Republic of the Philippines 1

Cagayan State University

CARIG CAMPUS

SECTION 2. Mathematics as a Tool

➢ Geometric Designs
• Recognizing and analyzing geometric shapes
• Transformations
• Patterns and diagrams
• Designs, arts, & culture
➢ Codes
• Binary codes
• Integers in computers
• Logic and computer addition
• Text data
• Errors and error correction
• Error detecting codes
• Repetition and hamming codes
➢ Linear programming
• Linear inequalities
• Geometry of linear programming
• Simplex method

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Apply geometric concepts, especially isometries in describing and creating designs
2. Contribute to the enrichment of the Filipino culture and arts using concepts in geometry
3. Use coding schemes to encode and decode different types of information for identification,
privacy, and security purposes
4. Exemplify honesty and integrity when using codes for security purposes
5. Use mathematical concepts and tools in other areas such as in finance, voting, logic, business,
networks and systems

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Republic of the Philippines 2
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

PRESENTATION OF CONTENT

➢ Geometric Designs
• Recognizing and analyzing geometric shapes
Polygons Page 3 In elementary geometry, a polygon is a plane figure that is bounded by a finite
chain of straight line segments closing in a loop to form a closed polygonal chain or circuit.

These segments are called its edges or sides, and the points where two edges meet are the polygon's
vertices or corners. The interior of the polygon is sometimes called its body.

An n-gon is a polygon with n sides (e.g., a triangle is a 3-gon).

A polygon is a two-dimensional example of the more general polytope in any number of dimensions.

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Republic of the Philippines 3
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

Regular Polygons

Solids
Geometric Solids are 3-Dimensional (or “3-D”) shapes – which means they have the 3 dimensions
of width, depth, and height. Basic examples are spheres, cubes, cylinders, and pyramids. But there
are lots of others. Some geometric solids have faces that are flat, curved, or both. Some have faces
that are all the same shape. Some have faces that are different shapes. But they all have 3
dimensions.

Non-polyhedra
Solids come in 2 types: non-polyhedra and polyhedra. Non-polyhedra describes any geometric
solid that has any surface that is not flat, like a sphere, cone, or cylinder.

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Republic of the Philippines 4
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

Polyhedra
Polyhedra describes a geometric solid that has all flat faces (but the faces don’t have to be the
same size or shape). Polyhedra must have at least 4 faces (but there is no limit to how many faces
they can have). Some examples of polyhedra are pictured below:

Some of the Polyhedra are called Truncated. Truncated means that something is cut off. That is, the
corners, called “vertices,” are cut off and replaced with a new face. For example, a truncated cube
has new triangle shaped faces where the cube’s vertices were. The shape of the original polyhedra
will determine the shape of the new face in each vertex.

The pictures below show a cube, and then a truncated cube.

A Platonic Solid is a special type of Polyhedra, in which each face is exactly the same, and the same
number of faces meet at each corner, or vertex. They were named after a famous philosopher and
mathematician from ancient Greece named Plato.

Amazingly, there are only 5 geometric solids that qualify as platonic solids.

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Republic of the Philippines 5
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

The Five platonic solids

• Transformations

Transformations (flips, slides, turns,resize)

 Figures in a plane can be reflected, rotated, slid (translated) or resized (dilated) to produce new
figures.  The new figure is the image, and the original figure is the pre-image
 The operation that maps (or moves) the preimage onto the image is called a transformation

4 Basic Transformations

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Republic of the Philippines 6
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Republic of the Philippines 7
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Republic of the Philippines 8
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

A rigid transformation is called an isometry

A transformation in the plane is an isometry if it preserves lengths. (That is, every segment is
congruent to its image)  It can be proved that isometries not only preserve lengths, they also
preserves angle measures, parallel lines, and betweenness of points.

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Republic of the Philippines 9
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

• Patterns and diagrams

Symmetry is the beauty of form arising from balanced proportions

Geometrical symmetry is of three types. These are listed below :

1) Reflectional Symmetry
2) Rotational Symmetry
3) Translational Symmetry

Reflectional symmetry is a kind of symmetry in which half of the image is exactly same as the other
half. That is, in reflectional symmetry, either left portion is the reflection of right portion or the
upper portion is the reflection of lower portion. In this type of symmetry, one can draw either a
horizontal or a vertical line across the image.

