6/29/2021

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture 08

Design of Reinforced
Concrete Columns

By: Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
[email protected]

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE-320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 1

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Organization of the Presentation

 The PowerPoint Presentation of this lecture has been organized

in such a manner that a “General Introduction” to the topic has
been given in the beginning and the remaining portion has been
divided into two parts. In part-I, the design of concentrically
loaded columns, and in part-II, the design of eccentrically loaded
columns has been discussed.

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Contents

 General Introduction

 Design of RC Columns

⚫ Part-I

⚫ Concentrically loaded Column

⚫ Mechanics

⚫ ACI Code Recommendations

⚫ Examples

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Contents

⚫ Part-II

⚫ Eccentrically loaded Column

⚫ Mechanics

⚫ Interaction Diagram

⚫ Use of Design Aids

⚫ Examples

⚫ Development of Interaction Diagram

⚫ Examples

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Objectives

At the end of this lecture, students will be able to

 Explain the importance of longitudinal and lateral reinforcement

in RC columns

 Develop interaction diagrams for rectangular RC columns

 Design uniaxially eccentric loaded RC columns

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 General

⚫ Columns are defined as members that carry loads chiefly in

compression, and are therefore referred to as compression
members.

⚫ However, columns would generally carry bending moments as well,

about one or both axes of the cross section.

⚫ The bending action may produce tensile forces over a part of the
cross section.

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Introduction

 Longitudinal/ Main reinforcement in RC columns

⚫ The main reinforcement in columns is longitudinal, parallel to

the direction of the load.

⚫ It is provided to resist bending moment and to take the

compression.

Longitudinal reinforcement

Lateral reinforcement

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 Lateral reinforcement in RC columns

⚫ The lateral ties are bars arranged in a square, rectangular, or

circular pattern.

⚫ They are provided to resist buckling, to hold the main bars and
to resist shear.

⚫ The continuous spiral contain/retain concrete, thus increasing

the load taking capacity.

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Introduction

 Types of RC columns according to the lateral reinforcement

1. Tied: Columns reinforced with longitudinal bars (at least 4) and

lateral ties. (Stirrups in beams are called ties in columns)

2. Spiral: Columns reinforced with longitudinal bars (at least 6) and

continuous spirals.

Note: Circular columns not necessarily to be

always confined by spirals.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 Types of RC columns according to Loading

1. Concentrically/Axially loaded
No eccentricity. Centre of gravity and centroid
matches

2. Eccentrically loaded

Eccentric load is applied.

a. Uniaxially eccentric

b. Biaxially eccentric

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Introduction

 Types of RC columns according to slenderness

⚫ Short Columns

⚫ The failure in such columns occurs due to the failure of

materials.

⚫ Most of the concrete columns falls in this category.

⚫ Slender columns

⚫ Failure in such columns occurs due to lateral deflections

(buckling).

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Design of RC Columns

Part-I
Concentrically Loaded Column

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Mechanics

 Consider a Rectangular Section subjected to axial load Pu.

⚫ To avoid failure; ΦPn ≥ Pu

⚫ Nominal Axial Capacity Pn can be calculated as follows;

⚫ Pn = Cs1 + Cs2 + Cs3 + Cc

⚫ Cs1 = As1 * fs1

⚫ Cs2 = As2 * fs2

⚫ Cs3 = As3 * fs3

⚫ Cc = Ac * fc

⚫ Pn = As1 * fs1 + As2 * fs2 + As3 * fs3 + Ac * fc …... (1)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 The section will reach its axial capacity when strain in concrete reaches
a value of 0.003.

 The yield strain values of steel for grade 40 and 60 are 0.00138 and
0.00207 respectively.

