Problem 1.

A U-shaped tube is partially filled with sea water, whose density is known to be ρ1 =
1.024g/cm^3. At the right end, an oily liquid of unknown density ρ2 is added. Since oil and sea
water are immiscible, an interface is formed, as shown in the figure below. The heights of the
columns are h1 = 2.1cm and h2 = 2.4cm, respectively. Determine the density ρ2.

Solution for Problem 1:

a. As seen in figure 1 below, following the principle of equilibrium, both the fluid will set in
a way that the level at which the interface is formed between the two fluids, will have
the same pressures. The oily liquid density p2 surfaces because it is much lighter than
the fluid p1. Let us name the two points, point A and point B. The focus of the problem
is to find the density p2 to satisfy the said situation.
b. The formula for Hydrostatic Pressure is given by:

P=p*g*h
Where:
P=Hydrostatic Pressure
p=density of the fluid
g=acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/s^2)
H=height of liquid

c. In order to attain a static equilibrium, we have to equate the pressure at point a, to the
pressure at point b whereas:

p1*g*h1=p2*g*h2

d. Substituting the values for the given equation and performing the fundamentals of
algebra:
g
1.024 3
× g × 2.1 cm= p 2× g × 2.4 cm
cm

g
1.024 32
×2.1 cm= p 2 ×2.4 cm
cm

g
2.1504 2
= p 2× 2.4 cm
cm

g
2.1504 2
cm
=p2
2.4 cm

0.896 g
3
=p 2
cm

e. Therefore, the density p2 is equal to 0.896 g/c m3

Problem 2. At a smelting factory, a metallic piece is produced using copper, whose density is
ρCu = 8.93g/ml. Because of an error during the production process, an air bubble was formed in
its interior. Since the bubble’s volume Vb is unknown, the piece is subject to a series of tests. Its
weight is W = 25Nwhen measured dry and W 0 = 20N when fully submerged in water.
Determine the object’s density ρ and the bubble’s volume Vb. Note: g = 9.8m/s2 and ρair ∼ 0.
Solution for Problem 2

a. Statement of the problem:

To solve the problem is to determine two things. First is the density of the object: by
dividing the total mass of the object to its total volume. Let us denote the total mass of
the object as mo, total volume of the object as Vo, and the density of the object ρ such
that:

mo
ρ=
Vo

We can determine the second one, the volume of the bubble Vb by subtracting the
Volume of the copper Vcu from the total volume of the object, Vo such that:

Vb=V o−V cu

The given values in the problem with their corresponding symbols which we would use
in solving the problem are written below:

ρCu = density of copper 8.93g/ml

W o = Total weight of the object = 25N

Wwet = Weight of the object when submerged to water = 20N

g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8m/s2

ρair = density of air = 0.

The needed values for ρ which is mo and V o are not yet determined as well as V o and
V cu , which are needed to get Vb. Our solution will be focused on finding the said values.

b. Considering that the density of air, ρair = 0, the mass of air is also 0. We can compute for
the mass of the object mo in grams by dividing the weight of the object Wo, which is 25N,
to the acceleration due to gravity denoted as g which is equal to 9.8m/s^2 such that:

Wo
m o=
g

25 N
m o=
m
9.8 2
s
 mo=2.551kg

g
mo=2.55102kg × 1000
kg

mo=2551.02 g

c. We can find Vo by using the principle of Archimedes. The object has been fully
submerged in water. Archimedes principle states that an object immersed in a fluid
experiences a buoyant force that is equal in magnitude to the force of gravity on the
displaced fluid. It is stated in the problem that the resulting weight of the object is 20N,
denoted as Wwet. The original weight Wo is 25N. It can be deduced that there is an
upward force, (buoyant force) which we will denote as Ww.

