Engineering Mathematics II

Vector Calculus-1
Vector Point Functions and scalar point functions:
If a vector F ( x, y , z ) is defined corresponding to each point P ( x, y , z ) of a region of space
R, then F is called a vector point function and R is called the vector field.
ie, If to each value of a scalar ‘t’ belonging to some interval [a, b] of real numbers, there
corresponds a vector r , we say that r is a vector valued function or vector function of a
scalar variable t. The law of correspondence is called the function. The statement r = f (t )
implies that the function f associates to each scalar t belonging to some interval [a, b] of
a vector r . The vector r is the value of the function to the scalar t.
Eg. (i) The velocity at any point of a particle moving in a curve defines a vector function.
(ii) defines a vector field where iˆ, ˆj , kˆ are the unit vectors in the direction of x-axis, y-axis
and z axis respectively.
Scalar point functions
If a scalar  ( x, y, z ) is defined corresponding to each point P ( x, y, z ) of a region of space
R, then  is called a scalar point function and R is called scalar field.
Eg. The temperature at any point on the surface of the earth at a certain time.
 ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 − 2 xyz defines a scalar field
Decomposition of a vector valued function

Let i, j , k constitute a right handed triad of mutually perpendicular non-coplanar unit vectors.
We also know that every vector in space can be uniquely expressed as a linear combination
of three mutually perpendicular non- coplanar vectors.
Therefore we may write,
r = f (t )
= f1 ( t ) iˆ + f 2 ( t ) ˆj + f 3 ( t ) kˆ
Here f1(t), f2(t), and f3(t) are scalar functions of the scalar variable t.

• Derivative of a Vector Function:

Let r = f (t ) be vector function of a scalar variable t.
Corresponding to an increment t in t, let the increment in r be  r .
Then,
r +  r = f ( t + t )
 r = f ( t + t ) − r
= f ( t + t ) − f ( t )  
r = f (t )

r f (t +  t ) − f (t )
 =
t t

1|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S

 r f ( t + t ) − f ( t )
Then lim = lim , if exists, is defined as the derivative of the function with
t →0 t t →0 t
dr 
respect to t and is denoted by or f ( t )
dt

Note:
dr
1. If exists then r is said to be differentiable function.
dt
dr
2. is also a vector quantity.
dt
• Successive Derivatives:
dr
Let r = f (t ) be a vector valued function or vector function of a scalar variable t, then
dt
dr d dr 
is also in general a vector function of t. So if is differentiable, its derivative  ,
dt dt  dt 
d2 r
denoted by is called the second order derivative of r .
dt 2
d2 r d3 r
Similarly the derivative of denoted by is called the third order derivative and so
dt 2 dt 3
on.

• Fundamental Results:
If u, v and w are differentiable vector functions of a scalar t and  is a differentiable scalar
function of the same variable t, then
1.
d
dt
( )
uv =
du d v

dt dt
2.
d
dt
( )
u v =u
d v du
+
dt dt
v

3.
d
dt
( )
u Xv =u X
d v du
+
dt dt
Xv

du d
4.
d
dt
( )
u = +
dt dt
u

d  du   dv   d w
5.  u , v, w  =  , v, w  + u , , w  + u , v , 
 
dt  dt   dt   dt 
 dv   dw
6.
d
u X v X w  =
dt   dt (
du
X v)X w + u X  X w  + u X  v X 
 dt   dt 

Derivative of a function of a function:

If r is a differentiable vector function of a scalar s and s is a differentiable scalar function of
d r d r ds
the variable t, then, = 
dt ds dt

2|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S

 Examples:
1. If r = sin t i + cos t j + t k , find,
dr d2r dr d2r
(i ) (ii ) (iii ) (iv)
dt dt 2 dt dt 2

Ans:
r = sin t i + cos t j + t k
dr d d d
(i ) = ( sin t ) i + ( cos t ) j + ( t ) k
dt dt dt dt
= cos t i − sin t j + k
d2r d d d
(ii ) 2
= ( cos t ) i − ( sin t ) j + (1) k
dt dt dt dt
= − sin t i − cos t j + 0 k = − sin t i − cos t j
dr
(iii ) = cos 2 t + sin 2 t + 12 = 2
dt
d2r
(iv) 2
= sin 2 t + cos 2 t = 1
dt

2. If r = ( t + 1) i + ( t 2 + t + 1) j + ( t 3 + t 2 + t + 1) k , find,
dr d2r
(i ) (ii )
dt dt 2
Ans:
r = ( t + 1) i + ( t 2 + t + 1) j + ( t 3 + t 2 + t + 1) k

= ( t + 1) i + ( t 2 + t + 1) j + ( t 3 + t 2 + t + 1) k
dr d d d
(i )
dt dt dt dt
= 1 i + ( 2t + 1) j + ( 3t + 2t + 1) k
2

d2r d
= (1) i + ( 2t + 1) j + ( 3t 2 + 2t + 1) k
d d
(ii ) 2
dt dt dt dt
= 0 i + 2 j + ( 6t + 2 ) k = 2 j + ( 6t + 2 ) k

Partial Derivative of a vector function:

If r is a differentiable vector function of the scalar variables x, y and z. (ie) r = f ( x, y, z )
r
Then the partial derivative of r with respect to x, denoted by , is defined as
x
r f ( x + x, y, z ) − f ( x, y, z )
= lim , provided the limit exists.
x x → 0 x

Similarly,

3|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S

 r f ( x, y + y, z ) − f ( x, y, z )
= lim
y y →0 y
and
r f ( x, y, z + z ) − f ( x, y, z )
= lim
z z →0 z

Higher order partial derivative can also be similarly defined exactly as in scalar calculus.
Thus,
2 r   r  2 r   r   2 r   r 
=  , =  , =   and
x 2 x  x  y 2 y  y  z 2 z  z 
2 r   r 
=   , etc.
xy x  y 
Remark.
r r r
If r = f ( x, y, z ) then the total differential d r of r is given by d r = dx + dy + dz
x y z

Example:
1. If a = ( 2 x 2 y − x 4 ) i + ( e xy − y sin x ) j + x 2 cos y k , find,
a a 2 a 2 a 2 a
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
x y x 2 y 2 xy

Ans:
a = ( 2 x 2 y − x 4 ) i + ( e xy − y sin x ) j + x 2 cos y k
a   
(i ) = ( 2 x 2 y − x 4 ) i + ( e xy − y sin x ) j + ( x 2 cos y ) k
x x x x
= ( 4 xy − 4 x ) i + ( ye − y cos x ) j + ( 2 x cos y ) k
3 xy

a   
(ii ) = ( 2 x 2 y − x 4 ) i + ( e xy − y sin x ) j + ( x 2 cos y ) k
y y y y
= ( 2 x 2 ) i + ( xe xy − sin x ) j + ( − x 2 sin y ) k
= 2 x 2 i + ( xe xy − sin x ) j − x 2 sin y k
2 a   
(iii ) = ( 4 xy − 4 x 3 ) i + ( ye xy − y cos x ) j + ( 2 x cos y ) k
x 2
x x x
= ( 4 y − 12 x ) i + ( y e + y sin x ) j + ( 2 cos y ) k
2 2 xy

(iv) and (v) try yourself

4|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S

Derivative of a vector function in terms of its components

If f (t ) = f1(t )i + f 2 (t ) j + f3 (t )k then f (t ) is differentiable at t if and only if its

components f1(t ), f 2 (t ), f3 (t ) are differentiable at t and

(
d f (t ) ) = f ' (t )i + f ' '
(t ) j + f3 (t )k .
1 2
dt
Therefore to differentiate a vector, differentiate its components.
Note
dc
If c is a constant vector, then =0
dt
dc
Eg. c = c1i + c2 j + c3 k then =0
dt
Geometrical meaning of derivative

5|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S

6|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S
 dr
Geometrical Significance of :
dt

OA = r , OB = r +  r
AB = OB − OA = r +  r − r =  r
r
is directed along the chord AB
t

7|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S

 t → 0  B → A
chord AB → tan gent to the curve at B
 r dr
 lim =
 t →0  t dt
dr
The vector is along the tangent at the point (x,y,z) to the given curve
dt
dr
 is a vector along the tangent to the curve at A
dt

1) Find the unit tangent vector to any point on the curve x = a cos t , y = a sin t , z = bt

Solution:

If r is the position vector of any point (x,y,z) on the given curve then
r = xi + y j + zk = a cos ti + a sin t j + btk
dr
= −a sin ti + a cos t j + bk
dt

dr
Tangent vector to the curve at any point = = − a sin ti + a cos t j + bk
dt

dr
− a sin ti + a cos t j + bk −a sin ti + a cos t j + bk
Unit tangent vector = dt = =
dr a 2 sin 2 t + a 2 cos 2 t + b 2 a 2 + b2
dt

2) Find the unit tangent vector on the curve x = t2+1, y = 4t – 3, z = 2t2 – 6t at t = 2

Solution: The position vector is given by

r = x i + y j + z k = ( t 2 + 1) i + ( 4t − 3) j + ( 2t 2 − 6t ) k
dr
 = 2t i + 4 j + ( 4t − 6 ) k
dt
dr
is the tangent vector at any point
dt
 dr 
Therefore the tangent vector at t= 2 is   = 4 i + 4 j + 2 k
 dt t = 2
dr
= 16 + 16 + 4 = 6
dt t =2

8|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S

 The unit tangent vector at t= 2 is
1
6
( ) (
1
4i+4 j+2k = 2i+2 j+ k
3
)
(2 ) (
3) Find the unit tangent vector to the curve r = t + 1 i + ( 4t − 3 ) j + 2t − 65 k at t = 1 .
2
)
i+2j−k
Ans:
6

Velocity

If the scalar variable ’t’ denote the time and r be the position vector of a moving particle P
r
and  r is the displacement of the particle in time  t , then the vector is the average
t
velocity of the particle in time t
 r dr
velocity vector = lim =
 t →0  t dt
Acceleration

v
If  v is the change in velocity during the time  t , then is the average acceleration
t
during that interval,

 v dv
a = lim =
 t →0  t dt
d  dr  d2r
=  =
dt  dt  dt 2

d2r
 acceleration =
dt 2
Examples:
1) A particle moves along a curve whose parametric equations are
x = e−t ; y = 2cos3t ; z = 2sin 3t , where ‘t’ is the time. Find the velocity and acceleration
at any time and the magnitude of acceleration and velocity at t = 0 .
Solution:

9|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S

 If r is the position vector of any point (x,y,z) on the given curve then
r = xi + y j + zk = e −t i + 2cos3t j + 2sin 3tk
dr
velocity = = −e −t i − 6sin 3t j + 6cos3tk
dt
d2r
acceleration = 2
= e −t i − 18cos3t j − 18sin 3tk
dt
At t = 0
velocity = −i + 6k
acceleration = i − 18 j
 magnitude of velocity = 1 + 36 = 37
magnitude of acceleration = 1 + 324 = 325

2) A particle moves on the curve x = 2t ; y = t − 4t ; z = 3t − 5 , where ‘t’ is the time. Find

2 2

the components of velocity and acceleration at time t=1 in the direction i − 3 j + 2k .

Solution: If r is the position vector of any point (x,y,z) on the given curve then

( )
r = xi + y j + zk = 2t 2 i + t 2 − 4t j + ( 3t − 5 ) k

and let i − 3 j + 2k = n
Unit vector in the direction of i − 3 j + 2k is

10 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 i − 3 j + 2k i − 3 j + 2k
n= =
1+ 9 + 4 14
dr
velocity = = 4ti + ( 2t − 4 ) j + 3k
dt
velocity at t = 1  4i − 2 j + 3k
component of velocity in the direction of n = v.n
 i − 3 j + 2k  4 + 6 + 6
(
= 4i − 2 j + 3k .
 )  =
 14  14
16 8 14
= =
14 7
d2r
acceleration = = 4i + 2 j
dt 2
acceleration at t = 1  4i + 2 j
component of acceleration in the direction of n = a.n
 i − 3 j + 2k  4 − 6 −2
(
= 4i + 2 j .
 ) 

= = =−
14
7
 14  14 14
Note: Component (projection) of a vector on a line:

Let a vector a make an angle  with the given directed line l in the anticlockwise
direction, then the projection of a on l is a vector whose magnitude is a cos and
direction is in the direction of l or opposite to that of l according as  is positive or
negative.

a.b b
a cos = a . = a. = a.b  l = b
a.b b  

3) A particle moves along the curve x = t + 1, y = t , z = 2t + 5 , where t is time. Find the

3 2

components of its velocity and acceleration at time t =1 in the direction i + j + 3k .

11 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
12 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 The vector differential Operator 

  
The vector differential operator  (del) is defined as  = i + j + k , where i, j , k
x y z
are the unit vectors along x axis, y axis and z axis respectively.

The Gradient (or slope )of a scalar point function

Let  ( x, y, z ) be a scalar point function and is differentiable, then the vector

         
 =  i + j + k   =  i +j +k
z 
is called the gradient of the scalar
 x y z   x y
point function  and is written as Grad = 

  
(1)  is a vector whose components are , , . Thus the Gradient of a scalar field
x y z
defines a vector field.
 ) is a vector normal to the surface  ( x, y, z ) = c
(2)  (the gradient of a scalar field
(3)  gives the maximum rate of change of  and the magnitude of this maximum is 
Directional derivative
The derivative of a scalar point function  in a particular direction (the rate of change of
 ) is called its directional derivative along that direction.

Directional derivative of  at a point P in the direction of a unit vector a is  .a

 Directional derivative of  is maximum in the direction of  . Hence the maximum

directional derivative is 

Level surface

Let a scalar point function  ( x, y, z ) is defined in a certain region of space and consider
those points for the field for which  has a fixed value. The totality of points satisfying the
equation  ( x, y , z ) = c defines in general, a surface. Such surface is called level surface,
since at every point of the surface has a constant value c. For different values of c,
different level surfaces are obtained and no two level surfaces intersect.

