indeterminte form ofthe ype” = An indeterminate
form of thistype can be expressed as one of the type 0/0 or
‘2/ by algebraic manipulation. In Exercises 15 andl 16, use this
observation to evaluate the limits.
1 1
#8 tin (~~ 3)
vr traein(t
Ch: ein of br wn
18. vate tim P(1 + F)
(Note: This gives the continuous compound interest for-
mula of Section $.3)
In Exercises 19-22, determine whether the statement is true or
false. fits true, explain why its
‘give an example to show why
19. tim~
20, Suppose fand g satisfy the hypothesis for I HOpital’s
Role. I im (x) = lim a(x) = 0, then
mf tint [A]
i gts) — sade (g(x)
21 Sis gas pees p's al
iy) = tint) =n i! ds
22. Suppose fand g satisfy the hypothesis for I H6pital’s|
Rule. I lim (x) = lim g(x) = 0, fim f"(x) = £, and
fimg'(x) = M #0, then in oP mm Answers
CHAPTER 1
Exercises 1.1, page 13
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Exercises 1.2, page 23
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9, Between 1000 ad 000 ait
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197, Between 10:18 4a and 12:42 ex, 101, Twe
Exercises 1.3, page 30
1 G.3: Quadrant 3,
9, False
~2); Quadrant 1V
5. (-4. 6) Qudean M749. E,Fand
11, F 13-19, See the accompanying figure.
12.5
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649 650 CHAPTER ANSWERS
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Exercises 1.4, page 42
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|. Shoy after Api, 2005
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Chapter 1 Concept Review, page 48
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Dany bhi 8 Vena)? (do)
4 eat y—bPer
‘b, udefined 0d. postive 6m, = mim
J. a yy, = m(e— 2) pointslone form
Bh y= me + be slpe-inereept
8. a Ar + By + C= (A,B not both zero)
Chapter 1 Review Exercises, page 48
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‘CHAPTER 2 ANSWERS — 651
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6. and b.
1300
1000
Milions of dotars
6 y= 1824887 A. $1797 millon
and,
tons)
> 1(years)
y= 0978+ 39 a, 6825,000; fer by 25.000
Chapter 1 Before Moving On, page 50
Lavse vine bos nay
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Bey ote
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sa
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CHAPTER 2
Exercises 2.1, page 58
Sa+6,-Sa+6,S0+21
3.6,3a! — 6a ~ 3,30! + 60 ~ 3.34 6
5. 2a th + 5, —2e 45,20? + 5,20 d+ §, da — DS
a Ao ge te en
15 @ + 4a +3 t+ 2)
+1 =
a = ss
WL S11 13. §,3,3,9 652 CHAPTER2 ANSWERS
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‘hough 1990
2 1983
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