 Therefore steel would have already yielded at 0.003 strain. Hence fs1 =
fs2 = fs3 = fs4 = fy and fc = 0.85 fc′

 Let As1 + As2 + As3 = Ast and Ac = Ag – Ast ,

where Ag = Gross area of column section, Ast = total steel area

 Thus, Equ.1 becomes Pn = Ast fy + 0.85 fc′(Ag – Ast) ------------(A)

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Mechanics

 Thus, Pn = Ast fy + 0.85 fc′(Ag – Ast)

 To avoid failure; ΦPn ≥ Pu

 As per ACI Table 21.2.2, Strength reduction factor (Φ) is 0.65 for tied
column and 0.75 for spiral column

 For tied column ΦPn = 0.65 [0.85fc′(Ag − Ast) + fy Ast] ……. (B)

 For spiral column ΦPn = 0.75 [0.85fc′(Ag − Ast) + fy Ast] ……. (C)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 According to ACI R22.4.2.1, an additional reduction factors ‘α’ are used to

account for accidental eccentricities not considered in the analysis that
may exist in a compression member, and to recognize that concrete
strength may be less than fc′ under sustained high loads. Finally
⚫ Axial capacity for tied columns

⚫ α Φ Pn = Pu ; α = 0.80, Φ = 0.65

⚫ α ΦPn = 0.80 x 0.65 [0.85fc′(Ag − Ast) + fy Ast] ……. (D)

⚫ Axial capacity for spiral columns
⚫ α Φ Pn = Pu ; α = 0.85, Φ = 0.75
⚫ α ΦPn = 0.85 x 0.75 [0.85fc′(Ag − Ast) + fy Ast] ……. (E)

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ACI Code Recommendations

 Sizes and ratio of longitudinal reinforcement

⚫ According to ACI Code 18.7.2, column shall be at least 12 in.

⚫ According to ACI Code 10.6.1.1, for columns, area of longitudinal

reinforcement shall be at least 0.01Ag but shall not exceed 0.08Ag.

⚫ Most columns are designed with ratios below 0.04

⚫ Lower limit → To prevent failure mode of plain concrete

⚫ Upper limit → To maintain proper clearance between bars

Ast
0.01 ≤ ρg = ≤ 0.08
Ag
Where; 𝜌𝑔 = Reinforcement Ratio
Ast = Steel Area in in2
Ag = Gross area of column section in in2

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Recommendations

 Minimum number and diameter of longitudinal bars

⚫ The minimum diameter of longitudinal bars shall be ½ inch i.e. No, 4

or larger bar shall be used as longitudinal reinforcement

⚫ According to ACI 10.7.3.1, the minimum number of longitudinal bars

shall be;

⚫ A minimum of four longitudinal bars must be used when the bars

are enclosed by spaced rectangular or circular ties

⚫ A minimum of six bars must be used when the longitudinal bars

are enclosed by a continuous spiral.

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ACI Code Recommendations

 Spacing between long bars

⚫ According to ACI 25.2.3, For longitudinal reinforcement in columns,

clear spacing between bars shall be at least the greatest of;

i. 1.5 in.

ii. 1.5db

 Clear cover to bars

⚫ Cover shall be 1.5 in. minimum over primary reinforcement, ties or

spirals

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Recommendations

 Minimum diameter of lateral ties

⚫ According to ACI 25.7.2.2; Diameter of tie bar shall be at least (a)
or (b):

a. No. 3 enclosing No. 10 or smaller longitudinal bars

b. No. 4 enclosing No. 11 or larger longitudinal bars or bundled

longitudinal bars

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ACI Code Recommendations

 Maximum spacing of lateral ties

⚫ According to ACI 25.7.2.1;

⚫ Center-to-center spacing shall not exceed the least of;

i. 16db of longitudinal bar

ii. 48db of tie bar

iii. Smallest cross sectional dimension of member

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Recommendations

 Spacing and diameter of spiral reinforcement

⚫ According to ACI 25.7.3.2 the minimum spiral reinforcement size is
3/8 in.

⚫ According to ACI 25.7.3.1, Spacing/pitch of spiral must not be less

than 1 in. and greater than 3 in.

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Example 8.1

 Design a 18″ × 18″ tied column for a factored axial compressive load
of 300 kips. The material strengths are fc′ = 3 ksi and fy = 40 ksi.