For example  ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − r 2 , represent a sphere of radius r which is a

level surface. Different values of r will give concentric spheres which are different level
surfaces.
Questions

13 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
1) Find grad  ,when  = 3x 2 y − y 3 z 2 at the point (1, −1,2)
Solution:

 
grad =  =  i +
 x
j

y
      
+ k  =  i + j + k  3x 2 y − y 3 z 2
z   x y z 
( )
=i

x
(
3x 2 y − y 3 z 2 + ) j

y
( )
3x 2 y − y 3 z 2 + k

z
(
3x 2 y − y 3 z 2 )
( )
= 6 xyi + 3x 2 − 3 y 2 z 2 j + k −2 y 3 z ( )
  1, −1,2  = −6i − 9 j + 4k

2) Find the unit vector normal to the surface xy z = 4 at the point(-1,-1,2).

3 2

Solution:
Vector normal to the surface = 
 
 x

y
 
z 
 
 x
  
 =  i + j + k  =  i + j + k  xy 3 z 2 − 4
y z 
( )
 
= i
 x
(
xy 3 z 2 − 4 + j

y
)
xy 3 z 2 − 4 + k

(
z

xy 3 z 2 − 4 

) ( )
( ) (
= y 3 z 2 i + j 3xy 2 z 2 + k 2 xy 3 z )
  −1,−1,2  = −4i − 12 j + 4k → vector normal to the surface at (−1, −1,2)
−4i − 12 j + 4k −4i − 12 j + 4k
unit vector normal to the surface at (−1, −1,2) = =
16 + 144 + 16 176
=
−1
11
(
i+3j −k )
3) Find the directional derivative of the function f ( x, y, z ) = xy + yz at the point (2,-1,1) in
2 3

the direction of the vector i + 2 j + 2k .

Solution:
f ( x, y, z ) = xy 2 + yz 3

14 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  
 x

y
 
z 
 
 x
  
f =  i + j + k  f =  i + j + k  xy 2 + yz 3
y z 
( )
 
= i
 x
(
xy 2 + yz 3 + j

y
) (
xy 2 + yz 3 + k

z
) 
xy 2 + yz 3 

( )
( ) (
= y 2 i + j 2 xy + z 3 + k 3 yz 2 )
f  2, −1,1  = i − 3 j − 3k
directional derivative of f in the direction of i + 2 j + 2k
 i + 2 j + 2k   i + 2 j + 2k  −11
(
= i − 3 j − 3k .)
 1 + 4 + 4 
= i − 3 j − 3k( ) .
 3
 =
3
   

4) Find the directional derivative of the function f = x − y + 2 z at the point P(1,2,3) in the
2 2 2

direction of the line PQ where Q is the point (5,0,4). In what direction it will be maximum?
Find also the magnitude of this maximum.
Solution:

(
PQ = p.v.of Q − p.v of P = 5i + 0 j + 4k − i + 2 j + 3k ) ( )
= 4i − 2 j + k
f = x2 − y 2 + 2 z 2
 
 x

y
 
z 
 
 x
  
f =  i + j + k  f =  i + j + k  x 2 − y 2 + 2 z 2
y z 
( )
  2
= i
 x
(
x − y2 + 2z2 + j
 2
y
) (
x − y2 + 2z 2 + k
 2
z

x − y2 + 2z 2 

) ( )
= 2 xi − 2 y j + 4 zk
f1,2,3 = 2i − 4 j + 12k

directional derivative of f in the direction of 4 i − 2 j + k

 4i − 2 j + k   4i − 2 j + k  28
(
= 2i − 4 j + 12k . )
 16 + 4 + 1   (
= 2i − 4 j + 12k .
 ) =
   21  21
Directional derivative of f will be maximum in the direction of normal to the given surface.

Ie, in the direction of f = 2i − 4 j + 12k .

Magnitude of this maximum = f = 4 + 16 + 144 = 164 .

15 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
5) In what direction from (3,1,-2)is the directional derivative of  = x 2 y 2 z 4 is maximum and
what is its magnitude.
Solution:
Directional derivative will be maximum in the direction of normal to the surface at(3,1,-2).
ie, in the direction of  at (3,1,-2)
 = x2 y 2 z 4
 
 x

y
 
z 
 
 x
  
 =  i + j + k   =  i + j + k  x 2 y 2 z 4
y z 
( )

 x
(
  2 2 4
= i x y z +j
y
)
 2 2 4
x y z +k
z
(
 2 2 4 
x y z 

) ( )
= 2 xy 2 z 4 i + 2 x 2 z 4 y j + 4 x 2 y 2 z 3 k
3,1, −2 = 96i + 288 j + 288k = 96(i + 3 j + 3k )

directional derivative of  is max imum in the direction of 96(i + 3 j + 3k )

magnitudeof this max imum is 96 19

6) Find the directional derivative of the function 2xy + z2 in the direction of i + 2 j + 2 k at the
point (1, -1, 3)
Solution:
 ( x, y, z ) = 2 xy + z 2
    
grad  =  =  i +j + k  ( 2 xy + z 2 )
 x y z 
  
= i ( 2 xy + z 2 ) + j ( 2 xy + z 2 ) + k ( 2 xy + z 2 ) = 2 y i + 2 x j + 2 z k
x y z
 (1,−1,3) = −2 i + 2 j + 6 k
i+2 j+2k
The unit vector a in the direction of i + 2 j + 2 k is
i+2 j+2k
i+2 j+2k i+2 j+2k
= =
1+ 4 + 4 3
Directional derivative at (1, -1, 3) in the direction of a =  a
 i+2 j+2k  1
(
= −2 i + 2 j + 6 k  ) (
 = −2 i + 2 j + 6 k i+2 j+2k ) ( )
 3  3
1 14
= ( −2 1 + 2  2 + 6  2 ) =
3 3
7) Find the unit vector normal to the surface x2 + 2y2 + z2 = 7 at (1,-1,2)
Solution:

16 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  ( x, y , z ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 + z 2
And P is the point (1,-1,2)
    
 =  i + j + k  ( x2 + 2 y 2 + z 2 )
 x y z 
 2  
=i
x
( x + 2 y2 + z 2 ) + j ( x2 + 2 y2 + z 2 ) + k ( x2 + 2 y 2 + z 2 )
y z
= 2x i + 4 y j + 2z k
 (1,−1,2) = 2 i − 4 j + 4 k
The unit vector normal to the surface is
2 i −4 j +4 k 2 i −4 j +4 k i −2 j +2 k
= =
4 + 16 + 16 6 3
Angle between the surfaces
Angle between two surfaces at a point is the angle between the normal to the surfaces at
that point.

1.2
cos =
1 . 2

1) Find the angle between the surfaces z = x + y − 3 and x + y + z = 9 at (2, −1, 2) .

2 2 2 2 2

Solution:
Given,
1 = x 2 + y 2 − z − 3
 
 x
  
(
1 =  i + j + k  x 2 + y 2 − z − 3 = 2 xi + 2 y j − k
y z 
)
1  2, −1,2  = 4i − 2 j − k ; 1 = 16 + 4 + 1 = 21

2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 9
 
 x
  
(
2 =  i + j + k  x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 9 = 2 xi + 2 y j + 2 zk
y z 
)
2  2, −1,2  = 4i − 2 j + 4k
2 = 16 + 4 + 16 = 36

cos =
1.2
=
( )(
4i − 2 j − k . 4i − 2 j + 4k
=
8 )
1 . 2 21 36 3 21
 8 
 = cos −1  
 3 21 

17 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Divergence of a Vector point function:
If f be any given differentiable vector point function, then the divergence of f written as
div f or  f , is defined as,
div f =  f
   ˆ  
=  iˆ + ˆj +k  f
 x y z 
f ˆ f ˆ f
= iˆ +j +k
x y z
In Particular if f = f1 iˆ + f 2 ˆj + f3 kˆ , where f1, f2 and f3 are the components of f along iˆ, ˆj, kˆ
. Then
div f =  f
   ˆ  
=  iˆ + ˆj
 x y
+k 
z 
( f iˆ + f
1 2
ˆj + f 3 kˆ )
f f f
= 1+ 2+ 3
x y z
Note
It may be noted that  f is a Scalar quantity. Thus the divergence of a vector point function
is a scalar point function.

Solenoidal Vector
A vector f is said to be solenoidal if div f = 0

Curl of a Vector point function:

If f be any given differentiable vector point function, then the curl or rotation of f written
as curl f or rot f or  X f , is defined as,
curl f =  X f
   ˆ  
=  iˆ + ˆj +k  X f
 x y z 
f ˆ f ˆ f
= iˆX + jX +k X
x y z
In Particular if f = f1 iˆ + f 2 ˆj + f3 kˆ , where f1, f2 and f3 are the components of falong iˆ, ˆj, kˆ .
Then
curl f =  X f
   

(
=  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  X f1 iˆ + f 2 ˆj + f 3 kˆ
 x y z 
)
iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
=
x y z
f1 f2 f3

18 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Note
It may be noted that  X f is a vector quantity. Thus the curl of a vector point function is a
vector point function.

Irrotational Vector.
A vector f is said to be irrotational if curl f = 0

Conservative field.
A vector point function f is said to form a conservative field if it is irrotational (ie)
curl f = 0

F = 
Theorem:
A Vector point function is irrotational if and only if it is the gradient of some scalar
point function.

Proof:
First suppose that f is the gradient of a scalar point function 
 ˆj  + kˆ 
(ie) f =  = iˆ +
x y z
   ˆ    ˆ  ˆ  ˆ  
 curl f =  X f =  iˆ + ˆj + k  X i +j +k 
 x y z   x y z 

iˆ ˆj kˆ
     2  2  ˆ   2  2  ˆ   2  2  ˆ
= = −  
i + −  j +  − k
x y z  y z z y   z x x z   x y y z 
  
x y z
= 0 iˆ + 0 ˆj + 0 kˆ = 0
 f is irrotational

Next suppose that curl f = 0 . Take f = f1 iˆ + f 2 ˆj + f3 kˆ

19 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 curl f = 0   X f = 0
iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
 =0
x y z
f1 f2 f3
 f f   f f   f f 
  3 − 2  iˆ −  3 − 1  ˆj +  2 − 1  kˆ = 0
 y z   x z   x y 
f f f f f f
 3 − 2 = 0, 3 − 1 = 0 and 2 − 1 = 0 − − − − − (i )
y z x z x y
The above set of conditions (i) are satisfied when,
  
f1 = , f2 = , f3 =
x y z
 ˆ  ˆ 
Then f = iˆ +j +k
x y z
=  = grad 
Scalar Potential.
A Vector point function f is irrotational if and only if it is the gradient of some scalar point
function  . The scalar point function  satisfying this condition is known as the scalar
potential of f

Examples:
1) Compute the divergence and curl of the vector f = xyz iˆ + 3x 2 y ˆj + ( xz 2 − y 2 z ) kˆ at (1, 2, −1) .

Solution:
   

(
div f =  f =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  xyz iˆ + 3x 2 y ˆj + ( xz 2 − y 2 z ) kˆ
 x y z 
)
  
= ( xyz ) + ( 3 x 2 y ) + ( xz 2 − y 2 z )
x y z
= yz + 3 x 2 + 2 xz − y 2
  f  = − 2 + 3 − 2 − 4 = −5
(1,2, −1)

20 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
curl f =  X f =
x y z
xyz 3 x 2 y xz − y 2 z
2

        
= iˆ  ( xz 2 − y 2 z ) − ( 3 x 2 y )  − ˆj  ( xz 2 − y 2 z ) − ( xyz )  + kˆ  ( 3x 2 y ) − ( xyz ) 
 y z   x z   x y 
= iˆ  −2 yz − 0 − ˆj ( z − 0 ) − xy  + kˆ  6 xy − zx  = −2 yz iˆ − ( z − xy ) ˆj + ( 6 xy − zx ) kˆ
2 2

 curl f  ˆ ˆ ˆ
  (1,2,−1) = 4 i + j + 13 k
3. Find the divergence and curl of the following vectors;
(i) f = xy 2 iˆ + 2 x 2 yz ˆj − 3 yz 2 kˆ at (1,1, −1)
(ii) f = xy iˆ − y 2 z ˆj + x 2 z kˆ
(iii) f = ( x 2 + yz ) iˆ + ( y 2 + zx ) ˆj − ( z 2 + xy ) kˆ
(Hint: Similar to Example1)

4. If f = x 2 z 2 iˆ + xyz 2 ˆj − xz 3 kˆ , show that f is solenoidal

Solution:
To provethat. f = 0
f = x 2 z 2 i + xyz 2 j − xz 3 k
 
 x
  
(
. f =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  . x 2 z 2 i + xyz 2 j − xz 3 k
y z 
)
=
(
  x2 z 2
) +
 ( xyz 2 )  ( − xz 3 ) 
+ 
 x y z 
 
= 2 xz 2 + xz 2 − 3 xz 2 = 0  f is solenoidal.

5. Show that f = ( 4 xy − z 3 ) iˆ + 2 x 2 ˆj − 3xz 2 kˆ is irrotational.

21 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 f = ( 4 xy − z 3 ) iˆ + 2 x 2 ˆj − 3xz 2 kˆ
To P.T   f = 0
iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
 f =
x y z
4 xy − z 3 2x2 −3xz 2
  ( −3 xz 2 )  ( 2 x 2 )    ( −3 xz 2 )  ( 4 xy − z 3 )    ( 2 x 2 )  ( 4 xy − z 3 ) 
=i ˆ  −  −j ˆ  −  ˆ
+k − 
 y z   x z   x y 
     
= iˆ  0 − ˆj ( −3z 2 + 3z 2 ) + kˆ ( 4 x − 4 x ) = 0iˆ + 0 ˆj + 0kˆ = 0  f is irrotational.

