WEEK – 3 DATABASE TECHNOLOGY ASSIGNMNET

1) Explain in detail about in-built functions using SQL with examples.

Built-In Functions in SQL Server:

 Built-In functions are used in SQL SELECT expressions to calculate values
and manipulate data. These functions can be used anywhere expressions
are allowed. Common uses of functions include changing a name to all
upper case. In this article, we’ll introduce you to basic concepts.
 All the examples for this lesson are based on Microsoft SQL Server
Management Studio and the AdventureWorks2012 database.

What are Built-In Functions?

 In SQL a built-in function is a piece for programming that takes zero or
more inputs and returns a value. An example of a built-in function is
ABS(), which when given a value calculates the absolute (non-negative)
value of the number.
 Some functions, such as ABS() are used to perform calculations, others
such as GETDATE() are used to obtain a system value, such as the current
data, or others, like LEFT(), are used to manipulate textual data.
 Here is a simple query using the absolute value function.
SELECT Name,
ABS(500 - ReorderPoint) ReorderPointDeviation
FROM production.Product
WHERE ABS(500 - ReorderPoint) > 200
 In this query we first calculate the difference between 500 and a product’s
reorder point. The ABS function is then used to return the result as a
positive number.
 There are several things to note regarding functions.
 The inputs to a function are called parameters. Not all function has
parameters, and some functions have more than one.
 Parameters are enclosed in parenthesis.
  We use functions in the SELECT clause as well as the WHERE filter
condition. A function can be used anywhere in a SELECT statement that
you can use an expression.
 Functions are reserved words. I would avoid using them as column or
table names. If you do, then expect to qualify your names with brackets
[].
 As you learn more about functions you soon find they are vital in being
able to calculate and manipulate your query results. We’ll dig deeper into
specific functions and their uses in future posts, but before we do so, let’s
talk about the type of data a function can return.

How do Functions Behave?

 Some functions return the same value each time you call them. These are
said to be deterministic functions. For a given input, these functions
return the same value each time they are called…
 SQRT(), which is used to return the square root of a number, is
deterministic. No matter how many times you run
 SELECT SQRT(9)
 It will return, 3.
 Non-deterministic functions’ return value may change from execution to
execution. GETDATE(), which returns the current date and time, is a
good example.
 SELECT GETDATE()
 Returns a different value second by second.
 This is important to keep in mind when writing and troubleshooting
queries. If your query contains non-deterministic functions, then you
should expect the results to change. If you didn’t think of this and you
were comparing query results you may think the inconsistent results
indicated a major problem, when it was only a non-deterministic function
behaving as it should.
 Later, as you start to program SQL, and write your own UDF’s (User
Defined Functions), and work with indexes, you find that a
nondeterministic function limit where you can use incorporate your
UDF’s into the database.
 Function Categories
 There are over a hundred built-in functions in SQL Server. To understand
their breadth of application, I would recommend visiting the Built-In
Functions (Transact SQL) page on the MDSN site.

 The categories we’ll cover next are:

 Conversion Functions
 Logical Functions
 Math Functions
 String Functions
 Date Functions

 MySQL has many built-in functions.

 This reference contains string, numeric, date, and some advanced
functions in MySQL.

MySQL String Functions

Function Description

ASCII Returns the ASCII value for the specific character

CHAR_LENGTH Returns the length of a string (in characters)

CHARACTER_LENGTH Returns the length of a string (in characters)

CONCAT Adds two or more expressions together

CONCAT_WS Adds two or more expressions together with a separator

FIELD Returns the index position of a value in a list of values

FIND_IN_SET Returns the position of a string within a list of strings

FORMAT Formats a number to a format like "#,###,###.##", rounded to a

specified number of decimal places

INSERT Inserts a string within a string at the specified position and for a
certain number of characters

INSTR Returns the position of the first occurrence of a string in another

string

LCASE Converts a string to lower-case

LEFT Extracts a number of characters from a string (starting from left)

LENGTH Returns the length of a string (in bytes)

LOCATE Returns the position of the first occurrence of a substring in a string

LOWER Converts a string to lower-case

LPAD Left-pads a string with another string, to a certain length

LTRIM Removes leading spaces from a string

MID Extracts a substring from a string (starting at any position)

POSITION Returns the position of the first occurrence of a substring in a string

REPEAT Repeats a string as many times as specified

REPLACE Replaces all occurrences of a substring within a string, with a new

substring

REVERSE Reverses a string and returns the result

RIGHT Extracts a number of characters from a string (starting from right)

RPAD Right-pads a string with another string, to a certain length

RTRIM Removes trailing spaces from a string

SPACE Returns a string of the specified number of space characters

STRCMP Compares two strings

SUBSTR Extracts a substring from a string (starting at any position)

SUBSTRING Extracts a substring from a string (starting at any position)

