Electric Power Utilization : EE3029D

Module 2
Heating and Welding

Presented by
Dr. V. Karthikeyan
Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology Calicut
 What is electric heating ?
What is the principle behind it ?

Electric heating is any process in which ELECTRICAL ENERGY is converted to

“HEAT ENERGY”.

Electric heating works on the principle of ”JOULE HEATING” (an electric current
through a resistor converts electrical energy into heat energy.)

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

 Domestic Application of Electrical Heating
1. Room heater for heating the building
2. Immersion heater for water heating
3. Hot plates for cooking
4. Geysers
5. Electric kettles
6. Electric Iron
7. Electric oven for baking products

8. Electric toasters etc…

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

 Industrial application
1. Melting of metals Electric welding

2. Mouldling of glass for making glass appliances

3. Baking of insulator

4. Moulding of plastic components

5. Heat treatment of pointed surpasses

6. Making of plywood.

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

Advantages of Electrical Heating over Other
Method of Heating
 Cleanliness – does not get contaminated
 No Pollution – No exit
 Economical - storage of coal and wood, Moreover, no need to construct any
chimney
 Ease of Control - manual or automatic devices, Can be adjusted small variation
 Special Heating Requirement - without affecting its other parts
 Higher Efficiency - Does not go away waste through the chimney and other by
products
 Better Working Conditions - No irritating noises and also the radiation losses are
low
 Heating of Bad Conductors - wood, plastic and bakery items can be uniformly
heated
 Safety - it responds quickly to the controlled signals
 Lower Attention and Maintenance Cost - It will not require much attention and
supervision labour charges are negligibly small.
 Transfer of Heat
Conduction:- This phenomenon takes place in solid, liquid and gas.
Heat transfer is proportional to the difference of temperatures between two
faces.

No actual motion of molecules.

where K is thermal conductivity of the material

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

Convection
This phenomenon takes place in liquid and gas. Heat is transferred due to
actual motion of molecules.

Radiation
This phenomenon is confined to surfaces. Radiant energy emitted or absorbed is
dependent on the nature of the surface.

where K is radiating efficiency and e is known as emissivity of the heating element.

P is the electrical power input to the heating element, then

P=π dl×H.

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL HEATING

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

Low Temperature Heating ± up to 400°C
Medium Temperature Heating ± from 400°C to 1150 °C
High Temperature Heating ± above 1150 °C

Direct Resistance Heating Indirect Resistance Heating

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

 Resistance Heating
INDIRECT HEATING
DIRECT HEATING  Electric current is passed
 Electric current is passed through highly resistive
through the body (charge) to material(heating element)
be heated. placed inside an oven.
 High efficiency  Heat produced due to I 2R loss in the

element is transmitted to the body

Example-  Mode of heat transfer is
1) Electrode boiler for Conduction &/or Convection &/or
heating water
Radiation
2) Resistance Welding
Example-
1) Room Heaters
2) Domestic & commercial cooking
3) Heat treatment of metals
Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC
 RESISTANCE HEATING
(Example – Electric Water Heater)
This method is based upon the I²R loss.
Whenever current is passed through a resistor
material heat is produced because of I²R losses.

The generation of heat is done by electric resistor

carrying current.

Market Price : Rs.2k to Rs.10k

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

 Heating Elements

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

 Requirement of a Good Heating
Element
 High Specific Resistance - Short length
 High Melting Temperature - obtain higher operating temperatures
 Low Temperature Coefficient of Resistance - The current drawn by
the heating element when cold and Hot is same.
 High Oxidizing Temperature - high in order to ensure longer life
 Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistance - Instability of
operation.
 Ductile - high ductility and flexibility
 Mechanical Strength- posses high mechanical strength of its own

With the passage of time, every heating element breaks open and becomes unserviceable. Some
of the factors responsible for its failure are : (1) Formation of hot spots which shine brighter
during operation, (2) Oxidation (3) Corrosion (4) Mechanical failure.
Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC
 Temperature Control of Resistance
Furnaces
1. Intermittent Switching
2. By Changing the Number of Heating Elements.

3. Variation in Circuit Configuration

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

4. Change of Applied Voltage

a) Tapings on Primary side

100%, 80%, 60% and 50%

b) Bucking-Boosting the Secondary Voltage

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

c) Autotransformer Control

d) Series Reactor Voltage

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

 Arc Furnaces
If a sufficiently high voltage is applied across an air-gap, the air becomes ionized and starts conducting in
the form of a continuous spark or arc thereby producing intense heat. When electrodes are made of
carbon/graphite, the temperature obtained is in the range of 3000°C-3500C.

The high voltage required for striking the arc can be obtained by using a step-up transformer fed from a
variable a.c. supply.