6. Find “a” such that (3 x − 2 y + z )iˆ + (4 x + ay − z ) ˆj + ( x − y + 2 z )kˆ is solenoidal.

Solution:
Given, f = (3x − 2 y + z )iˆ + (4 x + ay − z ) ˆj + ( x − y + 2 z )kˆ is solenoidal
 . f = 0
    
(
  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  . (3x − 2 y + z )iˆ + (4 x + ay − z ) ˆj + ( x − y + 2 z ) = 0 )
 x y z 
  
 (3 x − 2 y + z ) + (4 x + ay − z ) + ( x − y + 2 z ) = 0
x y z
 3 + a + 2 = 0  a = −5
( ) (
7. Find the value of ‘a’ for the vector f = 2 x y + yz iˆ + xy − xz ˆj + axyz − 2 x y kˆ to
2 2 2 2 2
) ( )
be solenoidal.
Ans: a= -6
8. Find the constants a,b,c so that f = ( x + 2 y + az ) iˆ + ( bx − 3 y − z ) ˆj + ( 4 x + cy + 2 z ) kˆ is
irrotational.
Solution:

22 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 Given, f = ( x + 2 y + az ) iˆ + ( bx − 3 y − z ) ˆj + ( 4 x + cy + 2 z ) kˆ is irrotational
  f = 0
iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
 =0
x y z
x + 2 y + az bx − 3 y − z 4 x + cy + 2 z
 iˆ ( c + 1) − ˆj (4 − a ) + kˆ(b − 2) = 0iˆ + 0 ˆj + 0kˆ
Equating coefficients of iˆ, ˆj , and kˆ
 c + 1 = 0;4 − a = 0; b − 2 = 0
 c = −1, a = 4, b = 2
9. Find the constant a,b,c so that the vector ( ) ( ) (
A = axy + bz 3 iˆ + 3x 2 − cz ˆj + 3xz 2 − y kˆ is )
irrotational.
Ans: a=6,b=1,c=1.
10. Prove that (i ) div r = 3 (ii ) curl r = 0 , where r is the position vector of a point ( x, y, z ) in
space.
Solution:
r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
   

(
div r = .r =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  . xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
 x y z 
)
  
= ( x) + ( y ) + ( z ) = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
x y z
iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
curl r =   r = = 0iˆ + 0 ˆj + 0kˆ = 0
x y z
x y z

11. A field f is of the form f = ( 6 xy + z 3 ) iˆ + ( 3x 2 − z ) ˆj + ( 3xz 2 − y ) kˆ . Show that f is a

conservative field (ie. F is irrotational) and find its scalar potential.

Solution:

23 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
curl f =  X f =
x y z
6 xy + z 3 3x − z 3 xz 2 − y
2

= iˆ ( −1 + 1) − ˆj 3z 2 − 3z 2  + kˆ  6 x − 6 x 
= 0iˆ + 0 ˆj + 0kˆ = 0
Hence f is a conservative filed or irrotational
f isirrotational  f = 
 ˆ  ˆ 
( 6 xy + z ) iˆ + ( 3x
3
− z ) ˆj + ( 3 xz 2 − y ) kˆ = iˆ
2

x
+j
y
+k
z
Equating the coefficient of iˆ, ˆj , kˆ we get
  
= 6 xy + z 3 .......(i ); = 3 x 2 − z.......(ii ); = 3 xz 2 − y........(iii)
x y z
Integrating (i ) partially w.r.t . x
6 x2 y
 = + xz 3 + f1 ( y, z ) = 3 x 2 y + xz 3 + f1 ( y, z )........(iv)
2
Integrating (ii ) partially w.r .t . y
  = 3 x 2 y − yz + f 2 ( x, z )........(v)
Integrating (iii ) partially w.r.t . z
3 xz 3
 = − yz + f 3 ( x, y ) = xz 3 − yz + f 3 ( x, y ).......(vi )
3
combining (iv ) (v) and (vi ) we get
 = 3 x 2 y + xz 3 − yz + c, where c is an arbitrary cons tan t .

12. Show that the following vectors are irrotational and find its scalar potential:
(i) f = ( 2 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 3z 2 ) iˆ + ( 8 xy − y 2 + 2 z 2 ) ˆj + ( 4 yz + z 2 − 6 zx ) kˆ
(ii) f = ( z cos x + sin y ) iˆ + ( x cos y + sin z ) ˆj + ( y cos z + sin x ) kˆ

13. Find the curl ( grad ) where  ( x, y, z ) = x + y + z − 3 xyz .

3 3 3

Solution:

24 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  ˆ  ˆ  ˆ 2
grad  =  = iˆ +j +k = i (3x − 3 yz ) + ˆj (3 y 2 − 3 xz ) + kˆ(3 z 2 − 3 xy )
x y z
iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
curl ( grad ) =   grad =
x y z
3x 2 − 3 yz 3 y 2 − 3xz 3z 2 − 3xy
= iˆ(−3 x + 3 x) + ˆj (−3 y + 3 y ) + kˆ(−3 z + 3 z ) = 0iˆ + 0 ˆj + 0kˆ = 0

14. If  ( x, y, z ) = x y z ,find
2 3 4

(i ) div( grad ) (ii ) curl ( grad ) Ans :(i) 2 y 3 z 4 + 6 x 2 yz 4 + 12 x 2 y 3 z 2 (ii) 0

Vector Integration Z
B
Line Integral
An integral which is evaluated along a curve is called
a line integral.

Let f be a vector field in space and let AB be a curve

described in the sense A to B, divide the curve AB in
A
to ‘n’ elements d r1, d r2 ,.........d rn . Let
O Y
f1, f 2 , f3........... f n be the values of this vector at the
junction points of the vectors d r1, d r2 ,.........d rn .
X
Consider the sum,

f1.d r1 + f 2 .d r2 + ........ + fn.d r n

B B
Then the sum lim
n→ A
 f n .d rn =  f .d r is called the line integral.
A

If A and B are two points on C, then the tangential line integral of f along the curve
B
C is  f .d r =  f .d r
A c

25 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
f = f1iˆ + f 2 ˆj + f3kˆ and d r = dxiˆ + dyjˆ + dzkˆ

( )( )
so that f .d r = f1iˆ + f 2 ˆj + f3kˆ . dxiˆ + dyjˆ + dzkˆ = f1dx + f 2dy + f 3dz

 f .d r =  f1dx + f 2dy + f3dz

c c

Circulation

The tangential line integral of a vector function F , around a simple closed curve C, is
called the circulation of F about C, and is written as  F .d r
c

Work done by a force

If F ( x, y, z ) is a force acting on a particle which moves along a given curve C, then

 F .d r gives the total work done by the force F in the displacement along C.
c

Thus, Work done by force F =  F .d r

c

Conservative Force field

Suppose the work done by force F , in moving a particle from one point to another
point in a field is independent of the path joining the two points, then F is said to
B
be a conservative field. ie, F is a conservative field, if  F .d r is
A

Independent of the path joining A and B.

If F is a conservative field, then it can be expressed as the gradient of some scalar

function  , ie, F =  .

If F is a conservative force field, then the work done by the force from a point A to
B on a curve C is given by

26 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  F .d r =  .d r
c c
  ˆ  ˆ  
=   iˆ
x
+j
y
+k 
z 
(
. dxiˆ + dyjˆ + dzkˆ )
c
  
= dx + dy + dz =  d
c
 x y z c
B
 F .d r =  d = ( ) A =  ( B) −  ( A)
B

c A

Note: When the circulation of F around any closed curve in a region vanishes, F is
said to be irrotational.
Questions

( )
1) If F = 3 x 2 + 6 y iˆ − 14 yzjˆ + 20 xz 2kˆ , evaluate  f .d r from (0,0,0) to (1,1,1) along the
c
curve x = t , y = t , z = t .2 3

Solution:
The end points are (0,0,0) and(1,1,1), these points corresponds to t=0 and t=1

x = t, y = t 2 , z = t3
 x = 0, t = 0; y = 0, t = 0; z = 0, t = 0  t = 0 
 x = 1, t = 1; y = 1, t = 1; z = 1, t = 1  t = 1 
 
dx = dt , dy = 2tdt , dz = 3t 2dt

( )(
f .d r = (3 x 2 + 6 y )iˆ − 14 yz ˆj + 20 xz 2kˆ . dxiˆ + dyjˆ + dzkˆ )
( 3t 2 + 6t 2 )dt − (14t 5 ) 2tdt + ( 20t 7 ) 3t 2dt
1
 f .d r =  (3 x + 6 y )dx − 14 yzdy + 20 xz dz = 
2 2

c c t =0
1
 9t 3 28t 7 60t10 
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )0
1 1
=  9t 2 dt − 28t 6 dt + 60t 9 dt =  − +  = 3t − 4t + 6t
3 7 10
 3 7 10 
t =0  0
=3− 4+ 6 =5
2) Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field

f = 3x 2iˆ + (2 xz − y ) ˆj − zkˆ from t=0 to t=1 along the curve

27 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 x = 2t 2 , y = t , z = 4t 3 .

Solution:

x = 2t 2 , y = t , z = 4t 3
dx = 4tdt , dy = dt , dz = 12t 2dt

( )(
f .d r = 3x 2iˆ + (2 xz − y ) ˆj − zkˆ . dxiˆ + dyjˆ + dzkˆ )
 f .d r =  3x 2dx + (2 xz − y )dy − zdz
c c

( )
1
=  12t 4 (4t )dt + 16t 5 − t dt − 4t 3 (12t 2 )dt
t =0

( 48t )dt + (16t − t ) dt − ( 48t ) dt =  (16t 5 − t )dt =

1 1
= 
5 5 5

t =0 t =0
1
 16t 6 t 2  16 1 13
= −  = − =
 6 2  6 2 6
 0
3) If F = 3 xyiˆ − y 2 ˆj , evaluate  F .d r , where C is the arc of the parabola y = 2 x 2
c
from(0,0) to (1,2).
Solution:
( )(
F .d r = 3xyiˆ − y 2 ˆj . dxiˆ + dyjˆ = 3xydx − y 2dy )
The curve C : y = 2 x 2  dy = 4 xdx
along C , x var ies from 0 to 1

 F .d r =  3xydx − y
2
dy
c c
1
=  3 x(2 x 2 )dx − 4 x 4 (4 xdx)
0
1
1  6 x 4 16 x 6 
=  6 x3dx − 16 x5dx =  − 
 4 6
0  0
1
 3x 4 8 x6  3 8 −7
= −  = − =
 2 3  2 3 6
 0

28 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
4) If F = 3x 2iˆ + (2 xz − y ) ˆj + zkˆ , evaluate  F .d r , where C is the straight line from
c
A(0,0,0) to B(2,1,3).
Solution:

F = 3 x 2iˆ + (2 xz − y ) ˆj + zkˆ; d r = dxiˆ + dyjˆ + dzkˆ

F .d r = 3 x 2dx + (2 xz − y )dy + zdz
Equation of straight linethrough (0,0,0) and (2,1,3) is
x−0 y−0 z−0 x y z
= =  = = = (t )
0 − 2 0 −1 0 − 3 −2 −1 −3
x = 2t ; y = t ; z = 3t
dx = 2dt ; y = dt ; z = 3dt
 x = 0, t = 0; y = 0, t = 0; z = 0, t = 0  t = 0 
 x = 2, t = 1; y = 1, t = 1; z = 3, t = 1  t = 1 
 
1
 F .d r =  3(4t )2dt + (2(2t )(3t ) − t )(dt ) + 3t (3dt )
2

c 0
1
 36t 3 8t 2 
(0 ) (0 )
1 1
=  24t 2 + 12t 2 − t + 9t dt =  36t 2 + 8t dt =  + 
 3 2
 0
= 12 + 4 = 16

 F .d r , where F = ( x )
+ y 2 iˆ − 2 xyjˆ and the curve C is the rectangle in the
2
5) Find
c
XY-plane bounded by x = 0, x = a, y = b, y = 0 .
Solution:

29 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 ( )
F = x 2 + y 2 iˆ − 2 xyjˆ; d r = dxiˆ + dyjˆ

( )
F .d r = x 2 + y 2 dx − 2 xydy
C is the rec tan gle OABC and consists of four different paths,
OA( y = 0), AB( x = a ), BC ( y = b), CO ( x = 0)
 F .d r =  F .d r +  F .d r +  F .d r +  F .d r
c 0A AB BC CO
along OA, y = 0, dy = 0
AB, x = a, dx = 0
BC , y = b, dy = 0
CO, x = 0, dx = 0

 F .d r =  x 2dx +  −2aydy +  ( x 2 + b 2 )dx +  0

c 0A AB BC CO
a b 0
=  x dx +  −2aydy +  ( x 2 + b 2 )dx
2

0 0 a
a b 0
 x3   y 2   x3 2 
=  − 2a   +  + b x 
 3
 0  2 0  3 a
 a3   b2   a3 
=  − 0  − 2a  − 0  +  0 − − b 2a 
 3   2   3 
     
= −2ab 2
6) Evaluate the line integral  y 2dx − x 2dy about the triangle whose vertices are
c
(1,0),(0,1) and (-1,0).

Solution:
Let A(1,0),B(0,1) and C(-1,0) be the vertices of the
triangle

30 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 F .d r =  y dx − x 2dy
2

c c
C is the triangle ABC and consists of three different paths,
AB, BC , CA( y = 0)
 F .d r =  F .d r +  F .d r +  F .d r
c AB BC CA
along AB,
Equation of ABis y − 0 = −1( x − 1)  x + y = 1or y = 1 − x; dy = −dx
along BC ,
Equation of BC is y − 1 = 1( x − 0)  y − 1 = x, or y = 1 + x; dy = dx
along CA, Equation of CAis y = 0  dy = 0

 F .d r =  y 2dx − x 2dy +  y 2dx − x 2dy +  y 2dx − x 2dy

c AB BC CA
0 −1
=  (1 − x) dx + x dx +
2 2
 (1 + x)
2
− x 2dx +  0
1 0 CA
−1
( ) dx + 0 1 + 2x + x2 − x2dx
0
=  (1 − 2 x + x ) + x 2 2

1
−1 0 −1
0  2 x 2 2 x3   2 x2 
=  (1 − 2 x + 2 x )dx +  (1 + 2 x)dx =  x −
2
+  +  x + 
 2 3 2 
1 0  1  0
 2 −2
= − 1 − 1 +  + ( −1 + 1) =
 3 3

 xdx + ydy , where C is the ellipse x + 4 y2 = 4 .