18″

18″

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 8.1

 Solution

⚫ Nominal strength (αΦPn) of axially loaded column is:

⚫ αΦPn = 0.80Φ{0.85fc′(Ag – Ast) + Ast fy}

⚫ Ag = 18 x 18 = 324 in2

⚫ Let Ast = 1% of Ag = 0.01 x 324 = 3.24

⚫ αΦPn = 0.80 × 0.65 × {0.85 × 3 × (324 – 3.24) + 3.24 × 40}

= 492 kips > (Pu = 300 kips), O.K.

Therefore, Ast = 0.01 × 324 = 3.24 in2

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 8.1

 Solution

⚫ Main Bars:

⚫ Using #6 bar, with bar area Ab = 0.44 in2

⚫ No. of bars = As/Ab = 3.24 / 0.44 = 7.36 ≈ 8 bars

⚫ Use 8 #6 bars

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 8.1

 Solution

⚫ Tie Bars:

⚫ Using #3 bar, with bar area Ab = 0.11 in2

Center-to-center spacing shall not exceed the least of;

i. 16db of longitudinal bar = 16 x 0.75 = 12″

ii. 48db of tie bar = 48 x 3/8 = 18″

iii. smallest dimension of member = 18″

Therefore use #3 ties @ 12″ c/c

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 8.1

 Solution

⚫ Drafting
#3 ties @ 12″ c/c

A A
#3 ties @ 12″ c/c

18″
8, #6

8, #6 bars

18″
Long Section
Section A-A

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 Different arrangement of lateral ties in square column

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 8.2

 Design a 24 inch circular spiral column to support an axial

service dead load of 500 kips and an axial service live load of
230 kips. The material strengths are fc′ = 4.0 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of RC Columns

Part-II
Eccentrically Loaded Column

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Mechanics

 Consider a rectangular column subjected

to eccentric load Pu. The load will also
produce bending moment Mu, therefore the
column is subjected to an axial load Pu and y
x

bending moment Mu = Pu e

 To avoid failure

 ΦPn ≥ Pu and ΦMn ≥ Mu

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 Nominal axial capacity Pn can be calculated

as follows;
Pu
 Pn = Cc + Cs – T [ ∑F = 0 ]
Where;

Cc = 0.85fc′ab ; Cs = As1fs1 and T = As2 fs2

 Pn = 0.85fc′ ab + As1 fs1 - As2 fs2

 Since ΦPn = Pu and As1 = As2 = As

 ΦPn = Φ[0.85fc′ ab + As (fs1 - fs2)] = Pu ---(1)

Note: As1= Area of no of bars in a layer at distance d′. similarly As2 = Area of
no of bars in a layer at distance d.

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Mechanics

 Nominal flexural capacity, Mn can be calculated by taking

moment about centroid [ ∑M = 0 ]
P
u
 Mn = Cc (h/2 – a/2) + Cs (h/2 - d′) + T (h/2 - d′)

 ΦMn = Mu

 ΦMn = Φ[Cc (h/2 – a/2) + Cs (h/2 - d′) + T (h/2 - d′)] = Mu

 ΦMn = Φ[0.425 fc′ ab (h – a) + As {h/2 – d′}(fs1 + fs2 )]= Mu ---(2)

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Mechanics

It is important to note that equation (1) & (2) are valid

for two layers of reinforcements only
Pu
 ΦPn = Pu= Φ[0.85fc′ab+As(fs1 – fs2)] --------(1)

 ΦMn = Mu = Φ[0.425fc′ab(h–a)+As {h/2–d′}(fs1+fs2 )]---

---(2)

For intermediate layers of reinforcement, the

corresponding terms with “As” shall be added in the
equations.