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

Direct and In-direct Arc Furnace

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

 Direct Arc Furnace
Conducting-bottom type Non-Conducting-bottom type

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

Indirect Arc Furnace

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

Indirect Arc Furnace

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

 Induction Heating
The value of current induced in the charge depends on
(i) Magnitude of the primary current A. Core-type Induction Furnace
1. Direct Core Type Induction Furnace
(ii) Turn ratio of the transformer
2. Vertical core-type furnaces
(iii) Co-efficient of magnetic coupling. 3. In-Direct Core Type Induction Furnace
B. Core-less Induction Furnace
1. Direct Core Type Induction Furnace Drawbacks
1. It has to be run on low-frequency supply which
entails extra expenditure on motor-generator
set or frequency convertor.
2. It suffers from pinching effect.
3. The crucible for charge is of odd shape and is
very inconvenient for tapping the molten
charge.
4. It does not function if there is no molten metal
in the hearth i.e. when the secondary is open.
Every time molten metal has to be poured to
start the furnace.
5. It is not suitable for intermittent service.
Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC
 2. Vertical Core-Type Induction Furnace

 This furnace is widely used for melting and

refining of brass and other non-ferrous
metals. It is suitable for continuous
operation.
 It has a p.f. of 0.8-0.85.
 With normal supply frequency, its efficiency
is about 75% and its standard size varies
from 60-300 kW, all single-phase.

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

 3. Indirect Core-Type Induction Furnace

 The secondary consists of a metal container which forms the walls of the furnace proper. The primary
winding is magnetically coupled to this secondary by an iron core.
 When primary winding is connected to A.C. supply, secondary current is induced in the metal container
by transformer action which heats up the container. The metal container transfers this heat to the charge.
 A special advantage of this furnace is that its temperature can be automatically controlled without the
use of an external equipment.
Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC
 B. Core-less Induction Furnace
Three main parts of the furnace are
(i) Primary coil
(ii) A ceramic crucible containing charge which forms the secondary and
(iii) The frame which includes supports and tilting mechanism.

Advantages :

 They are fast in operation.

 They produce most uniform quality of product.
 They can be operated intermittently.
 Their operation is free from smoke, dirt, dust and
noises.
 They can be used for all industrial applications
requiring heating and melting.
 They have low erection and operating costs.
 Their charging and pouring is simple.

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

 High Frequency Eddy-current Heating
The alternating magnetic field produced by the coil sets up eddy-currents in the article which,
consequently, gets heated up. Such a coil is known as heater coil or work coil and the material to
be heated is known as charge or load.

p = resistivity of the molten metal

f = supply frequency
μr = relative permeability of the charge

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

 High Frequency Eddy-current Heating

Advantages of Eddy-current Heating

 There is negligible wastage of heat because the

heat is produced in the body to be heated.
 It can take place in vacuum or other special
environs where other types of heating are not
possible.
 Heat can be made to penetrate any depth of
the body by selecting proper supply frequently.

Applications of Eddy-current Heating

1. Surface Hardening
2. Annealing
3. Soldering
Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC
 Dielectric Heating
It is also called high-frequency capacitive heating and is used for heating insulators like wood,
plastics and ceramics etc. which cannot be heated easily and uniformly by other methods. The
supply frequency required for dielectric heating is between 10-50 MHz and the applied
voltage is upto 20 kV. The overall efficiency of dielectric heating is about 50%.
When a practical capacitor is connected across an A.C. supply, it draws a current which leads
the voltage by an angle φ, which is a little less than 90° or falls short of 90° by an angle δ. It
means that there is a certain component of the current which is in phase with the voltage and
hence produces some loss called dielectric loss.
At the normal supply frequency of 50 Hz, this loss is negligibly small but at higher
frequencies of 50 MHz or so, this loss becomes so large that it is sufficient to heat the
dielectric in which it takes place. The insulating material to be heated is placed between two
conducting plates in order to form a parallel-plate capacitor.
Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC
 Dielectric Heating

Fig. 47.19 (b) shows the equivalent circuit of the capacitor and Fig. 47.19 (c) gives its vector
diagram.

Generally, A.C. voltage

of about 20 kV at a
frequency of 10-30 MHz
is used.

Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC

 Dielectric Heating
Advantages of Dielectric Heating
1. Since heat is generated within the dielectric medium itself, it results in uniform heating.
2. Heating becomes faster with increasing frequency.
3. It is the only method for heating bad conductors of heat.
4. Heating is fastest in this method of heating.
5. Since no naked flame appears in the process, inflammable articles like plastics and wooden
products etc., can be heated safely.
6. Heating can be stopped immediately as and when desired.

The power consumed during dielectric heating, P = 2πfCV2

cos φ. As seen, P f × C × V2 × cos φ. Hence, rate of heat
production can be increased by increasing voltage or voltage
across any specimen is limited by its thickness or because of
the consideration of potential gradient, breakdown voltage
and safety etc., Voltages ranging from 600 V to 3000 V are
used for dielectric heating, although voltages of 20 kV or so
are also used sometimes. Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC
 Dielectric Heating
Applications of Dielectric Heating
1. For gluing of multilayer plywood boards.
2. For baking of sand cores which are used in the moulding process.
3. For preheating of plastic compounds before sending them to the moulding section.
4. For drying of tobacco after glycerine has been mixed with it for making cigarettes.
5. For baking of biscuits and cakes etc. in bakeries with the help of automatic machines.
6. For electronic sewing of plastic garments like raincoats etc. with the help of cold rollers
fed with high-frequency supply.
7. For dehydration of food which is then sealed in air-tight containers.
8. For removal of moistures from oil emulsions.
9. In diathermy for relieving pain in different parts of the human body.
10. For quick drying of glue used for book binding purposes.
Dr. V. Karthikeyan - Assistant Professor, NITC