2
7) Evaluate
c
x2
Solution: x + 4 y = 4 
2
+ y2 = 1
2
4
Using parametric coordinates
x = 2cos , y = sin 
dx = −2sin  d , dy = cos d
0    2

31 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 2
 xdx + ydy =  ( 2cos (−2sin  ) + sin  cos )d
c 0
2
−3 2
= −3  ( sin  cos )d =  sin 2 d
0
2 0
2
−3  − cos 2  3
=   = (1 − 1) = 0
2  2 0 4
Note: When the circulation of F around any closed curve in a region vanishes, F is
said to be irrotational.
8) Find the work done when a force F = ( x 2 − y 2 + x)iˆ − (2 xy + y ) ˆj moves a particle
from the origin to the point (1,1) along y 2 = x .Ans: −2
3
9) If F = (4 xy − 3 x 2 z 2 )iˆ + 2 x 2 ˆj − 2 x3 zkˆ , check whether the integral  F .d r is
c
independent of the path C.
Solution:
F = (4 xy − 3x 2 z 2 )iˆ + 2 x 2 ˆj − 2 x3 zkˆ

 F .d r =  (4 xy − 3x z )dx + 2 x 2dy − 2 x3 zdz

2 2

c c

This integral is independent of the path of integration if

F =     F = 0
iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
 F = = iˆ(0 − 0) − ˆj (−6 x 2 z + 6 x 2 z ) + kˆ(4 x − 4 x) = 0
x y z
4 xy − 3 x 2 z 2 2 x2 −2 x3 z

Hence the line integral is independent of the path.

Note: The conservative field is a vector field which is the gradient of a function,
known as scalar potential. Conservative fields have the property that the line
integral from one point to another is independent of the choice of path connecting
the two points, it is path-independent. Conversely path independence is equivalent
to the vector field being conservative. Conservative vector fields are also
irrotational.

32 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
10) A vector field is given by F = ( x 2 − y 2 + x)iˆ − (2 xy + y ) ˆj , show that the field is
irrotational and find its scalar potential. Hence evaluate the line integral from(1,2)
to (2,1)[ or find the work done in moving a particle in this force field from(1,2) to
(2,1)]
Solution:
F = ( x 2 − y 2 + x)iˆ − (2 xy + y ) ˆj
iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
curl F =   F =
x y z
x 2 − y 2 + x −2 xy − y 0
= iˆ(0 − 0) − ˆj (0 − 0) + kˆ(−2 y + 2 y )
= 0iˆ + 0 ˆj + 0kˆ = 0
 F is irrotational.

To get scalar potential;

F is irrotational  F = 
 ˆ  ˆ 
 ( x 2 − y 2 + x)iˆ − (2 xy + y ) ˆj = iˆ +j +k .
x y z
Equating coefficients of iˆ, ˆj , kˆ
 
we get = x 2 − y 2 + x....(i ) = −(2 xy + y ).........(ii )
x y

= 0...........(iii )
z
Integrating (i ) w.r.t.x,(ii ) w.r.t y and (iii ) w.r.t.z
x3 x2 y2
= − xy 2 + + f1( y, z )........(iv )  = − xy 2 − + f 2 ( x, z )........(v)
3 2 2
 = f3 ( x, y )........(vi )
combining (iv),(v) and (vi ) we get
x3 2 x
2
y2
 = − xy + − + c is the scalar potential.
3 2 2
The line integral from (1,2) to (2,1)=  F .d r
c

33 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
    ˆ   ˆ =  dx +  dy +  dz = d 
 ˆ
i + ˆ
j + k  . dxiˆ(+ ˆ
dyj + dzk ) 
 x y z  x y z 
B 
 d =  B =  ( B) −  ( A) 
 ( )A 
A 
B
 F .d r =  .d r F is irrotational
c A
B
=  d = ( ) A =  ( B ) −  ( A)
B

A
8 1 1 1 
=  (2,1) −  (1,2) =  − 2 + 2 −  −  − 4 + − 2 
3 2 3 2 
8 1  22
=  − + 5 =
3 3  3
11) If F = ( x − y )iˆ + ( x + y ) ˆj , evaluate  F .d r around the closed curve, which is
c
given by the equations y = x 2 and x = y . 2

Solution: Given,
y = x 2 and x = y 2
x = x 4  x 4 − x = 0  x( x3 − 1) = 0; x = 0, x = 1
The points of intersection is (0,0) and (1,1).
y

x2=y

O x

y2=x

34 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 F .d r = ( x − y )dx + ( x + y )dy
 F .d r =  + 
c OMP PNO

along the curve OMP → y = x 2 ; dy = 2 xdx;0  x  1

PNO → x = y 2 ; dx = 2 ydy;1  y  0
1 0
 F .d r =  ( x − x )dx + ( x + x )2 xdx +  ( y 2 − y )2 ydy + ( y 2 + y )dy
2 2

c x =0 y =1
1 0
=  ( x − x 2 + 2 x 2 + 2 x3 )dx +  (2 y 3 − 2 y 2 + y 2 + y ) dy
x =0 y =1
1 0
=  ( x +x + 2 x )dx +  (2 y 3 − y 2 + y )dy
2 3

x =0 y =1
1 0
 x 2 x3 2 x 4   2 y 4 y 3 y 2 
= + +  +  − + 
 2 3 4 4 3 2
 0  1
1 1 1   1 1 1  8 4 2
=  + +  + 0 −  − +  = − =
2 3 2   2 3 2  6 6 3
12) Compute the work done by the force F = (2 y + 3)iˆ + xyjˆ + ( yz − x)kˆ when it
moves a particle from the point (0,0,0) to (2,1,1) along the curve x = 2t 2 , y = t , z = t 3
.

35 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Solution:
F = (2 y + 3)iˆ + xyjˆ + ( yz − x)kˆ
F .d r = (2 y + 3)dx + xydy + ( yz − x)dz
x = 2t 2 , y = t , z = t 3
dx = 4tdt , dy = dt , dz = 3t 2dt
 x = 0, t = 0; y = 0, t = 0; z = 0, t = 0  t = 0 
 x = 2, t = 1; y = 1, t = 1; z = 1, t = 1  t = 1 
 
work done by the force =  F .d r =  (2 y + 3)dx + xydy + ( yz − x )dz
c c
1 1
=  (2t + 3)4tdt + 2t dt + (t − 2t )3t dt =  (8t 2 + 12t + 2t 3 + 3t 6 − 6t 4 )dt
3 4 2 2

t =0 t =0
1
 8t 3 12t 2 2t 4 3t 7 6t 5   8 12 1 3 6  1763
= + + + −  =  + + + −  =
 3
 2 4 7 5 0  3 2 2 7 5  210

Surface Integrals
An integral which is evaluated over a surface is called surface integral.

The surface integral of a vector field F actually has a simpler explanation. If the vector
field F represents the flow of a fluid, then the surface integral F will represent the amount
of fluid flowing through the surface. The amount of fluid flowing through the surface per
unit volume is also called the flux of fluid through the surface.

In the XYZ space, consider a surface S of finite area. Let F be a vector point

function defined at each point and continuous over surface S. Let P ( x, y, z ) be any point

on S and let n be the unit outward normal to the surface S at P. Then the normal
component of F at P is F .n ,

36 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
The integral of the normal component of F is denoted by  F .n ds is called the suface
s
integral, which is called the flux of F over S.
Evaluation of surface integral
In order to evaluate surface integrals, it is convenient to express them as double integrals
taken over the orthogonal projection of the surface S on one of the coordinate planes

Let R be the orthogonal projection of the surface S on the XY-plane. n is the unit outward
normal to the element dS of the surface S at a point on it. k̂ is the unit vector normal to
the xy − plane. If dxdy is the projection of the element dS on xy − plane then,

dxdy
dS n.kˆ = dxdy  ds =
n.kˆ
dxdy
  F .n ds =  F .n → R1 is the projection of S on xy − plane
ˆ
n.k
s R1

Similarly, we can write

dydz
 F .n ds =  F .n ˆ
→ R2 is the projection of S on yz − plane.
s R2 n.i
dxdz
 F .n ds =  F .n ˆ
→ R3 is the projection of S on xz − plane
s R3 n. j

37 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 Note:


1) n =


2) Flux =  F .n ds ,Where F represents the velocity of a liquid.

s

3)  F .n ds = 0 , then F is said to be solenoidal vector function.

s

Questions:

1) Evaluate  F .n ds if F = ( x + y 2 )iˆ − 2 xjˆ + 2 yzkˆ and S is the surface of the plane

s
2 x + y + 2 z = 6 in the first octant.

Solution: F = ( x + y )iˆ − 2 xjˆ + 2 yzkˆ

2

S is the surface of the plane 2 x + y + 2 z = 6 in the first octant.

Let  = 2 x + y + 2 z − 6 be the surface.

    
 =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  (2 x + y + 2 z − 6)
 x y z 
= 2iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ
The unit outward normal to the surface 2 x + y + 2 z = 6 is

 2iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ 2iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ

n= = =
 4 +1+ 4 3

(0,6)

O P( y=0) (3,0) x

Let R be the projection of S on the xy − plane .

38 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Equation of plane
x y z
2 x + y + 2 z = 6 or + + =1
3 6 3
dxdy
 F .n ds =  F .n
s s n.kˆ

( 1
) (
F .n = ( x + y 2 )iˆ − 2 xjˆ + 2 yzkˆ . 2iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ
3
)
1
3
( 2
) (
= 2( x + y 2 ) − 2 x + 4 yz = x + y 2 − x + 2 yz
3
)
2
3
( 2
3
) ( 2
= y 2 + 2 yz = y 2 + y (6 − y − 2 x) = ( 6 y − 2 xy )
3
)
1
(
n.kˆ = 2iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ .kˆ =
3
2
3
)
Limit of int egration : 0  x  3, 0  y  6 − 2 x
3 6−2 x
dxdy 2 dydx
 F .n ˆ =   ( 6 y − 2 xy ) 2
s n.k x =0 y =0
3 ( )3
3 6−2 x 6− 2 x
3  y2 
=2   ( 3 − x ) ydydx = 2  (3 − x )   dx
x =0 y =0 0  2 0
3  (6 − 2 x) 2  3
= 2  (3 − x)   dx =  (3 − x)(6 − 2 x) 2 dx
 2 
0   0
3 3
= 4  (3 − x)(3 − x) dx = 4  (3 − x)3 dx
2

0 0
3
 (3 − x) 4 
= 4 = 81
 −4 
 0

2) Evaluate  F .n ds, where F = yziˆ + zxjˆ + xykˆ , where S is the surface of the sphere
s
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 in the first octant.
Solution:

S is the surface of the sphere is x + y + z = 1 in the first octant.

2 2 2

Let  = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1 be the surface.

39 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  
 x
  
(
 =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1
y z 
)
= 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ + 2 zkˆ

The unit outward normal to the surface x + y + z = 1 is

2 2 2

 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ + 2 zkˆ 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ + 2 zkˆ 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ + 2 zkˆ

n= = = = = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
 4 x2 + 4 y 2 + 4 z 2 4( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2

Let R be the projection of S on the xy − plane .

dxdy
 F .n ds =  F .n
s s n.kˆ

( )(
F .n = yziˆ + zxjˆ + xykˆ . xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ )
= ( xyz + xyz + xyz ) = 3xyz
The projection of S on the xy plane is the region R represented by the quadrant of the

circle x + y = 1 and z = 0 .
2 2

40 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 (
n.kˆ = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ .kˆ = z )
Limit of int egration : 0  x  1, 0  y  1 − x 2
1 1− x 2
dxdy dydx
 F .n ˆ =   3 xyz
z
s n.k x =0 y =0

1− x 2 1− x 2
1 y 
1 2
=   3 xydydx =  3 x  
 2 
dx
x =0 y =0 0  0
1
 1 − x2 
1
31 3  x2 x4 
= 3 x  =  − 3
=  − 
 2 
dx ( x x ) dx
0   2 0
2  2 4 
0
3 1 1  3 1  3
=  − =  =
2 2 4 2 4 8

3) Evaluate,  F .n ds , where F = ziˆ + xjˆ − 3 y 2 zkˆ and S is the surface of the cylinder
s
x + y = 16 included in the first octant between z = 0 and z = 5 .
2 2

Solution: Given,

F = ziˆ + xjˆ − 3 y 2 zkˆ

S is the surface of the cylinder x + y = 16 included in the first octant between z = 0

2 2

and z = 5 .

Let  = x 2 + y 2 − 16 be the surface

 
 x
  
 =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  x 2 + y 2 − 16
y z 
( )
= 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ

The unit outward normal to the surface x + y = 16 is

2 2

 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ 2( xiˆ + yjˆ)

n= = = = =
 4x + 4 y
2 2
4( x + y )
2 2 64 8

( xiˆ + yjˆ) x ˆ y ˆ
= = i+ j
4 4 4

41 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Let R be the projection of S on the yz − plane .

dydz
 F .n ds =  F .n
s s n.iˆ

( 1
) (
F .n = ziˆ + xjˆ − 3 y 2 zkˆ . xiˆ + yjˆ
4
)
1
= ( xz + xy )
4
The projection of S on the yz plane is the region R is a rectangle.
x y  x
n.iˆ =  iˆ + ˆj  .iˆ =
4 4  4
Limit of int egration : 0  y  4, 0  z  5
4 5
dydz 1 dzdy
 F .n ˆ =   4 ( xz + xy ) x
s n.i y =0 z =0 4
4 5
4 5
z2  4
 25 
=   ( y + z )dzdy =   yz +  dy =   5 y +  dy
 2  0
y =0 z =0 0
2 
0
4
 5 y 2 25 y   80 100 
= +  =  +  = 90.
 2
 2 0  2 2 

42 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
4) Evaluate,  F .n ds , where F = 4 xiˆ − 2 y 2 ˆj + z 2kˆ and S is the surface of the cylinder
s
0  z  3; x 2 + y 2 = 4

Solution: Given,

F = 4 xiˆ − 2 y 2 ˆj + z 2kˆ

S is the surface of the cylinder 0  z  3; x + y = 4

2 2

To evaluate  F .n ds , divide S in to three parts S1, S2 and S3 , where S1 is the circle in

s
the plane Z=0, S2 is the circle in the plane Z=3, and S3 is the curved surface of the

cylinder x + y = 4 .
2 2

On S1 → z = 0
dxdy dxdy
z = 0, n = −kˆ and ds = = = dxdy
ˆ
n.k ˆ ˆ
−k .k

( )( )
F .n = 4 xiˆ − 2 y 2 ˆj + z 2kˆ . −kˆ = − z 2 = 0  z = 0

 F .n ds = 0
s1
On S2 → z = 3; projection on xy − plane
dxdy dxdy
z = 3, n = kˆ and ds = = = dxdy
n.kˆ kˆ.kˆ

( )( )
F .n = 4 xiˆ − 2 y 2 ˆj + z 2kˆ . kˆ = z 2 = 9

 F .n ds =  9 dxdy = 9 dxd y

s2 s2 s2

 4− x2 
( )
2
 or 
= 9 area of the circle x + y = 4  F .n ds = 9   dydx = 36 
2 2
 
−2 −
 s2 4− x2 
= 9. (2) 2 = 36

43 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
On S3 → projection on yz − plane
 
 x
  
 =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  x 2 + y 2 − 4
y z 
( )
= 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ

The unit outward normal to the surface x + y = 4 is

2 2

 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ 2( xiˆ + yjˆ) ( xiˆ + yjˆ) x ˆ y ˆ

n= = = = = = i+ j
 4x + 4 y
2 2
4( x + y )
2 2 4 2 2 2

The projection of curved surface s3 on the yz − plane .

dydz
 F .n ds =  F .n
s s n.iˆ

( x
2
) y 
F .n = 4 xiˆ − 2 y 2 ˆj + z 2kˆ . iˆ + ˆj 
2 
1
( )
= 4 x2 − 2 y3 = 2 x2 − y3
2
The projection of curved surface on the yz plane is the region S3

Any point on S3 is (2cos ,2sin  , z ) and ds = 2d dz

44 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 3 2
 F .n ds =  
s z =0  =0
( 8cos 2  − 8sin 3  )2d dz

3 2 3 2
= 16  
z =0 =0
( cos  − sin  )d dz = 16    
2 3   1 + cos 2   3sin  − sin 3  
z =0  =0   2
−
  4
 d dz

3 2 3 2
=8   (1 + cos 2 ) d dz − 4  (3sin  − sin 3 )d dz
z =0  =0 0 0
2 2
3
 sin 2  
3
cos3 
= 8   +  dz − 4   −3cos +  dz
0  2  0 0  3 0
3 3
 1  1 
= 8 ( 2 + 0 ) dz − 4   −3(1) +  −  −3(1) +  dz
0 
0
3  3 
3 3 3
8 8
= 8 ( 2 ) dz − 4    −  dz = 8 2 dz = 16 ( z )0 = 48
3

0   
0
3 3 0

 F .n ds = 0 + 36 + 48 = 84

s

45 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Or

On S3

n.iˆ =
2
(
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ x
xi + yj .i = )
2
Limit of int egration : −2  y  2, 0  z  3

( )
2 3 2 3
dydz 3 dzdy y3
 F .n ˆ = 2   2 x − y x = 4   (2 x − x )dzdy
2

s n.i y =−2 z = 0 2 y =−2 z = 0

2 3
y3  y23 
= 4   (2 4 − y − )dzdy = 4   2 4 − y −
2 2  ( z )3 dy
4− y −2  4 − y2  0
2
−2 0 
 2
y 3 
= 12   2 4 − y −
2 dy
−2  4 − y2 

2  2
y3  2
 2 
= 12  2   2 4 − y dy dy = 0  = 48 4 − y 2 dy = 48
  
 
0  −2 4 − y2  0

5) Evaluate  F .n ds , where F = 18 ziˆ − 12 ˆj + 3 ykˆ and S is that part of the plane

s
2 x + 3 y + 6 z = 12 in the first octant.
Volume Integral
An integral which is evaluated over a volume bounded by a surface is called volume
integral (space integral).

Suppose V is the volume bounded by the surface S and f ( x, y , z ) be a function defined

over V. Divide the volume V in to ‘n’ elementary volumes  v1, v2,............... vn . In each
 vr choose an arbitrary point p( xr , yr , zr ) .
n
Consider the sum f1 v1 + f 2 v2 + .......... + f n vn =  f r vr .
r =1

The limit of this sum as n → ,

n
lim
n → r =1
 f r Vr , if it exists, is called the volume integral f over V and is denoted by
 vr →0

 f ( x, y, z ) dV
v

46 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 If we divide V into equal rectangular blocks, then dV = dxdydz and the volume integral
becomes

 f ( x, y, z ) dxdydz
v

Questions:

1) If F = (2 x − 3 z )iˆ − 2 xyjˆ − 4 xkˆ , then evaluate  .FdV ,where V is bounded by the
2

v
planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0,2 x + 2 y + z = 4 .
Solution:
F = (2 x 2 − 3z )iˆ − 2 xyjˆ − 4 xkˆ
 
 x
  
(
.F =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  . (2 x 2 − 3z )iˆ − 2 xyjˆ − 4 xkˆ
y z 
)
  
= (2 x 2 − 3 z ) − ( 2 xy ) − ( 4 x ) = 4 x − 2 x = 2 x
x y z
2 2− x 4− 2 x − 2 y 2 2− x
4−2 x −2 y
  .FdV =    2 xdzdydx =   2 x ( z )0 dydx
v x =0 y =0 z =0 x =0 y =0
2− x 2− x
(8x − 4x2 − 4xy ) dydx
2 2
=   2 x ( 4 − 2 x − 2 y ) dydx =  
x =0 y =0 x =0 y =0

( )
2 2− x
(8x(2 − x) − 4 x2 (2 − x) − 2 x(2 − x)2 ) dx
2 2
=  8 xy − 4 x y − 2 xy dx = 
2
0
x =0 x =0

(16 x − 8 x 2 − 8 x 2 + 4 x3 − 2 x(4 − 4 x + x 2 ) ) dx
2
= 
x =0

( ) ( 8 x − 8 x 2 + 2 x3 ) dx
2 2
=  16 x − 16 x 2 + 4 x3 − 8 x + 8 x 2 − 2 x3 dx = 
x =0 x =0
2
 2 8 x3 2 x 4   64  8
=  4x − +  = 16 − + 8  =
 3 4   3  3
 0
2) Evaluate  div f dV ,where f = 2 x yiˆ − y ˆj + 4 xz kˆ and V is the region in the first
2 2 2

v
octant bounded by the cylinder y + z = 9 and x = 2 .
2 2

47 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Solution:

f = 2 x 2 yiˆ − y 2 ˆj + 4 xz 2kˆ

div f = . f =

x
(
2x2 y −
 2
y
)
y +

z
( ) ( )
4 xz 2 = 4 xy − 2 y + 8 xz

2 3 9− z 2
 div f dV =    ( 4 xy − 2 y + 8 xz )dydzdx
v x =0 z =0 y =0

9− z 2
2 3 2 3  y2 
=   (4 x − 2) y + 8 xz dydzdx =    (4 x − 2)
2
+ 8 xyz 

dzdx
x =0 z =0 x =0 z =0  0

( (2 x − 1)(9 − z ) )dzdx + x= 0 z = 0

2 3 2 3
 8 xz 9 − z 2 dzdx
=  
2
 
x =0 z =0
 
 put 9 − z 2 = t  −2 zdz = dt ; 
 
 z = 0, t = 9; z = 3, t = 0 

( (2 x − 1)(9 − z ) )dzdx + x= 0 t =9

2 3 2 0
 −1 
=  
2
8x  t dtdx
x =0 z =0  2 
=

48 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 9

3  32 
2
z 
3 2
 (2 x − 1)(9 z − )  dx +  4 x 
t 
=  3  3 
dx
x =0  0 x =0
 2 0
2 2
8x
=  ( (2 x − 1)(27 − 9) ) dx +  3
(27) dx
x =0 x =0
2 2 2 2
=  16(2 x − 1)dx +  72 xdx =  (32 x − 16)dx +  72 xdx
x =0 x =0 x =0 x =0

 32 x 2 2 2
x
 − 16 x + 72  = 64 − 32 + 144 = 176
 2 2 
0

3) Evaluate  fdV ,where f = 45 x 2 y and V is the closed region bounded by the planes
v
4 x + 2 y + z = 8, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 .
Solution :
We have f = 45 x y
2

49 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 fdv =  45 x 2 y
v v
2 4 − 2 x 8− 4 x − 2 y
=   45 x 2 ydzdydx
0 0 0
2 4−2 x
8− 4 x − 2 y
=  45 x 2 y ( z )0 dydx
0 0
2 4−2 x
=  45 x 2 y ( 8 − 4 x − 2 y ) dydx
0 0
2 4−2 x
= 45
0

0
( x2 y (8 − 4 x ) − 2 x2 y 2 ) dydx
4−2 x
2  2 y2 3 
2 y 
= 45  x (8 − 4 x ) − 2 x   dx
 2  3 
0  0
 2
(4 − 2 x) 2  ( 4 − 2 x )3  
= 45  x 2 ( 8 − 4 x ) − 2x2    dx

0   
2  3
 2  (2 − x)3  
= 45  2 x 2 ( 2 − x ) 4(2 − x) 2 − 16 x 2    dx

0   
 3
 2  (2 − x)3  
= 45 8 x 2 ( 2 − x ) − 16 x 2 
3
   dx
0   
 3

( )
2 2
8 2 3  2 3 
= 45  3 x ( 2 − x )  dx = 15 8 x 8 − 12 x + 6 x − x  dx
2

0 0
2
2  3 4 5 6
= 15  8 8 x 2 − 12 x3 + 6 x 4 − x5  dx = 120 8 x − 12 x + 6 x − x 
   3 4 5 6 
0 0
 8 16 32 64   8 32 32 
= 120 8  − 12  + 6  −  = 120 8  − 12  4 + 6  − 
 3 4 5 6  3 5 3
16
= 120  = 128
15

50 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 Integral theorems
The following theorems called the integral therems establish the eqivalance relation
among the line, surface and volume integrals of vectors.
1) Green’s theorem in the plane.
2) Stoke’s theorem.
3) Gauss’s divergence theorem.
Green’s theorem in the plane

If M ( x, y ) and N ( x, y ) are continous functions with continous partial derivatives in a

region R of the xy -plane bounded by a simple closed curve C, then
 N M 
 M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy =  

−

 dxdy , where C is described in the positive
c R  x y 
direction.
Vector form of Green’s theorem

Vector form of Green’s theorem is  F .d r =  (   F ).kˆ dxdy

c R

Note: This theorem relates a line integral to the double integral taken over the region
bounded by the closed curve.
Questions:

1) Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for 

c
(3x2 − 8 y2 ) dx + ( 4 y − 6 xy ) dy where C is the
boundary of the region defined by x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 1.
Solution:

 N M 
By Green’s theorem  M dx + N dy =  

−

 dxdy
c R  x y 

51 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S

c
(3x2 − 8 y 2 ) dx + ( 4 y − 6 xy ) dy = c Mdx + Ndy
Comparing the given int egral with  Mdx + Ndy
c
M N
M = 3 x 2 − 8 y 2 ; N = 4 y − 6 xy  = −16 y; = −6 y
y x
 N M 
By Green ' s theorem  Mdx + Ndy =   x −
y
dxdy
c R 
L.H .S   Mdx + Ndy =
c

c
(3x2 − 8 y 2 ) dx + ( 4 y − 6 xy ) dy = OA + 
AB
+ 
BO
Along OA → y = 0  dy = 0;0  x  1

( )0 = 1
1 1
 Mdx + Ndy =  3x 2dx = x3
OA 0
Along AB →
y = 1 − x  dy = − dx;1  x  0


AB
Mdx + Ndy =
AB
 (3x2 − 8(1 − x)2 ) dx + ( 4(1 − x) − 6 x(1 − x) )( −dx )
0
 3 
( ) ( )
0
(1 − x)3
=   3 x − 8(1 − x)
2 2 
− 4 − 10 x + 6 x  dx =  x − 8
2
− 4 x + 5x2 − 2 x2 
   −3 
1  1
8  8
=  − 1 − 4 + 5 − 2  =
3  3
Along BO
x = 0  dx = 0;1  y  0

( )1 = −2
0 0
 Mdx + Ndy =  4 ydy =  4 ydy = 2 y 2
BO BO 1
8 5
 Mdx + Ndy =  +  +  = 1 + − 2 = ...........(1)
3 3
c OA AB BC

52 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 1− x 1 1− x
 N M  1
R.H .S   

−
 dxdy =   ( −6 y + 16 y ) dydx =   10 ydydx
R 
x y 0 0 0 0
1− x 1
1  y2  1  (1 − x )3  −5 5
  dx = 5 (1 − x ) dx = 5   = ( 0 − 1) = .............(2)
2
= 10
0  2 0 0  −3  3 3
0
 N M 
From (1) and (2)  Mdx + Ndy =   − dxdy
c R
x y 
Hence Green’s theorem is verified.
2) Evaluate by using Green’s theorem in the plane for 
c
(3x2 − 8 y2 ) dx + ( 4 y − 6 xy ) dy
where C is the boundary of the region defined by x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 1.
Solution:
 N M 
By Green’s theorem in the plane  M dx + N dy =   −  dxdy
c R  x y 


c
(3x2 − 8 y2 ) dx + ( 4 y − 6 xy ) dy = R  N M

 x
−
y

 dxdy


Comparing the given line integral with  M dx + N dy we get,

c

53 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 
c
(3x2 − 8 y 2 ) dx + ( 4 y − 6 xy ) dy
 M = 3 x 2 − 8 y 2 ; N = 4 y − 6 xy
M N
= −16 y; = −6 y
y x
U sin g Green ' s theorem in the plane
1− x
( )  N M  1
 3 x 2 − 8 y 2 dx + ( 4 y − 6 xy ) dy =   − =   ( −6 y + 16 y ) dydx
y 
dxdy
c R
x 0 0
1− x 1
1 1− x 1  y2  1  (1 − x )3  −5 5
  dx = 5 (1 − x ) dx = 5   = ( 0 − 1) =
2
=  10 ydydx = 10 
0 0 0  2 0 0  −3  3 3
0

 (x + y 2 )dx − 2 xydy , where the curve C is

2
3) Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for
c
the rectangle in the XY-plane bounded by x = 0, x = a, y = b, y = 0 .
Solution:
 N M 
By Green’s theorem  M dx + N dy =  

−

 dxdy
c R  x y 

Comparing the given line integral with  M dx + N dy we get,

c

54 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 Mdx + Ndy =  ( x )
+ y 2 dx − 2 xydy
2

c c
 M = x 2 + y 2 ; N = −2 xy
N M
= −2 y; = 2y
x y
C is the rec tan gle OABC and consists of four different paths,
OA( y = 0), AB ( x = a ), BC ( y = b), CO ( x = 0)
L.H .S   Mdx + Ndy =  +  +  + 
c OA AB BC CO
along OA, y = 0, dy = 0
AB, x = a, dx = 0
BC , y = b, dy = 0
CO, x = 0, dx = 0

 Mdx + Ndy =  x 2dx +  −2aydy +  ( x 2 + b 2 )dx +  0

c OA AB BC CO
a b 0
=  x dx +  −2aydy +  ( x 2 + b 2 )dx
2

0 0 a
a b 0
 x3   y 2   x3 2 
=  − 2a   +  + b x 
 3
 0  2 0  3 a
 a3   b2   a3 
=  − 0  − 2a  − 0  +  0 − − b 2a  = −2ab 2
 3   2   3 
     
 Mdx + Ndy = −2ab
2
................(1)
c
 N M  a b a b
R.H .S    −  dxdy =   ( −2 y − 2 y ) dydx =   ( −4 y ) dydx
R 
x y  x =0 y =0 x =0 y =0

a b
y2  a
= −4    dx = −2  b 2dx = −2b 2 ( x )0 = −2ab 2
a
 2 
0 0 0

 N M 
  x − y  dxdy = −2ab .........(2)
2

R  
 N M 
From (1) and (2)  Mdx + Ndy =   x − y  dxdy
c R  

55 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 Hence Green’s theorem is verified.
4) Evaluate using Green’s theorem in the plane for  ( x + y )dx − 2 xydy ,where
2 2

c
the curve C is the rectangle in the XY-plane bounded by x = 0, x = a, y = b, y = 0 .
Solution:
 N M 
By Green’s theorem in the plane  M dx + N dy =  

−

 dxdy
c R  x y 
 N M 
  ( x 2 + y 2 )dx − 2 xydy =   −  dxdy
c R 
x y 

Comparing the given line integral with  M dx + N dy we get,

c

( )
  x 2 + y 2 dx − 2 xydy
c
 M = x 2 + y 2 ; N = −2 xy
N M
= −2 y ; = 2y
x y
U sin g Green ' stheorem in the plane

( )  N M  a b
x 2 + y 2 dx − 2 xydy =  

−

 dxdy =   ( −2 y − 2 y ) dxdy
c R  x y  x =0 y =0

a b
a b
y2  a
=   ( −4 y ) dxdy = −4    dx = −2  b 2dx = −2b 2 ( x )0a = −2ab 2
x =0 y =0 0
2  0
0

( )
  x 2 + y 2 dx − 2 xydy = −2ab 2
c

56 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
5) Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for  ( xy + y )dx + x dy ,where C is the closed curve
2 2

c
of the region bounded by y = x and y = x .
2

Solution:
 N M 
By Green’s theorem  M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy =   −  dxdy
c R  x y 

Comparing the given line integral with  M dx + N dy we get,

c

57 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 ( xy + y )dx + x 2dy → M = xy + y 2 ; N = x 2
2

c
N M
= 2 x; = x + 2y
x y
 N M 
 By Green ' s theorem,  Mdx + Ndy =   −  dxdy
c R 
x y 
L.H .S   Mdx + Ndy =  ( xy + y 2 )dx + x 2dy =  + 
c c OA AO
Along OA → y = x 2 ; dy = 2 xdx;0  x  1

 Mdx + Ndy = 
c OA
( x3 + x 4 )dx + x 2 (2 xdx)

1
 3 x 4 x5 
( )
1
 3 1  19
=  3 x + x dx = 
3 4
+  = + =
0  4 5 
0
 4 5  20
Along AO → y = x; dy = dx;1  x  0
0
 3 x3 
( x 2 + x 2 )dx + x 2 (dx ) =  ( 3x 2 )
0
 Mdx + Ndy =  dx =   =  0 − 1 = −1
c AO 1  3 1
19 −1
 Mdx + Ndy =  +  =
20
− 1 = ...........(1)
20
c OA AO
y
 N M  1
R.H .S    −  dxdy =   2 x − ( x + 2 y ) dxdy =   ( x − 2 y )dxdy
R  x y  R 0 y
y
1  x2  1  y 3   y2 
=  − 2 xy  dy =    − 2 ( y ) 2  −  − 2 y 2   dy
2   2 
0  2 y 0   
1
 2 5

y
1 3
2 3y 2
 y y
2
y3   1 4 1  −1
=   − 2y +  dy =  − 2 5 +  =  − +  =
0 
2 2  4 2  4 5 2  20
 2  0
 N M  −1
  x − y  dxdy = 20
R  
 N M 
 from(1) and (2)  Mdx + Ndy =   −  dxdy
c R  x y 

58 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 Hence Green’s theorem is verified.

 ( xy + y )dx + x 2dy ,where C is the

2
6) Evaluate using Green’s theorem in the plane for
c
closed curve of the region bounded by y = x and y = x .
2

Solution:
 N M 
By Green’s theorem  M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy =  

−

 dxdy
c R  x y 
 N M 
  ( xy + y 2 )dx + x 2dy =   −  dxdy
c R  x y 

Comparing the given line integral with  M dx + N dy we get,

c

59 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  ( xy + y )dx + x 2dy → M = xy + y 2 ; N = x 2
2

c
N M
= 2 x; = x + 2y
x y
 By Green ' s theorem,
 N M 
 + + =   −  dxdy =   2 x − ( x + 2 y ) dxdy
2 2
( xy y ) dx x dy
c R x y  R
y
1 y 1  x2 
=  ( x − 2 y )dxdy =   − 2 xy  dy
0 y 0  2 y
1  y 3   y2  1 
y 3
3 y 2
  − 2 ( y ) 2  −  − 2 y   dy =   − 2 y +
2
= 2
 dy
2   
  0  
0  2 2 2
1
 2 5
2 
 y y y3   1 4 1  −1
= −2 + = − + =
 4 5 2  4 5 2  20
 2  0
7) Verify Green’s theorem in the plane  y dx − x dy , where C is the triangle in the XY-plane
2 2

c
whose vertices are (1,0),(0,1) and (-1,0).

Solution:

 N M 
By Green’s theorem  M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy =   −  dxdy
c R  x y 

Let A(1,0),B(0,1) and C(-1,0) be the vertices of the triangle.

60 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Comparing the given line integral with  M dx + N dy we get,
c

N M
y dx − x 2dy  M = y 2 ; N = − x 2  = −2 x; = 2y
2

c
x y
  N M
By Green ' s theorem  Mdx + Ndy =   x
dxdy −
y
c R  
C is the triangle ABC and consists of three different paths, AB, BC , CA
L.H .S   Mdx + Ndy =  y 2dx − x 2dy =  +  + 
c c AB BC CA
along AB,
Equation of ABis y − 0 = −1( x − 1)  x + y = 1or y = 1 − x; dy = − dx,1  x  0
along BC ,
Equation of BC is y − 1 = 1( x − 0)  y − 1 = x, or y = 1 + x; dy = dx,0  x  −1
along CA, Equation of CAis y = 0  dy = 0

 Mdx + Ndy =  y dx − x 2dy

2

c c
=  y 2dx − x 2dy +  y 2dx − x 2dy +  y 2dx − x 2dy
AB BC CA
0 −1
=  (1 − x) dx + x dx +
2 2
 (1 + x)
2
− x 2dx +  0
1 0 CA
−1
( ) dx + 0 1 + 2 x + x2 − x2dx
0
=  (1 − 2 x + x ) + x 2 2

1
−1 0 −1
0  2 x 2 2 x3   2 x2 
=  (1 − 2 x + 2 x )dx +  (1 + 2 x)dx =  x −
2
+  +  x + 
 2 3 2
1 0  1  0
 2 −2
 Mdx + Ndy = − 1 − 1 + 3  + ( −1 + 1) = 3
...........(1)
c

61 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 1− y 1 1− y
 N M  1
R.H .S   

−

dxdy =   ( −2 x − 2 y ) dxdy = −2  ( x + y ) dxdy
R 
x y 0 y −1 0 y −1
1− y
1  x2  1  (1 − y ) 2   ( y − 1) 2 
= −2   + xy  dy = −2   + (1 − y ) y  −  + ( y − 1) y   dy
0  2  y −1 0  2   2
 


1 1
= −2  (1 − y ) y ) − ( ( y − 1) y )  dy = −2  (1 − y ) y ) + ( (1 − y ) y )  dy
0 0
1
 y 2 y3 
( y − y2 )
1 1
= −4  (1 − y ) y )  dy = −4  dy = −4  − 
 2 3 
0 0  0
 N M  1 1  1  −2
  x y 
− dxdy = − 4 

− 

= − 4   = ............(2)
6 3
R   2 3
 N M 
from (1) and (2)  Mdx + Ndy =   x −
y dxdy
c R 
Hence Green ' s theoremis verified .

8) Evaluate by using Green’s theorem in the plane  y dx − x dy , where C is the triangle in

2 2

c
the XY-plane whose vertices are (1,0),(0,1) and (-1,0).
Solution:
 N M 
By Green’s theorem  M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy =   −  dxdy
c R  x y 
 N M 
  y 2dx − x 2dy =   −  dxdy
c R 
x y 

62 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 Comparing the given line integral with  M dx + N dy we get,
c

N M
y dx − x 2dy  M = y 2 ; N = − x 2  = −2 x; = 2y
2

c
x y
 By Green ' s theorem
1− y 1 1− y
 N M  1
 y dx − x dy =   − =   ( −2 x − 2 y ) dxdy = −2  ( x + y ) dxdy
2 2
  dxdy
c R  x y  0 y −1 0 y −1
1− y
1  x2  1  (1 − y ) 2   ( y − 1) 2 
= −2   + xy  dy = −2   + (1 − y ) y  −  + ( y − 1) y   dy
0  2  y −1 0  2   2
 


1 1
= −2  (1 − y ) y ) − ( ( y − 1) y )  dy = −2  (1 − y ) y ) + ( (1 − y ) y )  dy
0 0
1
 y 2 y3 
( y − y2 )
1 1
= −4  (1 − y ) y )  dy = −4  dy = −4  − 
 2 3 
0 0  0
 N M  1 1  1  −2
  x − y dxdy = −4  2 − 3  = −4  6  = 3
R 

9) Verify Green’s theorem for  ( x − y )dx + ( x + y )dy around the closed curve, which is
c
given by the equations y = x and x = y .
2 2

Solution:

63 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  N M 
By Green’s theorem  M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy =   x − y  dxdy
c R  
Given, C is the closed curve
y = x 2 and x = y 2
The points of intersection is (0,0) and (1,1).
 x = x 4  x 4 − x = 0  x ( x3 − 1) = 0; x = 0, x = 1
 

Comparing the given line integral with  M dx + N dy we get,

c

64 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 N M
 ( x − y )dx + ( x + y )dy → M = x − y; N = x + y  x
= 1;
y
= −1
c
L.H .S   Mdx + Ndy =  ( x − y )dx + ( x + y )dy =  + 
c c OMA ANO

along the curve OMA → y = x 2 ; dy = 2 xdx;0  x  1

ANO → x = y 2 ; dx = 2 ydy;1  y  0
1 0
  Mdx + Ndy =  ( x − x 2 )dx + ( x + x 2 )2 xdx +  ( y 2 − y )2 ydy + ( y 2 + y )dy
c x =0 y =1
1 0
=  ( x − x + 2 x + 2 x )dx +  (2 y 3 − 2 y 2 + y 2 + y )dy
2 2 3

x =0 y =1
1 0
=  ( x +x + 2 x )dx +  (2 y 3 − y 2 + y )dy
2 3

x =0 y =1
1 0
 x 2 x3 2 x 4   2 y 4 y 3 y 2 
= + +  +  − + 
 2 3 4 4 3 2
 0  1
1 1 1   1 1 1  8 4 2
=  + +  + 0 −  − +  = − =
2 3 2   2 3 2  6 6 3
2
 Mdx + Ndy = 3 .........(1)
c

 N M  1 x 1 x
R.H .S    −  dxdy =   (1 + 1)dydx =   2dydx
 x y  x =0 x =0 y = x 2
R y = x2
1
 32 3
( )
1 1
 2 1 2
dx = 2  −  = 2 −  =
x x
= 2 ( y ) x2x dx = 2 x − x2
 3 3   3 3 3
0 0
 2 0
 N M  2
  −  dxdy = ..........(2)
R  x y  3
 N M 
from (1) and (2)  Mdx + Ndy =   −  dxdy
c R  x y 
Hence Green ' s theorem is verified .

65 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
10) Evaluate using Green’s theorem for  ( x − y )dx + ( x + y )dy around the closed curve,
c
which is given by the equations y = x and x = y .
2 2

Solution:

 N M 
By Green’s theorem  M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy =   −  dxdy
c R  x y 

 N M 
  ( x − y )dx + ( x + y )dy =   −  dxdy
c R 
x y 

Comparing the given line integral with  M dx + N dy we get,

c

N M
 ( x − y)dx + ( x + y)dy → M = x − y; N = x + y  x
= 1;
y
= −1
c
By Green ' s theorem
 N M  1 x
 ( x − y )dx + ( x + y )dy =   −  dxdy =   (1 + 1)dydx
c R  x y  x =0 y=x 2

( )
1 x 1 1
=   2dydx = 2 ( y ) x2
x
dx = 2 x − x 2 dx
x =0 y = x2 0 0
1
 32 3
 2 1 2
= 2 −  = 2 −  =
x x
 3 3   3 3 3
 2 0

66 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
11) Evaluate Using Green’s theorem  ( cos x sin y − xy )dx + ( sin x cos y ) dy , where Cis the
c
curve x + y = 1
2 2

Solution:

By Green’s theorem in the plane we have

 N M 
 M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy =  

−

 dxdy
c R  x y 

Comparing the given line integral with  M dx + N dy we get,

c

 ( cos x sin y − xy )dx + ( sin x cos y ) dy  M = cos x sin y − xy; N = sin x cos y
c
N M
= cos x cos y, = cos x cos y − x
x y
 By u sin g Green ' s theorem ,
 N M 
 ( cos x sin y − xy )dx + ( sin x cos y ) dy =   x −
y
 dxdy
c R 
=  ( cos x cos y − ( cos x cos y − x ) ) dxdy =  xdxdy
R R
2 1
=   r cos rdrd , by changing to polar coordinates
0 0
2 1 2  3 1
r 1 2 1 2 1
=   r cos d =    cos d =  cos d = ( sin  )0 = (0 − 0) = 0
2

0 0 0  3 0 3 0 3 3

67 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 −x
12) Evaluate e sin ydx + e− x cos ydy by Green’s theorem where C is the rectangle whose
c
 
vertices are (0,0),( ,0),( , ),(0, ) .
2 2
Solution:
By Green’s theorem in the plane we have
 N M 
 M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy =   x − y  dxdy
c R  

Comparing the given line integral with

 M dx + N dy we get,
c

−x
e sin ydx + e− x cos ydy  M = e− x sin y; N = e − x cos y
c
N M
= −e − x cos y; = e − x cos y
x y
 N M 
 By u sin g Green ' s theorem  e − x sin ydx + e − x cos ydy =   −−  dxdy
c R 
x y 


( ) ( )
2
=  −e− x cos y − e − x cos y dxdy =  −2e − x cos y dxdy = −2   e − x cos ydydx
R R x =0 y =0
   
( )0 = 2 ( e− − 1)
−x −x 
= −2  e ( sin y )0 2 dx = −2
 e (1 − 0 ) dx = −2  e − x dx = 2 e − x
x =0 x =0 x =0

68 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 Stoke’s theorem
If S is an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve C and if a vector function F is
continuous and has continuous partial derivatives in S and on C, then

 F .d r =  curl F .n ds , where n is the unit vector normal to the surface.

c s

Ie, The line integral of the tangential component of a vector function around a simple
closed curve C bounding S is equal to the surface integral of the normal component of
curlF taken over an open surface S having C as its boundary.

 F .d r =  (   F ).n ds
c s
Examples

1. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F = (2 x − y )iˆ − yz ˆj − y zkˆ , where S is the upper half
2 2

surface of the sphere S x + y + z = 1 and C is the circular boundary on the plane

2 2 2

z = 0.
Solution:

Stoke’s theorem is  F .d r =  curl F .n ds

c s

69 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
F = (2 x − y )iˆ − yz 2 ˆj − y 2 zkˆ; d r = dxiˆ + dyjˆ + dzkˆ;
F .d r = (2 x − y )dx − yz 2dy − y 2 zdz
C : x 2 + y 2 = 1, on the plane z = 0 and F .d r = (2 x − y )dx sin ce z = 0
The parametric equations are x = cos , y = sin  and 0    2
dx = − sin  d , dy = cos d
2 2
L.H .S   F .d r =  ( 2cos − sin  )(− sin  )d = −  ( 2cos sin  − sin  )d
2

c 0 0
2 2
1 2
 ( sin  − sin 2 )d = 
 1 − cos 2 
= 2
 − sin 2  d =  (1 − cos 2 − 2sin 2 )
0 0  2  2 0
2
1 sin 2  1
 F .d r = 2   − 2 + cos 2  = 2 ( (2 + 1) − (1) ) =  .........(1)
c 0

70 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
Curl F =   F = = iˆ(−2 yz + 2 yz ) − ˆj (0 − 0) + kˆ(0 + 1) = kˆ
x y z
2 x − y − yz 2 − y2z
 
 x
  
(
 =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1 = 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ + 2 zkˆ
y z 
)
 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ + 2 zkˆ 2( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ)
n= = = = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ  x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
  
4x + 4 y + 4z
2 2 2
4( x + y + z )
2 2 2

(  F ).n = kˆ.( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ) = z;

dxdy dxdy
n.kˆ = ( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ).kˆ = z  ds = =
n.kˆ z

1 1− x 2 1− x 2 1− x 2
dydx 1 1
 curl F .n ds =   z
z
=   dydx = 2   dydx
s −1 − 1− x 2 −1 − 1− x 2 −1 0
1
1 1
1 1  x  1 
=2 1 − x dx = 4 
2
1 − x dx = 4  x 1 − x 2 + sin −1    = 4   = 
2

−1 0 2 2  1 0 2 2

 curl F .n ds =  ..........(2)
s
From(1) and (2)  F .d r =  curl F .n ds = 
c s
Hence Stoke ' s theorem is verified .

2. Evaluate using Stoke’s theorem for  (2 x − y )dx − yz 2dy − y 2 z dz , where S is the upper
c
half surface of the sphere S x + y + z = 1 and C is the circular boundary on the plane
2 2 2

z = 0.
Solution:
Stoke’s theorem is  F .d r =  curl F .n ds
c s

 F .d r =  (2 x − y )dx − yz dy − y 2 zdz 2

c c
 F = (2 x − y )iˆ − yz 2 ˆj − y 2 zkˆ

71 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
Curl F =   F = = iˆ(−2 yz + 2 yz ) − ˆj (0 − 0) + kˆ(0 + 1) = kˆ
x y z
2 x − y − yz 2 − y2z
    
 =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1) = 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ + 2 zkˆ
 x y z 
 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ + 2 zkˆ 2( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ)
n= = = = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ  x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
  
4 x2 + 4 y 2 + 4 z 2 4( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )

(  F ).n = kˆ.( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ) = z;

dxdy dxdy
n.kˆ = ( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ).kˆ = z  ds = =
n.kˆ z

By u sin g Stoke ' s theorem

1 1− x 2 1− x 2
dydx 1
 (2 x − y )dx − yz dy − y 2 zdz =  curl F .n ds =   z =  
2
dydx
c s −1 − 1− x
z −1
2
− 1− x 2
1 1− x 2 1 1 1
1 1  x 
=2  dydx = 2  1 − x dx = 4 
2
1 − x dx = 4  x 1 − x 2 + sin −1   
2

−1 0 −1 0 2 2  1 0
1 
= 4  = 
2 2
3. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F = ( y − z )iˆ + yzjˆ − xzkˆ ,where S is the surface bounded by
the planes x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1 above the XOY plane.
Solution:

72 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Stoke’s theorem is  F .d r =  curl F .n ds
c s

F = ( y − z )iˆ + yzjˆ − xzkˆ

F .d r = ( y − z )dx + yzdy − xzdz
L.H .S   F .d r =  +  +  + 
c OA AE EB BO
Along OA → y = 0, z = 0  dy = 0, dz = 0
 F .d r =  0=0
OA OA
Along AE → x = 1, z = 0  dx = 0, dz = 0
 F .d r =  0=0
AE AE
Along EB → y = 1, z = 0  dy = 0, dz = 0
0
 1dx =  dx = ( x )1 = −1
0
 F .d r =
EB OA 1
Along EB → x = 0, z = 0  dx = 0, dz = 0
 F .d r =  0=0
BO BO
  F .d r =  +  +  +  = 0 + 0 + −1 + 0 = −1...........(1)
c OA AE EB BO

73 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
F = ( y − z )iˆ + yzjˆ − xzkˆ
iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
curl F = = iˆ(0 − y ) − ˆj (− z + 1) + kˆ(0 − 1) = − yiˆ + ( z − 1) ˆj − kˆ
x y z
y−z yz − xz

( )
R.H .S     F .n ds =  +  +  +  + 
S s1 s2 s3 s4 s5
S1 → X = 1; S2 → X = 0; S3 → Y = 1; S4 → Y = 0; S5 → Z = 1;
 S6 ( AOBE ) is not applicable sin ce given condition is above XY plane 

74 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  =  (  F ).n ds =  ( − yiˆ + ( z − 1) ˆj − kˆ ).iˆ dydz
s1 AEGD X =1

1 1
1 1
y2  −1 1 −1
=  ( − y ) dydz = −   2  dz = 2  dz = 2
0 0 0 0 0

 =  (  F ).n ds =  ( − yiˆ + ( z − 1) ˆj − kˆ ).( −iˆ ) dydz

s2 OBFC X =0

1 1
1 1
y2  11 1
= ( )
y dydz =   2  dz = 
20
dz =
2
0 0 0 0

 =  (  F ).n ds =  ( − yiˆ + ( z − 1) ˆj − kˆ ). ˆj dxdz

s3 EBFG Y =1
1
1 1 1 1  z2   1  −1
 ( z − 1) dxdz =  ( z − 1)( x )
1
= dz =  ( z − 1)dz =  − z  =  − 1 =
0  2  2  2
0 0 0 0  0

 =  (  F ).n ds =  ( )( )
− yiˆ + ( z − 1) ˆj − kˆ . − ˆj dxdz
s4 OADC Y =0
1
1 1 1  1
z2   1  1
=   (1 − z ) dxdz =  (1 − z )( x )0dz =  (1 − z )dz =  z −
1
  = 1 −  =
0 0 0 0  2   2  2
0

 =  (
  F .n ds = )  (
− yiˆ + ( z − 1) ˆj − kˆ . ) ( kˆ ) dxdy
s5 DGFC Z =1
1 1 1 1
 ( −1) dxdy = −  ( x ) = −  dy = − ( y )0 = −1
1 1
= 0
dy
0 0 0 0
−1 1 −1 1
( )
    F .n ds =  +  +  +  +  = + + + − 1 = −1........(2)
2 2 2 2
S s1 s2 s3 s4 s5

from (1) and (2)  F .d r =    F .n ds ( )

c S
Hence Stoke ' s theorem is verified .
4. Evaluate using Stoke’s theorem for  ( y − z ) dx + yzdy − xzdz ,where S is the surface
c
bounded by the planes x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1 above the XOY plane.

Solution:

75 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Stoke’s theorem is  F .d r =  curl F .n ds
c s

 F .d r =  ( y − z )dx + yzdy − xzdz

c c
 F = ( y − z )iˆ + yzjˆ − xzkˆ
iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
curl F = = iˆ(0 − y ) − ˆj (− z + 1) + kˆ(0 − 1) = − yiˆ + ( z − 1) ˆj − kˆ
x y z
y−z yz − xz
By u sin g stoke ' s theorem,

 F .d r =  ( y − z )dx + yzdy − xzdz =  (   F ).n ds =  +  +  +  + 

c c S s1 s2 s3 s4 s5

 s6 ( AOBE ) is not applicable sin ce given condition is above XOY plane 

76 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  =  (  F ).n ds =  ( − yiˆ + ( z − 1) ˆj − kˆ ).iˆ dydz
s1 AEGD X =1

1 1
1 1
y2  −1 1 −1
=  ( − y ) dydz = −   2  dz = 2  dz = 2
0 0 0 0 0

 =  (  F ).n ds =  ( − yiˆ + ( z − 1) ˆj − kˆ ).( −iˆ ) dydz

s2 OBFC X =0

1 1
1 1
y2  11 1
=  ( y ) dydz =  2 
  dz =  dz =
0 0 0 0 20 2

 =  (  F ).n ds =  ( − yiˆ + ( z − 1) ˆj − kˆ ). ˆj dxdz

s3 EBFG Y =1
1
1 1 1 1  z2   1  −1
 ( z − 1) dxdz =  ( z − 1)( x )
1
= dz =  ( z − 1)dz =  − z  =  − 1 =
0  2  2  2
0 0 0 0  0

 =  (  F ).n ds =  ( )( )
− yiˆ + ( z − 1) ˆj − kˆ . − ˆj dxdz
s4 OADC Y =0
1
1 1 1  1
z2   1  1
=   (1 − z ) dxdz =  (1 − z )( x )0dz =  (1 − z )dz =  z −
1
  = 1 −  =
0 0 0 0  2   2  2
0

 =  (
  F .n ds = ) − yiˆ + ( z − 1) ˆj − kˆ .
 ( ) ( kˆ ) dxdy
s5 DGFC Z =1
1 1 1 1
 ( −1) dxdy = −  ( x ) = −  dy = − ( y )0 = −1
1 1
= 0
dy
0 0 0 0
−1 1 −1 1
( )
    F .n ds =  +  +  +  +  = + + + − 1 = −1.
2 2 2 2
S s1 s2 s3 s4 s5

5. Evaluate the integral  ( x + y )dx + (2 x − z )dy + ( y + z )dz , where C is the boundary of

c
the triangle with vertices(2,0,0),(0,3,0)and (0,0,6) using Stoke’s theorem.
Solution:

77 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Stoke’s theorem is  F .d r =  curl F .n ds
c s

78 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  ( x + y )dx + (2 x − z )dy + ( y + z )dz =  F .d r
c c
 F = ( x + y )iˆ + (2 x − z ) ˆj + ( y + z )kˆ
iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
 F = = iˆ(1 + 1) − ˆj (0 − 0) + kˆ(2 − 1) = 2iˆ + kˆ
x y z
x + y 2x − z y+z
x y z
Equation of the plane ABC is + + = 1  3x + 2 y + z = 6
2 3 6

n=

  ˆ  ˆ  
 ( 3 x + 2 y + z = 6 ) = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + k
 =  iˆ + j +k ˆ
 x y z 
 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ
n= = =
 9 + 4 +1 14
projection in xy plane →
1 dxdy
n.kˆ = ; ds =
14 n.kˆ
6 − 3x
0  x  2, 0  y 
2
By u sin g Stoke ' s theorem,

 F .d r =  ( x + y )dx + (2 x − z )dy + ( y + z )dz =  (  F ).n ds =  (  F ).n dnxdy

.kˆ
c c ABC s
6 −3 x
 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ  dxdy
( )
2 2
=  2iˆ + kˆ .  1 =  7 dxdy = 7   dydx
R  14  14 R 0 0

6 −3 x 2
2 2
6 − 3x 72 7 3x2  7
= 7 ( y) 2 dx = 7  dx =  (6 − 3 x)dx =  6 x −  = (12 − 6) = 21
0
0
0
2 20 2  2  2
0

6. Verify Stoke’s theorem for the function F = x iˆ + xyjˆ integrated over the square in the
2

plane z=0, whose sides are along the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = a, y = a .

Solution:

79 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
F = x 2iˆ + xyjˆ
Stoke’s theorem is  F .d r =  curl F .n ds
c s

F = x 2iˆ + xyjˆ
iˆ ˆj kˆ
   ˆ
curl F = = i (0 − 0) − ˆj (0 − 0) + kˆ( y − 0) = ykˆ
x y z
x2 xy 0
n = kˆ; ds = dxdy
a a
a a a a
y2 
 curl F .n ds =   ykˆ.kdxdy
ˆ =  ydydx =   2  dx
s 0 0 0 0 0 0
a2 a a 2 a a3
=
2 0
 dx = 2 ( x)0 = 2
a3
 curl F .n ds = 2 .........(1)
s

80 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 F = x 2iˆ + xyjˆ

F .d r = x 2dx + xydy

 F .d r =  +  +  + 
c OA AB BC CO
AlongOA → y = 0, dy = 0;0  x  a
a
a x3  a3
 =  x dx =  3  = 3
2

OA x =0  0
AlongAB → x = a, dx = 0;0  y  a
a
a  y2  a3
 =  aydy = a   =
AB y =0  2 0 2
AlongBC → y = a, dy = 0; a  x  0
0
0 x3  −a3
 =  x dx =  3  = 3
2

BC x=a  a
Along CO → x = 0, dx = 0; a  y  0
a
 =  0=0
CO y =0

a3 a3 a3 a3
  F .d r =  +  +  +  = + − + 0 = ......(2)
c OA AB BC CO
3 2 3 2
from (1) and (2)

 F .d r =  curl F .n ds
c s
Hence Stoke ' s theorem is verified .

 xydx + xy
2
7. Evaluate dy by Stoke’s theorem where C is the square in XY-plane with
c
vertices (1, −1),( −1,1),(1,1) and ( −1, −1) .
Solution:
Stoke’s theorem is  F .d r =  curl F .n ds
c s

81 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 F .d r =  xydx + xy
2
dy
c c
 F = xyiˆ + xy 2 ˆj
iˆ ˆj kˆ
   ˆ
 F = = i (0 − 0) − ˆj (0 − 0) + kˆ( y 2 − x) = ( y 2 − x) kˆ
x y z
xy xy 2 0
Here ABCD is square whichlies on xy plane
 n = kˆ
By u sin g Stoke ' s theorem

 F .d r =  xydx + xy
2
(
dy =    F .n ds )
c c s
1 1 1 1 1 1
=   ( y − x)kˆ.kdxdy
2 ˆ =   ( y − x)dxdy = 2 
2
 ( y 2 ) dxdy
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1 0
3 1
y 
( )0 ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
4
=2 2
y x dy = 2  y 2
dy = 4  y 2 dy = 4   =
 3 
−1 −1 0  0 3

Gauss Divergence Theorem

This theorem relates the surface integral of a vector function to the volume integral of the
divergence of the vector function.
Statement:
V is the volume bounded by a closed surface S and if a vector function F is continuous
and has continuous partial derivatives in V and on S, then
The surface integral of the normal component of a vector function F over a closed
surface S enclosing volume V is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of F taken
throughout the volume V.

 F .n ds =  divF dv =  .F dv .

s v v
Examples

82 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
1. Verify Divergence theorem for F = (2 x − z )iˆ + x yjˆ − xz kˆ over the cube bounded by
2 2

X = 0, X = 1, Y = 0, Y = 1, Z = 0, Z = 1 .
Solution:
Gauss divergence theorem is  F .n ds =  divF dv
s v

F = (2 x − z )iˆ + x 2 yjˆ − xz 2kˆ

 
 x
  
(
divF = .F =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  . (2 x − z )iˆ + x 2 yjˆ − xz 2kˆ
y z 
)
= 2 + x 2 − 2 xz

( 2 + x2 − 2xz ) dxdydz
111
 divFdv =   
v 000
1
11  x3 2 
11
 1 
=   2 x + − x z  dydz =    2 + − z dydz
00 
00  3 0 3
1 1

1
y 
1
 1   z z2   1 1  11
=   2 y + − yz  dz =   2 + − z dz =  2 z + −  =  2 + −  =
 3 2  
0 0 0 
3 3  3 2 6
0
11
 divFdv = 6 .........(1)
v

83 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 F .n ds =  +  +  +  +  + 
s s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6

F = (2 x − z )iˆ + x 2 yjˆ − xz 2kˆ

surface Equation n F .n ds
S1 X =1 iˆ 2x − z = 2 − z dydz
S2 X =0 −iˆ −(2 x − z ) = z dydz
S3 Y =1 ˆj x2 y = x2 dxdz
S4 Y =0 − ˆj − x2 y = 0 dxdz
S5 Z =1 kˆ − xz 2 = − x dxdy
S6 Z =0 −kˆ xz 2 = 0 dxdy
1
11 1 1  z2  1 3
(2 − z )dydz =  ( 2 y − zy ) =  ( 2 − z )dz =  2 z −  = 2 − =
1
 F .n ds =   0
dz
 2  2 2
s1 00 0 0  0
1
11 1 1  z2  1
( z )dydz =  z ( y )
1
 F .n ds =   0
dz =  zdz =   =
 2 
s2 00 0 0  0 2
11 1  3 1
x 11 1 1 1
 F .n ds =   x dxdz =    dz =  dz = ( z )0 =
2
 3  30 3 3
s3 00 0 0
11
 F .n ds =   0dxdz = 0
s4 00

11 1  2 1
x 11 −1 1 −1
 F .n ds =   − xdxdy = −    dy = −  dy = ( y )0 =
 2  20 2 2
s5 00 0 0
11
 F .n ds =   0dxdy = 0
s3 00

3 1 1 1 11
 F .n ds =  +  +  +  +  +  = + + + 0 − + 0 = .........(2)
2 2 3 2 6
s s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6

from(1) and (2)  F .n ds =  .F dv

s v

Hence Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

84 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
2. Using Gauss Divergence theorem evaluate  F .n ds ,where F = (2 x − z )iˆ + x yjˆ − xz kˆ
2 2

s
,over the cube bounded by X = 0, X = 1, Y = 0, Y = 1, Z = 0, Z = 1 .
Solution:
Gauss divergence theorem is  F .n ds =  divF dv
s v

F = (2 x − z )iˆ + x 2 yjˆ − xz 2kˆ

 
 x
  
(
divF = .F =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  . (2 x − z )iˆ + x 2 yjˆ − xz 2kˆ
y z 
)
= 2 + x 2 − 2 xz
By Gauss Divergence theorem

( 2 + x2 − 2xz ) dxdydz
111
 F .n ds =  divFdv =   
s v 000
1
11  x3 2 
11
 1 
=   2 x + − x z  dydz =    2 + − z dydz

0 0 
00  3 0 3
1 1

1
y 
1
 1   z z2   1 1  11
=   2 y + − yz  dz =   2 + − z dz =  2 z + −  =  2 + −  =
 3 2  
0 0 0 
3 3  3 2 6
0
11
 F .n ds = 6 .
s

85 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
3. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for the function F = yiˆ + xjˆ + z kˆ over the cylindrical
2

region bounded by x + y = 9, z = 0 and z = 2 .

2 2

Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is  F .n ds =  divF dv

s v

86 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
F = yiˆ + xjˆ + z 2kˆ
 
 x
  
(
.F =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  . yiˆ + xjˆ + z 2kˆ = 2 z
y z 
)
2
3 9− x2 2 3 9− x2  z2 
 .Fdv =    2 zdzdydx = 2    2  dydx
v x =−3 y =− 9 − x 2 z = 0 −3 − 9− x 2  0
3 9− x2 3 9− x2 3 9− x2 3
9− x2
=2  2dydx = 4   dydx = 8   dydx = 8  ( y )0 dx
−3 − 9 − x 2 −3 − 9 − x 2 −3 0 −3

3 3 3
=8   9 − x 2  dx = 16  9 − x 2  dx = 16  1 x 9 − x 2 + 1 .32 sin −1  x  




  
 2  
 3  0
−3 0  2
9  
= 16  .  = 36
2 2
 .Fdv = 36 ........(1)
v

87 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 F .n ds =  +  + 
s s1 s2 s3

( )( )
S1 → z = 0; F .n = yiˆ + xjˆ + z 2kˆ . −kˆ = − z 2 = 0  z = 0

S2 → z = 1; F .n = ( yiˆ + xjˆ + z 2kˆ ) .( kˆ ) = z 2 = 4  z = 2

S3 →  = x 2 + y 2 − 9;
 
 x
  
(
 =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  x 2 + y 2 − 9 = 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ
y z 
)
 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ 2( xiˆ + yjˆ) 2( xiˆ + yjˆ) 1 ˆ ˆ
n= = = = = ( xi + yj )
 4x + 4 y
2 2
4( x + y )
2 2 36 3

( 1
3
)
F .n = yiˆ + xjˆ + z 2kˆ . ( xiˆ + yjˆ) =
xy xy 2 xy
3
+
3
=
3
1 1
n.iˆ = ( xiˆ + yjˆ).iˆ = x
3 3
dydz dydz 3
Pr ojection on yz plane → ds = = = dydz
n.iˆ x x
 
3
−3  y  3; 0  z  2

 F .n ds =  F .n ds =  0 ds = 0
s1 z =0 z =0

3 9− x2 3 9− x2 3
9− x2
 F .n ds =  F .n ds =   4dydx = 4  2   dydx =8  ( x )0 dx
s2 z =1 −3 − 9 − x 2 −3 0 −3
3
3
 2
3
1 1  x  9 
= 8   9 − x  dx = 16  9 − x 2 dx = 16  x 9 − x 2 + .9sin −1    = 16   = 36
−3
  0 2 2  3  0 2 2

2 xy 2 2 3 3 2 3
 F .n ds =  3 ds = 3   xy x dydz = 2   ydydz = 0  y is anodd function 
s3 S 3 z = 0 y =−3 z = 0 y =−3

 F .n ds =  +  +  = 0 + 36 + 0 = 36 ........(2)

s s1 s2 s3

from (1) and (2)  F .n ds =  .Fdv

s v

Hence Gauss Divergence theorem is verified.

88 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
4. Using Gauss divergence theorem evaluate  F .n ds , where F = yiˆ + xjˆ + z 2kˆ over the
s
cylindrical region bounded by x + y = 9, z = 0 and z = 2 .
2 2

Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is  F .n ds =  divF dv

s v

F = yiˆ + xjˆ + z 2kˆ

 
 x
  
(
.F =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  . yiˆ + xjˆ + z 2kˆ = 2 z
y z 
)
By Gauss divergence theorem
2
3 9− x2 2 3 9− x2 z 2 
 F .n ds =  .Fdv =    2 zdzdydx = 2    2  dydx
s v x =−3 y =− 9 − x 2 z = 0 −3 − 9− x 2  0
3 9− x2 3 9− x2 3 9− x2 3
9− x2
=2  2dydx = 4   dydx = 8   dydx = 8  ( y )0 dx
−3 − 9 − x 2 −3 − 9 − x 2 −3 0 −3

3 3 3
=8   9 − x 2  dx = 16  9 − x 2  dx = 16  1 x 9 − x 2 + 1 .32 sin −1  x  




  
 2  
 3  0
−3 0  2
9  
= 16  .  = 36
2 2
  F .n ds = 36
s

89 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
5. Using Gauss divergence theorem, evaluate  F .n ds , where F = x3iˆ + y 3 ˆj + z 3kˆ and S
s
is the sphere x + y + z = a .
2 2 2 2

Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is  F .n ds =  divF dv

s v

F = x3iˆ + y 3 ˆj + z 3kˆ
 
 x
  
(
.F =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  . x3iˆ + y 3 ˆj + z 3kˆ = 3x 2 + 3 y 2 + 3z 2
y z 
)
By Gauss divergence theorem

 F .n ds =  .F dv =  3( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz........(1)

s v v
changing to spherical polar coordinates
x = r sin  cos  ; y = r sin  sin  ; z = r cos
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 ; dxdydz = r 2 sin  drd d ;
0  r  a, 0     ,0    2
2  a
 3( x + y + z )dxdydz =
2 2 2
   3r 2 .r 2 sin  drd d
v  =0  =0 r =0
2  2  a
a  r5 
=3    r 4 sin  drd d = 3     sin  d d
 =0  =0 r =0  =0  =0  5 0
2   a5  3a5 2 
=3     sin  d d =   sin  d d
 =0  =0 5
  5  =0  =0

3a5 2  −3a5 2 −3a5  −2 2

=  ( − cos )0 d =  ( −1 − 1) d =  d
5  =0 5  =0 5  =0

6a 5 2 6a5  2 12 a5
= ( )0 = =
5 5 5

90 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S