eee uc se »___ 12.2.6 Case of Equal Complex Roots 7 7 characteristic equa Let (@ + iB) be the repeated (twice) root of the characteristic eq) homogeneous recurrence relation is given by siery pt ee a, = pTI(Ay + Agr) cosr0 + (Ag + Agr)sin 6] Where p= Yo? + 8? and 0 = tan" ay jon, then the solution of Bxample 1: Solve the following recurrence relations, @ — aj4-1.5a, =0, r>0 (UP-T.U. (B.Tech, 205, 9 Gi) a, = Sa.y + 6a,_y, 722 ag=q=3 (U.P.T.u. (B.Tech). Gi) a,43- 0,41 ~ 6a, =0 WPT.U.(B. Tech.) 3 (iv) a, = 64,4 -14,_9+'6a,_3, 23 with condition dg =2 a =5, a2=15 [RG.P.V. (B.E,) Bhopal 9, ~7 4a, +10a,_2 = O given that ay = 0, a [UP-TU. B.Tech) 4, ~ 44,4 + 4a,_» = O given that ay =1 and ay =6 Ynt2¥n4-15yp-2 = 0, n 22 given that yo = 0, y, =1 also find generating function as sequence Yo, ¥1 ¥2--- {R.G.P.V. (B.E.) Bhopal 2004, 2 * (ili) a, + 6a, + 12a,_y + 8a,_3 =0 (UPPY. B.Tech) 2 (&) 4a, - 20a, +174,_9-4a,_3 =0 CD 2apya—1ygy + Say = 0, 22 0, dg = a, =-8 IRG.PY. (WE) Raipur (i) a,=-34,_4 ~3a,_2~ aq-3 with initial conditions ay =1, a =-2and a) =~-1 (ii) a, ~4a,, +134,_2=0 Solution: (i) We have a,,)~1.54, =0,r>0 Put a, = Aa" = a, = Aa” in (1) Aol -15 Aal’=0 = Aa"(@-1.5)=0 But Aa”0 Then a. = 1.5, then solution of homogeneous recurrence relation is given by q, = Ayay or a, =A, (1.5) (ii) We have a, = Sa, -64,_9,r22, a=, =3 4, ~ Sa, + 64,_2=0 é Put a,=Ao’, a4=Aak, a.9=Aa"? in (1) Aa’-SAa! + 6Aal?=0 or Aa1-54$) 9 Bur Aaveo a a2 = 07-50 + 6=0, this is the characteristic equation. = @-3)@-2=0 > 4=23 ie cy=2 ay=3 Then the solution of homogeneous recurrence relations is given by 9, = AiO, ¥ + Ag(aaY 4, = AQ + A,30r=0,1andused a=a,=3 = Ay + Ag or B= + Ag a) = 2A, +3A2 or B= 2A, + 3Az solve these equations we get. A; Ape-3. ‘the TedUired solution a, = 6(2Y - 33") (i) We have O42 ~ Ory — 6a, =O qhe characteristic equation is a?-a—6=0 = ©-3@+2=00ra=3 2 which is the characteristic roots of the equation, mnerefore, the solution of the given recurrence relation is 4G, = Ay (3 + Aa (2 114,_2 + 64,_3, r> 3with characteristic «3 607+110-6=0 iw Wehave a, = 6a, equation is ie @-DO-2E-9=0 3 aH123 bich i the characteristic roots of the given equation, Therefore, the solution of the given recurrence elation is @ AY # AQF + Ay @) 0, 1, and 2 in (1) we get ow to find Ay, Az, Ay by putting % = Ai + Aa+ Ag given that a5 = 24, 1 = Ay +242 + 3Aq = Ay +4A+9Aq 25 A+ At Ag, S= A +2A,+3A5, 15= Ay + 4Ay + 9Ay ) Ay =—Land As =2. the solution of the given homogeneous recurrence relation is a, =1-2 42.3" i) Wehave 9, ~7a,4 +104,2=0 with a=0, a, =3 he characteristic equation of (1) is a, =15 or sving these equations we get A, = therefore, @ o7-744+10=0 = (a-5\@-2)=0 or a=52 hich is the characteristic roots of the