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Mechanics

 The stress in compression (fs1) and

stress tensile (fs2) in steel is calculated
Pu
as follows;

 Stress in Compression Steel:

εs1 / (c – d′) = εu / c
εs1 = εu (c – d′) / c
fs1 = Es εs1
fs1 = Es {εu (c – d′) / c}

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 Stress in Tensile Steel:

εs2/(d - c) = εu/c
Pu
εs2 = εu (d-c) / c
fs2 = Es εs2
fs2 = Es {εu (d - c) / c}

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Mechanics

 Design by trial and success method

⚫ As discussed in previous lectures, the singly reinforced flexural

member can be designed by trial and success method using
following formulae:

⚫ As = Mu/ {Φfy (d – a/2)} & a = Asfy/0.85fc′b

⚫ In the same way, equations (1) and (2) may be used for design of
RC member subjected to compressive load with uniaxial bending

⚫ Pu=Φ[0.85fc′ab+As(fs1 – fs2)] …………………………………(1)

⚫ Mu=Φ[0.425fc′ab(h – a) + As{(h/2) - d′}(fs1 + fs2)] …………..(2)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 Design by trial and success method

⚫ However unlike equations for beam where fs = fy, here we don’t

know values of fs1 and fs2 . But we do know that steel stress shall
be taken equal to or less than yield strength. Therefore

⚫ fs1 = Eεs1 = 0.003E (c – d′)/c ≤ fy

⚫ fs2 = Eεs2 = 0.003E (d – c)/c ≤ fy

⚫ Equation (1) can be now written in the following form

⚫ Pu = Φ {0.85fc′β1cb + AsE × 0.003(c – d′)/c – AsE × 0.003(d – c)/c)}---(1a)

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Mechanics

 Design by trial and success method

⚫ Equation (1a) can be transformed into a quadratic equation to

obtain the value of “c” for a particular demand Pu and
assumed As:

⚫ Φ0.85fc′ β1bc2 + (Φ174As – Pu)c – Φ87As (d – d′) = 0

⚫ However such approach will not be convenient because the

check that stresses in reinforcement layers fs1 and fs2 shall
not exceed fy can not be applied in the above equation.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 Design by trial and success method

⚫ As an example, with Mu = 40 ft-kip, Pu = 145 kips, As = 0.88 in2,

fc′ = 3 ksi, fy = 40 ksi, b = h = 12″, d = 9.5″ and d′ = 2.5″,
c comes out to be 6.08″ from quadratic equation.

⚫ For c = 6.08″, now fs1 and fs2 shall be ≤ fy

⚫ fs1 = Eεs1 = 0.003E (c – d′)/c = 51 ksi ; greater than 40 ksi

⚫ fs2 = Eεs2 = 0.003E (d – c)/c = 49 ksi ; greater than 40 ksi

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Mechanics

 Design by trial and success method

⚫ It means that every time when we obtain value of c, we have

to check stresses in steel and only that value of c will be used
when fs1 and fs2 are ≤ fy .

⚫ Therefore this method of trial and success will not work in

members subjected to axial load and flexure together. We
now look at another approach.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 Alternative approach

⚫ Instead of calculating c, we assume c and calculate ФPn and

ФMn for a given set of data such as follows:

⚫ ΦPn = Φ [0.85fc′ ab + As (fs1 - fs2)]

⚫ ФMn = Φ [0.425fc′β1c b (h – a) + As {(h/2) – d′} (fs1 + fs2)]

⚫ For As = 0.88 in2 (for two bars), fc′ = 3 ksi, fy = 40 ksi, b = h =

12″, d = 9.5″ and d′ = 2.5″ , all values in the above equations

are known except “c”.

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Mechanics

 Alternative approach

⚫ ФPn and ФMn are calculated for various values of “c” from 0
to h, with the check that during calculations fs1 and fs2 do not
exceed fy for both equations.

c (in) ФPn (kips) ФMn (kip-ft)

0 ≤ c ≤ (h = 12)
3.69 55.55 34.39
5 84.53 40.64
7 123.45 41.69
9 172.27 35.05
12 236.12 18.86
Axial capacity 281 0

Table 4
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 Alternative approach

⚫ Plot the values and check the capacity of the column for the
demand equal to Mu = 40 ft-kip and Pu = 145 kips

Demand point
(40,145)

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Interaction Diagram

 General:
⚫ For a column of known dimensions and reinforcement, several pairs of
P and M from various values of “c” using equations 1 and 2 can be
obtained and plotted as shown. Such a graph is known as capacity
curve or interaction diagram. Nominal and Design diagrams are given
in the figure.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 General:
⚫ If the factored demand in the form of Pu and Mu lies inside the
design interaction diagram, the given column will be safe against
that demand.