W w =W o −W wet

W w =25 N −20 N
 W w =5 N

We can now determine Vo by looking into the displaced volume of water, Vw, with the
density of 1g/ml denoted as pw. From it, we can get Vo by dividing mass of water mw to
the density of water pw. The mass of water can be derived from Ww = 5N, dividing it to g
= 9.8m/s2 (acceleration due to gravity). Such that:

Vw = Displaced volume of water

pw = density of water (1g/ml)

mw = mass of displaced water

Ww
mw=
g

5N
mw= 2
9.8 m/s

mw =.510204 kg

Converting ¿ grams :

1000 g
mw =0.510204 kg ×
1kg

mw =510.20 grams

V o =V w

mw
V w=
pw

510.20 g
V w=
1 g/ml

V w =510.20ml

SinceV o =V w , then Vo = 510.20ml

d. From step b and c, we can now determine the density of the object.
2551.02 g
ρ=
510.20 ml❑
 g
ρ=5
ml❑

e. We now get the volume of the bubble using Vb=V o−V cu

However, to find Vcu, we will divide the mass of copper mcu to the density of copper pcu.
It is understood that mcu is equivalent to mo because the mass of air is negligible.
Therefore:
mcu = mass of copper

m cu
Vcu=
pcu

2551.02 g
Vcu=
8.93 g/ml
2551.02 g
Vcu=
8.93 g/ml
Vcu = 285.67 ml

Then, it follows that:

Vb=V o−V cu

Vb=510.20 ml−285.67 ml

Vb=224.53ml

g
f. Therefore: ρ=5 ml

Vb = 224.53 ml
Problem 3. In a square container, a lab technician carefully pours vinegar 1.049 g/ml, and palm
oil 0.876 g/ml The container and the liquids are then cooled to 0°C. A block of ice 0.917 g/ml. is
then placed floating at the interface, as shown in the figure below. Determine the percentage
of ice that will be submerged in vinegar, disregarding any melting or dissolution.

Solution for Problem 3:

a. In the problem, the percentage that we will find out will be in terms of the volume of
the ice, which is the submerged volume in the vinegar divided by its total volume, all
multiplied by 100. The symbols to be used are as follows:

Vy = volume submerged in vinegar

Vt = total volume of the ice.
Vy
∅ = Ratio of Vy to Vt or
Vt

b. It is understood that the density of the vinegar will be denoted as p2 considering that it
is the heavier liquid which is seen to settle in the bottom. p1 shall correspond to the
palm oil which is at the topmost layer and the lightest of the three. The assumption for
the ice resting in the middle is also correct, considering that its density p is between the
values of the two fluids.
c. Using the principle of Archimedes, the buoyant force of the two fluids will act on the ice,
which is equivalent to the force of gravity on the displaced volume for both fluids. We
will designate the forces using the following:
W1 = buoyant force of palm oil acting on the ice
W2 = buoyant force of vinegar acting on the ice
W = weight of the ice

d. Using the equation of equilibrium, considering upward forces as positive:

W 1 +W 2 −W =0

e. The weight is equivalent to the density, times the acceleration due to gravity, times the
volume. Therefore:
W 1= p 1 × g x (Vt −Vy)
 W 2= p 2 × g x Vy
W =p × g × Vt
Substituting the values:
p1 × g x ( Vt −Vy ) + p 2 × g x Vy− p × g ×Vt =0

We can cancel the effects of gravity by dividing the whole equation by g.

[ p ¿ ¿1 × g x (Vt −Vy ) + p2 × g x Vy− p× g ×Vt =0]÷ g ¿

p1 (Vt −Vy ) + p2 Vy− p Vt =0

By the fundamentals of algebra:

p1 (Vt −Vy ) + p2 Vy− p Vt =0

p1 Vt − p1 Vy+ p2 Vy − pVt =0

We divide everything by Vt

[ p ¿ ¿1 Vt −p 1 Vy + p2 Vy− p Vt =0]÷ Vt ¿

Vy Vy
p1 − p1 + p2 − p=0
Vt Vt

We can substitute ∅ to Vy/Vt, following step a:

p1− p 1 ∅+ p 2 ∅− p=0

− p 1 ∅+ p2 ∅= p−p 1

∅ ( p2− p 1 )= p− p1

p−p 1
∅=
p2− p 1
Substituting the values of the densities:
0.917 g/ml−0.876 g /ml
∅=
1.049 g/ml−0.876 g/ml

∅=0.23699
Multiplying the result to 100 to get the percentage:
0.23699 x 100 = 23.699%
f. Therefore, the percentage of the submerged ice in vinegar is 23.699%