equation. Therefore the solution of given recurrence relation is a, = Ay (5) + Aa(2)" (2) Mere A,, Az be two constants which is to be determine by aq = 0, a =3 Putr=0, 1 in (2) we find dy = Ay + Ap =0 (3) a, = 5A; + 2Ap =3 ol) (8) ana (4) we get 4)=1and A, =~1 , the homogeneous solution of given recurrence relation is a, = (5! - 2°(vi), We have a, 40,4 + 40-2 with boundary condition a =1 and a The characteristic equation is a2 40+4=0 = (@-2%=0 or a=22 which is repeated roots Therefore, the solution of given homogeneo a, =(4 + AN us recurrence relations is But ag =1, a; = 6, then put r=0, 1 in (2) dy =A = Ap =1 ay = (Ay + Ag) 2=9 6 = (Ay + Ag)2=9 A + Az =3 = Ap=2 Hence a, =0+2)(2) (vii) We have Yn Yn -1SYn-2 = 0,022 given condition yo = 0, 4) =1. The characteristic equation is a+ 20-15=0 => ©@+5@-3)=0 of a=3a=-5 Therefore, the solution of given homogeneous recurrence is 7 Yn = MCS!" + A)" Put n=O, in (2), we find : Yo =A, + Ag = Ay + AQ =0 and SA, + 3A => -SA; + AQ =1 Solve (3) and (4), we get Yn= (2) (-5)" += [3"-C5)"] (27 + 125)=19 Now, Yo=O.Y=1, yg=2(9-25)= Hence, the required generating function is AG@)=yo + z+ Yor" +... = AG@)=0+ 12-2274 19254... = A@)=2- 227+ 1923 +.., (vii) We have a, + 64, + 12a,_» + 8a,_3 =0 The characteristic equation of given recurrence relation is +6074 1204+8=0 = (+2%= Hence, the required solution of homogeneous recurrence relation is Ars (Ay + Aart Ag? \(-27Tye have 44,-204,.1+17 a,2~4a,_5=0 SB agasaereristic equation of given recurrence relation is 405-2007 +174 4-9 z 40°-1607 407 +16a+0-4=9 2, P 4a°@-4)-40(@-4)+(a-4)=0 a @-440r4a+)=0 = @-4)(2a-17 =0 = a=4,a=12, y2 qhis the characteristic roots of given equation. refore, the solution of homogeneous recurrence rotation is a, = (A + ans) + Ag(4Y Wehave 2p 11 dna +5a,= 0 sboundary condition ay =2 and a (1) characteristic equation is 2n?—-110+5=0 2a7-104-a+5=0 or (@-5)(2a-1)=0 or a=5,1/2 ithare characteristic roots of the equation afore, the solution of the given homogeneous recurrence relation is a, = Ay (5)"+ Ag(1/2)" tre Ay, Ap be constant which is to be determine by given boundary condition a = 2, a; Glin (2) dy = A, + Ap => 2= A, + Ap a = 5A, + taps 8254 +2 hethese equation we get 4, =-2,A,=4 tefore, the solution of homogeneous recurrence relation is a, = (-2) (5)" + aQy. n20 5 Wehave Baq_1 — 3dy_2 -Mn-3 (1) ‘Xboundary conditions ay =1, a, =-2 and a=-1 *characteristic equation is a? +3024 304+1=0 or (+1)? =0,0= ‘etoots are repeated "efore, the solution of homogeneous recursion relation is y= (Ay + Agn + Agn?)