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Interaction Diagram

 Important features of Interaction diagram:

⚫ Horizontal Cutoff: The horizontal cutoff at upper end of the
curve at a value of αΦPn represents the maximum design load
specified in the ACI 318-19 10.4.2.1 for small eccentricities i.e.,
large axial loads.

0.8Po

0.8ΦPo

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Important features of Interaction diagram:

⚫ Linear Transition of Φ: Variation of Φ from 0.65 to 0.90 is
applicable for εt ≤ fy/Es to εt = εty + 0.003 respectively.

0.8Po

0.8ΦPo

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Development of Interaction Diagram

⚫ Interaction diagram can be

developed by calculation of
certain points as discussed
below:

⚫ Point 01: Point representing

capacity of column when
concentrically loaded.

⚫ This represents the point for

which Mn = 0.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development of Interaction Diagram

⚫ Point 02: c = h

⚫ Point 2 corresponds to
crushing of the concrete at
the compression face of the
section and zero stress at
the other face.

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Development of Interaction Diagram

⚫ Point 03: c = (h-d′)

⚫ At Point 3, the strain in the

reinforcing bars farthest
from the compression face
is equal to zero.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development of Interaction Diagram

⚫ Point 04: c = 0.68d (Grade 40)

c = 0.58d (Grade 60)

⚫ Point representing capacity of

column for balance failure
condition (εc = 0.003 and εt = εy).

c = d {εc/ (εc + εy)}

εc = 0.003
εy = 0.0013 (Grade 40)
εy = 0.0021 (Grade 60)

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Development of Interaction Diagram

⚫ Point 05:

⚫ c = 0.41d, for fy = 40 ksi

c = 0.37d, for fy = 60 ksi

⚫ Point in tension controlled

region for net tensile strain
(εt = εty +0.003), and Φ=0.90,
(εc = 0.003).

c = d {εc/ (εc + εt)}

εc = 0.003
εt = εty + 0.003

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development of Interaction Diagram

⚫ Point 06:

c = 0.23d for Fy = 60 ksi

c = 0.25d for Fy = 40 ksi

⚫ Point on capacity curve for

which εt >> εt = εty +0.003
and εc = 0.003 and Φ = 0.90.

c = d {εc/ (εc + εt)}

εc = 0.003
εt >> εty + 0.003

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Example 8.3

 Develop interaction diagram for the given column. The material

strengths are fc′ = 3 ksi and fy = 40 ksi with 4 no. 6 bars.

12″
12″

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 8.3

 Solution:
⚫ Design interaction diagram will be developed by plotting (06)
points as discussed earlier.

⚫ Point 1: Point representing capacity of column when

concentrically loaded: Therefore

⚫ ΦPn = Φ [0.85fc′(Ag − Ast) + fyAst]

= 0.65 × [0.85×3×(144 – 1.76) + 40 × 1.76] = 281.52 kip

⚫ ΦMn = 0

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Example 8.3

 Solution:
⚫ Point 2: c = h
⚫ c = 12 ″ (c = h); a = β1c = 0.85 × 12 = 10.2″
⚫ fs1 = 0.003E (c – d′)/c = 0.003×29000(12 – 2.25)/12 = 70.69 ksi > fy,
use fy = 40 ksi.
⚫ fs2 = 0.003E (d – c)/c = 0.003×29000(9.75 – 12)/12 = -16.31 ksi< fy
⚫ Therefore, ΦPn = Φ {0.85fc′ab + As fs1 – Asfs2}
= 0.65{0.85×3×10.2×12 +0.88×40+0.88×16.31} = 235.09 kip
⚫ ΦMn = Φ [0.425fc′ab (h – a) + As {(h/2) – d′} (fs1 + fs2)]
= 0.65[0.425×3×10.2×12×(12–10.2)+0.88×{(12/2) – 2.25}(40-16.31)]
= 233.41 in-kip = 19.45 ft-kip

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 8.3

 Solution:
⚫ Point 3: c = (h-d′)
⚫ c = 12-2.25 = 9.75; a = β1c = 0.85 × 9.75 = 8.29″

⚫ fs1 = 0.003E (c – d′)/c = 0.003×29000(9.75 – 2.25)/9.75 = 66.92 ksi > fy,

use fy = 40 ksi.