SUBSTRING_INDEX Returns a substring of a string before a specified number of delimiter

occurs

TRIM Removes leading and trailing spaces from a string

UCASE Converts a string to upper-case

UPPER Converts a string to upper-case

MySQL Numeric Functions

Function Description

ABS Returns the absolute value of a number

ACOS Returns the arc cosine of a number

ASIN Returns the arc sine of a number

ATAN Returns the arc tangent of one or two numbers

ATAN2 Returns the arc tangent of two numbers

AVG Returns the average value of an expression

CEIL Returns the smallest integer value that is >= to a number

CEILING Returns the smallest integer value that is >= to a number

COS Returns the cosine of a number

COT Returns the cotangent of a number

COUNT Returns the number of records returned by a select query

DEGREES Converts a value in radians to degrees

DIV Used for integer division

EXP Returns e raised to the power of a specified number

FLOOR Returns the largest integer value that is <= to a number

GREATEST Returns the greatest value of the list of arguments

LEAST Returns the smallest value of the list of arguments

LN Returns the natural logarithm of a number

LOG Returns the natural logarithm of a number, or the logarithm of a

number to a specified base

LOG10 Returns the natural logarithm of a number to base 10

LOG2 Returns the natural logarithm of a number to base 2

MAX Returns the maximum value in a set of values

MIN Returns the minimum value in a set of values

MOD Returns the remainder of a number divided by another number

PI Returns the value of PI

POW Returns the value of a number raised to the power of another number

POWER Returns the value of a number raised to the power of another number

RADIANS Converts a degree value into radians

RAND Returns a random number

ROUND Rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places

SIGN Returns the sign of a number

SIN Returns the sine of a number

SQRT Returns the square root of a number

SUM Calculates the sum of a set of values

TAN Returns the tangent of a number

TRUNCATE Truncates a number to the specified number of decimal places

 MySQL Date Functions

Function Description

ADDDATE Adds a time/date interval to a date and then returns the date

ADDTIME Adds a time interval to a time/datetime and then returns the

time/datetime

CURDATE Returns the current date

CURRENT_DATE Returns the current date

CURRENT_TIME Returns the current time

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP Returns the current date and time

CURTIME Returns the current time

DATE Extracts the date part from a datetime expression

DATEDIFF Returns the number of days between two date values

DATE_ADD Adds a time/date interval to a date and then returns the date

DATE_FORMAT Formats a date

DATE_SUB Subtracts a time/date interval from a date and then returns the date

DAY Returns the day of the month for a given date

DAYNAME Returns the weekday name for a given date

DAYOFMONTH Returns the day of the month for a given date

DAYOFWEEK Returns the weekday index for a given date

DAYOFYEAR Returns the day of the year for a given date

EXTRACT Extracts a part from a given date

FROM_DAYS Returns a date from a numeric datevalue

HOUR Returns the hour part for a given date

LAST_DAY Extracts the last day of the month for a given date

LOCALTIME Returns the current date and time

LOCALTIMESTAMP Returns the current date and time

MAKEDATE Creates and returns a date based on a year and a number of days
value

MAKETIME Creates and returns a time based on an hour, minute, and second
value

MICROSECOND Returns the microsecond part of a time/datetime

MINUTE Returns the minute part of a time/datetime

MONTH Returns the month part for a given date

MONTHNAME Returns the name of the month for a given date

NOW Returns the current date and time

PERIOD_ADD Adds a specified number of months to a period

PERIOD_DIFF Returns the difference between two periods

QUARTER Returns the quarter of the year for a given date value

SECOND Returns the seconds part of a time/datetime

SEC_TO_TIME Returns a time value based on the specified seconds

STR_TO_DATE Returns a date based on a string and a format

SUBDATE Subtracts a time/date interval from a date and then returns the date

SUBTIME Subtracts a time interval from a datetime and then returns the
time/datetime

SYSDATE Returns the current date and time

TIME Extracts the time part from a given time/datetime

TIME_FORMAT Formats a time by a specified format

TIME_TO_SEC Converts a time value into seconds

TIMEDIFF Returns the difference between two time/datetime expressions

TIMESTAMP Returns a datetime value based on a date or datetime value

TO_DAYS Returns the number of days between a date and date "0000-00-00"

WEEK Returns the week number for a given date

WEEKDAY Returns the weekday number for a given date

WEEKOFYEAR Returns the week number for a given date

YEAR Returns the year part for a given date

YEARWEEK Returns the year and week number for a given date

MySQL Advanced Functions

Function Description

BIN Returns a binary representation of a number

BINARY Converts a value to a binary string

CASE Goes through conditions and return a value when the first condition is
met

CAST Converts a value (of any type) into a specified datatype

COALESCE Returns the first non-null value in a list

CONNECTION_ID Returns the unique connection ID for the current connection

CONV Converts a number from one numeric base system to another

CONVERT Converts a value into the specified datatype or character set

CURRENT_USER Returns the user name and host name for the MySQL account that the
server used to authenticate the current client

DATABASE Returns the name of the current database

IF Returns a value if a condition is TRUE, or another value if a condition is

 FALSE

IFNULL Return a specified value if the expression is NULL, otherwise return the
expression

ISNULL Returns 1 or 0 depending on whether an expression is NULL

LAST_INSERT_ID Returns the AUTO_INCREMENT id of the last row that has been
inserted or updated in a table

NULLIF Compares two expressions and returns NULL if they are equal.
Otherwise, the first expression is returned

SESSION_USER Returns the current MySQL user name and host name

SYSTEM_USER Returns the current MySQL user name and host name

USER Returns the current MySQL user name and host name

VERSION Returns the current version of the MySQL database