(-1)" w(2) tofind A, Ay and Ag by given condition, put n= 0, 1, 2in (2) and used ag =1, a, =~ a2 =-1 : We get L=Ay, -2= (Ay +AQ+Ag)CI}, -1= (Ay + 24g + 443)(C1) “these equations we get A = 1, Az =3 43 =-2=— zi lation is 1 Therefore, the solution of homogeneous recurrence Felavion a, = (1+ 3 WV =0 = a, 4 qy-4 +1342 (xii) We have 44Vi6-53_ 446i 4a413=0 = a= The characteristic equation is 9 =p coso +ip sind 2+ 3i pcos =2,p sind =3=>p=4+9=13p = Vi13. divide tan = ¥2 6 = tan" (3/2) Hence, the homogeneous solution of the given recurrence relation is a, =p" (Ay cosr@ + Az sin r6) a oy?*{4 f@sr(tan“1(3/ 2)+ Agsinr (tan 3 Example 2: Solve the recurrence relation yn42- Ynui + ¥n=0 given that yo=1 and y= Solution: Wehave — Yn42~Ynit + ¥n= v1-4 _14iv3 The characteristic equation is a? -o +1=0 = Cn ie Compare a=pel® 1+iv3 =p (cos@ +i sin®) square p?= +31 divide tan6 = 3,6 = tan"(3) ale > pcos@=1/2 psin Then, the solution of homogeneous recurrence relations yy =(1)"(Ay cos (& a) + Ag sn( £2) 3 a 43 The initial condition is yp =1 and y; = 1*~3 then put n =0,1in (1), we get YorA SA =1Example 3: Determine the particular solution for th {U.P.7.U. (B.Tech.) 2003; R. ne difference equation: dy ~ 40r-1 + 44,22 .V. (B.E.) Bhopal 2006; Delhi (B.E.) Solution: We have a, ~ 4a, + 40,.2>2 0) The characteristic equation of (1) is given by =22 @aansded -BPeOora=2 Here f(r) = 2", since 2is a characteristic root of multiplicity 2, the general form of the particular solution, (2) is taking as a, = AZ? and Pat rer-d.r=2 in (2), we get a4 =AZ™? (r=? Put these values in (1), we get Ae —4adeDer- 12+ 4ALl-D(r- 2)? =F = 2az =2 = A=1/2 Hence, the required particular solution is given from (2) a, -hre =a,=277 Example 4: Determine the particular solution for the recurrence relation a, ~ 34, + 24,2 =2 [U.P-T.U. (B-Tech,) 2002; P.T.U. (B.E.) Punbab 2007; R.G.P.V. (B.E.) Bhopal Solution: Wehave a, ~ 34, + 24,_2=2 The characteristic equation is a7-32+2=0 = (a-2)(a-1)=0 => a=1 a=2 Since 2 is characteristic root of multiplicity, the general form of the particular solution of recu relation (1) is a= Are Putr=r-1,r=r-2in (2), weget a, =A(r-1)2", a, = Ar-2)2"-D Now, put these values in (1), we obtain AZ -3A¢-2 4 2A47- DH M%ax 5 Ad a2 A O Nv Hence, the required particular solution is given from (2) a, 1 3 z Example 5: Determine the particular solution of the recurrence relation, @ a, -2a,y = f(r), where f(r)=7r Ga, - 24,4 = 6r, a =2 GD a, ~ 2a, 4 + 3ay_p = 1 WW) a, +a,4 = 32 ©) a, -7a,4 =37" (i) 0, + 50,4 + 605-9 = 37? (i) a, + Say + 64,9 = 377-3741 [R.G.P.V. (B.E.) Bhopal 2007; Rohtak (B.E.): [Bhopal (B.E). [Raipur (B.E): K.U.