⚫ fs2 = 0.003E (d – c)/c = 0.003×29000(9.75 – 9.75)/9.75 = 0 ksi< fy

⚫ Therefore, ΦPn = Φ {0.85fc′ab + As fs1 – Asfs2}

⚫ = 0.65{0.85×3×8.29×12 +0.88×40} = 187.77 kip

⚫ ΦMn = Φ [0.425fc′ab (h – a) + As {(h/2) – d′} (fs1 + fs2)]

= 0.65[0.425×3×8.29×12×(12–8.29)+0.88×{(12/2) – 2.25}(40)]

= 391.67 in-kip = 32.64 ft-kip

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Example 8.3

 Solution:
⚫ Point 4: Point representing balance failure: The neutral axis for
the balanced failure condition is easily calculated from
c = d {εu/ (εu + εy)} with εu equal to 0.003 and εy = 40/29000 =
0.001379, c = 0.68d

⚫ cb = d {εu/ (εu + εy)} = 9.75 × 0.003/ (0.003 + 0.001379)

= 0.68d = 6.63″ giving a stress-block depth;
ab = β1cb = 0.85 × 6.63 = 5.63″

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 8.3

 Solution:
⚫ Point 4: Balance failure: For the balanced failure condition, fs = fy.

⚫ fs1 = 0.003E (c – d′)/c = 0.003×29000(6.63–2.25)/6.63= 57.47 ksi > fy,

⚫ fs2 = 0.003E (d – c)/c = 0.003×29000(9.75 – 6.63)/6.63 = 40.94 ksi > fy

⚫ Therefore, ΦPb = Φ {0.85fc′ab + Asfs1 – Asfs2}

= 0.65{0.85×3×5.63×12 +0.88×40–0.88×40} = 111.98 kip

⚫ ΦMb = Φ [0.425fc′ab (h – a) + As {(h/2) – d′} (fs1 + fs2)]

= 0.65[0.425×3×5.63×12×(12–5.63)+0.88×{(12/2) – 2.25}(40 + 40)]

= 528.26 in-kip = 44.02 ft-kip

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Example 8.3

 Solution:
⚫ Point 5: This point is in tension controlled region for which εt = εty + 0.003,
Φ = 0.90:
⚫ For εt = εty +0.003; c = d {εu/ (εu + εt)} = 9.75× {0.003/ (0.003 + 0.0044)}
= 0.41d = 4″
⚫ a = β1c = 0.85 × 4 = 3.4″
⚫ fs1 = 0.003E (c – d′)/c = 0.003×29000(4 – 2.25)/4 = 38.1 ksi < fy
⚫ fs2 = 0.003E (d – c)/c = 0.003×29000(9.75 – 4)/4 = 125 ksi > fy,
use fy = 40 ksi.
⚫ Therefore, ΦPn = Φ{0.85fc′ab + Asfs1 – Asfs2}
= 0.90{0.85×3×3.4×12 +0.88×38.1–0.88×40}= 92.1 kip
⚫ ΦMn = Φ [0.425fc′ab (h – a) + As {(h/2) – d′} (fs1 + fs2)]
⚫ = 0.90[0.425×3×3.4×12×(12–3.4)+0.88×{(12/2) – 2.25}(38.1+40)]
= 634.6 in-kip = 52.9 ft-kip

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 8.3

 Solution:
⚫ Point 6: Point on capacity curve for which εt >> εty +0.003 :
⚫ Let εt = 2 × 0.0044 = 0.0088; c = d {εu/ (εu + εt)} = 9.75× {0.003/ (0.003 +
0.0088)} = 0.25d = 2.44″
⚫ a = β1c = 0.85 × 2.44 = 2.1″
⚫ fs1 = 0.003E (c – d′)/c = 0.003×29000(2.44 – 2.25)/2.44 = 6.77 < fy
⚫ fs2 = 0.003E (d – c)/c = 0.003×29000(9.75 – 2.44)/2.44 = 260 ksi > fy,
use fy = 40 ksi.
⚫ Therefore, ΦPn = Φ{0.85fc′ab + Asfs1 – Asfs2 }
= 0.90{0.85×3×2.1×12 +0.88×6.77 – 0.88×40} = 31.5 kip
⚫ ΦMn = Φ [0.425fc′ab (h – a) + As {(h/2) – d′} (fs1 + fs2)]
= 0.90[0.425×3×2.1×12×(12–2.1)+0.88×{(12/2) – 2.25}(6.77 +40)
= 425.2 in-kip = 35.43 ft-kip

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Example 8.3

 Solution:

M vs P
h
d
d'
500

450

b
Nominal Interaction
400
Curve
350

Layer 02

Layer 01
300 Design Interaction
Curve
P (kip)

250
0.80fPo
200

150

100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80

M (kip-ft)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE-320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 63

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 8.4

 Develop interaction diagram for the given column. The

material strengths are fc′ = 3 ksi and fy = 60 ksi with 4 no. 8
bars.
12″

12″

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Use of Design Aids

 Use of Design Aids:

⚫ The uniaxial columns can be designed
using design aids e.g, normalized
interaction diagrams such as given in
graph A5-A16 (Nilson). These diagrams
require the calculation of a dimensionless
constant γ. h
d′ γh d′

⚫ h = γh+2d′

γ = (h-2d′)/h b X

Y
⚫ Once γ is calculated, the interaction
diagram corresponding to the value of γ is
selected & then column can be designed
using steps given on the next slides.
Reference: Design of Concrete Structures 13th Ed. by
Nilson, Darwin and Dolan.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Use of Design Aids

 Use of Design Aids: Graph A.5 to A.16

(Nilson)

⚫ Calculate γ = (h − 2 × d′) / h, select the

relevant interaction diagram.

⚫ Given Pu, e, Ag, fy, and fc′

⚫ Calculate Kn = Pn/(fc′Ag)= Pu/(Φfc′Ag)

Kn
⚫ Calculate Rn = Mn/(fc′Agh)= Mu/(Φfc′Agh)

⚫ From the values of Kn & Rn, find ρ from

the graph as shown.

⚫ Ast = ρAg Rn
Reference: Design of Concrete Structures 13th Ed. by
Nilson, Darwin and Dolan.

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Example 8.5

 Using design aids, design a 12″ square column to support

factored load of 145 kip and a factored moment of 40 kip-ft. The
material strengths are fc′ = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.

12″
12″

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 8.5

 Solution: Design Aids (using fc′ = 4 ksi and

fy = 60 ksi)

⚫ With d′ = 2.5 in, γ = (12 − 2 × 2.5)/12 = 0.60.

⚫ Kn = Pu/(Φfc′Ag) = 145/(0.65 × 4 × 144) = 0.40

⚫ Rn = Mu/( Φfc′Agh) = (40 × 12)/ (0.65 × 4 × 144

× 12) = 0.11

⚫ ρ = 0.007

⚫ Ast = 0.007 × 144 = 1.0 in2. < 1 % of Ag =1.44

⚫ Using #6 bar,

No. of bars = Ast/Ab = 1.44/0.44 ≈ 4 bars

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Example 8.6

 Using design aids, design a 15″ square column to support

factored load of 200 kip and a factored moment of 80 kip-ft. The
material strengths are fc′ = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.

 Note: Design aids will be provided in the examination.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

References

 Design of Concrete Structures 14th / 15th edition by Nilson, Darwin

and Dolan.

 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19)

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