Biology II Part 2

Some Common Digestive Disorders
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

- also known as an acid reflux or heartburn, is a chronic
digestive disease. It occurs when the acid from the
stomach flows back (reflux) into the oesophagus
(food pipe). This acid reflux irritates,
and can sometimes damage, the lining of the
oesophagus. It can also reach the vocal cords, or
even flow back into the lungs.
In normal digestion, the muscular valve between
the stomach and the oesophagus (food pipe), known
as the lower oesophageal sphincter, opens to allow
food to pass into the stomach, and closes to
prevent food and acidic stomach juices from
flowing back into the oesophagus.
Every once in a while, it is normal to experience
acid reflux, where your stomach contents flow back
up into your oesophagus. However, if this occurs more
than twice a week for a few weeks, it could be a sign
of GERD
 Risk factors for GERD

Conditions and factors that can lead to the onset of GERD or aggravate acid reflux include:
• Increased abdominal pressure due to being overweight, obese, or pregnant
• Certain diseases (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, scleroderma)
• Hiatal hernia, a condition where the upper part of the stomach moves up into the chest through an opening in the
diaphragm, which lowers the pressure in the oesophageal sphincter
• Increased production of gastrin, a hormone that regulates the release of stomach acid
• Certain foods and beverages, such as fried, spicy, or fatty foods, chocolat peppermint, coffee, or alcoholic beverage
• Smoking or inhaling second-hand smok
• Use of certain medications, including asthma medicines, calcium channel blockers, antihistamines, painkillers, sedatives,
and antidepressants
 Preventing and managing GERD

Several lifestyle changes and over-the-counter medications can be taken to control gastroesophageal reflux, and prevent or
reduce the risk of the condition turning into a chronic disease. These include:
• Avoid consuming certain trigger foods and beverages, such as fried, spicy, or fatty foods, chocolate, peppermint, coffee, or
alcoholic beverages
• Avoid overeating
• Not eating 2 to 3 hours before bedtime
• Losing weight if overweight or obese
• Taking over-the-counter medicines, such as antacids, for mild GERD, and H- 2-receptor blockers or certain proton pump
inhibitors for chronic, moderate GERD
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Causes Symptoms Treatment
• Stress; Anxiety; or Depression • Constipation and/or Diarrhea • Avoid trigger foods
• Change in the Gut’s microbiota • Abdominal pain • Regular exercise
• Genetics • Gas and/or Bloating • Medication
ULCER (Gastric Ulcer, Peptic Ulcer, etc.)
 Causes of Stomach Ulcers
• Helicobacter Pylori Infections
• Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Usage (aspirin, ibuprofen, etc.)
• Poor Diet and Nutrient Deficiencies
• Chronic Stress
• Long-Term Smoking
• Long Term Alcohol Abuse
• Long Term Use of Certain Medications
 Signs you have an Ulcer
• Gnawing or burning pain in your stomach
• Feeling hunger pains between meals and in the early hours of the morning
• Frequent burping
• Bloating
• Pain that comes and goes over long periods of time
• Bleeding
• Vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and dizziness
• Stool discoloration
 Eating Tips to Reduce Peptic Ulcer Symptoms
• Enjoy five or six small meals per day
• Always sit upright in a chair while eating
• Rest a few minutes before and after each meal
• Enjoy your last meal or snack at least 3 hours before bedtime
Lactose Intolerance
It is the inability to digest lactose, a component of milk and some other dairy products, due to lack of enzyme lactase in small
intestine.
Symptoms Add to diet Avoid from diet
• Diarrhea • Almonds, Brazil nuts, dried beans • Milk and milk products
• Nausea • Almond milk • Products with dairy found in:
• Abdominal cramps • Tofu or soy －Packaged and prepared food
• Stomach rumbling • Kale, broccoli and leafy vegetables －Bread and baked goods
• Bloating • Calcium fortified orange juice and soy milk －Breakfast cereals, instant soups
• Gas • Fatty fish －Processed meats
• Egg yolks －Milk based liquids and powders
• Beef liver －Powdered coffee creamers
QUARTER 4 WEEK 3
Processes in Plants: Nutrient Procurement and Processing
Nutrients are the components found in our food such as

carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, fats, etc. These
components are necessary for living organisms to survive.
Plants produce their own food while animals and human beings
do not produce their own food. We indirectly or directly depend
on plants and animals for our food needs.
If the animals get their nutrients through their

digestive system that is composed of several
organs and enzymes, how do the plants get their
nutrients needed?
Modes Of Nutrition
The process of obtaining food and utilizing it to grow, stay healthy
and repair any damaged body part is known as nutrition.
Plants produce their food by taking raw materials from their
surroundings, such as minerals, carbon dioxide, water and sunlight.
There are two modes of nutrition:

• Autotrophic – Plants exhibit autotrophic nutrition and are called primary producers. Plants synthesis their food by using light,
carbon dioxide and water.
• Heterotrophic – Both animals and human beings are called heterotrophs, as they depend on plants for their food.
Autotrophic Nutrition in Plants

 Photosynthesis
• Plants are able to produce their own food through a process called
photosynthesis.
• The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis.
• Food production primarily is carried out in leaves. Water and minerals
from the soil are absorbed by the root and transported to the leaves
through vessels. Carbon dioxide reaches leaves through stomata –
which are small pores on leaves surrounded by guard cells.
• Chlorophyll is a green pigment present in leaves which helps the leaves
capture energy from sunlight to prepare their food. This production of food
which takes place in the presence of sunlight is known as photosynthesis.
Hence, the sun serves as the primary source for all living organisms
• During photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide are used in the
presence of sunlight to produce carbohydrates and oxygen.
• Photosynthesis provides food to all living beings. • Oxygen, one of the
main components of life on earth is released by plants during photosynthesis.
Heterotrophic Nutrition in Plants

Some plants do not contain chlorophyll and depend on other plants for their food through the heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
These type of nutrition in plants are referred to as Heterotrophic nutrition in plants, hence are called parasites.
Listed below are different types of heterotrophic plants that are mainly classified based on their mode of nutrition:
▪ Parasitic
▪ Insectivorous
▪ Saprophytic
▪ Symbiotic
 Parasitic Nutrition - Some heterotrophic plants depend on other plants and animals for nutrition. Such plants are known as
parasitic plants. However, the host is not benefited from the parasite.
• For eg., Cuscuta, Cassytha
 Insectivorous Nutrition - Some plants have special structural features that help them to trap insects and are commonly
known as carnivorous or heterotrophic plants. These plants digest the insects by secreting digestive juices and absorb the
nutrients from them. These plants grow on the soil that lacks minerals.
• For eg., Pitcher plant, Venus flytrap
 Saprophytic Nutrition - The saprophytic plants derive nutrition from dead and decaying plants and animals. They dissolve
the dead and decaying matter by secreting digestive juices and absorb the nutrients.
• For eg., mushrooms, moulds.
 Symbiotic Nutrition - When two different plants belonging to two different categories show a close association, they are
termed as symbiotic. In this, both the plants are benefited from each other.
• For eg., the association of fungi and trees.
PARASITIC: Cassythia
INSECTIVOROUS: Pitcher Plant and Venus Flytrap
SAPROPHYTIC: Mushroom and Moulds
SYMBIOTIC: Fungi and Trees

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Some Common Digestive Disorders

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

 Risk factors for GERD

 Preventing and managing GERD

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Nutrients are the components found in our food such as

If the animals get their nutrients through their

There are two modes of nutrition:

Autotrophic Nutrition in Plants

Heterotrophic Nutrition in Plants

INSECTIVOROUS: Pitcher Plant and Venus Flytrap

SAPROPHYTIC: Mushroom and Moulds

SYMBIOTIC: Fungi and Trees

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