(B.E.) 2005, [P-T.U, (B.E.) Punjab [M.K.U, (B.E,) 2003; Kurukshetra (BE): [Osmonia(M.C.A.) 2007; Delhi (B-E):ution r Let the particular solution corresponding to the term 7 ron R.HL.S. of (1) 4G, =A, + Agr ~1in (2) =a, = A, + Ag(r=1) Put re pe) and (3) in (1), we get Ay + Agr 2(Ay + Ag (r-1))=7r (CA, + 249)+ (-Ag)r=7r nmparing like terms on both sides, we find A, + 2A9=0,-AQ=7 yeoce, the required particular solution is given as from (2) a, =-14-7r @ Wehave a, ~ 2a, =6r, a, =2 ne particular solution corresponding to the term 6 r on R.H.S. of (1) A+ Agr A, + An(r-i) A2=-7, A=-14 4 ntr=r—1in (2) = ay puta, 1 in (1), we obtain At Agr 2(A, + Agr-1)=6r => CA, + 2Ag)+ r(-Ay) = 6r sqating like term on both sides, we get ~A,+2A,=0,-A,=6 = => Ay =-12,Ap=-6 ence, the required particular solution is given from (2), =12- 6r fi) We have a, ~ 24,4 + 34,9 =1 ie particular solution corresponding to the term on R.H.S. of (1) a, = utr=r—1, r—2 in (2) we get a, = A, g,_2=A then put in (1), we get A-2A+3A=1 9 = 2A=1 = A=V/2— fherefore, the particular solution is tv) a, + 0,4 = 312 The general form of the particular solution (1) is a, = (A, + Agr)2” Put (2) in (1), we get (Ay + Agr)2! + (Ay + Ap(r-1))2"71s 3r2" uate the coefficient of like term of r Aa =3, -tantda =0 Ptsolving, we get Ay = 2 A, erefore, the particular solution is cs @ +2 ‘) z ") Wehave, 0, 74,4 =37" Beneral form of the particular solution (1) is a, = A.r.7" 1), we get An! =7 A(r=1)7 =37" = A=3 (1) +(2} (3) (a o(2) = (1) (2) (1) -(2) the required particular solution a, = 3r 7”ooo cae (vi) We have a, + Sa, + 60,2 ~) The general form of the particular solution of recurrence relation (1) is a, =A + Agee Agr? 2) Where 4;, Az, Ag be constant which is to be determine. Put this expression in (1), we obtain (Ay + Agr + Agr?) 5 (Cy + Ag (P= 1)+ Ag(h-D9} + OCA + Ant 2)+ Aslr=27)} = 3-2 12Agr2~(B4Mg -12.Ag) + (29Ag + 17Ag + 12h) = 377 = ee 12Ag = 3, 34 Az - 12A2=0, and 2943 +17AQ +124, <9 | On solving these equations, we get | . sation we 8 115 76 peal | Ay= 5) Ag = 55 Aa =Z | 288 24 4 | | | Therefore, the particular solution of (1) is a (vii) We have a, + Say + 644; ~Q), The particular solution of given recurrence relation is of the form | a, =A, + Agr + Agr? en) | Put this relation (2) in L.H.S. of (1), we find 32-3741 (Ay + Agr + Agr?) + S{(Ay + Ag(r-1) + Ag(r-1))) + 6{(Ay + Agr 2)+ Ag(r- 27} = 12Agr?— (834A -12A9)r + (29A3 - 17 Ag + 124, )= 377 241 Comparing like power of r on both sides, we get 12Ag = 3, 344g -12A)=2, and 2943-17 A +124, 7 13 2 ving the ti ==, A.=—,A3= On solving these equations, we get. A, pag’ 427 9474375 A 13, Hence, the required particular solution of (1) is. @, = 70+ 22 ir Example 6: Solve the recurrence relation given below: (a, + 64,4 + 94,2 =3given that dy = 0, a =1 [U.P.T.U. (B. Tech.) 2004; R.G.P.V. (B.E.) Bhopal 2004, 2005, 2006, : 7 ee GD oy Gaya + Bp-2 = 74 given do = 8,0 =22 Ly prruy cm Tech) 2009, P-T.U. (B.E.) Panjab 204, (iti) @,42- 24,4 + a, = 2" given that ag = 