Reflectional symmetry is also known as reflection symmetry,

bilateral symmetry, mirror symmetry or mirrorimage symmetry

Examples of Reflectional Symmetry

Reflectional symmetry can be seen almost everywhere in the nature. The image of a tree or a
mountain in the river is a good example of horizontal symmetry, since we can draw a horizontal line
which divides it in exactly same reflection

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Republic of the Philippines 10
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

Examples of Reflectional Symmetry A butterfly is a fine example of vertical reflectional symmetry

as shown in the figure below:

Rotational symmetry is a type of symmetry in which the image is rotated to a certain degree about
at axis (generally center) and still look same as previous.

Rotational symmetry does possess orders. When an image is

rotated two times and looks same, it is said to have rotational
symmetry of second order. Similarly, if an image is rotated three
times and still is the same, then it possesses order three rotational
symmetry, and so on.

Images formed by kaleidoscope are one of the best examples of rotational symmetry.

The petals of a perfect sunflower also follow rotational

symmetry as shown in the figure:

Examples of Rotational Symmetry

A dart board may also be an example of rotational symmetry

of order 10:

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Republic of the Philippines 11
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

Another example of rotational symmetry is shown in this figure:

Translational symmetry is a kind of symmetry in which a particular pattern or design is shifted from
one place to another. That is, a type of symmetry in which a object changes its place without rotation
or reflection. The exact same image is found on another place, even the orientation of the image is
the same.

In the image at the left, the shape, size and orientation of the
triangle is exactly the same. The same triangle is drawn at
another place. Therefore, the two such triangles are said to have
translational symmetry.

Examples of Translational Symmetry

A chessboard is seemed to follow translation of black and

white squares.

The honeycomb is also a perfect example of this kind of

symmetry.

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Republic of the Philippines 12
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

Rosette pattern is a moiré pattern whose high frequency reduces its visibility. Rosette patterns have
been used as architectural and sculptural decorations of the new century. A symmetry group is the
collection of all symmetries of a plane figure. There are two types of symmetry groups which are
known as rosette symmetry groups. These are:
1. Cyclic symmetry, and
2. Dihedral symmetry.

Cyclic Symmetry Cyclic symmetry group has rotation symmetry only around a center point. If the
rotation has n order, the group is called Cn.

Triskele of the Amfreville Gaulish helmet with cyclic (C3 )

symmetry.

Dihedral symmetry group has rotation symmetry around a center point with reflection lines through
the center point.

The symmetry group of a snowflake with dihedral (D6 )

symmetry.

• Designs, arts, & culture

Mindanao Designs, Arts, and Culture Page 68 Mindanao is the home of 18 tribal groups which have
made weaving their identity, culture, and way of life. For these indigenous communities, woven
textile conveys their creativity, beliefs, and ideologies, and there are some very interesting
geometrical themes imbedded in this art culture. Some of their crafts are as follows:

There are 18 Lumad ethnolinguistic groups recognized by the Philippine government. However,
there are probably about 25 or more. Owing to the isolation of these groups, the Philippine census
has never been consistent. The Lumads are:
The Subanen Manobo
B'laan T'boli
Mandaya Mansaka
Tiruray Higaonon
Bagobo Bukidnon
Tagakaolo Banwaon
Dibabawon Talaandig
Mamanua Manguangan

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Republic of the Philippines 13
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

There are also 13 Muslim ethnolinguistic groups:

Maranao Maguindanao
Tausug Kalagan
Sangil Ilanun/Iranun
Palibugan Yakan
Sama Badjao
Jumamapun Palawanon
Molbog

The Mandaya people of Davao Oriental are known for their weaving pattern called ikat using abaca
fibers.

The Maranao are famous for their sophisticated weaving with design and colors. A versatile garb
called malong is a handwoven fabric with beautifully patterned designs.

The Yakan people of Basilan are recognized for their remarkable technicolor geometric weaves and
distinctive face decorations used in their traditional ceremonies

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Republic of the Philippines 14
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Republic of the Philippines 15
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

QUIZ #2 Deadline May 27, 2022 @11:59PM

Name /describe the pattern in the design below:
1.

2.

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Republic of the Philippines 16
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

3.

4.

5.

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Republic of the Philippines 17
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

➢ Codes
• Binary codes
• Integers in computers
• Logic and computer addition
• Text data
• Errors and error correction
• Error detecting codes
• Repetition and hamming codes
➢ Linear programming
• Linear inequalities
• Geometry of linear programming
• Simplex method

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Republic of the Philippines 18
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

APPLICATION

FEEDBACK

Activity #1.

REFERENCES:
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/batangas-state-university/advance-mathematics/definition-
mathematics-in-modern-world-lesson-4/12011541

Instructor: Melowin Bibes Mamba, ECE, ECT Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD