Microprocessor and

Interfacing
Ch4_lec1_ Basic C
programming Structure

Kassahun Tamir 1
 Outline
 C Programming IDEs
 Micro-controller header files
 Compiler data types
 Different types of variables
 Arithmetic operations
 Bit parallel logical operations
 Shift and relational operations
 Structures
✗ If-then-else
✗ Switch
✗ While and do while
✗For
 Functions, Arrays and Pointers
Kassahun Tamir 2
 C Programming IDEs
 We interconnect the Hardware/Electronics parts using hardware
simulators such as, Proteus

 Then we need to write an Embedded C or Assembly code, and

then upload the .hex file into the micro-controller

 To simulate the Embedded C program: MPLAB or MikroC is

recommended

Kassahun Tamir 3
 Micro-controller header files
 An embedded program in its simplest form:
Header Files,
Macros, and
Function and
Global Variable Declaration

Configuring Registers
Local Variables Declaration

Loop Forever
Kassahun Tamir 4
 Different Types of Variables
 A variable is declared by the reserved word indicating its type
and size followed by an identifier.

Kassahun Tamir 5
 Arithmetic Operations
 Binary Arithmetic Operators:
+ - * / %
 Unary Operators:
++ --

Kassahun Tamir 6
 Bit Parallel Logical Operations
 Logical Operators:
&& AND
|| OR
! NOT

 Bit-wise Operators:
& Bit-wise AND
| Bit-wise OR
^ Exclusive OR (XOR)
~ Complement
>> Shift to the Right
<< Shift to the Left
Kassahun Tamir 7
 Shift and Relational Operations
 Shift Operators:
>> Shift Right
<< Shift Left

 Relational Operators:
==
!=
<
>
<=
>=
Kassahun Tamir 8
 Control Structures: If-then-else
 The “if” selection statement:

 The “if … else” selection statement:

 “If … else’s ” equivalent(using Conditional Operator)

Kassahun Tamir 9
 Control Structures: If-then-else
 Nested “if…else” statements:

Kassahun Tamir 10
Control Structures: switch case

Kassahun Tamir 11
 Functions
 Why Functions?

 “Divide and conquer”

 Reusability

 Avoid repeating code in a program

Kassahun Tamir 12
 Functions
 Function Definition:

 Function Definition
Example:

 Function Call:

Kassahun Tamir 13
 Arrays: One Dimensional Arrays
 Defining Arrays:

 Size of arrays are given during declaration either

explicitly or implicitly

 Arrays can be initialized:

✗
During declaration
✗
Using “loop”

Kassahun Tamir 14
 Arrays: One Dimensional Arrays
 Examples:

Kassahun Tamir 15
 Arrays: One Dimensional Arrays
 Using character arrays to store and manipulate
Strings
 Assign String values to character arrays

 Explicitly give characters using braces { }, put every

character in single quotes ‘ ’ and separate them using
comma (,)

Kassahun Tamir 16
 Arrays: One Dimensional Arrays
 Passing Arrays to Functions:
 They are passed by
reference implicitly

Kassahun Tamir 17
Arrays: Multidimensional Arrays

Kassahun Tamir 18
 Pointers
 A variable that holds a memory address

 This address is the location of another address in the

memory

 Pointers as an address indicates where to find an

object: pointers contain memory addresses as their
values

Kassahun Tamir 19
 &, * and Declaring variables of pointer type
 & is used to reference the memory address of a
variable

 When we declare a variable, 3 things happened

✗ Computer memory is set aside for variable

✗ Variable name is linked to that location in memory

✗ Value of variable is placed into memory that was set

aside
Kassahun Tamir 20
 &, * and Declaring variables of pointer type
Data-type *name;
 * is a unary operator, also called as indirection
operator

 Data-type is the type of object which the pointer is

pointing

 Any type of pointer can point to any where in the

memory

 * is used to declare a pointer and also to dereference

a pointer Kassahun Tamir 21
 &, * and Declaring variables of pointer type
 int *m;
✗ Declaring variable m which holds the value at address of int
type
✗ compiler assumes that any address that it holds points to an
integer type
 int count = 10;
✗ Assigning the literal value of 10
 m = &count;
✗ It means memory address of count variable is stored into m
✗ So it means m receives the address of count
 & is unary operator that returns them memory address
 int deref = *m
✗ Printf(“%d\n”,deref);
Kassahun Tamir 22
✗ Output will be 10
 Pointer Initialization
 You need to set proper values (address) to point like
you set values for variables, just before you can use
them
 Initialize them at the time of declaration with of a
known variable:
int *ptr =&count
 If not initialized, it can later be assigned an address of
any variable of the same type, before using it:
int *ptr;
ptr = &count

Kassahun Tamir 23
 Pointers and Arrays
 When we pass the entire array as an argument to
functions, functions get complete access to the
original array
✗ Means that it directly affects the original value

 When we pass array element by element, functions

get a copy of the original value
✗ Means that it does not affect the original value

Kassahun Tamir 24
 Pointer to Constants
 const int *ptr = &count // int const* ptr; also possible
✗ (*ptr) = 10; //error
✗ (*ptr) ++; //error
✗ in j = (*ptr)+56; //OK as we are not modifying count

Kassahun Tamir 25
 Pointers to Functions
 Pointers can be used as a function argument
void myFunc(int *ptr);
 In the function body, use ptr, as if it has been properly
defined and initialized
 To call the aforementioned function:
myFunc(&count);
 We may also pass pointer to int(not address of pointer
to int)
Int count=20, *m;
m = &count;
myFunc(m)
Kassahun Tamir 26
Example 1

Kassahun Tamir 27
Example 2

Kassahun Tamir 28
Questions?

Kassahun Tamir 29