2and a, =1 [UP-T.U. B.Tech): (iv) What is recursion and recurrence relation. Solve the following recurrence relation using init condition as s(k)~ 9s(k-1)+ 8s(k-2)=9k +1, s(0)=s(1)=1 [U.P-T.U. (B.Tech): () a, ~Sa,4 + 64,2 =7" [UP.T.U. (B.Tech) ay (i) ay = ay + Bay_p + 5", n> 2 with given ag [P.T.U. (B.E.) Punjab 2004, 2008; Kurukshetra (B.E.) (ii) Uy - 4g + 4y-2= 2" OF a, - 4a, + 4a,_2=2 [M.C.A. (Rohtak) 2008; U.P.T.U. (B.Tech) (iti) a, + 40,4 + 40,2 = 17-3745 (Dye -AYpa + 4Yp-2= 34+ Z or a, ~ 40,4 + 4,9 = 34i —~ Bi Ml) * 2 with, houndary « rien = Aa 4 ondition ag = 1 and ay BOE NO Hee tog typ % [R.G.P.V.(B.£.) Bhopal 2002, 2009) ON 2 aa ga) 4A + 4a, “O41 egy 1R.G.P.V, (8.6); Ripe 2003, 20081; Roterate (B.F.) 2004, 2007) pit) 64 ~ 7.4 ~ 200, 2592», : [R.G.P.V. (B.E.) Bhopal 2003) AW) Gr2> 60,4) + Bq, ~ By 9 a (M.K.U. (B.E.) 2005, 2009) oA) G43 M24 Bay gL 24¢r 4 2) {Osmonia (B.F.) 2006, 2008; R.G.P.V. (B.E.) Rainer 2009] {Karukshetra(B.E.) 2005, 2008; Dethi(B.£.) 2008] a+ qhe characteristic equation of ieee iene 33 AD nas + 6a+920 ‘therefore, the general homogen, = (@+3%=0 ora=-3-3 | ae wn) since (- 3) is a characteristic root of multiplicity 2, the general form of particular solution of (1) is given as 9, = Ag + Agrt Agr? +-(3) Pat this expression in (1), we get {Ag + Agr Ag?) + 6{ Ag + Ag(r—1)+ Ag(r-13} + 9{Ag + Ag(r—~2)+ As(r- 27} =3 = 16Ag 17 + (16Ag ~ 4845) r+ (16g - 2444 + 425) =3 Comparing like terms on both sides, we get 16As = 0 = As =0, 1644-48 As=0= Ay =0, and V6Ay - 24 Ag+ 42As =3- Ay = 3 Then from (3) a, = — tee Tg Hence, total solution as:(i) is 4a, = homogeneous solution + particular solution = a, = (Ay + Agr) (-3Y + a =f) The given boundary condition is ag =0, a =1 Putr=0,1 in (4), we get ay = Ay +3, a, =(4 + A)C3)4 2 16 7 y a or on A tae 1=(A, + A2)-3)+ 16 ° 1 > A and Ag 12 “16 "Wtthese value in (4), we get required solution 3.1 3 3h r\Cay + 6 12 Je WigGi) The given recurrence relation is a, ~ 60,4 + Ba, = n.4" given ay = 8, ay = 22 The characteristic equation of (1) is a? 6a +8=0 of (a-2(4-4)=0 > 4=24 Therefore, the homogeneous solution is a, = AZ + AQ The general form of particular solution is a, = r(A3 + Agr)” Put this relation (1), we find Ar(Ag + Agr)4"}- 6 {(r-1)((Ag + Ag(r—1)}47 1} + B{(r- 2){Ag + Ag(r-2)} 47-7} =r. 4" This expression holds for all values of r and in particular for r= 0, we have B0Ag+ Ag)-C2Ay + As)=0 or Ag+Aq=0 For r=1, we get 4(Ag + Ag)-2C-Ag + Ag) = 4 or 3Aq + Ag =2 On solving (4) and (5), we find Ay =1, Ag =-1 Therefore, the particular solution of (1) is given from (3) a, =r(r-1)4" Hence, the general (total) solution is jomogeneous solution + particular solution A, 2 + AQ 4" +r(r-1)4" The initial condition ag = 8, a, = 22 Put r=0,1in (6), we get dy =A, + Ap=>Ay + Ad =8 a; = 2A, + 4A, 2A, + 4AQ = 22 Solve (7) and (8), we find A, =5, A) =3 Hence, required total solution is a, = 52° + 24" + r(r-1)4" (iii) The given recurrence relationis 4,49 ~ 24,4, + a, = 2” The characteristic equation of (1) isa?-2a+1=Oor(a-1)?=0 or a=11 Therefore, the general homogeneous solution is a, = (A, + Agr)" The general form of particular solution of (1) is given as a, = A32 Put this in the given recurrence relation AgZ*? 252" 4 Ag 2 = 2 a 4A3-4A3+A3=1 or Ag=1 Putin (3) => a, =2 Hence, general (total) solution is a, =(Ay + Agr) + Now, applying the initial condition a) = 2, a =1in (5) ) w(2) (3) aba eee ee eee=2=A21 ay eA +l oA tla2 A + Agt d= Ay + Agt 212 Ag=-2 a, =(-2)0F +2 relation s(K) = 95(k 1) + 8s(k- 2)= 9k +1, s(0) = s(1)=1 or Go) We have the secure nce 9k +1, dg = ay = me it ts The characteristic equation ea @P-9a+8)=0 or @-8)(a-1)=0 ora=1,8 Therefore, th © Beneral homogeneous solution is aj = A (Uk + Ax(8 1e general fc i The g : form ©f particular solution of (1) is givenas ay = Ayk + Apk? Put this value in (1), we get : (AAR + AK?) 904 1) Aglk—1P)+ 8 (Ay K=2)+ Aa(k-2PP= 9+ 1 Comparing the like term on both sides we get =221 Ay 22221 aya nem gg AB ay Put in (2) 221, 942 = ZK 708) aa14 Hence, general solution is oy = AK + Ag(8)k- 222 kz KR 8 (¥) The given recurrence relation is a, - 5a, + 6a,_2=7" The characteristic equation of (1) is given o7-5a+6=0 => (©@-3)@-2=0 or a=2,3. ‘Therefore, the homogeneous solution is a, = A 2 + Ay3" The general form of particular solution of (1) is given as a, = A7" Where A is constant Put (3) in (1), we get AT! -5A7"" + 6A7"2=7" or 49A-35A + 6A=49 0rA -2 Put in (3) 49 or 495 . - 20 Hence, general solution is 7 49 = AZ + Ags +7" GS $820: 459) Wi) a, = 20,4 +3q,2+5%n22 and % The characteristic equation of (1) is o2- 20-320 = (a-3)(@+1)=0 ora=-1,a=3 -2 a=1 (A) (2) (3) (4) =) +(2) (3) (4) G1)= 0 rr See Therefore, a, = AI)" + AQ(3)" the homogeneous solution is (2) The general form of particular solution of (is y= AS" (3) Where A is constant, Put (3) in (1), we obtain 25 AS"~ 245"! 3452.5" 5 254-100-3425 = 12A =25, acs 25 Puti “se ut in (3) = (4) nt nn, 25 on Hence, general solution is ay = ACY" + Ad(3)" + 8 nS) Applying the initial conditions ay =-2 a, =1. Put n=0,1in (5) 35 125 =A, tat and ns fat Beto 25 125 Bre ~Ay + 34+? =1 or At Ante 2 and -A; + 3A) + 12 -17 -27 =o a, = 22 => Nagy aes Put in (5), we get =17 yn 27 can, Sen =C"-{@"+ 2s og ZOD (vii) The given recurrence relation 4, 40, +4a, 9=2" (1) The characteristic equation is o?-4a+4=0 (@-2%=0 or a= 32 Therefore, the homogeneous solution is @, = (Ay + Agr)2” one) Since 2 is a characteristic root of multiplicity 2, the general form of the particular solution of (1) is a, = APD (3) Put this in (1), we find APY —4A(r-1P- 2 + 4A 272-2 = = A=1/2 Put in (3) a, = 5 ro The general solution a, = (Ay + Agr) + 3 Py ol) (viii) The given recurrence relation is G, + 40,4 + 40,9 =1?—~ 3745 (0) The characteristic equation of (1) is a +40+4=0 = (42220 or a=-2-2 (2) 8) Therefore, the homogeneous solutionis a, =(A, + Ayt)(-2° The general form of particular solution of Q)is a, =(Ag + Agrt Asr*) Put this value in (1), we find (Aa + Aart Asr?)+ 4 (Ag + Ag (=I) Ag(r—1} + 4 (ay + Aglr=2)+ Ag(r—2)%} = r= 3r+ 5 1 9 Comparing like power ofr on both sides then solve, we get Ay = Zz, Age 3 As=“he ————______—__—_@ ‘phen put ne, ee © Bet é =3(7-rer) therefore, a, i a 3 a “lution te 1 13 2 (This par, aaa, + Aen! +h (7-Brs) *: Sin ; i The Riven peor pare (x) Teng, with boundary © rel Nditio, erefore, the NS ag = 7 Th characgens ? 74 = 1. “Ne equation of (1) is Therefore, the genera) hom, @'>Sa+6=0 or (@-3)(a-2=0 ora=23 Oger lation isa, — Say; + 6a = 2 +r ‘Reous solution of given equation (1) is (2) HAZ + A,¥ the general form OF Partevar solution a HAZ + Ay nis putthis relation in (1), We go, 4, =Agr2’ + Agr + As a (Agr? ART AS) Stas 1) 4 > 5 AC 3 240+ Aa) 2 ofS. —a8g] LAs sy + 65-1244) + Ag(r-1) + Ag} + 6{Ag(r- 2) 2? + Ag(r-2)+ As}=Z +r + [Ag—5Aq + 6Aglr=2 +r or FP Aa +(2hg-74) + 2agre 41 Comparing like power on both sides, we get -tAs =1, 2As-7Ay =0, 24g =1 1 ie = Ag =-2, Ag=}, as=Z pa oR Aga, Asma Put these values in (3), we get particular solution. ons 2t tra Hence, the total solution of (1) is ey = - aft hs (4) OH AZ + Ags me 4 ore Putr= 0,1 in (4) then used ag = 1, a, =1, we find cuits lah aned and ae edad oy ae! (5) or At A== 5 i (6) 2A, + 3A2 = 4 17 nsolving (5) and (6), we get Ay =-5.Aa= ig "etee the required solution of (1) is a, =-82 += yz (xi) The given recurrence relation is a, - 40-1 + 44-20% ns ay = 1,4, = 2 a2 = 3. iven recurrence Fel = with boundary condit The characteristic equation of the gi a?—da+4=0 = (Art Ag)2 Since 2 is a characteristic root of multiplicity 2, the gene a, = (Agr + Ag).2 ation is (a-22=0 or @=22 Hence, the homogeneous solution is, fet al form of particular solution is Put this relation in (1), we find Pgh + Agye = aftr I)Ag(? =D AGED AM(r= DPA 2+ A= Ag(r®— r=) + (7-292! + Ag(r?=2r-D? + (7-22 = (+ DE Ag(6r-6)F + 2Ag2 =(r+ DZ GAgr2! + (6A + 2A4)2" ar 42 > = = Comparing the like terms on both sides 64g =1 and -6Aj+24g=1 => 4g=1/6 and Ay Pur these value in (3) a, = (: + 1) zr Hence, the required total (general) solution is a, = (Ayr-+ Ag)2 + 7 (aii) The given recurrence relation is a, ~ 4a, + 44-2 = (+1 The characteristic equation of (1) is a?-40+4=0 => Therefore, the homogeneous solution of (1) is a =(Ay + Agr)2” (@-2"=0 or a=22 The general form of particular solutions a, = Ay + Agr + Asi” Put this relation in, we find {Ag + Agr + Ag?) 44Ag + Ag(r-1)+ Str-1)}+ 4{Ag + Ag(r-2)+ Sr- 2°]=1+ rer? => (Ag — 44g +12A5)+ (Aq —BAs)r+ Agr? = 14 Ort? Comparing like terms on both sides, we obtain Ag -4Aq+12A5=1, Aq -8 As = 2, As=1 On solving these equations, we obtain A3 = 29, Aq=10, As= Put these value in (3), we get particular solution a, = 29+10r+r? Hence, the required total or general solution of (1) is a, = (A + Agr)2 +29+10r+1? (xiii) The given recurrence relation is 64, -7a,_, - 20a,_9 = 377- 2r+ 8 The characteristic equation of given recurrence relation is 60?-7a-20=0 oF (1-5)(9044)=0 or a= 23 Therefore, the homogeneous solution is, a, -4(3) + a=) 2 3 The particular solution of given equation (1) is g, = Agr?+ Agr + As A) (1) wee) (3)patthis expression in (1), we obtain 2 GtAsr' + Aart ASd—7EAstr— 14 Agr D+ Ae)-20(Ag00=224 Aglr=2)4 Ag) =32-2F48 2 As? +43 ~21A4)1-4 (-87 Ay +474 ~21A5) = 32-24 8 we get 94Ay~21Ay =-2, comparing like term on both sides, -21A3 =3, nsolving these equations, we get and ~ 8743 + 47A5=8 3 ay=-20, 4, 3109 g 147° "5 ~~ 3087 us, the particular solution is yence, the required general solution is q, al) al- J ? 80r 3109 7 147” 3087 (iv) The given recurrence relation is 942-604) + Ba, = 372 42-59" (1) the characteristic equation of given Tecurrence relation is o-6a+8=0 or (@-2)(@-4)=0 or a=24 thus, the homogeneous solution is a, =A2 + Agg” (2) the general form of particular solution of (1) is 9, = (Agr? + Agr + As) + Ag” +=e(3) ant this value in (1), we find fg (+ P+ Aglr+ 2)4 Ash+ Ags ~ 6{Ag(r+1)? + Ag(r+ 1) 4 Ag+ Aga} 48{Agr? + Agr + As + Ag3"} = 3242-597 ‘omparing coefficients of like terms on both sides, we get 3A3=3 344-843 =0, 345-44, - aM the 2, 946-18 Ag +8Ag =-5 or Ag =1, A, =8/3, ten, particular solution is Busy 9 are hrs ‘ence, recuired total (general) solution is a, = 4,2 + Ay” +P S re ot 8e ®) The given recurrence relation is 4, , 3 ~ 34,49 + 3d, a, = 24 - 2 te characteristic equation of given recurrence relation is 03-3074 34-120 = @-1)9=0 of a=1,1,1 lace, the general homogeneous solution is a, = Ayr? + Agr+ Ay wl25 bie (1) is the characteristic root of multiplicity 3, the general form of particular solution of (1) is given as a, = Agr’ + Agr? ~--(3) “this relation in (1), we find. 7 (agers ay 4 Ag(r+ 3)9}— 3(Ag (r+ 2)* + As(r+ 2°} +3{Ag r+ 1)8 + Agr + 1)°)— {Agr + Agr) = 24r+ 48 Then 24Agr+ 36Aq + As = 24r+ 48 or 24Aq = 24, 36Aq + As = 48 & Onsolving, we get Aq =1, As =12 iPra a USMS Then from (3), we get 4) Hence total solution of (1) is a, = homogeneous solution + particular solution : A 3 a, = Ayr + Agr + Ag + 1 +12".